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Journal articles on the topic 'Swordtails (Fish)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Cowan, Joseph, and Grant Brown. "FORAGING TRADE-OFFS AND PREDATOR INSPECTION IN AN OSTARIOPHYSAN FISH: SWITCHING FROM CHEMICAL TO VISUAL CUES." Behaviour 137, no. 2 (2000): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502015.

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AbstractUnder laboratory conditions, we investigated the presence of a foraging trade-off in the chemical predator inspection behaviour of finescale dace (Chrosomus neogaeus). Dace were fed ad libitum, or food deprived for 24 or 48 hours and allowed to inspect a live yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in the presence of the chemical cues of a perch fed dace (with alarm pheromone) or swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; without alarm pheromones). Dace exposed to the odour of a perch fed swordtails exhibited no evidence of a trade-off in either anti-predator behaviour or predator inspection behaviour. When fed ad libitum and exposed to the odour of a perch fed dace, individuals exhibited significantly greater anti-predator behaviour (increased shoaling, decreased area use and greater frequency of dashing and freezing behaviour) when compared to the swordtail diet control. Predator inspection behaviour was also significantly affected (increased latency to inspect and minimum distance approached towards the predator and fewer inspectors per visit). However, when food deprived for 24 or 48 hours, dace exhibited no differences in either anti-predator or predator inspection behaviour when exposed to the odour of perch fed dace versus perch fed swordtails. These data demonstrate that predator inspection behaviour based on the chemical cues of a potential predator is subject to foraging trade-offs and that individual prey may reduce their overall risk of predation by increasing the use of visual cues.

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2

Kaymak, Güllü. "The determination of oxidative damage caused by fluoxetine hydrocloride in swordtail fish (Xiphophorus hellerii)." Aquatic Research 4, no. 3 (2021): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar21022.

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In this study, it was aimed to determine the oxidative stress in the tissues of the swordtail fish (Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848) after exposed to the active ingredient of Prozac® and one of the SSRI (Selective Serotonine Reuptake Inhibitor) group antidepressants, Fluoxetine Hydrochloride, which is considered to be safe cardiovascular. It is widely used in the treatment of depression, which is one of the increasing health problems in the World. Fluoxetine-HCl has been found 0.012 μg/L in surface waters and in the dose range of 0.54-0.929 μg/L in wastewater (Sehonova et al., 2018). In line with this information, 0.1 μg / L and 1 μg / L Fluoxetine-HCl was administered to swordtails. At the end of 96 hours, heart and liver tissues of the fish were dissected under antiseptic conditions and homogenized. Later, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and total protein amount were determined by spectrophotometric methods. As a result, while CAT enzyme activity and MDA level decreased in heart tissue, SOD enzyme activity and GSH level increased. In liver tissue, while CAT enzyme activity and GSH amount increased, SOD enzyme activity and MDA level decreased. As a result of the comparisons with the control group, it was determined that Fluoxetine-HCl is effective in regulating the stress response by affecting the stress pathways in swordtails.

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3

Fisher, Heidi S., and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Male swordtails court with an audience in mind." Biology Letters 3, no. 1 (2006): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0556.

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Females are usually considered to be the target of male courtship behaviour. In nature, however, social interactions rarely occur without other observers; thus, it is conceivable that some male courtship behaviours are directed not towards females, but rather towards male rivals. The northern swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni , is a freshwater fish found in high densities in natural streams. Males court by swimming close to and in parallel with the female, raising their large sail-like dorsal fin, and quivering briefly. Here, we show that females prefer males that display small dorsal fins to those with large ones, and that males are less aggressive to other males with large dorsal fins. Male swordtails also raise their dorsal fins more frequently when courting in the presence of other males. These results suggest that, despite female avoidance of large dorsal fins, males that raise their fin during courtship benefit by intimidating potential competitors; the intended receivers of this signal are thus males, not females. Intrasexual selection can therefore offset the forces of intersexual selection, even in a courtship display.

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4

Wong, Bob, Gil Rosenthal, and Jessica Buckingham. "Shoaling decisions in female swordtails: how do fish gauge group size?" Behaviour 144, no. 11 (2007): 1333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907782418196.

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AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms individuals might use to compare group sizes when making decisions about group membership. One possibility is that animals use ratio to determine differences in group sizes. Weber's Law states that the ease of any numerical comparison is based on the ratio between the stimuli compared; as the ratio becomes smaller the comparison becomes more difficult. We set out to test this prediction by offering female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, dichotomous choices between different shoal sizes, varying both in ratios and absolute numbers of fish. Swordtails attended to the ratio of group size between stimulus shoals, rather than the numerical difference between shoals, when making shoaling decisions. Where group size ratio was 2:1, subjects showed a significant preference for the larger shoal, independent of the numerical difference between the shoals. When the ratio was 1.5:1, subjects showed no preference. The ratio between group sizes may, thus, be an important factor in shoaling decisions. More broadly, ratio could prove to be a widespread mechanism for animals to make numerical comparisons in group assessments.

