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Journal articles on the topic 'Syllable structure'
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1
Verma, Diksha. "THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN NAGPURI (SADRI)." Journal of English Language and Literature 09, no. 03 (2022): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2022.9301.
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With the aid of certain specific instances, this study aims to offer a quick overview of the syllable structure in Nagpuri (Sadri). There is also a small remark about Nagpuri (Sadri). This language belongs to the Indo-Aryan family, according to Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. The description in this paper is based on the background research limited to fieldwork in the districts of Ranchi, Palamu, Lohardaga (where the language is predominantly spoken). There are also some books, essays, articles and thesis accessible in the language. Around 5,108,691 people who were native speakers of Nagpuri (Sadri) were counted in the 2011 Census. The purpose of this study is to explore the syllabic structures of Nagpuri (Sadri). The Nagpuri (Sadri) language has a hexasyllabic word structure which is further divided into two sorts of syllables: open syllables and close syllables.
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Galieva, Alfiya, and Zhanna Vavilova. "Initial and Final Syllables in Tatar- from Phonotactics to Morphology." Glottometrics, no. 50 (May 1, 2021): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2021_50_388.
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The paper proposes a methodology for analyzing the syllabic structure of Tatar words using fiction text data. Syllable construction rules are unique for each language as they are determined by the laws that govern its specific internal structure. However, the issue of the syllable finds a rather superficial description in Tatar grammars. Thus, possible correlations of the syllable structure with morphological features of the language will be examined in this paper. We analyze the distribution of syllable types in Tatar texts and represent their ranked frequencies and theoretical values fitted by means of the Zipf Mandelbrot distribution. The main part of the study is devoted to inquiry into the structure of initial and final syllables. We proceed from the hypothesis that distributions of syllable structures in word-initial and word-final positions should be marked by statistically important differences due to discriminative structural features of stems and affixal chains. The study is based on a selection of obstruent and sonorant consonants. To evaluate statistical significance of these differences, the well-known chi square test is applied.
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Kaidarova, G., and Zh Suleimenova. "STUDYING THE CATEGORY OF THE SYLLABLE IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 73, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.14.
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The article considers one of the most important issues of vowel harmony of the syllable in the Kazakh and Turkic languages. Actual problems of studying the phonetic structure of the Kazakh language consist mainly in determining the types of syllabic structures and their sound composition. Although the syllable has a special place in the structure of the language, its articulatory nature is poorly understood. Therefore, it should be noted that the solution to the problem of syllables, as one of the language units, lies in the issues of articulation. Researchers have a common opinion about the syllable problem in linguistics, but there is much debate about the definition of syllable types in the Kazakh language. The phonetic and phonological nature of the syllable in the Kazakh language, the function of the syllable in the language and the problems of the syllable have not yet been examined in detail. Based on the research of A. Zhunusbek, M.Isaev, S. Myrzabekov, an analysis of the basic ideas about the nature of the syllable and their limitations is made. The opinions of scientists were studied on the typological common feature of the Kazakh syllable, uniting related languages, and the typological distinctive feature that distinguishes unrelated languages.
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Sinha, Rajkumari Monimala. "SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN BISHNUPRIYA MANIPUR." Journal of English Language and Literature 09, no. 01 (2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2022.9109.
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The key purpose of this paper is to investigate the phonological aspect of syllable structure in Bishnupriya Manipuri. The language is spoken in the North-East Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya, as well as in the neighbouring country Bangladesh. It is a member of the Eastern form of Indo-Aryan language family. According to India’s 2011 census report, the total population of Bishnupriya speakers is 79,646. The research area focuses on Bishnupriya speakers in the state of Assam. When it comes to nomenclature, the language is surrounded by a lot of controversy. Some people refer to it as Bishnupuriya, while others refer to it as Bishnupriya Manipuri or just Bishnupriya. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recently published a list of endangered languages, and Bishnupriya is listed as vulnerable on that list. The language doesn’t have a script of its own, so it uses the Bengali script. Bishnupriya's syllabic structure is V, VV, VC, VCV, VVC, CVC, CV, CVV, and so on. The different types of Bishnupriya syllables are: (i) Mono-Syllabic, (ii) DiSyllabic, (iii) Tri-Syllabic, (iv) Tetra-Syllabic, (v) Penta-Syllabic and (vi) HexaSyllabic.
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Jakobsen, Per. "Syllable structure." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864135j.
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In traditional structuralist understanding, language is a system of signs i.e. an inseparable unity of content and expression. According to glossematic linguistic theory, the dichotomy of form and substance in the content has its parallel in the expression. The present paper shows that in one language certain consonant clusters within the syllable are allowed, in other languages they are not. The phonotactic structure, i.e. the rules of forming syllables decide the forming of new words and identify the language at the same time. This fundamental syllable structure shows that it is scientifically untenable to maintain that the Serbo-Croatian language has split up in several new languages. .
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Kliukienė, Regina. "Vietovardžių apibendrintų skiemens modelių statistinė analizė." Lietuvių kalba, no. 1 (December 27, 2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2007.22898.
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The article deals with the syllable structure of toponyms and with the general regularities of the syllable phonotactics. The experiment has been carried out using the original software SKIEMUO. PAS. (the programming language Turbo Pascal. 7), developed by A. Girdenis. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: toponyms account for 22 generalised structures; the CV type syllable structure is the most productive; vowel syllables prevail; open covered asymmetrical syllables are more common than others; polynomial consonant clusters in toponyms are rare; toponyms are polysyllabic words; their average length is 3.128 syllables.
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Asherov, Daniel, and Outi Bat-El. "Syllable structure and complex onsets in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101007.
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Abstract Modern Hebrew allows for a diverse variety of syllable structures, allowing syllables with codas, onsetless syllables, and complex syllable margins. Syllables with a complex onset are found in word initial position, mostly in nouns, and syllables with a complex coda are less common. In this paper, we provide the distribution of syllable types in Modern Hebrew, noting differences between verbs and nouns, native words and loanwords, as well as differences among positions within the word. Special attention is given to word initial complex onsets, with details regarding the restrictions governing consonant combinations.
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Suhery, Dedy, Happy Sri Rezeki Purba, Mohammad Hamid Raza, and Khairun Nisah. "A Phonological Property of Syllable Structure and Economy in Urdu: An OT Account." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 18, 2019): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i3.805.
