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Journal articles on the topic 'Switching Fabric'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Głąbowski, Mariusz, Maciej Sobieraj, Maciej Stasiak, and Michał Dominik Stasiak. "Modeling of Clos Switching Structures with Dynamically Variable Number of Active Switches in the Spine Stage." Electronics 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071073.

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This article proposes a new analytical model of a switching structure using a Clos network topology. The assumption is that, in the structure under consideration, it is possible to switch off temporarily a certain number of spine switches (those in the middle stage of the switching fabric) depending on the current intensity of the offered traffic to reduce power consumption. The solution presented in the article can be used in present-day multiservice switching fabrics and in networks connecting servers in data centers. The developed analytical model allows the value of blocking probabilities for different stream classes of multiservice traffic to be evaluated in switching structures (switching fabrics) with a variable number of switches in the middle stage. The results obtained on the basis of the analytical model are compared with the results obtained as a result of relevant simulation experiments for a selected structure of the switching fabric. The study confirms high accuracy of the proposed model. This model can be used in further works to evaluate the effectiveness of energy-saving switching fabrics and the networks of data centers, as well as to construct energy-saving control algorithms that would control these switching structures, that is, algorithms that would change the topology of the switching fabric depending on changes in the offered traffic.

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2

Lin, Bey-Chi. "Rearrangeable and Repackable S-W-S Elastic Optical Networks for Connections with Limited Bandwidths." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041251.

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Elastic optical networks flexibly allocate bandwidth to a connection for improving utilization efficiency. The paper considers an optical node architecture that is similar to a three-stage Clos network for elastic optical networks. The architecture, which employs space switching in the first and the third stages and wavelength switching in the second stage, is called an S-W-S switching fabric. In this paper, we propose a graph-theoretic approach and different routing algorithms to derive the sufficient conditions under which an S-W-S switching fabric will be rearrangeable nonblocking and repackable nonblocking. The proposed rearrangeable and repackable nonblocking S-W-S switching fabrics for connections with limited bandwidths consume around half the number of middle wavelength switches compared to strictly nonblocking S-W-S switching fabrics.

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3

Kabaciński, Wojciech, Remigiusz Rajewski, and Atyaf Al-Tameemi. "Rearrangeability of 2×2 W-S-W Elastic Switching Fabrics with Two Connection Rate." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 28, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.123417.

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The rearreangeable conditions for the 2×2 three-stage switching fabric of a W-S-W architecture for elastic optical switches are considered in this paper. Analogies between the switching fabric considered and the three-stage Clos network are shown. On the other hand, differences are also shown, which presented the modifications required in the control algorithm used in rearrangeable networks. The rearrangeable conditions and the control algorithm are presented and proved. Operation of the proposed control algorithm is shown based on a few examples. The required number of frequency slot units in interstage links of rearrangeable switching fabrics is much lower than in the strict-sense non-blocking switching fabrics characterized by the same parameters.

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4

Rajewski, Remigiusz. "Strict-Sense Nonblocking Conditions for the log2⁡N-1 Multirate Switching Fabric for the Discrete Bandwidth Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (April 8, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2096598.

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The article discusses the strict-sense nonblocking conditions derived for the log2⁡N-1 multirate switching fabric for the discrete bandwidth model at the connection level. Architecture of the log2⁡N-1 switching fabric was described in previous study; however, conditions for the multirate discrete bandwidth model as well as comparison with different structures have not been published before. Both sufficient and necessary conditions were introduced and proved in this study. A few numerical examples which help to understand an idea of the multirate bandwidth model for the log2⁡N-1 switching fabrics were delivered as well. Additionally a comparison of achieved results to the banyan switching structures and a comparison of the costs of all mentioned in this study structures expressed as the number of optical elements were done.

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5

Rajewski, Remigiusz. "The Optical Signal-to-Crosstalk Ratio for the MBA(N, e, g) Switching Fabric †." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041534.

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The banyan-type switching networks, well known in switching theory and called the logdN switching fabrics, are composed of symmetrical switching elements of size d×d. In turn, the modified baseline architecture, called the MBA(N,e,g), is only partially built from symmetrical optical switching elements, and it is constructed mostly from asymmetrical optical switching elements. Recently, it was shown that the MBA(N,e,g) structure requires a lower number of passive as well as active optical elements than the banyan-type switching fabric of the same capacity and functionality, which makes it an attractive solution. However, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio for the MBA(N,e,g) was not investigated before. Therefore, in this paper, the optical signal-to-crosstalk ratio in the MBA(N,e,g) was determined. Such crosstalk influences the output signal’s quality. Thus, if such crosstalk is lower, the signal quality is better. The switching fabric proposed in the author’s previous work has lower optical signal losses than a typical Beneš and banyan-type switching networks of this same capacity and functionality, which gives better quality of transmitted optical signals at the switching node’s output. The investigated MBA(N,e,g) architecture also contains one stage fewer than banyan-type network of the same capacity, which is an essential feature from the optical switching point of view.

