Academic literature on the topic 'Sydney Classification'

Introduction: Since H. Pylori has been isolated in stomach and duodenum, there were individual methodologies to explain the grading according to colonization and density of microorganism. In 1990 Sydney system of classification was proposed at the 9th world congress of gastroenterology in Sydney Australia, based on topo-graphical, morphological and etiological findings. This classification revised in 1994 and updated by experts in Houston Texas. H. Pylori is major cause of chronic gastri-tis results in gastric and peptic ulcer. It also causes MALT lymphoma and malignan-cy. For histopathological examination four specimens, two from antrum and two from corpus are recommended.Objective: To evaluate the Sydney system of classification and grading for H. Pylori in local population.Methodology: 287 cases of biopsies received at the department of pathology Mu-hammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan, during the period of January 2017 to December 2018 were revised. Sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin; Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff to define H. Pylori and associated pathological changes. The microscopical findings classified according to upgraded Sydney pattern.Results: Out of 287 cases of gastric biopsies 23 (8.0%) were positive for H. Pylori. chronic inflammation present in 168 (58.5%). Neutrophilic activity found in 58 (18.1%). Atrophy without metaplasia observed in 31 (10.8%). Intestinal metaplasia present in 1 (0.3%) cases.Conclusion: Sydney system of grading is best to evaluate chronic gastritis and relia-ble indicator of H. Pylori microorganism.
 Keywords: Chronic gastritis, Gastric carcinoma. H. Pylori.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of Lymph Node Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (LN-FNAC) using the Sydney System in a clinical setting, specifically focusing on patients with suspected lymphoma. Material and Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both retrospective and prospective analyses. This study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar, Pakistan. The duration of study was from January 2021 to December 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board Committee prior to the commencement of the study. LN-FNAC Cases meeting inclusion criteria were identified and corresponding histopathology specimens were included whenever available. Sydney System of lymph node classification was applied to categorize FNAC results in real-time. Histopathology served as the gold standard for diagnosis. Standard statistical tests were applied to calculate diagnostic parameters, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of LN-FNAC. Risk of malignancy (ROM) for each Sydney System diagnostic category was also computed. Results: Most prevalent category according to Sydney classification was Benign, L2 (39.6%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 98.2%, 84.3%, 93.2% and 95.6% respectively. The ROM was highest for malignant category (98%) and lowest for benign category (4.5%). Discrepancies between FNAC and histopathology were noted, particularly in Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the high diagnostic accuracy of Lymph Node Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (LN-FNAC) using the Sydney System, especially in the context of suspected lymphoma. The study contributes essential data to the ongoing validation of the Sydney System, emphasizing its role in standardized and effective diagnostic protocols for lymphoma management. Keywords: Lymph node FNAC, Lymphoma, Risk of malignancy, Sydney system classification

AbstractThis study investigated the generalisability of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC; a series of brief computerised tests) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSS; Wechsler, 1981) for discriminating between concussion (mTBI) and orthopaedic patient groups in two different centres, the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane (N = 177) and St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney (N = 211). Group differences and interactions were assessed between test centre (Sydney or Brisbane) and injury type (mTBI or orthopaedic control) on a composite variable of the RSC and DSS subtests. Age, education and number of standard drinks of alcohol consumed were covaried for these analyses. While the mTBI patients obtained lower scores than orthopaedic patients, there were no significant differences between Brisbane and Sydney participants in performance on the RSC and DSS. There was no significant interaction between injury type and test centre. Similarities of correct classification rates of the RSC and DSS for Brisbane and Sydney were examined using a double cross-validation technique. When cross-validating from the Brisbane to Sydney sample it was revealed that sensitivity was 73% in Brisbane and 71% in Sydney, while specificity for the two samples was 76% and 67%, respectively. When cross-validating from the Sydney sample to the Brisbane sample sensitivity was 64% and 63%, respectively. Specificity was 81% in Sydney and 80% in Brisbane. These results indicated that correct classification rates were sufficiently similar between the cities and that the RSC and DSS could be generalised. When samples were combined, sensitivity was found to be 66% while specificity was 80%. The RSC and DSS are recommended as adjunct procedures to medical diagnoses of mTBI.

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), which applies light in the formation of a pulsed laser to estimate the distance between the LiDAR sensor and objects, is an effective remote sensing technology. Many applications use LiDAR including autonomous vehicles, robotics, and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR). The 3D point cloud classification is now a hot research topic with the evolution of LiDAR technology. This research aims to provide a high performance and compatible real-world data method for 3D point cloud classification. More specifically, we introduce a novel framework for 3D point cloud classification, namely, GSV-NET, which uses Gaussian Supervector and enhancing region representation. GSV-NET extracts and combines both global and regional features of the 3D point cloud to further enhance the information of the point cloud features for the 3D point cloud classification. Firstly, we input the Gaussian Supervector description into a 3D wide-inception convolution neural network (CNN) structure to define the global feature. Secondly, we convert the regions of the 3D point cloud into color representation and capture region features with a 2D wide-inception network. These extracted features are inputs of a 1D CNN architecture. We evaluate the proposed framework on the point cloud dataset: ModelNet and the LiDAR dataset: Sydney. The ModelNet dataset was developed by Princeton University (New Jersey, United States), while the Sydney dataset was created by the University of Sydney (Sydney, Australia). Based on our numerical results, our framework achieves more accuracy than the state-of-the-art approaches.