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Abstract
This paper contains the phonological properties of the syllable structures and the economical procedures of the words in the Urdu language. The paper determines the behavior of certain segments that attach to its own neighboring words and elaborates the economy of the syllable structure of tokens in a particular language. In Urdu, there are various types of segmental processes in terms of addition or deletion of phonemes that affects to root and alters the entire physical mechanism structure of words. The objectives of this paper are to know the exact economic conditions of syllable structures in the words after the addition or elision of segments in the Urdu language. All the process of conflicts between the segments will manipulate by the help of constraint rankings in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993). The general purpose of this paper is to reveal the whole criteria of implications of principles of Optimality theory and explore the actual framework of syllables with their marginal and obligatory components. The researcher governs the phonological property of consonant clusters with the help of faithfulness constraints and markedness constraints. The architecture of root word completely varies from the artificial formulation of other words, but after the imposition of constraints, we reveal the concrete fact of linguistic items in a specific language. The groundwork of this paper leads to the systematic phenomena of epenthesis and elimination of vowels or consonants with the tenets of OT. In this study, the researcher conveys the representations of consonant clusters and how the adjacent consonants parse by the effect of the extraneous segment in the syllable structure of words. The researcher considers the typology of the syllable structure of words and the phonological observations of linguistic features. This paper deals with the gradient property of segments that alters the framework of underlying form and affected by some other features at the surface form. The generalization of each step of the syllable structure of words should be related to the positional variation of input and output candidates. The conflicts between input and output candidates to become the winner as an optimal candidate can be solved only on the presence of constraint rankings that are evolving in the Optimality Theory. The central idea of this paper delineated the reflection of surface forms that create conflicts between other candidates, solve only through the use of constraints of Optimality Theory. A surface form may be optimal in the sense of least serious violations of a set of violable constraints in a language hierarchy of constraints. It is considered that syllable structure with the phonological and phonetic representation of forms is the major ingredient generalization of the structure of words in a particular language. It is a crucial aspect of a sequence of segments to organize in a well-formed structure after the intervention of vowels and consonants because syllable governs the account of epenthesis and elimination process. In the pattern of sequence of segments in the syllables, there is the process of epenthesis and deletion of phonemes that creates a new wave of segmental processes. This paper determines the syllabic well-formedness turn out of instantiation that refers to the conflicts between faithfulness and well-formedness structure of words regarding the syllables. The range of syllables and the economic property of words in the individual languages rise by the interactions of well-formedness and faithfulness constraints. The basic provision of this paper is to know the precise nature of the typology of the syllable structure in the words and explores how OT captures the well-formedness constraints of input and output candidates. Our whole discussion in this paper will draw on the typological representation of Optimality Theory and the logical results of Prince and Smolensky (1993) that are transposed into a correspondence format. After the analysis of the structural typology of syllables and epenthesis in the Urdu language, we will develop the factorial typology of syllabic well-formedness and faithfulness constraints in the words. We will elaborate on the major factors of constraints and epenthesis at the level of cross-linguistic properties of a particular language. In this study, we will learn how a range of phonological factors of syllable structures triggered by the markedness constraints that is depending on the formal features of faithfulness constraints. It is investigated that unity and diversity at the level of syllable structure are oriented by OT due to the interaction between deep and surface forms to mark the constraints in various repair strategies. It is the process of relating the ranking of different faithfulness constraints with the result of the typological observation of candidates. This paper determines that the factorial typology of the syllable structure of words is based on the Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) that is a sub-theory of faithfulness constraints allowing a limited set of structural changes such as; addition, deletion, insertion, fusion, featural changes, etc. The central goal of this paper is to shed light on the core behavior of OT principles that are applied to the syllables of the words to find out the exact tokens of a particular language. It is examined that the universality of constraint rankings is sketched by the application of linguistic theory with the notions of ‘possible grammatical processes' and possible interactions of processes'. Some experts provided the values of syllable structures with the tenets of OT as the unmarked value for open or closed syllables. It is a type of assumption that some languages may or may not be open syllables (CV) and closed syllables (VC), while the notion of universality represents all aspects of syllables in all existing languages. This paper reveals that the notion of markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints is not only relevant to the sound system but also proposes to the syllable structure of words and their economy in a particular language. In addition to that, I also apply some better-known arguments originally adduce in support of constraint rankings.
Keywords: Optimality Theory; Syllable Structure; Economy; Segmental Processes; Syllable Typology
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Kamran, Umaima, Saira Maqbool, and Lubna Umar. "Syllable Structure of Pakistani English in Phonological Theory." Volume V Issue I V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-i).31.
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This article describes the syllable of Pakistani English (PE. It compares the syllable of PE with British English, in the light of concepts of syllabic (Chomsky and Halle, 1968), syllabification, template, syllable pattern, model of syllable structure, phonotactics and syllable weight. In the end, the following differences in syllabic phonology of PE and British English are summarized: In phonotactic constraints, one difference is found that is in the syllable of PE cluster of three consonants i.e. /s/, /p or t or k/, /l or r/ is allowed only in monosyllabic words, whereas word internally this cluster is not permissible. So, [ek.sklIUd] becomes [eks.klIUd] in PE; the weight of the syllable in PE is not only based on the quality of vowel but also the quality of consonant; in PE every syllable must contain vowel as a nucleus.
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Shaw, Jason, Adamantios I. Gafos, Philip Hoole, and Chakir Zeroual. "Syllabification in Moroccan Arabic: evidence from patterns of temporal stability in articulation." Phonology 26, no. 1 (May 2009): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709001754.
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AbstractCompeting proposals on the syllabification of initial consonants in Moroccan Arabic are evaluated using a combination of experimental and modelling techniques. The proposed model interprets an input syllable structure as a set of articulatory landmarks coordinated in time. This enables the simulation of temporal patterns associated with the input syllable structure under different noise conditions. Patterns of stability between landmarks simulated by the model are matched to patterns in data collected with Electromagnetic Articulometry experiments. The results implicate a heterosyllabic parse of initial clusters so that strings like /sbu/ comprise two syllables, [s.bu]. Beyond this specific result for Moroccan Arabic, the model reveals the range of validity of certain stability-based indexes of syllable structure and generates predictions that allow evaluation of a syllabic parse even when stability-based heuristics break down. Overall, the paper provides support for the broad hypothesis that syllable structure is reflected in patterns of temporal stability and contributes analytical tools to evaluate competing theories on the basis of these patterns.
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Khan, Geoffrey. "Remarks on syllable structure and metrical structure in Biblical Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 12, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01201005.
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Abstract In the Middle Ages Biblical Hebrew was transmitted in a variety of oral reading traditions, which became textualized in systems of vocalization signs. The two most important oral traditions were the Tiberian and the Babylonian, which were represented by different vocalization sign systems. These two oral traditions had their origins in ancient Palestine. Although closely related, they exhibit several differences. These include differences in syllable and metrical structure. This paper examines how the syllable and metrical structure of the two traditions reflected by the medieval vocalization sign systems should be reconstructed. The Tiberian tradition exhibits an ‘onset typology’ of syllabification, where word-internal /CCC/ clusters are syllabified /C.CC/ and word-initial clusters are syllabified within the onset /CC-/. The Babylonian tradition exhibits a right-to-left computation of syllables resulting in a ‘coda typology,’ whereby the second consonant of a word-internal sequence /CCC/ is syllabified as a coda, viz. /CC.C/, and word-initial clusters are syllabified C.C, with the first consonant extra-syllabic.
