Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Symbiose'
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Girardin, Ariane. "Understanding the molecular dialog between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and non-legume plants." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30371.
Full textRoot endosymbioses are beneficial associations established between plant roots and soil microorganisms. These symbioses have an agronomic and ecological interest as plants provide their microbial partners with an ecological niche and carbohydrates from photosynthesis. In return, the root-associated microorganisms provide the plant with minerals that are currently being delivered in conventional agriculture as fertilizers. During my thesis, I particularly studied the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). It involves fungi of the Glomeromycota group and more than 80 % of land plants. This is the currently known most widespread symbiosis on earth. Important steps for the AMS establishment have been defined. The first step is the mutual recognition between the endomycorrhizal fungus and the host plant. Fungi can perceive plants through the root exudates. In the complex mixture of molecules in the root exudates, phytohormones called strigolactones activate the endomycorrhizal fungal metabolism, the branching of their hyphae and the production of fungal molecules called Myc-Factors. Myc-Factors are perceived by the plant and activate a signaling pathway allowing root colonization by the fungus. However, parts of the molecular dialogue between endomycorrhizal fungi and host plants remain unknown. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) or chito-oligosaccharides (CO) molecules have been found in exudates of fungal spores or hyphae and were shown to activate the plant symbiotic signaling pathway, however their respective roles in the AMS establishment are unclear. Putative plant receptors for LCOs and COs are encoded by genes from the Lysin Motif Receptor-Like Kinase family (LysM-RLK) which are able of binding the structural LCO and CO components. However, at the beginning of my PhD, we had no evidence allowing to conclude about the involvement of LCOs, COs, or LysM-RLKs in the AMS establishment. During my thesis, I aimed to understand the role the LCOs and their plant receptors in AMS. For this, I used on a dicotyledon (the tomato: Solanum lycopersicum) and on a monocotyledon (Brachypodium distachyon that is a model for wheat). In order to identify the LCO receptors in these two species, I used a reverse genetic approach. Then I determined these receptors affinity for various LCO structures. I showed that in tomato, LCO perception is important for AMS establishment. In addition, I have studied the symbiosis between rhizobium-type bacteria and plants of the legume family. Interestingly, the establishment of this symbiosis requires LCO synthesis by rhizobia and LCO perception by the plant via receptors of the LysM-RLK family. The fact that rhizobium-legume symbiosis shares similarities with the AMS led us to ask whether the LCO receptors involved in AMS (a much more ancient symbiosis than the rhizobium-legume symbiosis) have been recruited during evolution for a role in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. I demonstrated that the LysM-RLKs involved in AMS in the above mentioned non-legume species are functional for the rhizobium-legumes establishment in a legume species
WISNIEWSKI, JEAN-PIERRE. "Symbiose : lectines de rhizobium lupini." Orléans, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ORLE2041.
Full textSchwob, Guillaume. "Rôle écologique de la sporulation in-planta dans les symbioses actinorhiziennes : cas de la symbiose Alnus - Frankia." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1037/document.
Full textMicrobial biogeography would be based on the ability of microorganisms to disperse across time and space, as a function of abiotic factors such as soil properties, climate, and of biotic interactions, in particular with the host in the case of symbionts, but also on life history traits such as the ability to sporulate. Frankia sp. is a spore-forming and nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium that has a complex biogeography given its abilities for both saprophytic life and root symbiotic interaction with actinorhizal plants such as alders (Alnus, Betulaceae). Two distinct groups of Frankia lineages have been described according to a major phenotypic divergence, based on the presence (Sp+) or the absence (Sp-) of spores in planta.. To the best of our knowledge, this endophytic sporulation is an original trait in a symbiotic context and very little is known about its incidence in Frankia biogeography. This work integrates descriptive and experimental approaches on both field and laboratory areas, in order to improve the understanding of the ecological role of Frankia in planta sporulation. First, we have extended the description of the phylobiogeography of Sp+ Frankia strains to validate the previously proposed distribution pattern focused on cold environements at high altitude or high latitude. A phylogeny has been computed using a large number of nodular strains coming from the 3 continents of the Northern Hemisphere and 10 different Alnus species. Special attention was paid to geographic areas where a higher diversity was expected, in Asia, and in its glacial refuges. Second, we studied the influence of the host-plant on the distribution of Fankia Sp+ and the incidence of Sp+ in the symbiotic interaction. Experimental crosses have been performed to disentangle host and climate effects and to test the incidence of the Sp+ trait in terms of infectivity, competitiveness and host-range. Finally, we studied the ecological consequences of the Alnus/Frankia symbiotic complex, on the microbial diversity and on the nitrogen cycle functionning, with respect to the sporulation of Frankia and to the Alnus expansion on sub-/alpine grasslands. Soils analyses were performed in association with measures of nitrification and denitrification, as well as global and functional microbial diversity analyses, in Sp+, Sp- or mixed alder stands and at different colonization stages. In each part of this work, alder ectomycorhizae were analyzed to compare the distribution pattern between the two symbionts and to highlight potential interactions with the Sp+ trait of Frankia. Our results show the dominance of Sp+ strains in nodules of alder species from cold environments over the 3 continents of the Holarctic zone, with original diversity patterns in alder area of origin and in glacial refuges. Even if these strains are genetically homogenous, host-specific clusters were observed in the phylogeny. Crosses revealed that Sp+ strains were more infective and competitive than Sp- strains. Moreover, unlike Sp- strains that harbor a wide host-range, Sp+ strains have a narrower specificity leading to association’s incompatibilities and suggesting strong host dependence. For the first time, modifications of microbial communities were revealed in response to the Alnus-Frankia symbiotic complex colonization and were linked to a stimulation of the nitrogen cycle in the sub-/alpine grasslands. The first comparative results of nitrogen fixation between Sp+ and Sp- strains in natura suggest a maximal efficiency of fixation, representing almost 100% of the alder nitrogen. However, unlike previous reports in literature, no pattern was observed between Sp+ and Sp- strains, suggesting a complex effect of seasonality, alder age as well as that of nodules. Altogether, the previous results contribute to a better understanding of the Frankia biogeography drivers and allow us to discuss the expected evolution of distribution pattern in response to the global warming
Bisot, Corentin. "Bridging scales in the Arbsucular Mycorhizal Symbiosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0057.
Full textThe microscopic life of soils is responsible for large macroscopic flows of matter at a planetary scale. However, the complexity of ecosystems and the organisms that comprise them makes it difficult to scale from one level to another. The thesis titled "Linking Scales in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis" establishes connections between objects ranging from the size of a lipid droplet (~500nm) to the total length of fungal hyphae at a planetary scale (~10^20m).The first chapter introduces a framework for analyzing fungal colonies through 'travelling waves', connecting the microscopic scale of individual hyphal behavior to macroscopic variables such as density and propagation speed. These results constitute the first analysis of experimental data with high degree of spatiotemporal resolution of a branching organism's morphogenesis dynamics.The second details the ecological consequences of this macroscopic propagation by quantifying the resource exchange it entails. This result sheds new light on mycorrhizal science by linking phenotypic traits of fungal colonies to their impact on trade with plants in different environments.The third chapter focuses on the microscopic underpinning of bidirectional resource trade within the Arbuscular Mycorhizhal (AM) fungal colonies. It aims at characterizing the robust physical mechanisms that allow the directed transport of carbon and phosphorous over the centimeter wide colony.In an annex chapter, the results are projected at the scale of ecosystems. The work on the radius of the hyphae particularly helps to reduce the calculation uncertainty on the total biomass of mycorrhizal fungi in an ecosystem and at a planetary scale
Lextrait, Gaëlle. "The Coreoidea-Caballeronia gut symbiosis : specificity and bacterial fitness determinants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB029.