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5

Sadaghiani, Bahram, Bruce J. Crawford, and Juergen R. Vielkind. "Generation of poly- and mono-clonal antibodies against trout fibronectin (FN) and their use in FN immunodetection in teleost fishes." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 72, no. 7-8 (1994): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o94-047.

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Immunization of rats with gelatin-affinity column purified fibronectin (FN) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma produced a polyclonal antiserum that reacts specifically with FN in immunoblotted protein extracts and cultured cells, not only from trout but also from swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri). Most importantly, this antiserum specifically stains FN-containing structures in sections from embryos, as well as skin and dorsal fin of swordtails and platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus), allowing, e.g., correlation of the distribution of FN with neural crest cell development in Xiphophorus. The antiserum also cross-reacts with FN in sections from embroys of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In addition to the polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal anti-trout FN antibodies were produced in rats. These did not exhibit reactivity on sections, but stained the cultured fish cells and FN in immunoblots. Both types of antibodies may be of interest to the fish industry for marking the level of FN as an indicator, not only for infectious diseases but also for certain developmental stages such as smoltification and spawning.Key words: antibodies, extracellular matrix, neural crest, Xiphophorus.

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6

Brown, Grant, and Erica Schwarzbauer. "CHEMICAL PREDATOR INSPECTION AND ATTACK CONE AVOIDANCE IN A CHARACIN FISH: THE EFFECTS OF PREDATOR DIET." Behaviour 138, no. 6 (2001): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901752233370.

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AbstractMany prey organisms will approach (inspect) a potential predator, primarily to assess local risk of predation. It has been argued that by avoiding the head region of predators during inspections, prey can reduce the risks associated with such behaviour (attack cone avoidance). Prior experiments, however, have not incorporated the combined chemical and visual predator cues. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the effects of combined predator dietary (chemical) and visual cues on the form and location of predator inspection visits by glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus). Tetras were exposed to a live cichlid predator (Cichlasoma octofasciatum) which had been fed tetras (with alarm pheromone), swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; lacking Ostariophysan alarm pheromones) or food deprived. There was no significant difference in the overall rate of predator inspection by tetras to tetra-fed, swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids. There was, however, a significant effect of predator diet on the size of inspection shoals and the location of inspections. Tetras inspected a tetrafed predator in significantly smaller groups, more often as singletons and directed a greater proportion of their inspections towards the tail of the predator. Tetras exposed to swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids inspected in larger groups and directed more inspections towards the head of the predator. When the predator dietary cue contained tetra alarm pheromone, there was a significant increase in the attack latency by predators. Taken together, these data suggest that tetras use both chemical and visual predator cues during inspection visits and will modify their behaviour based on the presence or absence of conspecific alarm pheromone in the diet of a potential predator.

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7

Garcia, F., R. Y. Fujimoto, M. L. Martins, and F. R. Moraes. "Protozoan parasites of Xiphophorus spp. (Poeciliidae) and their relation with water characteristics." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 61, no. 1 (2009): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352009000100022.

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This work investigated the relationship between water characteristics and infestation of protozoan parasites, Icthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp., in swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) and platy (Xiphophorus maculates) collected in an ornamental fish farm in São Paulo, Brazil. Fish were monthly collected from ponds and tanks for one year. The prevalence rates in fish from tanks and ponds were, respectively, 34.2% and 22.5% for I. multifiliis, and 13% and 54.2% for Trichodina sp. Increased electric conductivity and pH provoked reduction of I. multifiliis infestation. Low oxygen concentration increased Trichodina sp. infestation. The use of salt to increase the electric conductivity of water was a method to control I. multifiliis. Low dissolved oxygen and the addition of organic fertilizer favored the reproduction of Trichodina sp.

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8

Mirza, Reehan, and Douglas Chivers. "DO JUVENILE YELLOW PERCH USE DIET CUES TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF THREAT POSED BY INTRASPECIFIC PREDATORS?" Behaviour 138, no. 10 (2001): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390152822201.