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U., Elizabeth, and Francis I.A. "The Syllable Structure of Tiv." International Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (September 22, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijlll-p2unambu.
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Linguistic studies reveal that every language has a particular way of combining its sounds to form words or parts of words called syllables. The paper looks at the syllable structure of the Tiv language, one of the Bantoid languages spoken mostly in the Middle Belt area of Nigeria, especially in Benue, Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa and Cross River states of Nigeria. The objective of the study is to investigate the internal structure of syllables in the Tiv language in order to establish the regularities and restrictions inherent in the language. The study, therefore, aims at ascertaining the syllable patterns that are found in Tiv. This study adopts qualitative and analytical research design using the C V tier model of the phonological theory of syllable analysis as proposed by McCarthy (1979) and adopted by Clements and Keyser (1983), to explicate the permissible patterns of syllable structures in Tiv. Data for the study were gathered from native speakers of Tiv, whose language has not been corrupted by urbanisation and the researchers' intuitive knowledge of the Tiv language. It was found out in the study that, some of the permissible syllable structures in Tiv language include vowels and consonants like v, cv, ccv, cccv, cvc. It was also discovered that all the five vowels of the English alphabets may begin or end a syllable in the Tiv language. As found in English and other languages where the sequential occurrence of two or more consonants is termed consonant cluster, the Tiv syllable structure permits two or more consonants at the initial or final positions of the syllable which could occur as onset or coda, but they are not regarded as consonant clusters. They are regarded as co-articulations. The study concludes that Tiv language has a wide range of phonotactic constraints which if studied can contribute to the development of Tiv language.
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Shuiskaya, Tatiana V. "SYLLABLE STRUCTURE OF WORDS IN THE SPEECH OF 3-YEAR-OLDS." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 1 (2017): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_1_124_135.
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The way children acquire syllable structure of words characterizes the level of their speech development. It is assumed that 3=year=olds without any disorders do not have any difficulties with constructing syllables. The current paper describes the results of an acoustic study of word syllable structure in the speech of twenty Russian 3=year=old subjects. 75% of them demonstrated from 3 to 7 syllable structure changes. The maximum of 13,2% of the total of 53 words were characterized by those changes. There were examples of word-initial single-consonant elision, syllable elision, syllable transposition, sounds transposition, insertions of hard and soft forelingual /l/ and /lʲ/ into a syllable, and anticipation. Consonant cluster reduction was also noticed; it did not change the number of syllables in words. Clusters that were more and less resistant to reduction were determined.
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BERG, THOMAS, and CHRISTIAN KOOPS. "Phonotactic constraints and sub-syllabic structure: A difficult relationship." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (June 18, 2014): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671400022x.
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Of late, a controversy has arisen over the internal structure of Korean syllables. While there is general agreement that non-phonotactic criteria argue for left-branching, Lee & Goldrick's (2008) left-branching phonotactic analysis is contradicted by Berg & Koops's (2010) claim as to a phonotactically symmetrical syllable structure. A comparison of the methodologies of the two studies, a revisit of the previous data and a new analysis cement the conclusion that there is neither a left-branching nor a right-branching phonotactic effect in Korean syllables. An investigation of the phonotactic structure of Finnish CVC syllables, which exhibit a psycholinguistic left-branching bias much like Korean, reveals that word-initial syllables possess a largely symmetrical organization whereas word-final syllables tend to show a right-branching slant. This curious set of results is consistent with the following three hypotheses: (i) The phonotactic criterion has an inherent VC bias. (ii) Symmetrical syllable structures represent a compromise between left- and right-branching effects. (iii) The strength of phonotactic constraints increases from earlier to later portions of words. The bottom line of this analysis is that, contra all previous claims, phonotactic constraints cannot be used as an argument for sub-syllabic constituency. We discuss the proposal that the basis of the left-branching bias in Korean syllables is instead to be found in the high degree of coarticulation between the onset consonant and the following vowel.
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Orzechowska, Paula, Janina Mołczanow, and Michał Jankowski. "Prosodically-conditioned Syllable Structure in English." Research in Language 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.17.2.04.
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This paper investigates the interplay between the metrical structure and phonotactic complexity in English, a language with lexical stress and an elaborate inventory of consonant clusters. The analysis of a dictionary- and corpus-based list of polysyllabic words leads to two major observations. First, there is a tendency for onsetful syllables to attract stress, and for onsetless syllables to repel it. Second, the stressed syllable embraces a greater array of consonant clusters than unstressed syllables. Moreover, the farther form the main stress, the less likely the unstressed syllable is to contain a complex onset. This finding indicates that the ability of a position to license complex onsets is related to its distance from the prosodic head.
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Orzechowska, Paula, Janina Mołczanow, and Michał Jankowski. "Prosodically-conditioned Syllable Structure in English." Research in Language 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2019-0001.
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Abstract This paper investigates the interplay between the metrical structure and phonotactic complexity in English, a language with lexical stress and an elaborate inventory of consonant clusters. The analysis of a dictionary- and corpus-based list of polysyllabic words leads to two major observations. First, there is a tendency for onsetful syllables to attract stress, and for onsetless syllables to repel it. Second, the stressed syllable embraces a greater array of consonant clusters than unstressed syllables. Moreover, the farther form the main stress, the less likely the unstressed syllable is to contain a complex onset. This finding indicates that the ability of a position to license complex onsets is related to its distance from the prosodic head.
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Iverson, Gregory K., and Courtenay A. Kesterson. "Foot and Syllable Structure in Modern Icelandic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 1 (June 1989): 13–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001918.
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As is well known, vowel length in Modern Icelandic is in general predictable on the basis of syllable structure such that, in polysyllabic words, stressed vowels in open syllables are long, other vowels are short; in stressed monosyllables, however, vowels are long whether the syllable is open or closed by a single consonant, and short only when the syllable is closed by a consonant cluster. In contrast to the ‘final maximalistic’ strategy of Árnason (1980) and other unlikely syllabification schemes designed to unify these two patterns, we invoke Giegerich's (1985) characterization of foot structure as applied to German and English, according to which stressed monosyllables categorize metrically as disyllabic feet whose rightmost member is null. Thus, CVC structures are metrically /CV.CØ/, with the result that the generalization regarding vowel length in words of all types is simply that stressed vowels in open syllables are long, others short.
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Ross, Steven. "The ins and outs of paragoge and apocope in Japanese-English interphonology." Second Language Research 10, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839401000101.