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6

Jajszczyk, A., and W. Kabacinski. "A growable ATM switching fabric architecture." IEEE Transactions on Communications 43, no. 2/3/4 (February 1995): 1155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.380147.

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7

Widjaja, I. "Tandem banyan switching fabric with dilation." Electronics Letters 27, no. 19 (1991): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19911101.

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8

Jo, Anjae, Youngdae Seo, Museok Ko, Chaewon Kim, Heejoo Kim, Seungjin Nam, Hyunjoo Choi, Cheol Seong Hwang, and Mi Jung Lee. "Textile Resistance Switching Memory for Fabric Electronics." Advanced Functional Materials 27, no. 15 (February 28, 2017): 1605593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605593.

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9

Catania, V., S. Cavalieri, and L. Vita. "Rearrangeable switch fabric for fast packet switching." Computer Communications 14, no. 8 (October 1991): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-3664(91)90123-i.

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10

Chen, Fuxing, Hui Li, Xuesong Tan, and Shuo-Yen Robert Li. "Multicast Switching Fabric Based on Network Coding and Algebraic Switching Theory." IEEE Transactions on Communications 64, no. 7 (July 2016): 2999–3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2016.2577679.

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11

Fantacci, R., M. Marini, and M. Forti. "Efficient fast packet switching fabric using neural networks." Electronics Letters 30, no. 13 (June 23, 1994): 1077–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19940696.

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12

Masetti, Francesco, Achille Pattavina, and Cesare Sironi. "The ATM shuffleout switching fabric: Design and implementation issues." European Transactions on Telecommunications 3, no. 2 (March 1992): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460030211.

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13

Wang, YiYun. "Smart design of multigranular optical switching fabric with traffic grooming." Optical Engineering 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 030505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2172172.

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14

Wang, Zhifei, Jiang Xu, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan Huu Kinh Duong, and Xuanqi Chen. "High-Radix Nonblocking Integrated Optical Switching Fabric for Data Center." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 19 (October 1, 2017): 4268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2737659.

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15

Neel, Brian, Randy Morris, Dominic Ditomaso, and Avinash Kodi. "SPRINT: Scalable Photonic Switching Fabric for High-Performance Computing (HPC)." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 4, no. 9 (July 30, 2012): A38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.4.000a38.

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16

Ting-Chao Hou. "Hierarchical path hunt in a broadband multirate circuit switching fabric." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 14, no. 2 (1996): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.481946.

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17

Jiang, Wanchun, Fengyuan Ren, and Jianxin Wang. "Survey on link layer congestion management of lossless switching fabric." Computer Standards & Interfaces 57 (March 2018): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2017.11.002.

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18

Yao, Qi Gui, Hai Yu, Yue Yu, and Wei Wang. "The Method of Electric Power Communication Network Time Delay Control Based on T-MPLS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5172.

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Based on the fabric of national electric power system, the types and causes of delay in the network is investigated. The evolution guideline is deeply discussed. Mechanism in T-MPLS such as packet switching, plastic limit, automatic protection switching and multi-service package adapter are utilized to improve the time delay of the power communication network. It is to lay the foundation for the next generation of Smart Substation.

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19

Mir, Nader F. "An efficient switching fabric for next-generation large-scale computer networking." Computer Networks 40, no. 2 (October 2002): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(02)00293-1.

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20

Ahmadi, Hamid, Wolfgang E. Denzel, Charles A. Murphy, and Erich Port. "A high-performance switch fabric for integrated circuit and packet switching." International Journal of Digital & Analog Cabled Systems 2, no. 4 (1989): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4520020411.

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21

Zhu, Ying, Jiuming Li, Haiyong He, Meixiang Wan, and Lei Jiang. "Reversible Wettability Switching of Polyaniline-Coated Fabric, Triggered by Ammonia Gas." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 28, no. 23 (October 17, 2007): 2230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200700468.

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22

Zhu, Zhonghua, Shan Zhong, Li Chen, and Kai Chen. "Fully programmable and scalable optical switching fabric for petabyte data center." Optics Express 23, no. 3 (February 5, 2015): 3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.003563.