Bakterije koje kolonizuju želudac (Gastrospirillum spp. i Helicobacter spp.) su izolovane kod čoveka i nekoliko animalnih vrsta, uključujući i svinje. Gastritis je rezultat prirodne ili eksperimentalno izazvane infekcije sa H. pylori kod čoveka i konvencionalnih prasića. Kod obe vrste (čovek i svinja), infekcija sa H. pylori pokreće inflamatorni odgovor organizma, međutim postoje razlike u ćelijskoj populaciji u inflamatornom infiltratu. Cilj istraživanja ove disertaciji je identifikacija bakterije Helicobacter spp., različite morfologije (Helicobacter-like organisms and Gastrospirillum-like organisms), kao i patohistolo&scaron;ki pregled i evaluacija gastritisa svinja uzgajanih na intenzivni i ekstenzivni način. Uzeti su uzorci mukoze pars oesophagea, fundusa i pilorusa. Za identifikaciju bakterije Helicobacter spp. kori&scaron;ćene su dve metode bojenja: Loefflermethylene blue i modifikovana Giemsa. Za histolo&scaron;ko ispitivanje, uzorci su obojeni i hematoksilin eozinom (H&amp;E). Stepen gastritisa je određen prema Sidnejskom sistemu za klasifikaciju gastritisa. U humanoj a i u veterinarskoj patologiji, dobro je poznata činjenica o različitoj patogenosti različitih bakterija Helicobacter vrsta. Helicobacter bakterije izolovane iz želuca svinja pripadaju različitim vrstama ovog roda i međusobno se bitno razlikuju kako po patogenosti, tako i po virulentnosti. Tako na primer, Helicobacter&ndash;like bakterije koje su okarakterisane kao visoko patogene, mogu izazvati ulceracije ezofagealnog ili glandularnog dela želuca, gastritis ozbiljnog stepena i formiranje limfoidnih folikula. Rezultati na&scaron;eg istraživanja pokazuju da je stepen gastritisa veći u piloričnoj mukozi HLO-pozitivnih svinja u poređenju sa vrednostima GLO-pozitivnih svinja. Nije postojala pozitivna korelacija između infekcije bakterijama GLO morfologije i ulceracija. Za razliku od perzistentnih infekcija sa H. pylori kod ljudi kod kojih je te&scaron;ka glandularna atrofija udružena sa intestinalnom metaplazijom veoma česta, kod ispitivanih svinja izintenzivnog i ekstenzivnog načina uzgoja nisu potvrđeni slučajevi atrofičnog gastritisa i intestinalne metaplazije. Konvencionalne svinje mogu poslužiti kao animalni model infekcije sa H. pylori jer su svinje u funkcionalnom smislu monogastrične životinje po anatomskim i fiziolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama, vrlo slične čoveku. Takođe, patogeneza infekcije je veoma slična kao kod čoveka. Navedene činjenice podržavaju mogućnost upotrebe ovog modela u daljem istraživanju patogeneze nastanka Helicobacter spp. gastritisa. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pružaju dodatni dokaz da HLO mogu biti faktor koji igra krucijalnu ulogu u patogenezi gastritisa kod svinja.&nbsp;Datum<br>Bacteria that colonize the stomach (Helicobacter spp. and Gastrospirillum spp.) are isolated from humans and several animal species, including pigs. Gastritis is the result of a natural or experimental induced infection with H. pylori in humans and conventionally pigs. In both, humans and pigs, the infection with H. pylori elicited inflammatory response, but there are differences between populations of inflammatory cells. The aims of this dissertation are to identify&nbsp; spp. with two different morphology (Helicobacter-like organisms and Gastrospirillumlike organisms), as well as histolopathological examination and evaluation of gastritis score of gastric mucosa of pigs in intensive and extensive production. Biopsy samples were taken from the pars oesophagea, fundic and pyloric mucosa. For identification of Helicobacter species morphology we used two stain methods: Loeffler-methylene blue and modified Giemsa. All tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) for histopathological evaluation. The severity of gastritis was scored to the Sydney System for the classification of gastritis. In human as well as in veterinary pathology, the fact of the different pathogenicity of various Helicobacter species is well known. The Helicobacter spp. isolated from stomach mucosa of pigs which belong to different genus, differ significantly in both, pathogenicity and virulence. Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria characterised as high pathogenic, has been associated with ulceration of the oesophageal or glandular portion of the stomach, severe gastritis and formation of lymphoid follicles. On the contrast, infection with Helicobacter heilmannii, which has been shown to have low pathogenicity was accompanied by only mild gastritis and no ulceration. The results of current study suggested that the average gastritis score was higher in HLO-positive pyloric mucosa, comparedwith the GLO-positive pyloric mucosa. There was signifficance between HLO-positive and HLO-negative pyloric mucosa in both, intensive and extensive production. There was no correlation between GLO-positive mucosa and ulceration. In contrast to persistent H. pylori infection in humans in which severe glandular atrophy associated with intestinal metaplasia is very common, in examined pigs from intensive and extensive breeding, no samples exhibited histological features characteristic for atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia have been confirmed in pigs of both production systems. The conventional piglets as an animal model of the human H. pylori infection offers advantages of a functional monogastric animal with gastric anatomic and physiologic characteristics similar to those of humans. Moreover, the infection and pathogenesis is similar to that in humans. These facts support the usefulness of this model in further research on the pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter spp. associated gastritis. Our findings provide further evidence that HLO can be one of the factors that playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gastritis in pigs.Accepted

Positioned between writing and drawing, the diagram is proposed by John Berger as an alternative strategy for articulating encounters with landscape. A diagrammatic approach offers a schematic vocabulary that can compress time and offer a spatial reading of information. Situated within the contemporary field of direct data visualisation, my practice-led research interprets Berger’s ‘Field’ essay as a guide to producing four field | studies within a suburban park in Canberra. My seasonal investigations demonstrate how applying the conventions of the pictorial list, dot-distribution map, routing diagram and colour-wheel reveals subtle ecological and biographical narratives.

One of the fundamental tasks underlying much of computer vision is the detection, tracking and recognition of visual features. It is an inherently difficult and challenging problem, and despite the advances in computational power, pixel resolution, and frame rates, even the state-of-the-art methods fall far short of the robustness, reliability and energy consumption of biological vision systems. Silicon retinas, such as the Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS) and Asynchronous Time-based Imaging Sensor (ATIS), attempt to replicate some of the benefits of biological retinas and provide a vastly different paradigm in which to sense and process the visual world. Tasks such as tracking and object recognition still require the identification and matching of local visual features, but the detection, extraction and recognition of features requires a fundamentally different approach, and the methods that are commonly applied to conventional imaging are not directly applicable. This thesis explores methods to detect features in the spatio-temporal information from event-based vision sensors. The nature of features in such data is explored, and methods to determine and detect features are demonstrated. A framework for detecting, tracking, recognising and classifying features is developed and validated using real-world data and event-based variations of existing computer vision datasets and benchmarks. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the potential and efficacy of event-based systems. This work provides an in-depth analysis of different event-based methods for object recognition and classification and introduces two feature-based methods. Two learning systems, one event-based and the other iterative, were used to explore the nature and classification ability of these methods. The results demonstrate the viability of event-based classification and the importance and role of motion in event-based feature detection.

“The Heavenly Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge” is a poetry and poetics project that explores the relationship between animals and systems of classification. It consists of two parts, a suite of 14 pairs of poems, “The Heavenly Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge”, and an essay, “Of What the Kangaroo”. The poems and the overall project take their title from Jorge Luis Borges’ 1942 essay, “John Wilkins’ Analytical Language”. The Heavenly Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge is (as far as we know) a false reference, an example of what translator and essayist Eliot Weinberger calls Borges’ “faux erudition”2 (qtd. in Rolfe “Interviews”). Borges deploys it to playfully advance his argument—“there is no classification of the universe that is not arbitrary and speculative” (Selected, 231)—but also to achieve what his genuine references cannot. That is, the Heavenly Emporium embodies the absurdity that can be found within all taxonomies and systems of classification. This is the spirit with which Michel Foucault conscripts the Heavenly Emporium as the seed for his influential archaeology of the human sciences, The Order of Things. “In the wonderment of this taxonomy,” he writes, “the exotic charm of another system of thought, is the limitation of our own, the stark impossibility of thinking that (xv)”. In accepting my own limitations, my specific inability to think that, this project offers the opportunity to think with that. Using Borges’ catalogue as a structural and conceptual conceit, I’ve developed 14 pairs of poems for the emporium’s 14 categories. Each pair posits an Australian animal to be classified within its corresponding category, testing the bounds of the particular classification and the designation Australian. The essay “Of What the Kangaroo” likewise explores ways of rethinking our categorical understanding of Australian animals. Applying the discipline of poetics and my perspective as a poet, I unpack the encounter between Joseph Banks and the kangaroo in 1770 as an exemplary episode of category formation in the early modern period. The two components of this project approach classification from opposite directions. The essay “Of What the Kangaroo” is concerned with finding the appropriate category for a specific animal; the poems of “The Heavenly Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge” suggest appropriate animals for specific categories. In both cases, the animals are constituted as textual objects, not as animals in themselves. In both we see the arbitrariness, provisionality and absurdity of classification as a model for the production of knowledge. In both we glimpse the possibility of other taxonomies, other systems of thought, other heavenly emporia.