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Syllable structure in interphonology has consistently demarcated the initial phases of phonological transfer, as well as the basis for a putative universal preference for the open syllable. The manner in which syllable structure is continually reorganized during the processes of acquisition has, however, not attracted much attention. This article addresses two phenomena in the acquisition of second language syllable structure - a preference for open syllables, as manifest in paragoge, and a developmental process of final segment apocopation that applies to first language lexical items appearing under the domain of the second language intonational envelope. The data for the analyses come from spontaneous utterances produced by Japanese students of English as a foreign language. Results of two ten-factor variable-rule analyses suggest that paragogic epenthesis is conditioned by a syllable structure constraint based on the L1, and that variation in the type of segment epenthesized is governed by natural phonological constraints. Analyses of the apocope dataset indicate that acquisition of L2 stress patterns leads to a restructuring of the syllable structure constraint leading to suppression of open syllables in the L2.
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Liu, Minqi. "English adaptation in Mandarin A-not-A constructions." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4552.
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A-not-A refers to a Mandarin reduplication construction where the underlying form /RED-pu-A/ contains a reduplication of the first syllable in A. In this study I investigate the kinds of adaptations that occur when an English word serves as the base A in code-switching speech. Since the complex onsets and most codas allowed in English are illegal in Mandarin syllables, the reduplicated part is expected to adapt to Mandarin phonotactics to some degree. I ran a production experiment where 20 native Mandarin-speakers were asked to produce A-not-A constructions with 55 mono- and multi-syllabic English words. Results from the experiment showed varied adaptation methods in syllable structure and tones. To model the results, I used the Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar (MaxEnt) with weighted constraints on syllable structure markedness and base-reduplicant faithfulness.
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Aubin, Thierry, and Pierre Jouventin. "Localisation of an acoustic signal in a noisy environment: the display call of the king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 24 (December 15, 2002): 3793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.24.3793.
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SUMMARY King penguin chicks identify their parents by an acoustic signal, the display call. This call consists of a succession of similar syllables. Each syllable has two harmonic series, strongly modulated in frequency and amplitude, with added beats of varying amplitude generated by a two-voice system. Previous work showed that only one syllable of the call is needed for the chick to identify the calling adult. Both the frequency modulation pattern of the syllable and the two-voice system play a role in the call identification. The syllabic organisation of the call, the harmonic structure and the amplitude modulations of the syllables apparently do not contribute to individual recognition. Are these acoustic features useless? To answer to this question, playback experiments were conducted using three categories of experimental signals: (i) signal with only the fundamental frequencies of the natural call, (ii) signal with the amplitude of each syllable kept at a constant level and (iii) signals with only one syllable, repeated or not. The responses of chicks to these experimental signals were compared to those obtained with the calls of their natural parents. We found that these acoustic features, while not directly implicated in the individual recognition process,help the chicks to better localise the signal of their parents. In addition,the redundant syllabic organisation of the call is a means of counteracting the masking effect of the background noise of the colony.
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Khudoyberdiev, Khurshed A. "The Algorithms of Tajik Speech Synthesis by Syllable." ITM Web of Conferences 35 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203507003.
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This article is devoted to the development of a prototype of a computer synthesizer of Tajik speech by the text. The need for such a synthesizer is caused by the fact that its analogues for other languages not only help people with visual and speech defects, but also find more and more application in communication technology, information and reference systems. In the future, such programs will take their proper place in the broad acoustic dialogue of humans with automatic machines and robotics in various fields of human activity. The article describes the prototype of the Tajik computer synthesizer by the text developed by the author, which is constructed on the principle of a concatenative synthesizer, in which the syllable is chosen as the speech unit, which in turn, indicates the need for the most complete description of the variety of Tajik language syllables. To study the patterns of the Tajik language associated with the concept of syllable, it was introduced the concept of “syllabic structure of the word”. It is obtained the statistical distribution of structures, i.e. a correspondence is established between the syllabic structures of words and the frequencies of their occurrence in texts in the Tajik language. It is proposed an algorithm for breaking Tajik words into syllables, implemented as a computer program. A solution to the problem of Tajik speech synthesis from an arbitrary text is proposed. The article describes the computer implementation of the algorithm for syncronization of words, numbers, characters and text. For each syllable the corresponding sound realization is extracted from the “syllable-sound” database, then the sound of the word is synthesized from the extracted elements.
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Lobacheva, Marina V., and Svetlana V. Androsova. "ON THE STATUS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE INTERNAL SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN SYLLABIC LANGUAGES (BASED ON MANDARIN CHINESE)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 3 (2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2016_2_4_23_40.
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The current paper touches upon two points of view on syllable nature in syllabic languages that are widely observed in literature. According to the first one, the syllable can be described as a grouping of smaller elements using the terms "phoneme," "allophone", "vowel", "consonant" that apply to non-syllabic languages. The second one is to regard the syllable as a minimal paradigmatic unit, similar to the phoneme in the non-syllabic languages. The obtained results enable to assume that such syllable constituents variation in Chinese spontaneous speech that might be a reflection of a common tendency in the Chinese speech flow.
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Sakata, Jon T., Cara M. Hampton, and Michael S. Brainard. "Social Modulation of Sequence and Syllable Variability in Adult Birdsong." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 1700–1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01296.2007.
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Birdsong is a learned motor skill that is performed with a high degree of stereotypy in adult birds. Nevertheless, even in species where song “crystallizes” in a form that remains stable over time, there is residual variability. Such variability in well-learned skills is often construed as uncontrolled and irrelevant biological “noise.” However, studies in the zebra finch indicate that variability in one song feature—the structure of individual syllables—is actively regulated and may serve a function. When male zebra finches sing alone (undirected song), variability in syllable structure is elevated relative to when they sing to females in a courtship context (female-directed song). This elevated variability is actively introduced to premotor structures controlling syllable production by a forebrain-basal ganglia circuit. Here we test whether social modulation of song variability extends to syllable sequencing, a hierarchically distinct feature of song organization controlled by separate neural substrates from syllable structure. We use Bengalese finches as a model species because, unlike zebra finches, they typically retain substantial moment-by-moment variability in the sequencing of syllables in crystallized adult song. We first show social modulation of previously studied song features, including syllable structure and song tempo. We then demonstrate that variability in syllable sequencing is rapidly modulated by social context with greater variability present in undirected song. These data indicate that the nervous system exerts active control over variability at multiple levels of song organization and support the hypothesis that such variability in otherwise stable adult song serves a function.
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González-Alvarez, Julio, and María-Angeles Palomar-García. "Syllable Frequency and Spoken Word Recognition." Psychological Reports 119, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116654449.