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23

Alduino, A. C., J. Klem, J. C. Zolper, G. G. Ortiz, Y. C. Lu, C. Hains, J. Cheng, B. Lu, and R. P. Schneider. "500 Mbit/s operation of a multifunctional binary optical switching fabric." Electronics Letters 31, no. 18 (August 31, 1995): 1570–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19951076.

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24

Rathinavel, S., and T. Kannaianl. "An Efficient Fabric Defect Prediction Based on Modular Neural Network Classifier with Alternative Hard C-Means Clustering." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17892.

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In India, textile industry has been mainly focused because it increased the economy day by day. But, it has some problem in the field of quality control. At present, it is mainly solved visually through skilled workers. Though, due to the human errors and eye fatigue, the system reliability has been restricted. So, in this research has been focused automatic fabric defect detection scheme. Here, Modular Neural Network (MNN) is proposed for fabric defect detection and classification with low cost and high accurate rate via using image processing schemes in the woven fabrics. At first, the images are collected from the machine and then preprocessed by using Enhanced Directional Switching Median Filter (EDWF) to reduce the impulse and stationary noise. To attain high accurate prediction, the preprocessed image has been segmented by using Alternative Hard C-Means (AHCM) cluster. After clustering, the images are converted to binary image. Then, the first order features has been extracted from the image. The extracted features are given as input to MNN, which classifies the fabric defects. In MNN, the weight factors are calculated by using back propagation algorithm and generate the output. The simulation results show that the proposed MNN attained high accuracy rate of 96.7% when compared to existing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) than Support Vector Machine with Genetic Algorithm (SVM-GA) classification algorithms.

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25

Keum, Young Wook, and Hwakyung Rim. "Design and Analysis of the Symmetric Banyan Network (SBN): A Min with High Performance and High Fault Tolerance." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 08, no. 03 (September 1997): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054197000173.

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A new MIN called the Symmetric Banyan Network (SBM) is presented in this paper. In the SBN, 4 × 4 switching elements are used and they are connected symmetrically between the upper and lower parts of the network. There are 2N paths for every source-destination pair. The SBN is basically single-fault tolerant, but can tolerate up to three faults, with more elegant routing, except in the first and last stages which are still single-fault tolerant. And full accessibility is preserved even in some instances when half of the network is in fault. The routing of the SBN is self-adaptive in the presence of a fault. The throughput analysis of the SBN is done using computer simulations and shows that the SBN performs better than the Itoh's network, the ASEN (Augmented Shuffle Exchange Network) and the crossbar network. We analyze the cost/performance of the SBN against the MINs with multiple banyan networks such as MBSF (Multi Banyan Switching Fabric) and the PBSF (Piled Banyan Switching Fabric) and the analysis shows that the SBN is also attractive in terms of the cost.

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26

Chen, Xi-lian, Bo Xu, Yu-meng Zhou, Zhan-qi Cui, and Kun Qiu. "Research on the Network Fault in Multistage Multi-plane Optical Switching Fabric." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 35, no. 12 (February 23, 2014): 2978–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2013.00227.

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27

Liu, Kai, Jian Yan, Xiang Chen, and Jianhua Lu. "An interconnected multi-plane multi-stage fault-tolerant on-board switching fabric." China Communications 12, no. 2 (February 2015): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2015.7084403.

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28

Kabacinski, Wojciech, Atyaf Al-Tameemie, and Remigiusz Rajewski. "Rearrangeability of Wavelength-Space-Wavelength Switching Fabric Architecture for Elastic Optical Switches." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 64993–5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2917092.

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29

Li, Bin, Bing Qi, Yi Sun, Liangrui Tang, Runze Wu, and Ying Zeng. "Coding embedded hybrid switching fabric applications in next generation power system backbone." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 57 (May 2014): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.12.002.

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30

Zhenghao Zhang and Yuanyuan Yang. "Low-loss switching fabric design for recirculating buffer in WDM optical packet switching networks using arrayed waveguide grating routers." IEEE Transactions on Communications 54, no. 8 (August 2006): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2006.878838.

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31

Zhang, Bo, Bin-qiang Wang, and Bo Yuan. "A Buffer-less Energy Consumption Optimal Model of Self-routing Grouping Switching Fabric." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 34, no. 7 (July 6, 2013): 1690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2011.01222.

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32

Głąbowski, Mariusz, Hristo Ivanov, Erich Leitgeb, Maciej Sobieraj, and Maciej Stasiak. "Simulation studies of elastic optical networks based on 3-stage Clos switching fabric." Optical Switching and Networking 36 (February 2020): 100555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2020.100555.

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33

Hu, Yuxiang, Xiangjie Ma, Julong Lan, and Haoxue Wang. "A central-stage buffered three-stage Clos switching fabric and the scheduling algorithm." Journal of Electronics (China) 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-007-0134-9.