Full textThe evolutionary stability of host-microbe relationships is crucial for symbiosis. Vertical transmission of microbial symbionts from parents to offspring is well established, but environmental acquisition through horizontal transmission of symbionts requires specific adaptations. Insects of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha have an effective mechanism for acquiring their symbionts from the soil. These insects possess a distinctive intestinal architecture with a posterior region called M4, composed of hundreds of crypts that provide a specific niche for harboring beneficial gut symbionts. Coreoidea specifically select Caballeronia bacteria. My thesis explores the specificity of this association and the underlying bacterial mechanisms. Three species of Coreoidea (Riptortus pedestris, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Coreus marginatus) show a preference for specific subclades of Caballeronia, influenced by interspecific competition. The M4 region is dominated by a single bacterial species, suggesting strong selective pressure. Strain specificity is aligned with a reproductive fitness advantage. Genetic screenings revealed crucial functions for crypt colonization, including chemotaxis, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and the ability to utilize neoglucogenic carbon sources such as taurine and inositol, suggesting that the host provides these metabolites as nutrients to the symbionts. These findings demonstrate that despite high environmental microbial diversity, insects select specific symbionts through multifactorial mechanisms
Henry, Nicolas. "Écologie moléculaire des symbioses eucaryotes des écosystèmes planctoniques de la zone photique des océans." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066181/document.
Full textThe oceans, which cover nearly 70 % of the earth's surface, is host to a myriad of mostly microscopic organisms that drift with the currents and are collectively called plankton. As in other ecosystems, symbioses play a major role in the functioning and equilibrium of the plankton. But the exact nature and strength of those symbiotic interactions are still poorly known, not only due to the small size of most planktonic organisms, but also because of the inherent difficulty of sampling planktonic ecosystems, especially in the high-seas. The main goals of this thesis are to give a global view of the importance of planktonic symbioses and to propose novel methods for their detection. The work presented in this manuscript is based on analyses of data generated during the Tara Oceans expedition (2009-2013), during which sea water was collected and size fractionated by filtration at 210 sampling locations distributed across the world's oceans. The data analyses presented herein mostly focus on an environmental metabarcoding dataset obtained from next-generation sequencing (Illumina) of the V9 hypervariable region (~130 nucleotides long) of the 18S small ribosomal subunit of eukaryotic organisms. We begin by assessing the diversity and structure of pico-, nano-, micro and meso-planktonic eukaryotic communities (0.8-2000 μm) in the photic zone of tropical to temperate sea regions. Then, we present two cases of symbioses (Blastodinium-Copepods and Symbiodinium-Tiarina) to illustrate both the difficulties encountered when trying to detect symbiotic relationships using metabarcoding data due to varying specificities of symbiotic relationships, but also the potential solutions offered by size-fractionated sampling to distinguish between the different stages of the life cycle of symbiotic organisms (free living and symbiotic stages). Finally, we propose a set of methods to improve the detection of symbioses by studying the co-occurrence of organisms in planktonic communities: we use the distribution of metabarcodes along size fractions ((piconano- (0.8-5 μm), nano- (5-20 μm), micro- (20-180 μm), and meso-plancton (180-2000 μm)) to distinguish likely free living organisms from those that have a symbiotic life style, and we compare the abundance of genetic groups constructed by clustering metabarcodes at different resolution levels, which allows us to detect interactions occurring above the species level and to evaluate their level of specificity
Revel, Johana. "Médiateurs chimiques dans la symbiose Cnidaire-Dinoflagellés : caractérisation, distribution et réponse au stress." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4108/document.
Full textThe ecological success of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis mainly relies on nutrient recycling. Environmental changes, such as global warming or pollution, often result to symbiosis breakdown, also called cnidarian bleaching. The understanding of mechanisms regulating the symbiosis establishment, maintenance and breakdown is essential to prevent massive bleaching phenomena. In this respect, my PhD project focused on the characterization of chemical mediators expressed in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis, their localization and their modulation by stress conditions. A comparative study was first conducted to characterize the chemical mediators and analyze their distribution within the symbiotic sea anemone. We described a great abundance and diversity of lipids in A. viridis tissues. From these results, we proposed possible transfers of FAs between the symbiotic partners. A thermal stress and a chemical stress have also been applied in laboratory-controlled conditions in order to induce symbiosis breakdown and bleaching of the sea anemones, in order to correlate A. viridis metabolome to its symbiotic status. A mapping of these metabolites has been performed by MALDI-MSI of tentacle cross-sections, as well as their evolution following stress. Some betaine lipids have thus been proposed as short-term indicators of stress. A. viridis stress response has also been evaluated with a lipidomic approach, and allowed to identify 3 lipid indicators of early stress response based on membrane fluidity markers. Overall, this study provides insight on key chemical mediators that may regulate the symbiosis maintenance, and may contribute to the symbiosis breakdown
Queiroux, Clothilde. "Signalisation moléculaire dans la symbiose Frankia-aulne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10228.
Full textNitrogen is essential for cells development. It's one of the limiting factors of plant growth. The only abundant source of this component is the atmosphere which contains 80 % of dinitrogen, but this form can only be assimilated by some prokaryotes. These microorganisms are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen under freeliving condition or in symbiosis with some plants. Thus, they provide nitrogen substrates to the plant in the form of ammonium, and in return the plant provides carbon substrates from photosynthesis. It is an association with reciprocal profits for both partners. There are two major nitrogen-fixing symbioses: rhizobial symbiosis, which involves various Proteobacteria and actinorhizal symbiosis, which involves the Actinobacterium, Frankia. Bacteria enter plant root cells and develop a new organ, the nodule where nitrogen fixation takes place. Molecular bases are well characterized for rhizobial symbiosis, whereas little is known about the actinorhizal symbiosis. This fact is in part due to absence of genetic tools for Frankia. However, early steps of the interaction show some similarities. These two bacteria are able to induce root hair deformation by secreting a deforming factor, Nod factor in most rhizobial symbioses and a noncharacterized factor in the actinorhizal symbiosis. The aim of this thesis was to determine if molecular dialogue between plant and bacteria is based on universal components. This work used two approaches. One was targeted on nodC-like gene from Frankia alni ACN14a. We tried to characterize their function. Another used trancriptomic microarrays in Frankia. This technique allowed us to compare transcripts from 2 conditions: free-living cells and symbiosis. A last approach focused on aromatic compounds in Frankia. We wanted to determine if Frankia was able to use different aromatic compounds to grow. Indeed, a lot of aromatic compounds are involved in plant-bacteria interaction such as plant defense
Indelicato, Claire-Emmanuelle. "Caractérisation des mécanismes impliqués dans la promotion de croissance de la Drosophile par Lactobacillus plantarum." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN094/document.
Full textIntestinal microbiota can modulate virtually all aspects of their host physiology, and particularly, digestion and metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms at play remain largely unknown. To tackle this question, we use a simple gnotobiotic model: Drosophila larvae monoassociated with one of its major natural symbiont, Lactobacillus plantarum. Previous work from our group showed that L. plantarum promotes the juvenile growth of larvae facing a protein scarcity, thereby dampening the deleterious effect of the nutrient deficiency on larval growth. This growth enhancement partially relies on the upregulation of intestinal proteases, as well as on the modulation of the host TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) pathway by the symbionts. My thesis work aimed at unraveling other host genetic mechanisms involved in the interaction between Drosophila and L. plantarum during growth. Our work showed that host natural genomic variations affect the fly physiologic response to L. plantarum. Furthermore, the bases of our work enabled to unveil a novel role of intestinal bacteria, revealing their ability to act as a genetic buffer to compensate the growth impairments due to the fly genetic background. In addition, L. plantarum decreases the phenotypic variations in various host fitness traits (growth, organ size, timing to pupariation) and it also confers robustness to organ patterning. Finally, we showed that the TGF-β ligand, Dawdle plays an important regulatory role on digestive enzymes in a protein-deficient nutritional context, and that this regulation can be inhibitory or activating depending on the microbial environment
Porro, Barbara. "Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4071.