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Research has shown that syllables play a relevant role in lexical access in Spanish, a shallow language with a transparent syllabic structure. Syllable frequency has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on visual word recognition in Spanish. However, no study has examined the syllable frequency effect on spoken word recognition. The present study tested the effect of the frequency of the first syllable on recognition of spoken Spanish words. A sample of 45 young adults (33 women, 12 men; M = 20.4, SD = 2.8; college students) performed an auditory lexical decision on 128 Spanish disyllabic words and 128 disyllabic nonwords. Words were selected so that lexical and first syllable frequency were manipulated in a within-subject 2 × 2 design, and six additional independent variables were controlled: token positional frequency of the second syllable, number of phonemes, position of lexical stress, number of phonological neighbors, number of phonological neighbors that have higher frequencies than the word, and acoustical durations measured in milliseconds. Decision latencies and error rates were submitted to linear mixed models analysis. Results showed a typical facilitatory effect of the lexical frequency and, importantly, an inhibitory effect of the first syllable frequency on reaction times and error rates.
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KAVITSKAYA, DARYA, MARIA BABYONYSHEV, THEODORE WALLS, and ELENA GRIGORENKO. "Investigating the effects of syllable complexity in Russian-speaking children with SLI." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 5 (February 11, 2011): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000413.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined the effect of number of syllables and syllable structure on repetition of pseudo-words by Russian-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children. One hundred and forty-four pseudo-words, varying in length and syllable complexity, were presented to two groups of children: 15 children with SLI, age range 4 ; 0 to 8 ; 8, and 15 TD children matched in age to the SLI group. The number of errors in the repetition of pseudo-words was analyzed in terms of the number of syllables and syllable complexity. The results demonstrated that children with SLI have deficits in working memory capacity. In addition to the pseudo-word length, the repetition performance was affected by syllable structure complexity.
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Kurbanbaev, Dj, and Z. Jumaniyazova. "Syllable formation and syllable division in english." Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/innovations-in-edu-vol-iss1-pp51-52.
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As stated above the syllabic structure, as a component of the phonetic system, consists of syllable formation and syllable division which are in close relationship to each other. All theories of the syllable have more often attempted to explain the syllable formation, but the problem of the division has not been thoroughly investigated, which is both theoretically and practically important in language description. Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate some general rules of syllable formation and syllable division in English [1: 103].
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Shigeko, Shinohara. "The roles of the syllable and the mora in Japanese: Adaptation of French words." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 25, no. 1 (February 27, 1996): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-02501005.
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In Japanese adaptations of French words, we find two principal mechanisms that show the roles of the syllable and the mora: (1) syllable structure adjustment, which syllabifies French segments into well-formed Japanese syllables by means of vowel epenthesis; (2) syllable weight preservation, which creates heavy syllables for French word-final syllables closed by a single consonant or by an obstruent-liquid cluster, which are perceived by Japanese speakers as being heavy (i.e., containing two moras). Depending on various conditions, such heavy syllables are created either by lengthening the vowel or by geminating the final consonant
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Alhoody, Metab, and Mohammad Aljutaily. "Some Characteristics of Syllable Structure in Qassimi Arabic (QA): An Optimality Theoretic Framework." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (June 7, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p193.
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The paper investigates the syllable structures of Qassimi Arabic (QA), which is a sub-dialect of Najdi Arabic (NA) and is spoken in the north-central region of Saudi Arabia, particularly in the Qassim Region. Within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT), we show how the well-formed syllable is derived from the interaction of constraints. We show how the OT captures some of the major processes for structuring the syllables of QA, such as syncope, epenthesis, and geminate. The analysis revealed that onsetless syllables are prohibited in QA. The dialect allows word-initial consonant clusters, which is a result of the syncope process. Coda clusters also occur in QA that must obey the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP); otherwise, epenthesis presents to repair the violation. As for the geminates, QA permits geminates medially and finally, but not initially. The data revealed that QA demonstrates seven fundamental syllable structures grouped into three categories: light syllables, as in CV; heavy syllables, as in CVV and CVC; and super heavy syllables, as in CVVC, CVCC, CCVVC and CVVCC.
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Pollock, Karen E., and Richard G. Schwartz. "Structural Aspects of Phonological Development." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 19, no. 1 (January 1988): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1901.05.
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The relationship between syllabic structure and segmental development was examined longitudinally in a child with a severe phonological disorder. Six speech samples were collected over a 4-year period (3:5 to 7:3). Analyses revealed gradual increases in the complexity and diversity of the syllable structures produced, and positional preferences for sounds within these forms. With a strong preference for [d] and [n] at the beginning of syllables, other consonants appeared first at the end of syllables. Implications for clinical management of phonological disorders include the need to consider both structural position and structural complexity in assessing segmental skills and in choosing target words for intervention.
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Savic, Maja, Darinka Andjelkovic, Nevena Budjevac, and der Van. "Phonological complexity and prosodic structure in assessment of Serbian phonological development." Psihologija 43, no. 2 (2010): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1002167s.
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In this research we investigate the relevance of phonological parameters in acquisition of Serbian language. Implementation of British Test of Phonological Screeing (TOPhS, van der Lely and Harris, 1999) has revealed that phonological complexity (syllabic and metrical structure) influences accuracy in non-word repetition task and could be used in assessment of phonological development of typically developing children, as well as of children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI) (van der Lely and Harris, 1999; Gallon, Harris & van der Lely, 2007). Having in mind phonological properties of Serbian language (Zec, 2000, 2007), we hypothesized that several parameters can be used in assessment of phonological development in Serbian: a. onset (consonants cluster at the beginning of syllable; b. rime (consonant at the end of syllable). c. word of three syllables, and d. placement of stressed syllable in a word. Combination of these parameters gave us a list of 96 pseudo words of different levels of complexity. Participants were 14 adults and 30 children from kindergarten divided into three age groups (3, 4 and 5 years). Task for the participants was to loudly repeat every pseudo-word, and their reproduction was recorded. Transcription of their answers and coding of errors allowed us to analyze impact of different parameters on accuracy of phonological reproduction in children of different ages. The results indicate that the ability for reproduction of Serbian phonological properties develops in early preschool period. The most difficult is cluster of consonants at the beginning of syllable, and consonant at the end of syllable. These two parameters are even more difficult for reproduction in three-syllable words or in words that have more then one parameter marked. Placement of stress in a word is acquired even before 3 years. In other words, the results have shown that investigated features could be good indicators in assessment of early phonological development of typically developing children. Delay in their acquisition could reveal possible developmental difficulties.
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Amarante, Mirian Verza, Lourenço Chacon, and Geovana Soncin. "Distribuição das transposições ortográficas na escrita de crianças brasileiras." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 9 (October 24, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a1.