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AbstractThe mechanisms that drive the evolution of intraspecifc predation (cannibalism) are unclear. Many authors speculate that predators can make substantial gains in nutrition and reproductive output by consuming conspecifics. However, by consuming conspecifics, predators may risk decreasing their inclusive fitness by consuming kin or increasing the chances of pathogen transmission. In fishes intraspecific predation is typically observed when resource levels are low. During these periods it is important for prey fishes to be able to accurately assess their level of predation risk from cannibalistic conspecifics. Prey animals may be able to do this by using chemical cues available in the predator's diet. The last meal consumed by the predator may give important information for prey animals to assess predation risk. We exposed juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens, to chemical cues of adult perch fed a diet of either juvenile perch, spot tail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, or a control of distilled water. Spot tail shiners and juvenile perch commonly form mixed species shoals and are vulnerable to the same suite of predators. Swordtails do not co-occur with yellow perch or spot tail shiners. We found that juvenile perch increased shelter use significantly more when exposed to chemical cues of adult perch fed juvenile perch or spot tails, compared to adult perch fed swordtails or those exposed to distilled water. This suggests that the level of chemosensory assessment used by juvenile perch is quite sophisticated and that the antipredator response can be mediated by specific cues in the predator's diet. This study is the first to demonstrate a response of a fish to chemical cues from intraspecific predators. Future studies should examine the importance of predator diet cues in responses to chemical cues from intraspecific predators.

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9

Royle, Nick J., Jan Lindström, and Neil B. Metcalfe. "Effect of growth compensation on subsequent physical fitness in green swordtails Xiphophorus helleri." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (2005): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0414.

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Early environmental conditions have been suggested to influence subsequent locomotor performance in a range of species, but most measurements have been of initial (baseline) performance. By manipulating early growth trajectories in green swordtail fish, we show that males that underwent compensatory growth as juveniles had a similar baseline swimming endurance when mature adults to ad libitum fed controls. However, they had a reduced capacity to increase endurance with training, which is more likely to relate to Darwinian fitness. Compensatory growth may thus result in important locomotor costs later in life.

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10

Godard, Renée, Catherine Wannamaker, and Bonnie Bowers. "Responses of Golden Shiner Minnows to Chemical Cues from Snake Predators." Behaviour 135, no. 8 (1998): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792913447.

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AbstractStudies of a limited number of species of fish in the superorder Ostariophysi have shown they they exhibit strong antipredator behaviour to conserved alarm substance in feces and in other byproducts from predatory fish that have consumed ostariophysans. Our experiments examined the ability of a previously untested ostariophysan to recognize chemical cues from two species of snake predators. In Experiment 1, shoals of golden shiners (Notemigonus chrysoleucas) exhibited strong shelter-seeking responses to water which contained waste byproducts from either a sympatric snake or an allopatric snake which had been fed golden shiners but not to a distilled water control. There was no difference in response to the sympatrie snake predator, northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon), compared to the allopatric snake predator, black-bellied garter snakes (Thamnophis melanogaster). In Experiment 2, individual shiners exhibited vigourous dashing when presented with water which contained waste byproducts from N. sipedon fed golden shiners but exhibited a much weaker response to water which contained waste byproducts from N. sipedon fed green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri, a non-ostariophysan) or to a water control. These results suggest that the alarm substance produced in the epidermis of the golden shiners is conserved in snake waste byproducts. Experiment 3 showed that there was little difference in shelter-seeking behaviour by shoals of shiners when presented with water in which N. sipedon had soaked, water in which T. melanogaster had soaked, or a distilled water control. Thus it appears that secretions from the skin of these predators may not be chemically labelled.

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11

Boulton, K., B. Sinderman, M. R. Pearce, R. L. Earley, and A. J. Wilson. "He who dares only wins sometimes: physiological stress and contest behaviour in Xiphophorus helleri." Behaviour 149, no. 9 (2012): 977–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003021.

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While many factors influence contest outcome and social dominance in animals, there is increasing interest in behavioural-physiological stress-coping styles. Causality, however, is often ambiguous; is physiological state determined by contest outcome or vice versa? Furthermore, experimental protocols may themselves induce stress responses that impact individual behaviour and, thus, potentially contest outcome. Here we test whether latency to recover from acute stress, measured both physiologically and behaviourally, predicts who initiates and who wins dyadic contests between pairs of male green swordtails (Xiphophorous helleri). In line with our predictions, animals that recovered faster (behaviourally) from disturbance created by the experimental protocol prior to meeting an opponent were more likely to initiate contests; however, they were not more likely to win and, contrary to expectations, had higher pre-contest cortisol levels than their opponents. They also showed greater physiological stress responses to the experiment as determined from the difference between pre- and post-contest cortisol levels. Moreover, stress response was independent of whether a contest escalated. In contradiction to evidence found in other taxa and fish systems, the suite of traits that we measured were not correlated in a manner that allowed classification of the animals into the usual reactive and proactive stress-coping styles. Our results suggest that coping style may play a key role in determining which individual initiates a contest, but that other factors govern contest outcome.

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12

Olivier, A., and H. Kaiser. "A comparison of growth, survival rate, and number of marketable fish produced of swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Family Poeciliidae), between two types of culture systems." Aquaculture Research 28, no. 3 (1997): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.t01-1-00851.x.