Full textWhat is an individual ? This apparently naive question is actually the first step of studies of population genetics and evolutionary biology, but is non-trivial in symbiotic organisms. The interaction among a host and its symbiotic micro-organisms can influence the development, the reproduction and the adaptative capacities of the holobiont and the evolutives trajectories of species. If we want to understand these interactions, we have to decipher the complexity of symbiotic interactions by characterizing the different partners and to measure the role of each partner in the proper functioning of the holobiont. In Anemonia viridis (as in many other Cnidarians), the animal hosts can live in mutualistic symbiosis with photosynthetic Dinoflagellates belonging to the Symbiodiniaceae family (with one Symbiodiniaceae clade for A. viridis). This anemone displays different colour morphs. To understand the origin of the phenotypic diversity but also to measure the associated symbiotic diversity, we genotyped sea anemones from English Channel and Mediterranean Sea with RAD sequencing (for the animal host) and targeted markers, the ITS2 and microsatellite markers (for the symbionts). Our studies revealed several sympatric host genetic lineages which were not congruent with the morphological differentiation. In addition, the symbiotic diversity was not correlated with host genetic lineages but with the sampling location of sea anemones. These results revealed that A. viridis is actually a species complex with both intergenerational vertical transmission and probably an additional horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae. Because A. viridis shows a dynamic symbiosis, selection can act independently on both the symbiotic composition and the host. This makes A. viridis an interesting laboratory model to understand adaptative capacities in an holobiont
Zou, Lan. "Mécanisme de l'autorégulation de l'infection secondaire dans la symbiose S. meliloti-Medicago." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30108.
Full textThe symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and legumes involve complicated regulatory loops and signals exchanges. In the S.meliloti-Medicago symbiosis, nodulation and bacterial infection rely on bacterial NFs and surface polysaccharides EPS. After successful nodulation has occurred, plant autoregulates nodule number by a well-known systemic regulatory mechanism called AON. Plant mutants defective in AON display a hypernodulation phenotype. Some plant mutants display a hyperinfection phenotype yet associated with defects in nodulation or nitrogen fixation ability. Whether ITs formation is also autoregulated independently of nodulation has remained so far unclear. Here we describe a new regulatory pathway that negatively controls secondary infection, ie ITs formation on already nodulated plants at late symbiotic stages (7-14 dpi) in the S.meliloti-Medicago symbiosis. This pathway was called AOI. We show that AOI controls ITs formation without impacting nodulation nor nitrogen fixation. Contrary to AON which is only under plant control, AOI is under both plant and bacteria control. In AOI, unknown plant signals 1 and 1' synthesized during nodule organogenesis are perceived by endosymbiotic bacteria through an outer membrane protein NsrA. NsrA transduces the signals to three receptor-like adenylate cyclases, namely, CyaD1, CyaD2 and CyaK to produce cAMP. cAMP together with the transcriptional regulator Clr drives the expression of target genes, such as smc02178, smc02177 and smb20495, leading to the production of signal 2. Signal 2 then induces the production of ethylene by the plant, which further inhibits secondary infection by decreasing the root susceptibility to NFs. The implication of endosymbiotic bacteria ensures that AOI inhibits ITs formation after successful infection of nodules has occurred. Plant signal 1 has been proved by the group to be a big protein which may act as a new signal in the concert of symbiosis. Signal 2 may be a new surface (lipo)polysaccharide. Signal 3, ethylene, in addition to its well-known role in controlling primary infection at early symbiotic stages, plays a new role in controlling secondary infection at late stages in AOI. Thus, AOI is a new regulatory loop involving new signals
Détrée, Camille. "Mise en évidence des acteurs moléculaires de la symbiose chimiosynthetique chez Bathymodiolus azoricus : une approche OMIC." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066575/document.
Full textHydrothermal vents are located on the mid-ocean ridges, and are characterized by challenging physico-chemical conditions. Despite these conditions dense hydrothermal communities develop down around hydrothermal fluid emissions. The presence of marine invertebrates relies on their capacity to cope with these challenging factors, and, for those forming most of the biomass, on their ability to live in symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Bathymodiolus azoricus is one of these symbiotic species that harbors two types of γ-proteobacteria, a sulfide-oxidizing bacterium (SOX) (using the oxidation of H2S as the source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon) and a methane-oxidizing bacterium (MOX) (that uses the oxidation of CH4 as both a source of energy and carbon). These bacteria are located in specific epithelial cells in the gill tissue of the mussel. The proportion and number of these symbiont types (SOX vs. MOX) in B.azoricus can change in response to environmental conditions, and especially on the relative concentration of reduced compounds. The aim of our study is to understand the molecular mechanisms of acquisition, regulation and maintenance of the symbiotic charge in B .azoricus gills. We therefore, performed a global OMICs analysis (proteomics –nano LC-MS/MS and transcriptomics- micro-array) on mussels from natural population (Lucky Strike, -1700m) and on mussels that experimentally loose or maintain their symbiotic rate. This exploratory approach was followed by a more specific approach on family of proteins involved in immunity process and/or in host/symbiont interactions. This PhD provides hypotheses on the mechanisms governing the relationship and communication between host and symbionts
Berrabah, Fathi. "Contrôle symbiotique de l’immunité au cours des étapes tardives de la symbiose Medicago-Sinorhizobium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS058/document.
Full textThe legume plant Medicago establishes symbiotic interaction with nitrogen fixing bacteria, called rhizobia. This interaction leads to the formation of root organs, the nodules. A massive and chronic infection of nodule cells is observed without induction of any plant defense suggesting that a symbiotic mechanism controls immunity in the nodules. The two Medicago genes, DNF2 and SymCRK encoding a phospholipase C-like protein and a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase respectively were identified as potentially involved in the prevention of defenses during the late steps of the symbiosis. However, this phenomenon was poorly characterized. Herein we improved the characterization of the Legume tolerance to intracellular rhizobia with an emphasis on the role of DNF2 and SymCRK. Our results indicate that dnf2 and symCRK produce necrotic nodules that do not fix nitrogen, that develop defenses and in which bacteroids, the intracellular form of rhizobia, rapidly loose viability. Using bacterial mutants, we show that reduced bacteroid viability and/or nitrogen fixation defect are not per se enough to trigger defenses in wild type plants. Our results also indicate that DNF2 and SymCRK act successively during the symbiotic process and that artificial culture conditions can bypass DNF2 requirement for symbiosis. Finally, symCRK proteome analysis and physiological studies together indicate that the ethylene pathway has to be repressed after rhizobia internalization within the plant cells to maintain efficient symbiosis. Together our data improve the knowledge on the basis of legume tolerance to rhizobia
Monnin, David. "Évolution de la dépendance et homéostasie oxydative dans les symbioses insecte / Wolbachia." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1123/document.
Full textMany insects live in association with maternally transmitted endosymbiont. From their host point of view, some of those symbionts are obligatory, whereas others are facultative. Although it usually belongs to this second category, the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia has become obligatory in some of its hosts. This is notably the case in two drosophila parasitoid of the genus Asobara (Hymenoptera). It has been shown that Wolbachia was necessary for egg production in A. tabida, and that the failure of oogenesis in females cured of their symbiont is associated with a perturbation of their oxidative homeostasis. We therefore studied the impact of antioxidant and pro-oxidant compounds on the host life-history traits and the symbiotic density to determine the extent to which the oxidative homeostasis could be involved in host–Wolbachia coevolution, and in the evolution of the dependence of the host to its symbiont. In some populations of A. japonica, the coevolution with a thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia led to the loss of the females’ ability to sexually reproduce. We researched the mechanistic bases of this loss of traits by comparing the transcriptomes and the cuticular hydrocarbons – molecules that can play the role of sex pheromones – of sexual and asexual females
Kazmierczak, Theophile. "Identification de nouveaux régulateurs de la sénescence nodositaire chez Medicago truncatula." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS080.