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Considering that unconventional writing is an important and necessary part of the acquisition of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) orthographic system, we seek: (1) to describe the distribution of a type of error present in this acquisition, the orthographic transpositions, that is, the displacements of graphemes from their conventional position in the syllable to other positions in the word; and (2) to observe to what extent aspects of the syllable such as its (simple or complex) structure and its (stressed or unstressed) position in the word would be present at the point of displacement of these transpositions. For this purpose, we analyzed 63 compositions by Brazilian children who presented some type of orthographic transposition. We separated the records of transposition as they occurred in the form of swaps (those between two graphemes inside the word), intersyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme mobilizing two syllables of the word) and intrasyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme within the same syllable). Subsequently, we observed whether the transpositions came from syllables with simple or complex structures and located in a stressed or in an unstressed position of the word. In relation to the distribution, the results showed: greater occurrence of intrasyllabic transpositions, followed by swaps and, lastly, intersyllabic transpositions. Regarding the syllabic structure, we found: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from complex syllables and lower occurrence coming from the simple ones. Finally, in relation to the stress, the analysis presented: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from unstressed syllables and lower occurrence coming from the stressed ones. The results indicated that the unconventional disposition of graphemes in the analyzed writing production does not occur randomly, and, in order to explain this type of disposition, it is important to observe phonetic/phonological features which are not only the ones involved in the phoneme/grapheme relationship.
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Cairns, Charles E. "Phonotactics, markedness and lexical representation." Phonology 5, no. 2 (August 1988): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000227x.
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The theory proposed here, the Markedness Theory of Syllable Structure (MTSS), provides an account of syllabic phonotactics, wherein not only are features defining phonological content underspecified, but also those which determine the number and order of segments. The descriptive basis of MTSS in this paper consists of the minimally redundant underlying representations (URs) of stressed syllables in English. These forms are parsimoniously accounted for by a theory in which content features are associated with prosodic nodes in UR, and which contains an algorithm which maps UR prosodic nodes, specified for feature content, into strings of timing units (x's on the skeletal tier), with fully specified syllabic structures on the prosodic tier.
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Guion, Susan G. "Greek Syllable Structure." Diachronica 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.04gui.
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SUMMARY This paper investigates the syllable structure of Cyprian, an ancient Greek dialect written with a syllabary. Based on the corroboration of orthographic and metrical evidence, Cyprian is found to have a syllable structure which maximizes onsets to allow clusters of equal or rising sonority (see also Deecke 1884, Meister 1894, Thumb & Scherer 1922, Lejeune 1972, and Masson 1983). This analysis is different from the traditional view of Greek syllable structure which considers all intervocalic consonant clusters to be hetero-syllabic (Hermann 1923, Meillet 1934). The support for the traditional view of Greek syllable structure is critiqued and found to be unreliable. Competing views on Cyprian syllabary which were largely motivated by a desire to defend the traditional view of Greek syllable structure are also critiqued (Morpurgo Davies 1987, Viredaz 1983, Miller 1994, and Woodard 1994). These alternative explanations of the Cyprian syllabary are found to be needlessly complicated and to employ ad hoc devices. Finally, the traditional reconstruction of Proto-Greek is evaluated against Steriade's (1982) proposal, which allows complex onsets of equal or rising sonority. Steriade's proposal is found to be the more sensible. RÉSUMÉ Cet article examine la structure syllabique du cypriote, dialecte grec ancien écrit en caractère syllabique. Grâce à des preuves orthographiques et métriques, on conclut que le cypriote avoit une structure syllabique maximisant le point d'attaque ('onset') permettant la présence de groupes de consonnnes croissant ou stables en sonorité (voir Deecke 1884, Meister 1894, Thumb & Scherer 1922, Lejeune 1972 et Masson 1983). Cette analyse diffère du point de vue traditionel, en ce qui a trait à la structure syllabique de grec, selon lequel tout groupe de consonnes était hétérosyllabique en position intervocalique (Hermann 1932, Meillet 1943). Dans le présent acticle on critique ce point de vue, et on triouve peu fiabe son analyse de la structure syllabique du grec. On y critique aussi les avis contraires exprimés quant au syllabaire cypriote dont la plupart semblent motivés par le désir de maintenir intactles analyses traditio-nelles de la structure syllabique du grec (Morpurgo Davies 1987, Viredaz 1983, Miller 1994 et Woodard 1994). Les explications alternatives sont jugées être d'une complexité inutile, et de faire appel à des explications ad hoc. Enfin, on compare la reconstruction traditionelle du proto-grec à la proposition de Steriade (1982) que permet des groupes de consonnes complexes, de sonorité égale ou croissante dans le point d'attaque. On conclut que la proposition de Steriade est la plus raisonnable. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In vorliegendem Beitrag wird die Silbenstruktur des Zypriotischen unter-sucht. Zypriotisch ist ein altert ümlicher Dialekt des Griechischen, der in Form des Syllabars geschrieben wird. Aufgrund von orthographischen sowie metrischen Übereinstimmungen wird geschlossen, daß die Silbenstruktur des Zypriotischen Silbenanlaute maximiert, die aus Konsonantenhäufungen mit gleich-wertiger oder steigender Klangfülle bestehen (s. Deecke 1884, Meister 1894, Thumb & Scherer 1922, Lejeune 1972, Masson 1983). Diese Analyse unter-scheidet sich von den herkömmlichen Sichtweisen der griechischen Silbenstruktur, die zwischenvokalische Konsonantenhäufungen als heterosilbisch ansehen (Herman 1932, Meillet 1943). Die Basis dieser herkömmlichen Sichtweisen der griechischen Silbenstruktur wird hier kritisch untersucht und als unzuverlässig befunden. Konkurrierende Sichtweisen des zypriotischen Syllabars, welche vom Wunsch geleitet sind, herkömmliche Sehensweise der griechischen Silbenstruktur zu verteidigen (Morpurgo Davies 1987, Viredaz 1983, Miller 1994 und Woodard 1994), werden ebenfalls kritisch untersucht. Diese konkurrierenden Erklarungen des zypriotischen Syllabars werden als unnö-tigerweise kompliziert gefunden. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daB dabei auch ad hoc-Analysenmittel benutzt werden. SchlieBlich wird die herkömmliche Re-konstruktion des Proto-Griechischen mit dem Vorschlag von Steriade (1982) verglichen. Ihr Vorschlag läßt die Möglichkeit komplexer Silbenanlaute mit gleichwertiger oder steigender Klangfülle zu. Die hier vorgelegte Analyse hat gezeigt, daB der Vorschlag Steriades besser motiviert ist als die übrigen Theo-rien.
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Hyman, Larry M. "Does Gokana really have syllables? A postscript." Phonology 32, no. 2 (August 2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000160.