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13

Olivier, A., and H. Kaiser. "A comparison of growth, survival rate, and number of marketable fish produced of swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Family Poeciliidae), between two types of culture systems." Aquaculture Research 28, no. 3 (1997): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01035.x.

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14

Pandakov, Pencho, Zhivko Barzov, Radoslav Moldovanski, and Helena Huđek. "First confirmed record of an established population of green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848) in Europe." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 422 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021031.

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The green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) is a freshwater and brackish water fish native to North and Central America. It experiences wide human-traced introduction around the world, mostly due to aquarium release. Individuals of the green swordtail population from the warm spring with artificial origin located in Asparuhovo district, Bulgaria, were collected. The invasiveness screening tool for non-native freshwater fishes (FISK v2) calibrated for the Balkan region was used to assess potential invasion risk of the green swordtail to the coastal freshwater bodies of the Eastern Balkans. This study is the first confirmation on an existing self-sustained population of X. hellerii in Bulgaria and respectively in Europe. Climate change and the trend of warmer winters are prerequisites for the acclimatization of this species to the temperature out of the studied thermal spring. Therefore, the potential of the green swordtail to colonise new habitats is increasing with such facilitated acclimatization. We conclude that the green swordtail poses a high risk to become the next new invasive species in Southern Europe.

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15

Putra, Dedi F., Ahmad Qadri, Sayyid A. El-Rahimi, and Norhayati Othman. "Effects of Astaxanthin on The Skin Color of Green Swordtail, Xyphophorus helleri." E3S Web of Conferences 151 (2020): 01065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101065.

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This study aimed to analyze the effects of astaxanthin in commercial feed on growth and color intensity of green swordtail fish, Xyphophorus helleri. A total of 150 green swordtail fish (Xyphophorus helleri) had an average weight of ± 2 g per fish was used. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used consisting of five treatments and three replicates. The treatments were A (0 mg/kg), B (50 mg/kg), C (100 mg/kg), D (150 mg/kg), E (200 mg/kg). Observation of color intensity had done once every 10 days for four weeks using TCF (Toca Color Finder). The result showed that the addition of astaxanthin into commercial feeds with different doses has a significant effect on the skin color intensity of green swordtail fish (Xyphophorus helleri). Hence, the concentration of 200 mg/kg Astaxanthin had the optimum skin color intensity of green swordtail fish (Xyphophorus helleri).

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16

Yanar, Mahmut, Ali Özdeş, Erhan Erdoğan, and Ece Evliyaoğlu. "Determination of thermal tolerance parameters of swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) and platy fish (X. maculatus) acclimated to different temperature levels." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 2 (2021): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.12.

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Thermal tolerance parameters of swordtail (Xiphophorus maculatus) and platy (X. helleri) at three acclimation temperatures were determined in the study. The CTMin values at 20, 24 and 28°C acclimation temperature were 9.41,10.42 and 11.95°C respectively for platy and 9.38,11.5 and 13.23°C for swordtail, while CTMax values were 37.41, 39.19 and 40.52°C for platy and 36.94, 38.89 and 40.07°C for swordtail. Accordingly, acclimation temperature affected the lower and upper temperature tolerances of fish by 3-4 °C. The CTMin ARR values varied between 0.42-0.42 in swordtail and 0.20-0.34 in platy, while CTMax ARR ranged between 0.29-0.48 in swordtail and 0.33-0.44 in platy depending on acclimation temperature. Thermal tolerance polygon area of platy (232°C2) was slightly higher than that of swordtail (217.3°C). The fact that both fish species have lower temperature tolerances limits their geographic distribution and aquaculture in subtropical climates where the water temperature drops to 10°C in winter.

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17

Kang, Ji Hyoun, Manfred Schartl, Ronald B. Walter, and Axel Meyer. "Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all species of swordtails and platies (Pisces: Genus Xiphophorus) uncovers a hybrid origin of a swordtail fish, Xiphophorus monticolus, and demonstrates that the sexually selected sword originated in the ancestral lineage of the genus, but was lost again secondarily." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-25.

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18

Parawangsa, I. Nyoman Yoga, M. Fadjar Rahardjo, and Charles P. H. Simanjuntak. "Reproduction aspect of green swordtail, Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel 1848 in Tamblingan Lake, Bali." Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia 20, no. 1 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32491/jii.v20i1.512.

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Eco-biological information of green swordtail in Tamblingan Lake is unknown. This research aimed to reveal sex ratio, gonadosomatic index, viviparity, spawning time and location of green swordtail in Tamblingan Lake. Fish was collected by gill nets with a mesh size of 0.5 and 1.0 cm in five sampling stations from January to June 2019. Total length and body weight of all fish samples were measured then dissected to observe the level of gonad maturity and viviparity in female fish. A total of 373 green swordtail with total length ranged and body weight ranged from 30.4-69.2 mm and 0.7935 – 7.6612 g, respectively. The results showed that males outnumberd of females in all sampling periods. Gonadosomatic index of male and female ranged from 0.159-1.239 and 0.204-13.592, respectively. The mature individuals were captured in all sampling stations and observation times. This species has a good reproductive potential with viviparity ranges between 6-54 juveniles.