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34

Michalski, Marek, and Tytus Sielach. "Proposal of a New Structure for Netfpga Cards." Image Processing & Communications 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2017-0003.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a proposal of a new internal structure for NetFPGA cards and its analysis. We propose to use a switching fabric instead of a single pipeline. Such a change complicates some modules and connects several of them into a single, more complicated module. Their functionality is the same, but the delay of the served Ethernet frame will be decreased.

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35

Xiong Tao, Zhang Bian-Li, Chang Sheng-Jiang, Shen Jin-Yuan, and Zhang Yan-Xin. "A multiple input-queued ATM switching fabric based on hopfield neural network cell scheduling." Acta Physica Sinica 54, no. 5 (2005): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.54.2435.

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36

Hu, Yu-xiang, Ju-long Lan, and Jun-ting Wu. "The Switch Structure and Scheduling Algorithm for Maintaining Packet Order in Multistage Switching Fabric." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY 32, no. 2 (March 15, 2010): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2009.00299.

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37

Maeno, Y., Y. Suemura, A. Tajima, and N. Henmi. "A 2.56-Tb/s multiwavelength and scalable switch-fabric for fast packet-switching networks." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 10, no. 8 (August 1998): 1180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.701543.

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38

Riza, Nabeel A. "Acousto-optic device-based high-speed high-isolation photonic switching fabric for signal processing." Optics Letters 22, no. 13 (July 1, 1997): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.22.001003.

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39

Bae, Hagyoul, Daewon Kim, Myungsoo Seo, Ik Kyeong Jin, Seung‐Bae Jeon, Hye Moon Lee, Soo‐Ho Jung, et al. "Bioinspired Polydopamine‐Based Resistive‐Switching Memory on Cotton Fabric for Wearable Neuromorphic Device Applications." Advanced Materials Technologies 4, no. 8 (May 17, 2019): 1900151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900151.

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40

Lai, Caroline P., and Keren Bergman. "Implementing an Optical QoS Encoding Scheme in an Optical Packet Switching Fabric Test-Bed." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 22, no. 20 (October 2010): 1518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2010.2066555.

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41

Lu, W., B. A. Small, J. P. Mack, L. Leng, and K. Bergman. "Optical Packet Routing and Virtual Buffering in an Eight-Node Data Vortex Switching Fabric." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, no. 8 (August 2004): 1981–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2004.829762.

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42

Yashe, Liu, Liu Zengji, and Hu Zheng. "Performance analysis of an input-buffered ATM switching fabric with independent window-access scheme." Journal of Electronics (China) 14, no. 3 (July 1997): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-997-1004-1.

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43

Shih, Naai-Jung, Pei-Huang Diao, and Yi Chen. "ARTS, an AR Tourism System, for the Integration of 3D Scanning and Smartphone AR in Cultural Heritage Tourism and Pedagogy." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 3725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173725.

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Interactions between cultural heritage, tourism, and pedagogy deserve investigation in an as-built environment under a macro- or micro-perspective of urban fabric. The heritage site of Shih Yih Hall, Lukang, was explored. An Augmented Reality Tourism System (ARTS) was developed on a smartphone-based platform for a novel application scenario using 3D scans converted from a point cloud to a portable interaction size. ARTS comprises a real-time environment viewing module, a space-switching module, and an Augmented Reality (AR) guide graphic module. The system facilitates scenario initiations, projection and superimposition, annotation, and interface customization, with software tools developed using ARKit® on the iPhone XS Max®. The three-way interaction between urban fabric, cultural heritage tourism, and pedagogy was made possible through background block-outs and an additive or selective display. The illustration of the full-scale experience of the smartphone app was made feasible for co-relating the cultural dependence of urban fabric on tourism. The great fidelity of 3D scans and AR scenes act as a pedagogical aid for students or tourists. A Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) evaluation verified the usefulness of ARTS.

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44

Zhou, Qingqing, Jiayi Chen, Tianchi Zhou, and Jianzhong Shao. "In situ polymerization of polyaniline on cotton fabrics with phytic acid as a novel efficient dopant for flame retardancy and conductivity switching." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 8 (2020): 3504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05689k.

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A flame-retardant conductive cotton fabric switch was successfully prepared by the in situ polymerization of polyaniline doped with novel phytic acid (PA) by impregnation in an ice water bath for 24 h.

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45

Torres, D., J. Gonzalez, and M. Guzman. "A New Bus Assignment Algorithm for a Shared Bus Switch Fabric." VLSI Design 11, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/26425.