Full textSenescence is the last step of plant organ lifespan and allows their degradation in order to remobilize components from senescent tissues toward others organs. In the nitrogen fixing symbiosis nodulation occurring between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, a senescence process has been described. However, limited knowledge about regulatory systems controlling senescence in the symbiotic nodule is available. In the laboratory, the MtNAC969 transcription factor was identified as a regulator of nodule senescence. The aim of this PhD project is to identify and characterize new regulatory factors involved in nodule senescence. We developed two independent approaches : (i) the identification of genes coregulated with MtNAC969 or a cystein protease MtCP6 used as nodule senescence marker ; and (ii), targeted approach focused on the role of cytokinin signaling pathways in nodule senescence. This project allowed us to identify two regulator transcription factors, MtbHLH107 and MtNAC009 ; and to decipher the cytokinin role in the senescence of the symbiotic organ. This PhD thesis allowed us to identify two new potential regulators of nodule senescence, MtbHLH107 and MtNAC009; and to decipher the role of cytokinins in the senescence of this symbiotic organ
Vigneron, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des bases moléculaires de l'évolution de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules chez les plantes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30260.
Full textThe Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis is an association between most embryophytes and ubiquitous soil-born fungi that belong to the Glomeromycotina. It has been proposed as one of the key innovation that allowed the colonization of land by plants 450 million years ago. AM fungi colonize internally their host and produce intracellular structures, called arbuscules, where they provide water and mineral nutrients to their host in exchange for carbon delivered as sugars and lipids. In angiosperms, recent studies have provided a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind AM establishment and trophic exchanges. Lipids have been identified as the main carbon source transferred to the fungal partner which is lipid auxotroph. The associated symbiotic lipid-biosynthesis pathway expressed in cells colonized by AM fungi have been deciphered in model plants. However, genetic studies have so far been limited to a few angiosperm species. Here, we used the model liverwort Marchantia paleacea, recently developed, to test whether the mechanisms that allow the transfer of lipids from the plant to the fungus have a deep origin in plants or evolved more recently in Angiosperms. First, we observed lipid accumulation in the arbuscule-containing cells of M. paleacea. Then, an original strategy based on enzymatic engineering allowed us to follow the fate of specific lipid compounds believed to be transferred to the fungus. By this way, we demonstrated the production of lipids and their transfer from M. paleacea to the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The conservation of this transfer, that had been originally demonstrated in angiosperms, outlines its importance in the AM symbiosis. Thanks to the recently sequenced genome of M. paleacea, we identified in this organism the genes known in angiosperms as being involved in the symbiotic lipid biosynthesis and transfer pathway. I focused on one essential gene encoding for the Glycerol-3 Phosphate Acyl Transferase RAM2 which is thought to act downstream of this pathway. Promoter GUS analysis of M. paleacea RAM2, indicated that its expression was induced in arbuscule-containing cells. [...]
Apremont, Vincent. "Description de la diversité microbienne associée à la crevette Rimicaris chacei : une possible double symbiose." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0107.
Full textDeep-sea ocean may soon represent deep-sea mining industry future. However, these environments are still poorly explored. Therefore, mining issues on deep-sea ecosystems are not yet evaluated, mostly on their main target: the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Our study focused on a shrimp, Rimicaris chacei and to its potential symbioses with chemoautotrophic microbial communities.This shrimp have a mixotrophic behaviour, mixed between necrophagy and symbiosis. It could therefore have a potential trophic plasticity in case of steep environmental modifications. Moreover, C. chacei is closely related to Rimicaris exoculata, in terms of both phylogeny and ecology. This could let suppose a common symbiosis history, presenting nowadays two different levels of association.Two potential symbiotic microbial communities have been studied here, one located in the cephalothorax and the other in the digestive tract, using two complementary approaches: microscopy and molecular analyses. Two main points have been focused in our work: (1) Describing the shrimp and its associated microbial communities in terms of morphology, repartition and phylogeny. (2) Using a metabarcoding approach to evaluate the similarity level shared between C. chacei and R. exoculata associated microbial communities. We intend to analyse a possible genetic variation among symbionts of the two hosts, whether it would be linked to the hydrothermal vent origin (geography), or to the studied shrimp (host), or both of them. As bioinformatics was an important part of my work to analyse barcoding/metabarcoding data, a part of my thesis is dedicated to explain these analyses as a tutorial for all future users
Balzergue, Coline. "Régulation de la symbiose endomycorhizienne par le phosphate." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796089.
Full textGaliana, Antoine. "La symbiose fixatrice d'azote chez acacia mangium - rhizobium." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066516.
Full textPalmier, Sara. "Symbiose rhizobiacées-légumineuses : études synthétiques de sondes moléculaires." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112262.
Full textLegumes contitute a family of plants that live in association with specific symbiotic bacteria (genus Rhizobium) which are responsible for atmospheric nitrogen assimilation. This symbiotic process is initiated by the exchange of signal compounds: in response to plant secreted flavonoi͏̈ds, bacterial nod genes are activated resulting in the biosynthesis and secretion of nodulation factors (Nod Factors). An enzyme called D. F. E, which is responsable for hydrolysis of these lipo-chitooligosaccharids has been isolated from alfalfa roots. In order to understand the mechanism of Nod factors perception, the preparation of new biochemical probes by chemical and chemo-enzymatic syntheses have been considered. One of the tools we are targeting is a Nod factor analog that would be resistant to chitinase-like activity. A C-glycosidic analog in which the central interglycosidic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group may well conform with such desired properties. We thefore proceeded to the synthesis of β C-glycosides. The samarium diiodide promoted reduction of 2-acetamidoglucosyl pyridylsulfone led to the stereoselective synthesis of β C-glucosamine derivatives in good yields, after oxydation and epimerization. This approach applied to 2-deoxy series where the coupling step gives no stereoselectivity, offers also a good selectivity. In attempts to prepare the aldehydic partner we evaluated several approaches including a radical reaction (radical acylation, formyl group transfer reaction). Only the radical acylation described by Kim and Coll. Seemed attractive, in spite of modest yields. Finally, we developped a one-step β-selective glycosylation of N-acetylglucosamine and recombinant chitooligosaccharides in order to prepare biologic probes to isolate one or several receptors implicated in the nodulation mechanism
Schneider, Kathrin Friederike. "Arno Schmidt et les sciences : fascination, critique, symbiose." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3036.
Full textSchmitz, Antonin. "Interactions immunité-parasitisme et immunité-symbiose chez les insectes : apport de deux modèles biologiques : drosophile-parasitoïde et puceron-symbiotes-parasitoïde." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4030.
Full textThis manuscript deals with immune interactions in host-parasitoid and host-parasitoid-symbionts systems in two host model species : Drosophila melanogaster and the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The host-parasitoid system D. Melanogaster – L. Boulardi present both a polymorphism in host resistance and parasitoid virulence and factors involved are well characterized. We address the origin of the polymorphism of virulence of L. Boulardi, and shown to be associated with variations in expression of a major immunosuppressive factor from the venom, which induces a deformation of the immune cells of D. Melanogaster. A. Pisum lives in symbiosis with the mutualistic bacteria B. Aphidicola and can harbour different facultative secondary symbionts, some many confer different phenotypic traits to their host (eg resistance to parasitoids od fungal pathogens). The recent annotation of the genome of A. Pisum showed an apparently reduced immune repertoire which suggests an adaptation to symbiosis’ lifestyle. The first part of the work presented is a detailed characterization of A. Pisum cellular immunity (hemocytes’ types, functions, and response of the hemocytes to the presence of symbionts) and suggests an apparent functional immunity in the pea aphid. The second part of this work is a comparative study of the immunocompetence of A. Pisum (hemocytes and phenoloxidase activity), depending on host genotype, the presence of different symbionts, and the origin of the infection (natural vs. Artificial). It demonstrates a strong interaction between host immune capacities and symbiotic status in aphids
Bonaldi, Katia. "Caractérisation de la symbiose Nod-indépendante entre les Bradyrhizobium photosynthétiques et les légumineuses tropicales du genre Aeschynomene." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20185.