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19

Merry, Justin W., and Molly R. Morris. "Preference for symmetry in swordtail fish." Animal Behaviour 61, no. 2 (2001): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1589.

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20

Parawangsa, I. Nyoman Yoga, Prawira A. R. P. Tampubolon, and Nyoman Dati Pertami. "KARAKTER MORFOMETRIK DAN MERISTIK IKAN EKOR PEDANG (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, 1848) DI DANAU BUYAN, BULELENG, BALI." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 11, no. 2 (2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.11.2.2019.103-111.

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Ikan ekor pedang bukan merupakan ikan asli Indonesia. Ikan ini berasal dari Amerika Tengah dan dilaporkan menyebabkan kerugian di beberapa perairan yang dihuninya. Ikan ekor pedang merupakan ikan kedua yang paling banyak tertangkap di Danau Buyan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap karakter morfometrik dan meristik, hubungan panjang bobot dan hubungan panjang total-panjang baku pada dua varian ikan ekor pedang di Danau Buyan yang memiliki warna tubuh yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai April 2018. Ikan yang diamati berjumlah 160 ekor. Pengamatan meliputi pengukuran 12 karakter morfometrik tradisional, 14 karakter truss morphometric, penghitungan empat karakter meristik, dan penimbangan bobot. Panjang total ikan ekor pedang jantan dan betina pada varian I adalah 43,94 - 79,47 mm dan 43,81 - 115,80 mm dengan nilai b= 2,90 dan b= 2,98. Kemudian, panjang total ikan ekor pedang pada varian II adalah 45,76 - 83,91 mm untuk ikan jantan dan 41,43 - 88,49 mm untuk ikan betina dengan nilai b= 2,80 dan b= 3,07. Karakter meristik pada kedua varian ikan ekor pedang baik jantan dan betina adalah D. 12-13 ; A. 8 - 9. Hubungan panjang bobot ikan ekor pedang pada kedua varian menunjukan pertumbuhan isometrik. Berdasarkan pengamatan dalam penelitian ini, diketahui tidak terdapat perbedaan pada dua varian ikan ekor pedang di Danau Buyan.Green swordtail is not originally from Indonesia, but from Central America. This fish was reported harmful in some freshwater ecosystem. Green swordtail was the second most caught fish in Buyan Lake. The aims of this research were to reveal morphometric and meristic characters, length-weight relationship and total length-standard length relationship on two variants of green swordtail with the different color in Buyan Lake. This research was conducted from January to April 2018 in Buyan Lake. The number of measured and weighed fish were 160 individuals. There were 12 traditional morphometric characters, 14 truss morphometric characters, and four meristic characters observed. Respectively, the total length for green swordtail variant I male and female were 43.94 - 79.47 mm and 43.81 - 115.80 mm. The b value for both of the variant I were 2.90 and 2.98. For the variant II, the total length was 45.76 - 83.91 mm for male fish and 41.43 - 88.49 for female. The b value for variant II were 2.80 and 3.07 for male and female respectively. Meristic characters for all variant and sex was D 12 - 13; A 8 - 9. The growth pattern was isometric. There is no difference in the body shape between the variant of green swordtail fish.

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21

MORRIS, MOLLY R., and KENNETH CASEY. "Female swordtail fish prefer symmetrical sexual signal." Animal Behaviour 55, no. 1 (1998): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1997.0580.

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22

Wong, Bob B. M., and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Female Disdain for Swords in a Swordtail Fish." American Naturalist 167, no. 1 (2006): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498278.

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23

Bob B. M. Wong and Rosenthal. "Female Disdain for Swords in a Swordtail Fish." American Naturalist 167, no. 1 (2006): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3491253.

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24

Partridge, Linda, and Paul H. Harvey. "A case of mistaken identity in swordtail fish." Nature 328, no. 6129 (1987): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328377a0.

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25

Schumer, Molly, Rongfeng Cui, Daniel L. Powell, Gil G. Rosenthal, and Peter Andolfatto. "Ancient hybridization and genomic stabilization in a swordtail fish." Molecular Ecology 25, no. 11 (2016): 2661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13602.

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26

Berejikian, Barry A., R. Jan F. Smith, E. Paul Tezak, Steven L. Schroder, and Curtis M. Knudsen. "Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behavior and survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 5 (1999): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-010.