Lymphoma is a highly prevalent neoplasm in dogs. Globally, lymphoma has an approximate annual incidence of 20 - 100 occurrences per 100,000 dogs, a frequency close to human non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although the specific aetiology remains uncertain, environmental variables and genetic predisposition are considered to play a significant impact in the spread of the disease, both in humans and dogs. In numerous studies, the World Health Organization (WHO) Human Working Formulation has been proven to be effective in the classification of canine lymphomas to achieve an accurate prognosis and apply best therapeutic regimen. Therefore, insight into the demographical, morphological and immunohistochemical criteria and their effect on canine lymphoma incidence may help to predict the possible risk factors of this disease. The purpose of the study is to characterise the potential lymphoma risk factors with the application of the WHO human working formulation for the classification of canine lymphoma. The study is based on epidemiological, clinical histological and immunophenotypic analysis of 104 confirmed canine lymphoma cases and 18 hyperplasia cases provided by the Australian Specialized Animal Pathology (ASAP), Melbourne, Australia. In this study, I show that neutered males have a considerably higher incidence of lymphoma than neutered females. However, neutered males were at decreased risk when compared with intact males. Middle to old aged male dogs (≥ 6-year-old) are significantly at increased risk of lymphoma in contrast to middle-aged females ‘dogs. My data agrees with previous published studies and revealed that the prevalence of lymphoma in small breeds is lower when compared to large breeds. The majority of the cases included in my study affected primarily lymph nodes and spleens. Immunophenotyping of the 104 cases of lymphoma revealed that 78 cases were high-grade, 07 cases intermediate and 14 cases low-grade diffuse B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, I have also identified 03 cases T-Zone lymphoma, of which 2 are high-grade and 1 low-grade lymphoma. Immunophenotyping confirmed the T cell origin of the PTCL and the TCLL cases. In conclusion, these results highlight the benefit of applying the WHO Working Formulation for the classification of canine lymphomas to help with the prognosis and patient management and to inform the best treatment regimen.

Aged people who live independently require continuous monitoring of their health and activities of daily living in order to be supported by different health services and maintain their health status. This need can be addressed in the home setting, by providing a “health smart home” living environment for them. Using a health smart home approach has many advantages, such as, reducing the cost of health services by minimizing visits to hospitals, improving the quality of life for aged people recovering from illness at home instead of hospital, providing a secure and safe place for aged people who live independently, and routinely monitoring health status and daily activities to assist in improving health life of aged people. To provide such solution, it is required to classify the activities of daily living by using an activity recognition system. The development of sensing technologies that are cheap in price and provide an appropriate level of accuracy has opened the door for a wide range of research in the field of human activity recognition, including health applications. Different types of sensing technologies, modelling approaches and computational methods have been proposed for use in activity recognition systems, some of which are very complex. However, no one system solution has been widely accepted as optimal, providing scope for more investigations and improvements in this very rapidly growing area. The aim of this thesis is to develop a rule-based system to classify the activities of daily living in different hierarchical levels by using a cheap and sufficiently accurate ultrasonic location system (Hexamite19). Moreover, using a simple classification method based on initial application of activity distinguishing rules and then improving these results using finite state machine methods that can provide a high level of accuracy similar or better to previous research. In addition, a comparison of the system performance with existing classification methods is desirable, and in this case a decision-tree method (implemented in Sipina software) was used. To achieve the aims of the thesis, a systematic approach was followed, that included defining the research questions, setting up the experimental facility, selecting wearable sensor technology, collection of data on typical daily activities, development of methods for pre-processing of data followed by windowing, feature extracting, classification and finally the analysis of the rule-based system performance and accuracy. The rule-based system deployed three classification methods (range-based method, backward range-based method and symmetric range-based method). Range-based method deploys only rules, where backward range-based method and symmetric range-based method deploy rules and finite state machine extensions. The difference between backward range-based method and symmetric range-based method is the improvement of classification for undefined activity. System testing accuracy was used to assess the accuracy values of the different hierarchical levels. The rule-based system performance and accuracy was improved by using the finite state machine and the best method was symmetric range-based method for all hierarchical levels, except for the second hierarchical level where the accuracy of the three classification methods was equal. Moreover, it was found that the accuracy range of rule-based system was 83.4%-100%. By comparing the accuracy range of rule-based system with previous research and decision-tree method of Sipina software, it was found that the performance and accuracy of rule-based system were comparable with previous research and better in some cases. By using the decision-tree method of Sipina software, the accuracy range was 74.4%-99.3%. By comparing the accuracy range of rule-based system and decision-tree method of Sipina software, it is obvious that the rule-based system performance and accuracy was better, except for the activities sleep, walk straight and walk curvy. In conclusion, based on the analysis it was found that the rule-based system succeeded in classifying the activities of daily living into hierarchical levels; the finite state machine improved the accuracy of the rule-based system and the rule-based system accuracy was comparable with previous research and better than the decision-tree method of Sipina software (for all activities except for sleep, walk straight and walk curvy). It is therefore claimed that the deployed rule-based system has fulfilled the objectives of providing a robust and computationally inexpensive solution for common home-based activity recognition.