Full textThe photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium are able to induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in some legumes of the Aeschynomene genus. The recent discovery that some of these strains lack the canonical nodABC genes indicates the existence of a new symbiotic rhizobium-legume process that is independent of Nod factors. The aim of this work was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this new interaction. First, through various cytological approaches, the process by which the bacterium infects the plant in the absence of Nod factors has been described. Second, in order to decipher the molecular basis of this interaction, a library of 15,000 Tn5 mutants of the ORS278 strain was screened on plant. This screening allowed the identification of about one hundred bacterial genes involved in this symbiotic process. These results led us to propose a model in which the establishment of the Nod-independent symbiosis involves, on one han d, the synthesis of a bacterial cytokinin that triggers nodule organogenesis, and on the other hand, others bacterial signals that permit the recognition with the host plant. Finally, we developed a genetic transformation procedure of Aeschynomene and we validated this tool by studying the heterologous expression of the early nodulin MtENOD11. Now, functional studies on Aeschynomene are possible to permit the characterization of the Nod-independent signaling pathway
Bournaud, Caroline. "Biodiversité des rhizobiums et interactions tripartite dans le groupe Piptadenia (tribu des Mimoseae)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20242/document.
Full textThe Piptadenia group comprise endemic species from Brazil of which many are trees able to develop on poorly fertile soils and are good candidates for revegetation programs. Piptadenia species establish symbioses with both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia. These species are phylogenetically close to the Mimosa genus, known for its affinity for Burkholderia rhizobial symbionts. In this thesis we describe the biodiversity of rhizobial symbionts associated to the Piptadenia group, and enlarge the affinity towards Burkholderia to this group of legumes. Phylogenetic studies on neutral and symbiotic markers show a stable and ancient symbiosis Burkholderia/Mimoseae. Specificity studies between Burkholderia and Piptadenia group species show that specificity is not strong, and that patterns of associations between partners are isolation site dependent rather than linked to the host legume. In the second part of this thesis we have studied the tripartite association between several Burkholderia genotypes, an AMF (Glomus clarum), and Piptadenia gonoacantha (Pg), a legume species described as making an AMF-dependent nodulation (Jesus et al., 2005). Our experiments show that nodulation in Pg is not AMF-dependent, but that symbiotic efficiency of nodules rely on AMF presence for specific Burkholderia genotypes. We also describe interactions between rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMF presence in nodules, with sporulation in several symbionts combinations). Our work underlines the necessity to consider genotype-genotype interactions between rhizobial and AMF symbionts for the selection of synergistic inoculums in revegetation programs using Piptadenia group species in Brazil
Leclair, Mélanie. "Dynamique évolutive des symbioses protectrices chez les insectes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B043/document.
Full textSymbiotic associations between microorganisms and eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the living world. These microorganisms can play a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of their hosts by altering their phenotypes. Since these symbionts are usually heritable, extended phenotypes resulting from these symbiotic associations may be transmitted to subsequent generations. Some microorganisms will allow access to a food source; others will provide protection against natural enemies. Such symbiotic protection is found in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in its interaction with the bacteria Hamiltonella defensa. This symbiosis provides the aphid with a resistance against the attack of its main parasitoid enemy: Aphidius ervi. The populations of the pea aphid, a legume pest insect, are structured in different biotypes (specialized populations on host plants). The distribution of this protective symbiont within pea aphid populations is singular: many individuals living on Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Ononis spinosa or Genista sagittalis and G. tinctoria host plant with H. defensa while it is rarely found in other populations of A. pisum biotypes such as Pisum sativum (pea) or Trifolium sp. (clover). We sought to understand why H. defensa was not found in every pea aphid biotype. In order to predict the dynamics of the protective symbiosis and the resistance potential in natural aphid populations, we focused on several ecological and evolutionary processes. We measured the consequence of parasitoid stress in the composition of symbiotic populations in three different biotypes (alfalfa, clover and pea) using a field approach. The distribution of H. defensa symbiont in populations dependent directly on the variability of the associated phenotype expressed in different populations. We identified the phenotypes associated with this symbiont in aphids from different biotypes, and the influence of the local context on these phenotypes. The lack of H. defensa in some individuals can be explained by the redundancy of a protective function already in place in these biotypes, such as an alternative symbiotic species or a strong immunity. Finally, we tested whether the symbiotic protections provided by two different bacteria in the pea aphid could be cumulated, thus creating super-organisms. My work highlights the many factors involved in predicting the frequencies of facultative symbiotic bacteria in host populations
Hammes-Adelé, Sonia. "Traduction temporelle de la relation humain-technologie-organisation : validation et perspectives autour de la symbiose." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ003L/document.
Full textResearches about the issue of human-technology-organization relationship hinge mostly on the concept of acceptance (davis, 1986). Our proposal is based on the theory of symbiosis initiated by licklider (1960). It considers the human-technology relationship through co-evolution, human capacity expansion and mutual dependence. From a questionnaire survey on 483 persons, we have proved the metric qualities of the scale and proposed to revise the initial modeling designer centered. We have extracted a new modeling based on the user view. in a second step, the symbiosis has been set within a time perspective in addition to the "acceptance". This second study confirmed the distinctiveness of acceptance and symbiosis which are two steps of a technological course. Furthermore, symbiosis is influenced by individual characteristics of the user (how it considers its relationship to technology) and characteristics of technology (complexity, response to a need for amplification of human capacity and simplifying the interaction). The link between user activity and technology is also an important factor. The results are discussed from a theoretical and methodological point of view
Moreno, Troconis Miryam. "Symbiose Rhizobium meliloti - Medicago sativa : mesure de la compétition des souches pour la formation des nodosités." Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOS010.
Full textBerjaud, Claude. "Effet de la carence en phosphate sur les phosphatases acides d'un champignon ectomycorhizogène, Pisolithus tinctorius." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20075.
Full textKönig, Sten. "The bacterial symbiont in the shallow water lucinids Codakia orbicularis and C. orbiculata analyzed by physiological proteogenomics." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066700.