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After years of searching for evidence for the syllable in Gokana, I presented a possible argument in Hyman (2011) that the prosodic stem consists at most of two bimoraic syllables. In this note I show that there is an alternative account not involving syllables. Either way, Gokana makes very little reference to syllable structure, if at all.
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Brendel, Bettina, Michael Erb, Axel Riecker, Wolfgang Grodd, Hermann Ackermann, and Wolfram Ziegler. "Do We Have a “Mental Syllabary” in the Brain? An fMRI Study." Motor Control 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.15.1.34.
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The present study combines functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reaction time (RT) measurements to further elucidate the influence of syllable frequency and complexity on speech motor control processes, i.e., overt reading of pseudowords. Tying in with a recent fMRI-study of our group we focused on the concept of a mental syllabary housing syllable sized ready-made motor plans for high- (HF), but not low-frequency (LF) syllables. The RT-analysis disclosed a frequency effect weakened by a simultaneous complexity effect for HF-syllables. In contrast, the fMRI data revealed no effect of syllable frequency, but point to an impact of syllable structure: Compared with CV-items, syllables with a complex onset (CCV) yielded higher hemodynamic activation in motor “execution” areas (left sensorimotor cortex, right inferior cerebellum), which is at least partially compatible with our previous study. We discuss the role of the syllable in speech motor control.
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Ridouane, Rachid. "Syllables without vowels: phonetic and phonological evidence from Tashlhiyt Berber." Phonology 25, no. 2 (August 2008): 321–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675708001498.
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It has been proposed that Tashlhiyt is a language which allows any segment, including obstruents, to be a syllable nucleus. The most striking and controversial examples taken as arguments in favour of this analysis involve series of words claimed to contain only obstruents. This claim is disputed in some recent work, where it is argued that these consonant sequences contain schwas that can be syllable nuclei. This article presents arguments showing that vowelless syllables do exist in Tashlhiyt, both at the phonetic and phonological levels. Acoustic, fibrescopic and photoelectroglottographic examination of voiceless words (e.g. [tkkststt]) provide evidence that such items lack syllabic vocalic elements. In addition, two types of phonological data, metrics and a spirantisation process, are presented to show that in this language schwa is not a segment which can be independently manipulated by phonological grammar and which can be referred to the syllable structure.
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Hammond, Michael, Natasha Warner, Andréa Davis, Andrew Carnie, Diana Archangeli, and Muriel Fisher. "Vowel insertion in Scottish Gaelic." Phonology 31, no. 1 (May 2014): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000050.
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Scottish Gaelic has been cited as providing an instance of vowel excrescence (Hall 2006). One of the defining properties of excrescent vowels is that they are phonologically inert and are not motivated by – nor do they contribute to – the syllable structure of a language. In this paper, we report on a series of experiments which tap into native speakers' intuitions of syllable structure in Scottish Gaelic. Insofar as intuitions about syllable count and syllabification reflect phonological structure, our results suggest that the relevant vowels of Scottish Gaelic are not phonologically inert, and contribute directly to native speaker intuitions involving the number of syllables and the affiliation of consonants to those syllables. However, our results also establish that the relevant vowels have an intermediate phonological status, which also distinguishes them from underlying vowels.
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Aldrich, Alexander C., and Miquel Simonet. "Duration of syllable nuclei in Spanish." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2019-2012.
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AbstractIn many languages, vowel duration is modulated by syllable structure — a phenomenon known asvowel compression— so that vowels are shorter in syllables with more segments than in syllables with fewer segments. Most instrumental evidence to date has reported an effect, in many languages, of the presence (and complexity) of a coda, and some studies have also documented effects of the presence (and complexity) of an onset. However, no prior studies on Spanish vowel duration have captured any effects of syllable structure. Using data from nine speakers and controlled speech materials, the present study addresses the following research question: Does syllable structure modulate vowel duration? The findings are as follows: (a) Relative to simplex onsets (those with a singleton consonant), complex onsets (those with a consonant cluster) trigger vowel compression; and (b) neither simplex nor complex codas consistently drive vowel compression — i.e. codas do not systematically affect vowel duration. Together with the facts for other languages, our findings support a view according to which syllable structure — in particular,onsetcomplexity — modulates acoustic vowel duration. The study discusses the theoretical implications of this finding, which are argued to be in line with some of the principles of the Articulatory Phonology framework or, alternatively, suggest that codas should not be considered part of the articulatory syllable.
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Kenstowicz, Michael. "Notes on Syllable Structure in Three Arabic Dialects." Revue québécoise de linguistique 16, no. 1 (May 14, 2009): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602581ar.
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Abstract This paper examines a number of pervasive syllable-based alternations in three modern Arabic dialects: Levantine, Bani-Hassan (Bedouin) and Sudanese. The first part develops a distinction between core (CV, CVV, CVC) and marginal (CVCC, CVVC) syllables. It is argued that core syllables are constructed in the lexical phonology while marginal syllables are built postlexically. The second part of the paper develops an analysis of wasla ("joining"). It is shown how drawing a distinction between the segmental and skeletal tiers helps to explain several properties of this otherwise puzzling phenomenon.
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Sen, Ranjan. "Reconstructing phonological change: duration and syllable structure in Latin vowel reduction." Phonology 29, no. 3 (December 2012): 465–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675712000231.
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During the fixed initial-stress period of Latin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), internal open syllable vowels were totally neutralised, usually raising to /i/ (*per.fa.ki.oː>perficiō ‘I complete’), whereas in closed syllables /a/ was raised to /e/, but the other vowels remained distinct (*per.fak.tos>perfectus ‘completed’). Miller (1972) explains closed syllable resistance by positing internal secondary stress on closed syllables. However, evidence from vowel reduction and syncope suggest that internal syllables never bore stress in early archaic times. A typologically unusual alternative is proposed: contrary to the pattern normally found (Maddieson 1985), vowels had longer duration in closed syllables than in open syllables, as in Turkish and Finnish, thus permitting speakers to attain the targets for non-high vowels in closed syllables. This durational pattern is manifested not only in vowel reduction, but also in the quantitative changes seen in ‘classical’ and ‘inverse’ compensatory lengthenings, the development CVːCV > CVC and ‘superheavy’ degemination (VːCCV > VːCV).
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Troyer, Todd W., Michael S. Brainard, and Kristofer E. Bouchard. "Timing during transitions in Bengalese finch song: implications for motor sequencing." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00296.2017.