In der Humanmedizin wird zur Beurteilung der Magenschleimhautproben das aktualisierte Sydney-System nach STOLTE (1997) angewendet. Das Ziel war es herauszufinden, ob das histologische Grading System auch in der Veterinärmedizin, für die Beurteilung von Pferdemagenschleimhautpräparaten, genutzt werden kann und ob daraus neue Erkenntnisse erwachsen. Von 60 Pferden wurden direkt post mortem Schleimhautproben aus der Pars glandularis (Drüsenschleimhaut), im Bereich der großen Kurvatur und dem Pylorus, entnommen. Die Patienten wurden in 4 Gruppen, 10 operierte (Kolik)pferde, 36 Pferde mit Kolik und infauster Prognose, 6 Pferde mit hochgradigen Magenulzera und 8 Pferde, die nicht auf Grund einer Kolik euthanasiert wurden, eingeteilt. Die makroskopische Beurteilung der 60 Pferdemägen erfolgte nach MURRAY et al. (1989) und MACALLISTER et al. (1995). Die histopathologische Beurteilung erfolgt in der Humanmedizin anhand der Helicobacter-like-Organismen Dichte, dem Grad der chronischen Entzündung, der Aktivität der Gastritis, der Atrophie und der intestinalen Metaplasie. Nach diesen Beurteilungsvariablen wurden die 120 Proben aus den 60 Pferdemägen beurteilt. Die ätiologischen Diagnosen sind in der Humanmedizin das Ergebnis jahrzehntelanger Forschung. Beim Pferd liegen dagegen zur Ätiologie der Gastritis noch keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse vor. Beim Pferd gibt es bestimmte Gastritisformen, die denen des Menschen ähnlich sind. Doch können die morphologischen Befunde in der Veterinärmedizin, nach den jetzigen Erkenntnissen, keinen Ätiologien zugeordnet werden. Die ätiologischen Diagnosen in dieser veterinärmedizinischen Studie beruhen auf der Diagnostik am Menschen und wurden noch nicht auf ihre Richtigkeit beim Pferd überprüft. Von den 60 untersuchten Pferdemägen wiesen 31 makroskopisch Läsionen in der Magenschleimhaut auf. 20 Pferde mit Veränderungen hatten diese in der Pars glandularis. Bei 44 der Pferde bestätigt der histologische Befund, nach dem aktualisierten Sydney- System, das makroskopische Grading. 13 der Pferde hatten nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System histologisch einen pathologischen Befund, obwohl makroskopisch die Schleimhaut keine Auffälligkeiten aufwies. Bei nur 3 von den 60 Pferden konnte der histologische den makroskopischen Befund nicht bestätigen. Ätiologisch wurde, nach humanmedizinischen Beurteilungskriterien, bei 18 Pferden im Bereich der großen Kurvatur der Pars glandularis und, oder im Bereich des Pylorus eine C-Gastritis (chemische Gastritis), bei 11 Pferden eine like B-Gastritis (bakterielle Gastritis ohne den Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen), 3 Pferden eine B-Gastritis (bakterielle Gastritis mit dem Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen) und bei 9 Pferden eine Sonderform der Gastritis diagnostiziert. 6 Pferde bekamen die Diagnose: zur Zeit nicht klassifizierbar und 7 Pferde die deskriptive Diagnose erosive oder ulzerative Gastritis gestellt. 24 Pferde hatten keinen pathologischen Befund in einem der oben genannten Bereiche der Schleimhaut. Die histopathologischen Befunde der Pferde mit einer like-B-Gastritis oder einer B-Gastritis entsprachen nach humanmedizinischen Gesichtspunkten dem Bild einer Helicobacter-pylori-Gastritis beim Menschen. Bandartige Anordnung der Lymphozyten in der Lamina propria mucosae und neutrophile Granulozyten in Verbindung mit einer Atrophie des Drüsenkörpers, intestinaler Metaplasie und Erosionen. Bei drei Pferden konnte in der Warthin–Starry-Färbung und in der IHC-Reaktion Helicobacter-like-Organismen nachgewiesen werden. Die Pylorusschleimhaut war doppelt so häufig, im Vergleich zur Drüsenschleimhaut der großen Kurvatur, von einer like-B-Gastritis oder B-Gastritis betroffen. Die histologische Auswertung von Magenschleimhautbioptaten, in dieser Studie nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin, komplettiert die makroskopische (endoskopische) Diagnostik. Nach den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie gehört in der Pferdemedizin zu jeder Gastroskopie die Bioptatentnahme. Das aktualisierte Sydney-System kann in Zukunft in der Veterinärmedizin als Arbeitsgrundlage für die weitere wissenschaftliche Forschung genutzt werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Die makroskopische Anatomie des Pferdemagens 2 2.2 Histologie des Pferdemagens 4 2.2.1 Bau der Magenwand 4 2.2.2 Pars glandularis 4 2.2.2.1 Gemischte Kardia- und Pylorusdrüsenzone 5 2.2.2.2 Fundus- oder Eigendrüsenzone der großen Kurvatur 5 2.2.2.3 Pylorusdrüsenzone 5 2.2.3 Pars nonglandularis 6 2.2.4 Magendrüsen 6 2.2.5 Zelltypen der Magendrüsen 6 2.2.5.1 Schleimproduzierende Zellen 6 2.2.5.2 Belegzellen (Parietalzellen) 7 2.2.5.3 Hauptzellen 8 2.2.5.4 Weitere Zellen der Drüsenschleimhaut 9 2.3 Magenschleimhautbarriere und weitere Schutzmechanismen der Pars glandularis 10 2.3.1 Bicarbonat-Schleimsekret 10 2.3.2 Epitheliale Regeneration 10 2.3.3 Schleimhautdurchblutung 11 2.3.4 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 11 2.3.5 Speichelproduktion und Duodenalreflux 11 2.3.6 Protein und Kalzium 12 2.3.7 Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (Epidermal Growth Factor, EGF) 12 2.4 Schutzmechanismen der Pars nonglandularis 13 2.5 Pathologische Veränderungen in der Schleimhaut des Pferdemagens 13 2.5.1 Makroskopische und mikroskopische Schleimhautveränderungen in der Pars glandularis und Pars nonglandularis 13 2.5.1.1 Erosionen und Ulzera (EGUS: equine gastric ulcer syndrome) 13 2.5.1.2 Desquamation und Verhornungsstörungen 14 2.5.1.3 Gastritis (Mensch und Pferd) 15 2.5.1.4 Helicobacter-like-Gastritis 16 2.5.1.4.1 Geschichte der Helicobacter-Forschung 16 2.5.1.4.2 Gastrale Helicobacterspezies 17 2.5.1.4.2.1 Helicobacter spp. beim Tier 17 2.5.1.4.2.2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 20 2.5.1.4.2.3 Infektion mit Helicobacter pylori 21 2.6 Methoden zum Nachweis von Helicobacter spp. 22 2.6.1 Histologischer Nachweis von Helicobacter pylori 22 2.6.2 Immunhistochemische Techniken (IHC) 22 2.6.3 Molekularbiologische Testmethoden 23 2.6.4 Mikrobiologischer Nachweis (Bakterienkultur) 23 2.6.5 Urease-Schnelltest 24 2.6.6 13C-Atemtest 24 2.6.7 15N-Urintest und 13C-Serumtest 24 2.6.8 Stuhl-Test 25 2.6.9 Serologie 25 2.7 Makroskopische veterinärmedizinische Klassifizierung der Magenschleimhautläsionen nach MURRAY et al. (1989) und MACALLISTER et al. (1995) 25 2.7.1 Bewertungssystem nach MURRAY et al. (1989): Grad 1-4 25 2.7.2 Bewertungssystem nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995), modifiziert nach LUNDBERG (1995): Werte I-IV 26 2.8 Histologische Gastritis-Klassifizierung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin nach STOLTE et al. 1997 26 2.8.1 Entstehung des Sydney-Systems nach STOLTE et al. 1990 (STOLTE 1997) 26 2.8.2 Das aktualisierte Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 (STOLTE 1997) 27 2.8.2.1 Klassifikation 27 2.8.2.2 Graduierung der morphologischen Variablen im histologischen Bild 28 2.8.2.3 Zu graduierende Variable 29 2.8.2.3.1 Helicobacter pylori – Dichte 29 2.8.2.3.2 Grad der chronischen Entzündung 29 2.8.2.3.3 Graduierung der Aktivität der Gastritis 30 2.8.2.3.4 Atrophie des Drüsenkörpers 31 2.8.2.3.5 Intestinale Metaplasie 31 2.8.2.4 Andere, nicht zu graduierende Variable 33 2.8.2.4.1 Oberflächenepithel, Schleimdepletion und Erosion 33 2.8.2.4.2 Lymphfollikel 33 2.8.2.4.3 Foveoläre Hyperplasie 34 2.8.2.5 Gastritiden 34 3 Eigene Untersuchungen 37 3.1 Material und Methodik 37 3.1.1 Patientenmaterial und Anamnese 37 3.1.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung des eröffneten Magens 38 3.1.3 Gewebeproben 38 3.1.3.1 Probenentnahme und Bearbeitung 38 3.1.3.2 Histologische Bearbeitung der Proben 40 3.1.3.2.1 Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung 41 3.1.3.2.2 Warthin-Starry-Färbung 41 3.1.3.2.3 Immunhistochemie (IHC) 41 3.1.4 Mikroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 42 3.1.5 Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen 43 3.1.5.1 Histologischer Nachweis 43 3.1.5.2 Molekularbiologische Testmethoden 43 3.1.6 Humanmedizinische Befundbeschreibung der ätiologischen Diagnosen nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System (STOLTE et al. 1997) 45 3.2 Ergebnisse 46 3.2.1 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach MURRAY et al. 1989 und nach MACALLISTER et al. 1995 46 3.2.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach STOLTE et al. 1993 48 3.2.3 Mikroskopische humanmedizinische Beurteilung nach STOLTE et al. 1997 51 3.2.3.1 Histologische Beurteilung nach dem humanmedizinischen aktualisierten Sydney-System (STOLTE et al. 1997) 51 3.2.3.2 Histologische Beurteilung anhand der Hämatoxylin-Eosin- Färbung (HE) nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 53 3.2.3.3 Histologische Beurteilung anhand der Warthin-Starry-Färbung und der immunhistochemische-Reaktion nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 65 3.2.4 Histologische Befunde in der Drüsenschleimhaut bei Pferden mit Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen 66 3.2.5 Ätiologische Diagnosen nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 76 3.2.6 Zusammenhang der makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Befunde 77 3.3 Ergebnisse der PCR 78 4 Diskussion 79 4.1 Methodik und Durchführung 79 4.2 Makroskopische Befunde 82 4.3 Mikroskopische Befunde 85 4.4 Helicobacter-like-Organismen, Häufigkeit, Lokalisation und Kolonisationsdichte 88 4.5 Einfluss der Besiedlung mit Helicobacter-like-Organismen auf die Gastritis und deren Behandlung 92 4.6 Ätiologische und deskriptive Diagnosen nach humanmedizinischen Kriterien 92 4.7 Veterinärmedizinische makroskopische Bewertungssysteme 95 4.8 Das humanmedizinische aktualisierte Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 96 5 Zusammenfassung 99 6 Summary 101 7 Literaturverzeichnis 103 8 Anhänge 121 8.1 Anamneseprotokoll 121 8.1.1 Lebensalter, Geschlecht und Rasse der 60 Pferde 123 8.1.2 Klinische Diagnosen der 60 Pferde 125 8.1.3 Anamnese der 60 Pferde 128 8.