Full textThe shallow water bivalves Codakia orbicularis and Codakia orbiculata, both belonging to the family Lucinidae, harbor endosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing gamma-Proteobacteria in their gills. The bivalves live in seagrass beds of Thalassia testudinum and harbor the same bacterial symbionts according to 16S rDNA sequence analysis. During starvation, the symbiont population decreases while no release of symbionts were observed. We observed lysosomal enzyme activity during sulfide and food starvation with cytochemical staining methods. We suggest that the host uses symbionts as a nutrient source to survive a hunger crisis. The carbon transfer from the symbionts to the host could be flexible and could consist in transfer of organic matter, "milking", under normal feeding conditions and digestion of the symbionts, "farming", under starved conditions. Until now the symbiont alone is not cultivable. Therefore, cultivation-independent techniques, like -omics approaches were used to analyze the physiology of the symbiont. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was employed to sequence the genomes of symbionts from both hosts, display the backbone for proteomics. The soluble- and membrane-associated symbiont proteomes were analyzed during different conditions. The oxidation of sulfide is one key metabolic pathway of the Codakia symbiont, most probably using the periplasmic Sox-system, a cytoplasmatic sulfite reductase (DsrAB), an APS reductase (AprAB) and an ATP sulfurylase (SopT). Furthermore, indications for two additional putative sulfide oxidation systems in the periplasmic space, the sulfide quinone reductase (Sqr) and the sulfide dehydrogenase (FccAB), could be found. The Calvin Benson Bassham cycle (CBB) of the symbiont is not completely encoded in the genome. The key genes, RuBisCO, are abundantly expressed. It is assumed that the regeneration of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is performed unconventionally via a PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase. Another feature of the CBB is that two different forms of RuBisCO are encoded in the genome. Both are expressed at the same time, but RuBisCO form I is about 50x times more expressed. Additional to the autotrophic lifestyle, all genes for the heterotrophic lifestyle are encoded in the genome. In the proteome, the enzymes related to glycolysis and TCA-cycle were low expressed. Interestingly, proteins for glycogen metabolism were identified in the proteome. Additionally, several types of transporters like ABC, TRAP and PTS are encoded in the genome. In the proteome several indications were found for an expression of these transporters, even in the endosymbiotic lifestyle. Unexpectedly, in the genome a nif gene cluster is encoded for gaseous nitrogen fixation as ammonium source. The key genes, the nitrogenase NifH/K/D, were abundantly identified in proteome. Further, the proteome analyses indicate a strictly down-regulation of these proteins under starvation conditions. Rubrerythrin, a strongly expressed protein and is predicted to protect the nitrogenase against oxygen stress. The bacterial endosymbionts encode a specialized secretion system type 6 (T6SS) for the transport of bacterial effector molecules through the membranes to the host cytoplasm and display one possibility for a direct "communication" with the host. In summary, genomics and proteomics analyses of the Codakia symbiont improved the knowledge about the metabolism of the symbiont in lucinid bivalves.. The genomics and proteomics data generated in this study can be used as a basis for further in-depth analyses of the physiology of the symbionts and interaction with the host
Renier, Adeline. "Approche pluridisciplinaire de la Symbiose Methylobacterium nodulans / Crotalaria podocarpa." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343650.
Full textCérémonie-Farhane, Hélène. "Interactions moléculaires et génétiques de la symbiose Frankia-aulne." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10202.
Full textHierse, Giselle. "Rompre d'avec la symbiose par l'acquisition des langues étrangères." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE2023.
Full textGomez-Roldan, Maria-Victoria. "Rôle des Strigolactones dans la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/374/.
Full textThe Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic association between fungi to the group of Glomeromycota and the roots of most land plants. This symbiosis helps to improve plant health as well as water and mineral nutrition. Previous work has shown that a family of molecules called strigolactones, secreted by plant roots, are able to stimulate pre-symbiotic growth of AM fungi. These molecules initially characterize as seed germination stimulants for the parasitic plants Striga and Orobanche, are very unstable in the soil, produced in trace amounts, and active on parasitic plants and AM fungi at very low concentrations. To investigate the importance of strigolactones in the AM symbiosis, we first studied maize (Zea mays) plants affected at early stages of carotenoid synthesis, because carotenoids are hypothetical precursors of strigolactones. Mutant (y9) and fluridone-treated plants exhibit a decreased mycorrhization rate and this phenotype can be rescued by treatment with the synthetic strigolactone GR24. We then analysed rms1 and rms5 garden pea (Pisum sativum) mutants affected in carotenoid cleavage enzymes CCD8 and CCD7, respectively. Using mass spectrometry techniques we showed that root exudates of wild-type pea plants contain orobanchyl acetate and another incompletely identified strigolactone while rms1 and rms5 produce neither of these two strigolactones. Mutant exudates are also less active on AM fungi and on Orobanche seed germination. Furthermore, rms1 mutants are less mycorrhized than the wild type and exogenous treatment with GR24 can restore a normal mycorrhization rate. .
Baum, Marlene. "Das Pferd als Symbol : zur kulturellen Bedeutung einer Symbiose /." Frankfurt am Main : Fischer Taschenbuch Verl, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361502526.
Full textGomez-Roldan, Maria-Victoria Bécard Guillaume Puech Virginie. "Rôle des Strigolactones dans la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules." Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/374.
Full textPerrin, Aurélie. "Rôle des alpha-tubulines fongiques dans la symbiose ectomycorhizienne et dans les interactions champignons plantes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10019.
Full textIn all terrestrial ecosystems, plants live in close interaction with numerous fungi. The interaction has a negative or positive effect on host plant depending upon the pathogenic or symbiotic status of the fungus. The establishment of these interactions is based on a tightly regulated molecular dialog between symbiotic partners. Previous studies on the ectomycorrhizal fungi, Hebeloma cylindrosporum associated with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), created a collection of mutants affected in their mycorrhizal abilitiy. The aim of my thesis was to characterize one of these mutants affected in a gene, Hctubα2, encoding an alpha tubulin. Tubulins are eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins involved in microtubules formation. Fungi have one or two alpha-tubulin. For example, H.cylindrosporum has two alpha-tubulin. The site of mutagenic DNA insertion in fungal genome was characterized. I studied the expression of both alpha-tubulins during the establishement of mycorrhizal interaction. Results showed that the two genes are differentially expressed during the interaction with host plant. At proteomic level, I studied the impact of the mutation comparing the two strains using 2D gel electrophoresis and sequencing differentially accumulated spots. Pathogenic fungi also bear two alpha-tubulins, as Botrytis cinerea. The hypothesis of the involvement of the alpha-tubulin 2 in pathogenesis was investigated. I created Botrytis cinerea mutants deleted for this gene. I also created translational fusions in order to visualize both alpha-tubulins in Hebeloma cylindrosporum and in Botrytis cinerea
Devers, Emanuel. "Phosphate homeostasis and novel microRNAs are involved in the regulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Medicago truncatula." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5557/.
Full textAM symbiosis has a positive influence on plant P-nutrition and growth, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of the symbiosis adaptation to different phosphate conditions. The recently described induction of several pri-miR399 transcripts in mycorrhizal shoots and subsequent accumulation of mature miR399 in mycorrhizal roots indicates that local PHO2 expression must be controlled during symbiosis, presumably in order to sustain AM symbiosis development, in spite of locally increased Pi-concentration. A reverse genetic approach used in this study demonstrated that PHO2 and thus the PHR1-miR399-PHO2 signaling pathway, is involved in certain stages of progressive root colonization. In addition, a transcriptomic approach using a split-root system provided a comprehensive insight into the systemic transcriptional changes in mycorrhizal roots and shoots of M. truncatula in response to high phosphate conditions. With regard to the transcriptional responses of the root system, the results indicate that, although the colonization is drastically reduced, AM symbiosis is still functional at high Pi concentrations and might still be beneficial to the plant. Additionally, the data suggest that a specific root-borne mycorrhizal signal systemically induces protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and photosynthesis at low Pi conditions, which is abolished at high Pi conditions. MiRNAs, such as miR399, are involved in long-distance signaling and are therefore potential systemic signals involved in AM symbiosis. A deep-sequencing approach identified 243 novel miRNAs in the root tissue of M. truncatula. Read-count analysis, qRT-PCR measurements and in situ hybridizations clearly indicated a regulation of miR5229a/b, miR5204, miR160f*, miR160c, miR169 and miR169d*/l*/m*/e.2* during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Moreover, miR5204* represses a GRAS TF, which is specifically transcribed in mycorrhizal roots. Since miR5204* is induced by high Pi it might represent a further Pi status-mediating signal beside miR399. This study provides additional evidence that MtNsp2, a key regulator of symbiosis-signaling, is regulated and presumably spatially restricted by miR171h cleavage. In summary, a repression of mycorrhizal root colonization at high phosphate status is most likely due to a repression of the phosphate starvation responses and the loss of beneficial responses in mycorrhizal shoots. These findings provide a new basis for investigating the regulatory network leading to cellular reprogramming during interaction between plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and different phosphate conditions.