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To investigate mechanisms of action sequencing, we examined the relationship between timing and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. An individual’s song comprises acoustically distinct syllables organized into probabilistic sequences: a given syllable potentially can transition to several different syllables (divergence points), and several different syllables can transition to a given syllable (convergence points). In agreement with previous studies, we found that more probable transitions at divergence points occur with shorter intersyllable gaps. One intuition for this relationship is that selection between syllables reflects a competitive branching process, in which stronger links to one syllable lead to both higher probabilities and shorter latencies for transitions to that syllable vs. competing alternatives. However, we found that simulations of competitive race models result in overlapping winning-time distributions for competing outcomes and fail to replicate the strong negative correlation between probability and gap duration found in song data. Further investigation of song structure revealed strong positive correlation between gap durations for transitions that share a common convergent point. Such transitions are not related by a common competitive process, but instead reflect a common terminal syllable. In contrast to gap durations, transition probabilities were not correlated at convergence points. Together, our data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation. This may result from a process in which probabilistic sequencing is first stabilized, followed by a shortening of the latency to syllables that are sung more often. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bengalese finch songs consist of probabilistic sequences of syllables. Previous studies revealed a strong negative correlation between transition probability and the duration of intersyllable gaps. We show here that the negative correlation is inconsistent with previous suggestions that timing at syllable transitions is governed by a race between competing alternatives. Rather, the data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation.
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FÉRY, CAROLINE. "Markedness, Faithfulness, Vowel Quality and Syllable Structure in French." Journal of French Language Studies 13, no. 2 (September 2003): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269503001121.
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The quality of vowels in French depends to a large extent on the kind of syllables they are in. Tense vowels are often in open syllables and lax vowels in closed ones. This generalisation, which has been called loi de position in the literature, is often overridden by special vowel-consonant co-occurrence restrictions obscuring this law. The article shows first that the admission of semisyllables in the phonology of French explains a large number of counterexamples. Many final closing consonants on the phonetic representation can be understood as onsets of following rime-less syllables, opening in this way the last full syllable. Arguments coming from phonotactic regularities support this analysis. The second insight of the article is that Optimality Theory is a perfect framework to account for the intricate data bearing on the relationship between vowels and syllable structure. The loi de position is an effect dubbed Emergence of the Unmarked, instantiated only in case no higher-ranking constraint renders it inactive.
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Glaze, Christopher M., and Todd W. Troyer. "Development of temporal structure in zebra finch song." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00578.2012.
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Zebra finch song has provided an excellent case study in the neural basis of sequence learning, with a high degree of temporal precision and tight links with precisely timed bursting in forebrain neurons. To examine the development of song timing, we measured the following four aspects of song temporal structure at four age ranges between 65 and 375 days posthatch: the mean durations of song syllables and the silent gaps between them, timing variability linked to song tempo, timing variability expressed independently across syllables and gaps, and transition probabilities between consecutive syllable pairs. We found substantial increases in song tempo between 65 and 85 days posthatch, due almost entirely to a shortening of gaps. We also found a decrease in tempo variability, also specific to gaps. Both the magnitude of the increase in tempo and the decrease in tempo variability were correlated on gap-by-gap basis with increases in the reliability of corresponding syllable transitions. Syllables had no systematic increase in tempo or decrease in tempo variability. In contrast to tempo parameters, both syllables and gaps showed an early sharp reduction in independent variability followed by continued reductions over the first year. The data suggest that links between syllable-based representations are strengthened during the later parts of the traditional period of song learning and that song rhythm continues to become more regular throughout the first year of life. Similar learning patterns have been identified in human sequence learning, suggesting a potentially rich area of comparative research.
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Michaud, Alexis, and He Xueguang. "Reassociated tones and coalescent syllables in Naxi (Tibeto-Burman)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37, no. 3 (December 2007): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510030700309x.
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The Western dialect of Naxi has four lexical tones: High, Mid, Low and Rising; the latter is rare in the lexicon. Rising contours on monosyllables are frequent in connected speech, however, as a result of a process of syllable reduction: reduction of a morpheme carrying the High tone results in re-association of its tone to the syllable that precedes it in the sentence, creating a rising contour. An experiment (with one speaker and five listeners) establishes that there is not only one rising contour that originates in tonal reassociation, as reported in earlier descriptions, but two: Low-to-High and Mid-to-High – as could be expected by analogy with phenomena observed in Niger-Congo languages and elsewhere. A second set of experiments (same speaker; six listeners) investigates the reduction of Mid- and Low-tone syllables: they reduce to [] and [], respectively, and coalesce with the preceding syllable (in Naxi, syllabic structure is simply consonant + glide + vowel). Unlike High-tone syllable reduction, this process stops short of complete tonal de-linking. These experiments aim to provide a complete picture of syllable reduction patterns in Naxi. It is argued that the notions of floating tones and tonal reassociation can be usefully applied to the Naxi data.
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Jessen, Michael, and Tracy Alan Hall. "Syllable Structure and Syllable-Related Processes in German." Language 69, no. 4 (December 1993): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416916.
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Shin seung-yong. "A Reconstructing Method of Syllable Structure and Ancient Korean Syllable Structure." Society for Korean Language & Literary Research 35, no. 4 (December 2007): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15822/skllr.2007.35.4.29.
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Röttger, Timo B., Ulrike Domahs, Marion Grande, and Frank Domahs. "Structural Factors Affecting the Assignment of Word Stress in German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 24, no. 1 (February 7, 2012): 53–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542711000262.
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This paper aims to shed light on regularities underlying German stress assignment. The results of a pseudoword production task suggest that rhyme complexity of the final syllable is a strong predictor of main stress position in German. We also found that antepenult rhyme complexity and orthographic rhyme structure have significant effect on stress assignment. In general, the effects seem to be probabilistic rather than categorical. Our results suggest that phonological theories of German word stress need to allow for multiple probabilistic factors, including syllabic structure of all stressable syllables and orthographic coding.*
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Sevald, Christine A., Gary S. Dell, and Jennifer S. Cole. "Syllable Structure in Speech Production: Are Syllables Chunks or Schemas?" Journal of Memory and Language 34, no. 6 (December 1995): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1995.1035.
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Kessler, Brett, and Rebecca Treiman. "Syllable Structure and the Distribution of Phonemes in English Syllables." Journal of Memory and Language 37, no. 3 (October 1997): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2522.
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Mailhammer, Robert, William W. Kruger, and Alexander Makiyama. "Type frequency influences phonological generalizations: Eliminating stressed open syllables with short vowels in West Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 27, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 205–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542715000069.
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A pivotal process in the loss of phonological quantity in West Germanic languages is what is traditionally known as Open Syllable Lengthening. Existing accounts have found no explanation for why languages such as English apply this change in less than 50% of the relevant cases. This paper presents the results of a corpus investigation of four West Germanic languages showing that whether Open Syllable Lengthening occurs in more than 50% of predicted cases correlates with the ratio of closed syllables with short vowels to open syllables with long vowels. We interpret this as the result of frequency effects that have markedly shaped the application of Open Syllable Lengthening in West Germanic. This has implications for phonological change in general, as well as for the relationship between stress and syllable structure in West Germanic languages.*