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The present study examined the effects of chemical antipredator conditioning on antipredator behavior and the relative effects of antipredator conditioning and seminatural rearing environments on postrelease survival of chinook salmon (Onocrhynchus tshawytscha). Hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to extracts from conspecific tissue or to comparable stimuli from green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri). These "injured fish" stimuli were paired with water that contained the odour of predatory cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). Chinook salmon receiving conspecific stimuli showed higher levels of several antipredator behaviors compared with chinook salmon receiving green swordtail extracts. When the two groups of chinook salmon were tested 2 days later with cutthroat trout stimulus alone, the chinook salmon that had originally received injured conspecific stimuli paired with cutthroat trout odour spent more time motionless than chinook salmon that had received green swordtail stimuli and cutthroat trout odour. In another experiment, complex rearing treatments had a negative effect on instream survival (contrary to previous studies) that was compensated for by the application of the chinook salmon extract and cutthroat trout odour prior to release. Chinook salmon, like rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), show antipredator behavior in response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and learn predator recognition when such stimuli are paired with predator odour, improving survival in the wild.

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27

"Biologists Unlock Chemical Clues to Courtship in Swordtail Fish Urine." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 14, no. 3 (2011): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2011.254.254.

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Cui, Rongfeng, Pablo J. Delclos, Molly Schumer, and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Early social learning triggers neurogenomic expression changes in a swordtail fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (2017): 20170701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0701.

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Mate choice can play a pivotal role in the nature and extent of reproductive isolation between species. Mating preferences are often dependent on an individual's social experience with adult phenotypes throughout development. We show that olfactory preference in a swordtail fish ( Xiphophorus malinche ) is affected by previous experience with adult olfactory signals. We compare transcriptome-wide gene expression levels of pooled sensory and brain tissues between three treatment groups that differ by social experience: females with no adult exposure, females exposed to conspecifics and females exposed to heterospecifics. We identify potential functionally relevant genes and biological pathways differentially expressed not only between control and exposure groups, but also between groups exposed to conspecifics and heterospecifics. Based on our results, we speculate that vomeronasal receptor type 2 paralogs may detect species-specific pheromone components and thus play an important role in reproductive isolation between species.

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Morris, Molly, and Susan Lyons. "Headstands: a sexually selected signal in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl." Behaviour 145, no. 9 (2008): 1247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908785387656.

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Basolo, A. L. "Female Preference Predates the Evolution of the Sword in Swordtail Fish." Science 250, no. 4982 (1990): 808–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4982.808.

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31

Powell, Daniel L., Mateo García-Olazábal, Mackenzie Keegan, et al. "Natural hybridization reveals incompatible alleles that cause melanoma in swordtail fish." Science 368, no. 6492 (2020): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5216.

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The establishment of reproductive barriers between populations can fuel the evolution of new species. A genetic framework for this process posits that “incompatible” interactions between genes can evolve that result in reduced survival or reproduction in hybrids. However, progress has been slow in identifying individual genes that underlie hybrid incompatibilities. We used a combination of approaches to map the genes that drive the development of an incompatibility that causes melanoma in swordtail fish hybrids. One of the genes involved in this incompatibility also causes melanoma in hybrids between distantly related species. Moreover, this melanoma reduces survival in the wild, likely because of progressive degradation of the fin. This work identifies genes underlying a vertebrate hybrid incompatibility and provides a glimpse into the action of these genes in natural hybrid populations.

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Rosenthal, Gil G., Jessica N. Fitzsimmons, Kristina U. Woods, Gabriele Gerlach, and Heidi S. Fisher. "Tactical Release of a Sexually-Selected Pheromone in a Swordtail Fish." PLoS ONE 6, no. 2 (2011): e16994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016994.

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33

Fisher, Heidi S., and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Female swordtail fish use chemical cues to select well-fed mates." Animal Behaviour 72, no. 3 (2006): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.009.

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Brown, Grant E., and R. Jan F. Smith. "Conspecific skin extracts elicit antipredator responses in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 11 (1997): 1916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-821.

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We investigated, under laboratory conditions, the presence of chemical alarm signals in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In an initial experiment, we exposed trout to a whole-body extract from conspecifics or a distilled-water control. When exposed to whole-body extract, trout significantly (i) decreased time spent swimming, (ii) increased time taken to resume foraging, and (iii) decreased the number of food items eaten. These data indicate a significant chemically mediated antipredator response. A second experiment was conducted to determine (i) if this is a generalized response to injured fish or a specific response to injured conspecifics, and (ii) if the chemical signal is localized in the skin. We exposed juvenile trout to one of three chemical stimuli: (1) trout skin extract, (2) trout body extract, or (3) swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) skin extract. Significant antipredator responses were observed in trout exposed to conspecific skin extract, but responses of those exposed to conspecific body extract or swordtail skin extract did not differ from those of distilled-water controls. These data strongly suggest that juvenile rainbow trout possess a chemical alarm signal, localized in the skin, that elicits antipredator behaviour when detected.by conspecifics.