Meng, Arnaud. "Étude de la symbiose dans le plancton marin par une approche transcriptome et méta-transcriptome." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066478/document.
Full textSymbiotic associations between organisms are essentials in biodiversity evolution and ecosystems functioning. In terrestrial environments or in the benthic marine environment, the symbioses encountered are fairly well described and studied. In the marine plankton, photosymbioses are phenomena described and observed since the 19th century. However, if the actors of these associations begin to be identified, the fundamental functional mechanisms for the establishment and the maintenance of these symbioses remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for the symbiotic association between symbiotic radiolarians and their dinoflagellate photosymbionts, two unicellular eucaryotes, which I was interested in during this thesis. These two organisms are known to be widespread in the oceans and for their key role in marine ecosystems, and it is therefore important to characterize these symbiotic events in order to deepen our knowledge of these organisms. Thanks to high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now possible to obtain an unprecedented amount of data for these unicellular organisms that are not cultivable and need to be directly isolated from the environment. These new technologies represent a unique opportunity to better characterized the mechanisms involved in these intimate cellular interactions. My Ph.D. work has combined the implementation of bioinformatics protocols and tools dedicated to the assembly and analysis of RNA-seq data as well as to the study of holobiont transcriptomes of radiolarians and dinoflagellates. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of functional and evolutionary adaptation of marine photosymbiotic organisms
Lallemand, Félix. "Evolution des interactions mycorhiziennes et de la mycohétérotrophie chez les orchidées." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0019/document.
Full textTerrestrial plants live in collaboration with soil fungi, forming associations called mycorrhizal symbioses. They exchange carbon (photosynthates) for water and nutrients. This mutualism is however disrupted by some plants, called mycoheterotrophs, which are able to obtain carbon from their fungal symbionts. Non-photosynthetic most of the time, then they entirely depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Some yet have retained photosynthesis and acquire carbon from these two ways, we called them mixotrophs. This PhD thesis is dedicated to the study of mycoheterotrophic and mixotrophic plants in orchids, with points of comparison in Ericaceae. This dissertation is structured around different kinds of work, which clarify the phylogeny of some key lineages, provide insights into the genomic, metabolic and physiologic evolution going along with these unusual nutrition types, and question how they respond to environmental parameters
Keller, Jean. "La symbiose fixatrice d'azote au sein du genre Lupinus : histoire évolutive, aspects fonctionnels et gènes symbiotiques dans un contexte de spécificité hôte-symbiote." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B036.
Full textLegumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway
Busset-Tournier, Nicolas. "Rôle des composés de l’enveloppe bactérienne dans la vie libre et symbiotique des Bradyrhizobium." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT091/document.
Full textThe Bradyrhizobium genus is the genus of rhizobia which nodulates the widest range of legume species. Some of these bacteria have the peculiarity of establishing a functional symbiosis with legumes of the genus Aeschynomene using a Nod-independent process. Moreover, within Aeschynomene nodules, the Bradyrhizobium strains undergo a terminal differentiation into bacteroids which is accompanied by drastic metabolic and morphological changes. Unlike the majority of other rhizobia, hopanoids are found in the membranes of all the Bradyrhizobium strains, some of which linked to one of the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) on the lipid A of these bacteria. In addition, LPS of photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium have an O-antigen that is also unique and non-immunogenic. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether the peculiarities of the external membrane of Bradyrhizobium strains could be implicated in the physiology of these bacteria as well as in the initiation and maintenance of the symbiosis with Aeschynomene. The obtained results showed that hopanoids and more particularly those linked to the lipid A, as well as the VLCFAs rigidify and stabilize the outer membrane of Bradyrhizobium strains. These properties give them greater resistance to stress conditions, including those present in Aeschynomene nodules, which allows the Bradyrhizobium to maintain an efficient symbiosis with these plants. This work allowed us to advance in the understanding of the biosynthesis and the role of the atypical LPS and the hopanoids produced by the Bradyrhizobium strains and could lead to the production of more resistant inocula
Fortin, Margot. "Influence de la bactérie féminisante Wolbachia sur le comportement de choix du partenaire et la fitness de son hôte Armadillidium vulgare." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2325/document.
Full textThis work investigates mate choice in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. This species is parasitized with intracellular bacteria Wolbachia, which is known to manipulate the sexuality of its hosts. In Armadillidium vulgare, Wolbachia lead to a feminization of genetic males, transforming them into functional females. The aim of this thesis was both to investigate how individuals choose their mates, and to understand the effect of Wolbachia on such choices. In order to answer these questions, we used a behavioural approach in order to compare the attractiveness and the behaviour of different kinds of females. The results indicate that males are able to accurately discriminate females with different life history traits or different degrees of relatedness. We also show that such discrimination from males toward females is correlated to females odour change, according to both their reproductive and infection status. The consequences of male mate choice were studied through reproduction experiment, and it seems that male’s preferences are linked to benefits in terms of reproductive success. Concerning females, a long-term monitoring in different sex-ratio conditions reveals that both males' presence and Wolbachia infections decrease their fitness, in particular their reproductive success, or even modify their social preferences
Carval, Dominique. "Coévolution dans les systèmes hôte-visiteur : exploitation, mutualisme et symbiose." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066253.
Full textIn 1859, Charles Darwin published ‘On the Origin of Species’ and posed the founding stone of the modern biology. The organisms of a species exhibit heritable phenotypic variations, which persist or disappear over the generations under the effect of natural selection. The image that follows from the darwinism is that of a Tree of Life. In the late 19th century, Konstantin Mereschkowsky introduced the innovative concept of symbiogenesis, which defines the process by which two different species merge to form a new reproductive entity. This theory, which causes crosslinking of the Tree of Life, is the main theme of the present work. Through the elaboration of a general model of interactions, we propose a thorough study of evolutionary transitions in anisosymbiotic systems of host-visitor type. Through co-evolution of three adaptive traits in each of the partners in association, we decline the model analysis in three major themes: virulence and defenses, virulence and emergence of mutualism and symbiogenesis and original interaction
Cataneo, Jérôme. "Adaptation d'Eunicella singularis en milieu perturbé : symbiose et structuration génétique." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4057.
Full textThe symbiosis between Cnidaria and Symbiodinium (photosynthetic Dinoflagelate) is relatively flexible. Generalist Cnidaria are able to adapt themselves to environmental variations by modifying their symbiont population. Are specialists hosts, a priori lacking this adaptive mechanism, able to confront environmental changes ? In this context, we studied the symbiosis n a specialist host : the Mediterranean sea whip Eunicella singularis. Indeed, symbiont diversity is limited to a single Symbiodinium ribosomal clade in Mediterranean Sea. Genetic studies based on microsatellites loci revealed a with-in independently from their host and from depth. A re-sampling of natural populations brought to light massive horizontal acquisitions of symbionts in adult colonies. Reciprocal transplants and monitoring of colonies maintained in aquarium seems to indicate that strong environmental variations are required for such modifications of symbiont populations. In addition we studied the behavior of this association when deprived of autotrophic and/or heterotrophic resources. We conclude that the host seems able to control the association and that he appears to have priority in resources sharing. Therefore, even for a specialist host, association with Symbiodinium can be a dynamic. This could make adaptation easier for this specialist, but only of genetic diversity is correlate with a functional diversity
PEUTO-MOREAU, MICHELE. "Symbiose plastidiale et mixotrophie des cilies planctoniques marins (ciliophora oligotrichina)." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4473.
Full textSotty, Jean-Étienne. "Ressemblance, imitation, hybridation : vers une symbiose entre accordéon et électronique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL152.