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung des eröffneten Magens nach STOLTE et al. (1993) 134 8.3 Makroskopische Klassifikation nach MURRAY et al. (1989) 136 8.4 Makroskopische Klassifikation nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995) modifiziert nach LUNDBERG (1995) 137 8.5 Makroskopische Beurteilung (Grading) 139 8.6 Graduierung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System STOLTE et al. (1997), im Vergleich dazu die makroskopische Beurteilung der Pars glandularis nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995) 141 8.7 Ätiologische oder deskriptive Diagnosen der 60 Pferde in der Pars glandularis der großen Kurvatur und dem Pylorus 146 9 Danksagungen 147<br>Stolte’s updated Sydney system is used in the field of human medicine for grading the gastric mucosa (STOLTE 1997). The goal of this study was to determine whether this system could also be applied for histological parameter grading in veterinary medicine, in order to gain new insights into medications for treating equine gastric mucosa. Post mortem biopsies of mucosa were taken from 60 equines along the greater curve and pylorus of the pars glandularis. The test animals were divided into four groups: 10 post-colic surgery equines, 36 with colic and an infaust prognosis, six with chronic EGUS (equine gastric ulcer syndrome), and eight equines not euthanized for reasons other than colic. Macroscopic grading of the 60 equine stomachs was performed in accordance with MURRAY et al. (1989) and MACALLISTER et al. (1995). In human medicine, histological scoring is based on the following five parameters: density of Helicobacter-like organisms, grade of the chronic inflammation, level of gastric activity, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia. A total of 120 biopsies taken from the 60 equines were graded according to these parameters. Etiologic diagnoses for humans are the outcome of decades of research, but the etiology of equine gastritis lacks an equivalent foundation. Equines exhibit forms of gastritis similar to those in humans, but their morphology cannot be classified into any specific etiology. In this study, the etiological diagnoses were based on human diagnostics, but their validity for equines has yet to be substantiated. Of the 60 equine stomachs examined, 31 showed lesions in the gastric mucosa, while 20 of those with changes had lesions in the pars glandularis. Histological findings of 44 equines confirmed the macroscopic grading according to the updated Sydney system. Thirteen equines exhibited pathological findings based on the updated Sydney system histology, although no abnormalities were discovered in the macroscopic examination. The histological diagnosis did not confirm the macroscopic grading for only three of the 60 subjects. The following etiological findings were reached in terms of human medicine: 18 equines with type C gastritis (chemical gastritis) along the greater curve of the pars glandularis and/or pylorus, 11 equines with type B-like gastritis (bacterial gastritis without evidence of H-like organisms), three equines with type B gastritis (bacterial gastritis with evidence of H-like organisms), and nine with a special form of gastritis. Six of the equines could not be classified, while seven showed erosive gastritis or ulceration. A total of 24 equines exhibited no pathological findings along any of the above-mentioned mucosae. The histopathological findings of the equines with either type B-like gastritis or type B gastritis corresponded with H pylori gastritis seen in humans, as ligamental lymphocytes in the lamina propria mucosae and neutrophilic granulocytes associated with atrophy of the glandular corpus, intestinal metaplasia, and erosion. Warthin-Starry staining and the IHC reaction confirmed H-like organisms in three of the equines. The frequency of type B-like gastritis or type B gastritis was observed to be twice as high in the pylorus mucosa as along the glandular mucosa of the greater curve. This study has demonstrated that histological analysis of gastric mucosa biopsies graded according to the updated Sydney system for human medicine significantly complements veterinary gastroscopy, which should therefore always include a biopsy. The updated Sydney system can thus serve as a platform for future scientific research in the field of veterinary medicine.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Die makroskopische Anatomie des Pferdemagens 2 2.2 Histologie des Pferdemagens 4 2.2.1 Bau der Magenwand 4 2.2.2 Pars glandularis 4 2.2.2.1 Gemischte Kardia- und Pylorusdrüsenzone 5 2.2.2.2 Fundus- oder Eigendrüsenzone der großen Kurvatur 5 2.2.2.3 Pylorusdrüsenzone 5 2.2.3 Pars nonglandularis 6 2.2.4 Magendrüsen 6 2.2.5 Zelltypen der Magendrüsen 6 2.2.5.1 Schleimproduzierende Zellen 6 2.2.5.2 Belegzellen (Parietalzellen) 7 2.2.5.3 Hauptzellen 8 2.2.5.4 Weitere Zellen der Drüsenschleimhaut 9 2.3 Magenschleimhautbarriere und weitere Schutzmechanismen der Pars glandularis 10 2.3.1 Bicarbonat-Schleimsekret 10 2.3.2 Epitheliale Regeneration 10 2.3.3 Schleimhautdurchblutung 11 2.3.4 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 11 2.3.5 Speichelproduktion und Duodenalreflux 11 2.3.6 Protein und Kalzium 12 2.3.7 Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (Epidermal Growth Factor, EGF) 12 2.4 Schutzmechanismen der Pars nonglandularis 13 2.5 Pathologische Veränderungen in der Schleimhaut des Pferdemagens 13 2.5.1 Makroskopische und mikroskopische Schleimhautveränderungen in der Pars glandularis und Pars nonglandularis 13 2.5.1.1 Erosionen und Ulzera (EGUS: equine gastric ulcer syndrome) 13 2.5.1.2 Desquamation und Verhornungsstörungen 14 2.5.1.3 Gastritis (Mensch und Pferd) 15 2.5.1.4 Helicobacter-like-Gastritis 16 2.5.1.4.1 Geschichte der Helicobacter-Forschung 16 2.5.1.4.2 Gastrale Helicobacterspezies 17 2.5.1.4.2.1 Helicobacter spp. beim Tier 17 2.5.1.4.2.2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 20 2.5.1.4.2.3 Infektion mit Helicobacter pylori 21 2.6 Methoden zum Nachweis von Helicobacter spp. 22 2.6.1 Histologischer Nachweis von Helicobacter pylori 22 2.6.2 Immunhistochemische Techniken (IHC) 22 2.6.3 Molekularbiologische Testmethoden 23 2.6.4 Mikrobiologischer Nachweis (Bakterienkultur) 23 2.6.5 Urease-Schnelltest 24 2.6.6 13C-Atemtest 24 2.6.7 15N-Urintest und 13C-Serumtest 24 2.6.8 Stuhl-Test 25 2.6.9 Serologie 25 2.7 Makroskopische veterinärmedizinische Klassifizierung der Magenschleimhautläsionen nach MURRAY et al. (1989) und MACALLISTER et al. (1995) 25 2.7.1 Bewertungssystem nach MURRAY et al. (1989): Grad 1-4 25 2.7.2 Bewertungssystem nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995), modifiziert nach LUNDBERG (1995): Werte I-IV 26 2.8 Histologische Gastritis-Klassifizierung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin nach STOLTE et al. 1997 26 2.8.1 Entstehung des Sydney-Systems nach STOLTE et al. 1990 (STOLTE 1997) 26 2.8.2 Das aktualisierte Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 (STOLTE 1997) 27 2.8.2.1 Klassifikation 27 2.8.2.2 Graduierung der morphologischen Variablen im histologischen Bild 28 2.8.2.3 Zu graduierende Variable 29 2.8.2.3.1 Helicobacter pylori – Dichte 29 2.8.2.3.2 Grad der chronischen Entzündung 29 2.8.2.3.3 Graduierung der Aktivität der Gastritis 30 2.8.2.3.4 Atrophie des Drüsenkörpers 31 2.8.2.3.5 Intestinale Metaplasie 31 2.8.2.4 Andere, nicht zu graduierende Variable 33 2.8.2.4.1 Oberflächenepithel, Schleimdepletion und Erosion 33 2.8.2.4.2 Lymphfollikel 33 2.8.2.4.3 Foveoläre Hyperplasie 34 2.8.2.5 Gastritiden 34 3 Eigene Untersuchungen 37 3.1 Material und Methodik 37 3.1.1 Patientenmaterial und Anamnese 37 3.1.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung des eröffneten Magens 38 3.1.3 Gewebeproben 38 3.1.3.1 Probenentnahme und Bearbeitung 38 3.1.3.2 Histologische Bearbeitung der Proben 40 3.1.3.2.1 Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung 41 3.1.3.2.2 Warthin-Starry-Färbung 41 3.1.3.2.3 Immunhistochemie (IHC) 41 3.1.4 Mikroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 42 3.1.5 Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen 43 3.1.5.1 Histologischer Nachweis 43 3.1.5.2 Molekularbiologische Testmethoden 43 3.1.6 Humanmedizinische Befundbeschreibung der ätiologischen Diagnosen nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System (STOLTE et al. 1997) 45 3.2 Ergebnisse 46 3.2.1 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach MURRAY et al. 1989 und nach MACALLISTER et al. 1995 46 3.2.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung nach STOLTE et al. 1993 48 3.2.3 Mikroskopische humanmedizinische Beurteilung nach STOLTE et al. 1997 51 3.2.3.1 Histologische Beurteilung nach dem humanmedizinischen aktualisierten Sydney-System (STOLTE et al. 1997) 51 3.2.3.2 Histologische Beurteilung anhand der Hämatoxylin-Eosin- Färbung (HE) nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 53 3.2.3.3 Histologische Beurteilung anhand der Warthin-Starry-Färbung und der immunhistochemische-Reaktion nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 65 3.2.4 Histologische Befunde in der Drüsenschleimhaut bei Pferden mit Nachweis von Helicobacter-like-Organismen 66 3.2.5 Ätiologische Diagnosen nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System aus der Humanmedizin (STOLTE et al. 1997) 76 3.2.6 Zusammenhang der makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Befunde 77 3.3 Ergebnisse der PCR 78 4 Diskussion 79 4.1 Methodik und Durchführung 79 4.2 Makroskopische Befunde 82 4.3 Mikroskopische Befunde 85 4.4 Helicobacter-like-Organismen, Häufigkeit, Lokalisation und Kolonisationsdichte 88 4.5 Einfluss der Besiedlung mit Helicobacter-like-Organismen auf die Gastritis und deren Behandlung 92 4.6 Ätiologische und deskriptive Diagnosen nach humanmedizinischen Kriterien 92 4.7 Veterinärmedizinische makroskopische Bewertungssysteme 95 4.8 Das humanmedizinische aktualisierte Sydney-System nach STOLTE et al. 1997 96 5 Zusammenfassung 99 6 Summary 101 7 Literaturverzeichnis 103 8 Anhänge 121 8.1 Anamneseprotokoll 121 8.1.1 Lebensalter, Geschlecht und Rasse der 60 Pferde 123 8.1.2 Klinische Diagnosen der 60 Pferde 125 8.1.3 Anamnese der 60 Pferde 128 8.2 Makroskopische Befundbeschreibung des eröffneten Magens nach STOLTE et al. (1993) 134 8.3 Makroskopische Klassifikation nach MURRAY et al. (1989) 136 8.4 Makroskopische Klassifikation nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995) modifiziert nach LUNDBERG (1995) 137 8.5 Makroskopische Beurteilung (Grading) 139 8.6 Graduierung nach dem aktualisierten Sydney-System STOLTE et al. (1997), im Vergleich dazu die makroskopische Beurteilung der Pars glandularis nach MACALLISTER et al. (1995) 141 8.7 Ätiologische oder deskriptive Diagnosen der 60 Pferde in der Pars glandularis der großen Kurvatur und dem Pylorus 146 9 Danksagungen 147