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35

Perrault, K., I. Imre, and G. E. Brown. "Behavioural response of larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in a laboratory environment to potential damage-released chemical alarm cues." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 5 (2014): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0095.

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Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) invaded the Great Lakes early in the 20th century and have caused economic and ecological damage to native fish species. The integrated sea lamprey control program involves low-head barrier dams, lampricides, and trapping. The search for low cost and less toxic alternatives to lampricides could involve the use of repellents in the form of chemical alarm cues. The objective of this study was to determine whether larval sea lamprey showed a behavioural response when exposed to damage-released chemical alarm cues by increasing their swimming time, rate of direction changes, or rate of escape attempts in an artificial stream channel experiment. Larval sea lampreys were exposed to conspecific larval sea lamprey extract, heterospecific swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848) extract, or a distilled water control. The larvae increased their rate of escape attempts after exposure to both swordtail and larval lamprey extracts and their rate of direction changes after exposure to sea lamprey extract. However, larvae did not increase their swimming time in response to any experimental stimuli. This is the first study to suggest that larval sea lamprey respond to potential chemosensory risk assessment cues.

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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Carla, Molly R. Morris, Natalie S. Dubois, and Kevin de Queiroz. "Genetic variation and phylogeography of the swordtail fish Xiphophorus cortezi (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43, no. 1 (2007): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.022.

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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Carla, A. Eliot Shearer, Molly R. Morris, and Kevin de Queiroz. "Phylogeography and monophyly of the swordtail fish species Xiphophorus birchmanni (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae)." Zoologica Scripta 37, no. 2 (2008): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00311.x.

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D'Amore, Danny M., Oscar Rios-Cardenas, and Molly R. Morris. "Maternal investment influences development of behavioural syndrome in swordtail fish, Xiphophorus multilineatus." Animal Behaviour 103 (May 2015): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.013.

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39

Huang, Changjiang, Qiaoxiang Dong, Ronald B. Walter, and Terrence R. Tiersch. "Sperm cryopreservation of green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri, a fish with internal fertilization." Cryobiology 48, no. 3 (2004): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.02.004.

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Parzefall, Jakob, Rüdiger Riesch, Ingo Schlupp, and Martin Plath. "Female choice for large body size in the cave molly, Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae, Teleostei): influence of species- and sex-specific cues." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890931.

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AbstractPrevious studies revealed that females of a cave form of the livebearing fish Poecilia mexicana (cave molly) have maintained the ancestral visual preference for large males, but — as an adaptation to life in darkness — they have evolved the novel capability to assess male size non-visually. Here we examined the mechanisms by which non-visual mate choice for large body size occurs. Are sex- and species-specific chemical cues involved in this preference for large conspecifics? We gave focal females an opportunity to associate with a large and a small stimulus fish in simultaneous choice tests, whereby the females could perceive either multiple cues (visual plus non-visual) from the stimulus fish, solely non-visual cues in darkness, or solely visual cues. Stimulus fish were two conspecific males, conspecific females, or heterospecific females (Xiphophorus hellerii). Cave molly females showed a significant preference for large conspecific males and for large conspecific females in all treatments. When a large and a small swordtail female were presented, cave molly females showed a preference for the larger fish only when exclusively visual cues from the stimulus fish were available. The non-visual preference for large body size appears to be mediated by species- but not by sex-specific cues, suggesting that species-specific chemical cues play an important role during mate choice.

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Morris, Molly R. "Female preference for trait symmetry in addition to trait size in swordtail fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 265, no. 1399 (1998): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0377.

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42

Anken, Ralf H., Ingeborg Sorger, Dirk Bremen, and Hinrich Rahmann. "NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in the Mauthner cells of the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri." Neuroscience Letters 206, no. 1 (1996): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12422-8.

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43

Irsyad Abiyusfi Ghafari, Muhammad, and Vita Fitrianti. "Rheotaxis Response Based on Sexual Dimorphism in the Green Swordtail Fish, Xiphophorus hellerii." Biota 13, no. 2 (2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jb.v13i2.298.

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Morphological distinctions between males and females of a species are referred to by sexual dimorphism. It may result from various selection pressures affecting either sex or both and may occur in any dioecious species, including Green Swordtail fish, which are sexually reproductive. This study examined the different rheotaxis responses of Xiphophorus hellerii based on different sexes and morphological features. We analyzed ten adult males, ten gravid females, and ten non-gravid females of Xiphophorus helleri collected down the river and transferred into the column. We counted the number of the individual that performed positive rheotaxis (+), negative rheotaxis (-), and indifference response (0). The result showed different rheotaxis responses shown by male, non-gravid female, and gravid female X. hellerii. The highest percentage of positive rheotaxis response (movement against the current) was shown by non-gravid female X. hellerii, reaching up to 89%. Morphological differences between male, non-gravid female, and gravid female X. hellerii appear to affect the orientation and ability of X. hellerii in giving response against current and certainly has an impact on their survival in nature.