Full textThis research is situated in the disciplinary field of instrumental interpretation: it concerns very precisely the playing of the accordion. Many composers are currently playing on a form of resemblance between the sound of the accordion and electronic sounds. Indeed, the accordion is an instrument that can modulate complex sounds, almost like a synthesizer. This resemblance is even more significant with the XAMP microtonal accordion. From this observation, it is possible to take a model from electronic sound in order to formalize a style of instrumental playing that imitates electronics. This model is founded on a study of the principle of imitation, and on analyzes of works for accordion referring or employing electronics. Applying this electronic style makes it possible to combine the instrumental sounds even more with the electronic sounds in the case of mixed music, even to give the illusion of electronic sounds with the instrument. The instrumentalist acquires techniques and a new type of virtuosity which allows him to achieve a com-plete fusion between instrumental and electronic sounds. This fusion project is also realized by the creation of a new instrument: the hybrid accordion. A XAMP microtonal accordi-on is equipped with a system of four loudspeakers: acoustic accordion and electronic system then become the materials of a single instrument, open to future musical creations
Guan, Suhua. "Experimental evolution of nodule intracellular infection in legume symbionts." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1738/.
Full textRhizobia, which are phylogenetically disparate legume symbionts, may have evolved in a two-step evolutionary scenario: horizontal transfer of key symbiotic functions followed by activation of the newly acquired symbiotic potential through reprogramming of the recipient genome under plant selection pressure. While the plant traps nodulating bacteria, how late event of intracellular infection is selected remains unknown. To address this question, we took advantage of the previous conversion of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum chimera carrying the symbiotic plasmid of the rhizobium Cupriavidus taiwanensis into a legume-nodulating bacterium that only extracellularly invades nodules. This non-infective nodulating strain was experimentally evolved into intracellular endosymbionts using serial cycles of legume-bacterium co-cultures. The adaptive mutations that drove the transition from extracellular to intracellular status were identified. Our results showed that these mutations were selected for their effect on nodulation competitiveness. Moreover, we showed that the mutation that initially allowed the ancestral strain to nodulate, i. E. Inactivation of the R. Solanacearum type three secretion system, was also required to permit intracellular infection. All key adaptive mutations for nodulation and infection identified so far in this evolution experiment, were actually found to impact on both processes, suggesting a similar control for bacterial invasion at the early (root hair) and late (nodule cell) entry levels
Syska, Camille. "Les systèmes Toxine-Antitoxine VapBC : des régulateurs de la symbiose fixatrice d'azote Rhizobium-Légumineuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ6029.
Full textDuring the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the model legume Medicago truncatula and the rhizobiaceae Sinorhizobium meliloti, bacteria, differentiated into bacteroids within the nodule, reduce atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), directly available by the plant. In exchange, the plant provides to its symbiont an ecological niche and carbohydrate substrates. Throughout the interaction, bacteria are faced with changing microenvironments from the soil free-living, the infection, the invasion of plant cells, the fixing-bacteroid differentiation and lastly the symbiotic rupture.To better understand the fast adaptation mechanisms developed by S. meliloti during the symbiosis, we were interested in the role of bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems in this process. These systems that are composed of a toxin and its cognate antitoxin, are associated with pathogenic bacteria to stress response and intracellular lifestyle adaptation. Through its site-specific RNase activity, the toxin allows a global or partial inhibition of the translation. In S. meliloti, 11 putative chromosomic VapBC systems have been identified and only two (VapC4 et VapC5) have been characterized in symbiotic interaction. During this PhD, using a functional validation approach, we have first demonstrated that the nine predicted VapBC systems are Toxin/Antitoxin modules. Then, to assess the role of each system in the symbiosis, mutants were constructed by the invalidation of the VapC toxin gene and analyzed in interaction with M. truncatula. Three mutants (vapC3, vapC7 et vapC10) show, at 6 weeks post-inoculation, a nitrogen fixation capacity improved within the nodules compared to the wild type. The vapC3 and vapC7 mutants also display a higher number and size of nodules. By increasing the global nitrogen supply of the plant, these mutants lead to an improved plant yield. The vapC10 mutant, for its part, enhances bacterial viability associated to a delayed senescence, without a plant yield improvement due to a lower number of nodules per plant. Hence, we have demonstrated that bacteria, through VapBC systems, take part in the symbiotic interaction regulation. While VapC3 and VapC7 toxins limit the bacterial proliferation and/or infection in a wild type context, VapC10 toxin decreases bacteroid viability.Then, to identify molecular targets of VapC7 and VapC10 ribonucleases, we have developed a MORE RNA-seq analysis (Mapping by Overexpression of an RNase in E. coli). This technic allows to determine, by their 5’-end, cleaved RNA after the S. meliloti toxins overexpression in E. coli. The VapC7 and VapC10 toxine, cleave respectively tRNAfMet et two tARNSer in E. coli, therefore allowing, a global o partial inhibition of translation. Homologous tRNA have been identified in S. meliloti by a bioinformatic analysis. As a result, the gene specifying the initiator tRNAfMet of translation, until now not formally identified in S. meliloti, would be present in three copies in the three chromosomic rrn loci. In conclusion, the VapC7 and VapC10 toxins are tRNAses involved in the metabolic reprogrammation of S. meliloti during the symbiosis and taking place in the symbiotic interaction regulation, probably in response to energy and specific nitrogen needs of its host plant
Basso, Veronica. "Les voies de signalisation des phytohormones dans l’établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne entre racines de Populus et Laccaria bicolor : un nouveau regard sur la modulation de la perception de l’acide jasmonique au cours de la colonisation fongique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0242.
Full textPromoting nutrient cycling and tree fitness, ectomycorrhizae (ECM) are mutualistic interactions pivotal in forest ecosystems. However not much is known about the signals and molecular mechanisms underpinning their establishment. Using Populus and Laccaria bicolor as a model system, it was shown that the fungal Mycorrhiza-Induced Small Secreted Protein of 7 kDa (MiSSP7) is secreted upon ECM establishment, penetrates the nuclei of cortical root cells of its host and stabilizes the repressor of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling PtJAZ6, dampening plant responses to JA and promoting mutualism. JA signaling is implied in plant defense and development, but it is currently unknown which part of JA-dependent responses in host roots need to be suppressed for ECM formation. Therefore, the thesis aims to answer the following questions: (i) how does the effector protein MiSSP7 impact the structure of the JA perception complex in poplar roots? (ii) do distinct branches of JA signaling play specific roles during ECM establishment? (iii) does the interplay between JA signaling and other hormone signaling pathways influence symbiotic development? Through protein-protein interaction studies, we deciphered the composition of the PtJAZ6-associated protein complex in poplar roots and showed that MiSSP7 modulates the strength of interactions between PtJAZ6 and its associated transcription factors (TFs). Altered expression of the genes coding for such TFs in poplar roots, through genetic engineering, influences ECM maturation, indicating that PtJAZ6-binding TFs regulate the extent of this mutualistic interaction. In addition, by means of hormonomics coupled with physiologic and transcriptomic analysis of hormone-treated poplar roots and L. bicolor mycelium, we demonstrate that a complex rearrangement of phytohormone biosynthesis and perception takes place in host roots during symbiotic development. In particular, we found that fungus-colonized roots are less sensitive to JA. Altogether, our results suggest a dual role of JA signaling in developing ECM, with one branch functioning to regulate fungal apoplastic penetration to an optimal extent, and another being responsible of fungal exclusion under stress conditions. We propose that finely tuned phytohormone signaling, and in particular JA signaling, is crucial for the integration of fungal and plant-derived signals, in order to reprogram root and mycelial physiology for a successful mutualistic interaction
Huguet, Valérie. "Diversité génétique et spécificité d'association des deux partenaires dans la symbiose actinorhizienne Myricaceae-Frankia(Actinomycetale)." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10063.
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