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An architecture for a Cell Switch Fabric (CSF) with a new bus assignment strategy is presented. The proposed architecture has a modular structure with a chip partitioning oriented to avoid the system from falling down totally, thus achieving expandability and increasing reusability. A discussion about different algorithms for the bus assignment is given. The shared bus is assigned in a cyclic and rotative way, switching microcells instead of cells. The CSF is built in four PCBs where every one has a capacity for four ports at 164.323 Mbps, the external port rate is 155.52 Mbps. A microcontroller realizes some tests and communicates with a PC, which runs a test, verification and CSF configuration program. Some parameters about the CSF behavior are measured too. Each Port was implemented on a CPLD FLEX10K100 and the Switch Control Block on a circuit MAX7128, both from Altera Company.

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46

Court, David, and Russel Torah. "Development of a Printed E-Textile for the Measurement of Muscle Activation via EMG for the Purpose of Gesture Control." Proceedings 68, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021068008.

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This paper details the development of an e-textile gesture controller using screen-printed electrodes to measure Electromyography (EMG); the electrical signals produced in a muscle during its use. The final e-textile consists of 7 fabric electrodes able to take measurements from three muscular groups in the right forearm. When accompanied with processing circuitry, also produced in this study, a total of five gestures are uniquely identified with an average accuracy of ~93% when operating with a switching delay of 150 ms or greater.

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47

Rodriguez-Colina, Enrique, Michael Pascoe-Chalke, and Miguel Lopez-Guerrero. "Performance Trade-Offs for Wavelength Striping Optical Switching Using a Novel Star Architecture." Advances in Optical Technologies 2016 (February 11, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1875357.

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This work describes various performance trade-offs that arise from the use of a technique for optical switching under various network topologies. Such switching operation can be summarized as follows: (a) user data are divided into fixed-length fragments, (b) each fragment is assigned to a different wavelength, and (c) all wavelengths are simultaneously switched to the egress links. This concept of dividing user data into several wavelengths to be simultaneously switched is called wavelength striping and its purpose is to reduce latency and increase throughput for short distance interconnects. We depart from previous work where a building block implementing this basic switching function has been built around semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). In this paper, we investigate diverse trade-offs that arise from the use of this switching approach in different network topologies. One of the main issues addressed in this paper is the relation between cascadability and bit error rate (BER). In this case, our results indicate that a switch fabric can cascade up to five stages without exceeding a BER of 10−9 and without incurring in power budget problems. We also show that the performance degradation, introduced by cascading SOAs, can be compensated with a star interconnect architecture that is introduced. Other issues addressed in this paper are the effect of scalability on cost and the effect of latency on TCP performance and reliability.

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48

Fantacci, R., M. Forti, and M. Marini. "A cellular neural network for packet selection in a fast packet switching fabric with input buffers." IEEE Transactions on Communications 44, no. 12 (1996): 1649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.545894.

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49

Zheng, Ling, Weitao Pan, Ya Gao, Huan Liu, and Jing Jiang. "Architecture design and performance analysis of a novel memory system for high-bandwidth onboard switching fabric." Computer Networks 198 (October 2021): 108367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108367.

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50

Graßmann, Carsten, Maureen Mann, Lieva Van Langenhove, and Anne Schwarz-Pfeiffer. "Textile Based Electrochromic Cells Prepared with PEDOT: PSS and Gelled Electrolyte." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 5691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195691.

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Abstract:

Electrochromic devices can act as passive displays. They change their color when a low voltage is applied. Flexible and bendable hybrid textile-film electrochromic devices with poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared on polyethylene polyethylene terephthalate (PEPES) membranes using a spray coating technique. The electrolyte consisted of a gelatin glycerol mixture as host matrix and calcium chloride. Titanium dioxide was used as an ion storage layer and a carbon containing dispersion was used for the counter electrode on a polyester rip-stop fabric. The sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS on PEPES was 500 Ohm/sq. A 5 × 5 electrochromic matrix with individually addressable pixels was successfully designed and assembled. The switching time of the pixels was 2 s at a voltage of 2.0 V directly after assembling. The use of titanium dioxide as ion storage also increased the contrast of the dark-blue reduced electrochromic layer. Coloration was not self-sustaining. The PEDOT:PSS layer needed a constant low voltage of at least 0.5 V to sustain in the dark-blue reduced state. The switching time increased with time. After 12 months the switching time was ~4 s at a voltage of 2.8 V. The addition of glycerol into the electrolyte extended the lifetime of a non-encapsulated textile electrochromic cell, because moisture is retained in the electrolyte. Charge carriers can be transported into and out of the electrochromic layer.

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