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44

Ahmed Al- Tayyar, Omar Bassim. "Isolation of Tetrahymena pyriformis From Several Infected Pet Fish Species And a Regime For Its Treatment." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, no. 1 (2005): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v29i1.880.

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Tetrahymena pyriformis has been firstly isolated from brood Goldfish(Carassius auratus) Common, Fantail, Ryukin, Veiltail and Moor, Black molly(Poecilia sphenops), Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), red Swordtail(Xiphophorus helleri), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), deep Angelfish(Pterophyllum scalare) and brood Algae eater (Hypostomus plecostomus) inIraq. The infected fish suffered from mucus hypersecretion large hyperemicareas on the skin, and slight shedding of the scales. The incidence percentage ofinfection was 100 %. Rising water temperature was up to 29 – 30cْ for one timeand methylene blue was at a concentration of 5 ppm for 24 hours. Sodiumchloride at a concentration of 2 % for one minute and two minutes has noobvious effect on Tetrahymena pyriformis. Treatment with NaCl at theconcentration of 1% for 20 minutes for three consecutive days achieved the bestresults.

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Rios-Cardenas, Oscar, Jason Brewer, and Molly R. Morris. "Maternal Investment in the Swordtail Fish Xiphophorus multilineatus: Support for the Differential Allocation Hypothesis." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (2013): e82723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082723.

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46

Fisher, Heidi S., Samantha J. Mascuch, and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Multivariate male traits misalign with multivariate female preferences in the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus birchmanni." Animal Behaviour 78, no. 2 (2009): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.02.029.

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47

Earley, R. L., and L. A. Dugatkin. "Merging social hierarchies: Effects on dominance rank in male green swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri)." Behavioural Processes 73, no. 3 (2006): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2006.07.001.

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48

McPherson, Taryn D., Reehan S. Mirza, and Greg G. Pyle. "Responses of wild fishes to alarm chemicals in pristine and metal-contaminated lakes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 5 (2004): 694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-034.

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Responses of wild fish populations to alarm chemicals were examined in clean and metal-contaminated lakes in northern Ontario. Approximately 20 groups of three minnow traps were placed randomly in the littoral zone of each study lake. Within each minnow trap group, one trap was treated with a chemical alarm stimulus (Iowa darter (Etheostoma exile (Girard, 1859)) skin extract, prey-guild species, alarm cue present), one with swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, 1848) skin extract (phylogenetically distant and allopatric from darters, alarm cue present but not recognized by darters), and one with distilled water (neutral control). Data included the identification and enumeration of fish captured in each trap after a 10-h set. Darters avoided areas labelled with the alarm stimulus relative to controls only in the clean lake; in contaminated lakes, darters did not avoid areas labelled with the alarm stimulus relative to controls. No effects of contamination on chemosensory function were observed for heterospecific non-darter prey-guild or predator-guild species. These findings suggest that chemical alarm systems do exist in nature, and that these systems appear to be affected by the presence of metals. Such pollution-related effects could lead to increased susceptibility of some fish species to predation and to population declines.

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Ortega-Salas, A. A., H. Reyes-Bustamante, and H. Reyes B. "Sex reversal, growth, and survival in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus helleri (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) under laboratory conditions." UNED Research Journal 5, no. 2 (2013): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v5i2.274.

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The fish Xiphophorus helleri is a commercially important species. Here we analyze several cultivation variables. We studied them for 120 days in 10-gallon aquaria without aeration; 1 fry per liter, the temperature varied between 26,3 and 26,9 ° C. The pH ranged from 8,1 to 8,8 and the oxygen concentration from 6,2 to 6,6mg / L. Api-aba balanced fodd with 25% protein was used, three hormones were added: 1) Sten 2) Primoteston and 3) Sostenon 250. Sex reversal was 84,3%, 91,4% and 93,3% correspondingly. A fish with treatment 1 gained an average of 0,55g and total length of 5,4cm, with treatment 2: 0,59g and 5cm; and with treatment 3: 0,55g and 4,1cm. The 8th fortnight survival was 80%, 90% and 75% correspondingly; these differences are not statistically significant. The three treatments gave the expected results of sex reversal, growth and survival.KEY WORDSSexual revertion, animal feed, population density, hormone supply, aquaria without aeration

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50

Anken, Ralf H., and Hinrich Rahmann. "Notes on the organization of the rostral diencephalon of the Atherinomorph Swordtail-Fish Xiphophorus helleri." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 177, no. 1 (1995): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80131-7.

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