Over the past two decades, international and Australian research has investigated the high numbers of beginning teachers resigning from the teaching profession. Beginning teacher resignations have financial impacts upon education departments, high schools and individuals, while also impacting students’ learning and causing teacher shortages. Within New South Wales (NSW), Australia this issue is becoming more critical against the backdrop of an ageing teaching workforce and forecast increases in student numbers. One of the strategies utilised by the New South Wales Department of Education (NSW DoE) to improve the size and quality of the teacher workforce is the increased recruitment of career changers, as they bring with them a range of skills and experiences that can be utilised within the school and classroom environments. Complicating their entry into the Australian teaching profession is a changing employment context in which beginning teachers can increasingly only secure temporary positions. The aim of this study was to explore, describe and interpret the lived experiences of beginning career change teachers (BCCTs) in NSW DoE high schools with a focus on gaining an understanding of how policy frameworks and school-based practices contribute to the provision of professional development and support (PD&S) for BCCTs and to their retention. Drawing upon Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model, this study viewed BCCTs as being at the centre of a complex, multi-layered ecosystem. It examined the impacts of NSW DoE policy frameworks within the exosystem and differing school-based practices (microsystem) upon individual BCCTs’ transition into teaching and upon their decision to remain in or leave the teaching profession. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was used, wherein both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) data were collected, analysed separately and then merged. The overarching finding of this study is that employment in temporary or permanent positions significantly influences BCCTs’ access to PD&S opportunities within the NSW DoE exosystem and within individual high schools (microsystems). This research found a lack of knowledge in and communication between the NSW DoE where policy is developed, high schools where policy is implemented into school-based practices, and individual BCCTs. Additional findings identified that there are differences between the PD&S that BCCTs and BFCTs can access and in their sense of efficacy; however, these were not statistically significant results. The research found that BCCTs face a number of impediments to participation in PD&S opportunities, including workload pressures and family commitments. Nevertheless, the majority of the BCCTs indicated that the reasons they retrained as a teacher were still valid and that they would remain within the teaching profession irrespective of the lack of permanent employment and the continual challenges.

In Australia, hospital discharge summaries created at the end of an episode of care contain patient information such as demographic data, medical history, various diagnosis, interventions carried out, medications and drug therapies provided to the patient. These discharge summaries not only serve as a record of the episode of care, but later converted into a set of clinical codes for statistical analysis purposes. The process of clinical coding refers to assigning alphanumeric codes to discharge summaries. In Australia, clinical coding is done using International Classification of Diseases, version 10, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) and Australian Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI) as per the Australian Coding Standards (ACS), in an acute and subacute care setting, in both public and private hospitals. Clinical coding and subsequent analysis facilitate funding, insurance claims processing and research. The task of assigning codes to an episode of care is a manual process. This posed challenges in terms of ever-increasing set of codes in ICD-10-AM and ACHI, changing coding standards in ACS, complexity of care episodes, and large training and recruitment costs associated with clinical coders. In addition, the manual clinical coding process is time consuming and prone to errors, leading to financial losses. The use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques is considered as a solution to the above problem. In this thesis, four different approaches namely, pattern matching, rule based, machine learning and hybrid technique are compared to identify most efficient algorithm suitable for clinical coding. The ICD-10-AM and ACHI consists of 22 chapters based on human body organs, where each chapter describe diseases and interventions of a body system. The aforementioned, NLP and ML comparison is carried out only two chapters namely, diseases of the respiratory system and diseases of the digestive system. Initially, the dataset contained 190 clinical records of two chapters and named as Data190. Due to the limited number of clinical records, another 45 records were added to the existing dataset and this resultant dataset was named as Data235. The clinical records were cleaned up in the pre-processing stage to extract useful information which includes principal diagnosis, additional diagnosis, diabetes condition, principal procedure, additional procedure and anaesthesia details. In data pre-processing, various NLP techniques such as tokenisation, stop word removal, spelling error detection and correction, negation detection and abbreviation expansion were applied. In pattern matching approach, the textstring were matched charcter by character against the ICD-10-AMand ACHI coding guide using regular expression. If the match was found, codes were assigned. Whereas, in rule-based, 409 rules were defined to avoid coding of wrong patterns. In machine learning, once the unwanted information was removed from the clinical records, text was represented in vector form for feature extraction using Bag of words (BoW) representation (Manning, Raghavan, & Schütze, 2008, p. 117) and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) vectoriser (Manning et al., 2008, p. 118). After feature extraction, classification is done using seven classifiers namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) (Cortes & Vapnik, 1995), Naïve Bayes (Manning et al., 2008, p. 258), Decision Tree (Kumar, Assistant, & Sahni, 2011), Random Forest (Breiman, 2001), AdaBoost (Freund & Schapire, 1999), Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) (Naraei, Abhari, & Sadeghian, 2016) and k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) (Manning et al., 2008, p. 297). A set of standard metrics: Precision(P), Recall (R), F-score (F-score), Accuracy, Hamming Loss(HL) and Jaccard Similarity (JS) (Dalianis, 2018), (Aldrees & Chikh, 2016) is used to do the measure the efficiency of the said NLP and ML algorithms using the above mentioned two datasets. For both the datasets (Data190 and Data235), the machine learning approach and the hybrid approach gave good performances in comparison to pattern matching and rule-based approach. Among all the classifiers, AdaBoost outperformed followed by Decision Tree and other classifiers. In the machine learning approach, Decision Tree technique performed better than all the other classifiers using 4-gram feature set by achieving 0.87 F-score, 0.7453 JS and 0.0877 HL. Similarly, in Data235, AdaBoost outperforms by achieving 0.91 F-score, 0.8294 JS and 0.0945 HL.

Grasses: Systematics and Evolution is a selection of the very best papers from the Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution held in Sydney, Australia in 1998. The papers represent some of the leading work from around the world on grasses and include reviews and current research into the comparative biology and classification.&#x0D; All 41 papers have been peer-reviewed and edited.

Monocots: Systematics and Evolution presents leading work from around the world on non-grass monocotyledons and includes reviews and current research into their comparative biology, phylogeny and classification. &#x0D; The papers are based on presentations at the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Monocots II, held in Sydney, Australia in late 1998. Many were subsequently updated or extended to take into account new information. All 72 papers have been peer-reviewed.

This chapter emphasizes the consistent centrality of viewer (and actor/character) age distinctions in the film classification practices of Australia, but also Britain, Canada, and America, noting the parallel propensities toward moral panic that has been fostered historically in each distinctive national-cultural milieu. It examines the reception of Larry Clark and Edward Lachman’s Ken Park (2002) in Australia, with specific focus on its unconditional (and still active) banning by the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC), as well as the subsequent police raiding of an illegal protest screening that took place in Sydney in July of 2003. An analysis of the OFLC’s rationale for refusing classification to Ken Park highlights issue taken with the film’s “too realistic” depiction of “psychological abuse” of children, exemplified in a handful of its key sequences.

Norovirus are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Diarrheal disease is now the fourth common cause of mortality children under the age of 5 years but remain the 2nd most cause of morbidity. NoV are associated with 18% diarrheal diseases worldwide where rotavirus vaccinations has been successfully introduced. NoV has become major cause of gastroenteritis in children. NoV belong to family caliciviridae. They are non-enveloped, single stranded positive sense RNA Viruses. The genome consists of 3 Open reading frames, ORF-1 codes for non-structural protein, ORF-2 codes for major capsid protein VP1 and ORF-3 for minor capsid protein VP2. Based on sequence difference of the capsid gene (VP1), NoV have been classified in to seven genogroup GI-GVII with over 30 genotypes. Genogroups I, II, IV are associated with human infection. Despite this extensive diversity a single genotype GII.4 has been alone to be the more prevalent. Basic epidemiological disease burden data are generated from developing countries. NoV are considered fast evolving viruses and present an extensive diversity that is driven by acquisition of point mutations and recombinations. Immunity is strain or genotype specific with little or no protection conferred across genogroups. Majority of outbreaks and sporadic norovirus cases worldwide are associated with a single genotype, GII.4 which was responsible for 62% of reported NoV outbreaks in 5 continents from 2001 to 2007. GII.4 variants have been reported as major cause of global gastroenteritis pandemics starting in 1995 frequent emergence of novel GII.4 variants is known to be due to rapid evolution and antigenic variation in response to herd immunity. Novel GII.4 variants appear almost every 2 years. Recent GII.4 variant reported include Lordsdale 1996, Farmington Hills 2002, Hunter 2004, Yerseke 2006a, Den Haag 2006b, Apeldoon 2007, New Orleans 2009,most recently Sydney 2012. Detailed molecular epidemiologic investigation of NoV is associated for understanding the genetic diversity of NoV strain and emergence of novel NoV variants. However, reports have revealed that not all individuals develop symptoms and a significant proportion remains asymptomatic after NoV infections.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), being minimally invasive, rapid, cost-effective provides a valuable first-line diagnostic tool in the evaluation of lymphadenopathies both benign and malignant. Various ancillary techniques namely immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, cell blocks, and molecular studies further improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNACs. Targeted FNAC under ultrasound guidance optimizes cellular yield in palpable and non-palpable lymphadenopathies. FNAC proves to be indispensable at establishing tissue diagnosis in cases when surgical excision is unfeasible, as in elderly patients with comorbidities or in metastatic settings. Nevertheless, lymph node FNAC represents a daunting task owing to the multitude of benign and malignant causes of lymphadenopathy. To aid categorization and better communication to the clinician, an emphasis on classification and reporting of lymph node cytopathology using Sydney system is laid upon.

This article aims at a comparative analysis between the characteristics of the city of Marataízes, which is located on the coast of Espírito Santo, with the 10 cities considered the most sustainable and intelligent in the world. They are: Tokyo, London, New York, Paris, Geneva, Osaka, Seoul, Frankfurt, Oslo, Sydney. Curitiba is the featured city in Brazil when it comes to sustainability, based on a bibliographic inspection it was possible to verify the advances and challenges that Marataízes faces in relation to these cities such as economic growth, quality education, land life, urban mobility and zero hunger with sustainable agriculture. Great action that the city Maratimba has is to ensure the preservation of its beaches, lagoons, mangroves and fishing, as they are part that makes it known touristically and economically, however it is important to invest in new technologies aimed at the urban and rural sphere, and in public policies to adopt strategic and effective measures to improve the city's classification in the SDG index (development and sustainability goals) so far it is considered medium.

Abstract Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, there has been a quickening of interest among theoretical linguists, and among specialists in lexicography, discourse analysis, language acquisition, and foreign language teaching, in what were traditionally known as ‘idioms’, and are variously called ‘word-combinations’ (Zgusta 1971), ‘fixed expressions’ (Alexander 1987), and ‘phrasal lexemes’ (Pawley 1985; Lipka 1990). The interest reflects a keener awareness than before of the pervasiveness of ready-made memorized combinations in written and spoken language and a wider recognition of the central part they play in first and second language acquisition and in speech production (Bolinger 1976, 1985; Peters 1983; Pawley and Syder 1983). The notion that native-like proficiency in a language depends crucially on knowledge of a stock of prefabricated units, varying in complexity and internal cohesion, can also be seen as a necessary corrective to the atomistic view that the workings of language can be explained by a system of rules of general applicability, a lexicon largely made up of minimal units, and a set of basic principles of semantic interpretation (Fillmore et al. 1988). This shift of perception is partly the outcome of a steady accumulation of descriptive studies throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and questions of analysis and classification will be the chief focus of this survey. Phraseology, as the study of the structure, meaning, and use of wordcombinations, is not a commonly recognized field of activity among British and American linguists (for an East European view, see Arnold 1986; Gläser 1988); but that it has become a significant focus of research, especially perhaps in Europe, is apparent from the attention given to word-combinations in textbooks on lexical semantics (Cruse 1986), lexicology (Carter 1987; Lipka 1990), and vocabulary in language teaching (Carter and McCarthy 1988), and from the publication of a number of phraseological dictionaries (e.g., Cowie et al. 1983; Benson et al. 1986). It is noticeable, too, that despite the continuing influence in collocational analysis of neo-Firthian lexical theory (Sinclair 1987b), with its emphasis on observed frequency of co-occurrence within stated distances (or ‘spans’) in large computerized corpora, the dominant influences in work are a more directly Firthian strain (Mitchell 1971) and East European (specifically Soviet) phraseological theory, first mediated to non-Russian-speaking students through the work of Klappenbach (1968); Weinreich (1969); Arnold (1973); and Lipka (1974).

In 2019 the University of Technology Sydney developed a research project to assess the variety of students’ state of mind in their first year. The context was implementing transition pedagogy and determining if it was possible to visually map the range of student responses to transition from high school to university. The aim was to be in a better position to anticipate transition challenges for our students. The methodology involved asking first year students across all faculties to express their experience of their first year at university in a drawing, accompanied by a Likert scale self-assessment with an optional text reflection. The data gathered comprised over 550 drawings. Further, we documented and compared a range of examples of this type of research in other institutions. We noticed images common to all the different research projects appeared. The question we asked ourselves was whether it is possible to develop a taxonomy of images which could be relied upon in subsequent iterations of the exercise. We wanted to know whether we could create categories of symbols or images which could be objectively understood. The key outcomes were despite common use of images in these projects there are challenges in creating such a taxonomy. Interpretation is subjective and a classification system might be observer constructed, and not reflect the subject’s true intention. While our own data included the Likert scale and the opportunity to add text to the response, the triangulation is only apparently helpful in determining meaning because the difficulties remained. The added information does not overcome the inherent subjectivity of interpretation. The importance of this paper is it is an admission the exercise does not establish an ability to develop a definitive taxonomy. Instead, it cautions against an attempt at a taxonomy because it risks being ultimately unfaithful to the data.