Relevant bibliographies by topics / Symbiosis related plant genes

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Academic literature on the topic 'Symbiosis related plant genes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Symbiosis related plant genes"

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Ribeiro, Ana, Inês Graça, Katharina Pawlowski, and Patrícia Santos. "Actinorhizal plant defence-related genes in response to symbiotic Frankia." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 9 (2011): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11012.

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Actinorhizal plants have become increasingly important as climate changes threaten to remake the global landscape over the next decades. These plants are able to grow in nutrient-poor and disturbed soils, and are important elements in plant communities worldwide. Besides that, most actinorhizal plants are capable of high rates of nitrogen fixation due to their capacity to establish root nodule symbiosis with N2-fixing Frankia strains. Nodulation is a developmental process that requires a sequence of highly coordinated events. One of these mechanisms is the induction of defence-related events, whose precise role in a symbiotic interaction remains to be elucidated. This review summarises what is known about the induction of actinorhizal defence-related genes in response to symbiotic Frankia and their putative function during symbiosis.
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Weidmann, Stéphanie, Lisa Sanchez, Julie Descombin, Odile Chatagnier, Silvio Gianinazzi, and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson. "Fungal Elicitation of Signal Transduction-Related Plant Genes Precedes Mycorrhiza Establishment and Requires the dmi3 Gene in Medicago truncatula." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 12 (December 2004): 1385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.12.1385.

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Suppressive subtractive hybridization and expressed sequence tag sequencing identified 29 plant genes which are upregulated during the appressorium stage of mycorrhiza establishment between Medicago truncatula J5 (Myc+) and Glomus mosseae. Eleven genes coding plant proteins with predicted functions in signal transduction, transcription, and translation were investigated in more detail for their relation to early events of symbiotic interactions. Expression profiling showed that the genes are activated not only from the appressorium stage up to the fully established symbiosis in the Myc+ genotype of M. truncatula, but also when the symbionts are not in direct cell contact, suggesting that diffusible fungal molecules (Myc factors) play a role in the induction of a signal-transduction pathway. Transcript accumulation in roots of a mycorrhiza-defective Myc- dmi3 mutant of M. truncatula is not modified by appressorium formation or diffusible fungal molecules, indicating that the signal transduction pathway is required for a successful G. mosseae-M. truncatula interaction leading to symbiosis development. The symbiotic nodulating bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti does not activate the 11 genes, which supposes early discrimination by plant roots between the microbial symbionts.
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Liu, Zhilei, Yuanjing Li, Lina Ma, Haichao Wei, Jianfeng Zhang, Xingyuan He, and Chunjie Tian. "Coordinated Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soybean MAPK Pathway Genes Improved Mycorrhizal Soybean Drought Tolerance." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 4 (April 2015): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0251-r.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in the stress response in both plants and microorganisms. The mycorrhizal symbiosis established between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants can enhance plant drought tolerance, which might be closely related to the fungal MAPK response and the molecular dialogue between fungal and soybean MAPK cascades. To verify the above hypothesis, germinal Glomus intraradices (syn. Rhizophagus irregularis) spores and potted experiments were conducted. The results showed that AMF GiMAPKs with high homology with MAPKs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae had different gene expression patterns under different conditions (nitrogen starvation, abscisic acid treatment, and drought). Drought stress upregulated the levels of fungi and soybean MAPK transcripts in mycorrhizal soybean roots, indicating the possibility of a molecular dialogue between the two symbiotic sides of symbiosis and suggesting that they might cooperate to regulate the mycorrhizal soybean drought-stress response. Meanwhile, the changes in hydrogen peroxide, soluble sugar, and proline levels in mycorrhizal soybean as well as in the accelerated exchange of carbon and nitrogen in the symbionts were contributable to drought adaptation of the host plants. Thus, it can be preliminarily inferred that the interactions of MAPK signals on both sides, symbiotic fungus and plant, might regulate the response of symbiosis and, thus, improve the resistance of mycorrhizal soybean to drought stress.
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Valverde, Angel, Encarna Velázquez, Emilio Cervantes, José M. Igual, and Peter van Berkum. "Evidence of an American Origin for Symbiosis-Related Genes in Rhizobium lusitanum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 16 (June 24, 2011): 5665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02017-10.

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ABSTRACTRandomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the diversity of 179 bean isolates recovered from six field sites in the Arcos de Valdevez region of northwestern Portugal. The isolates were divided into 6 groups based on the fingerprint patterns that were obtained. Representatives for each group were selected for sequence analysis of 4 chromosomal DNA regions. Five of the groups were placed withinRhizobium lusitanum, and the other group was placed withinR. tropicitype IIA. Therefore, the collection of Portuguese bean isolates was shown to include the two speciesR. lusitanumandR. tropici. In plant tests, the strains P1-7, P1-1, P1-2, and P1-16 ofR. lusitanumnodulated and formed nitrogen-fixing symbioses both withPhaseolus vulgarisandLeucaena leucocephala. A methyltransferase-encodingnodSgene identical with theR. tropicilocus that confers wide host range was detected in the strain P1-7 as well as 24 others identified asR. lusitanum. A methyltransferase-encodingnodSgene also was detected in the remaining isolates ofR. lusitanum, but in this case the locus was that identified with the narrow-host-rangeR. etli. Representatives of isolates with thenodSofR. etliformed effective nitrogen-fixing symbioses withP. vulgarisand did not nodulateL. leucocephala. From sequence data ofnodS, theR. lusitanumgenes for symbiosis were placed within those of eitherR. tropiciorR. etli. These results would support the suggestion thatR. lusitanumwas the recipient of the genes for symbiosis with beans from bothR. tropiciandR. etli.
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Miozzi, Laura, Anna Maria Vaira, Federico Brilli, Valerio Casarin, Mara Berti, Alessandra Ferrandino, Luca Nerva, Gian Paolo Accotto, and Luisa Lanfranco. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Primes Tolerance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Tomato." Viruses 12, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060675.

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Tomato plants can establish symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) able to promote plant nutrition and prime systemic plant defenses against pathogens attack; the mechanism involved is known as mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). However, studies on the effect of AMF on viral infection, still limited and not conclusive, indicate that AMF colonization may have a detrimental effect on plant defenses against viruses, so that the term “mycorrhiza-induced susceptibility” (MIS) has been proposed for these cases. To expand the case studies to a not yet tested viral family, that is, Bromoviridae, we investigated the effect of the colonization by the AMF Funneliformis mosseae on cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection in tomato by phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional analyses. Our results showed that the establishment of a functional AM symbiosis is able to limit symptoms development. Physiological and transcriptomic data highlighted that AMF mitigates the drastic downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes and the reduction of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate caused by CMV infection. In parallel, an increase of salicylic acid level and a modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes, toward a limitation of ROS accumulation, was specifically observed in CMV-infected mycorrhizal plants. Overall, our data indicate that the AM symbiosis influences the development of CMV infection in tomato plants and exerts a priming effect able to enhance tolerance to viral infection.
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Pawlowski, Katharina, Susan Swensen, Changhui Guan, Az-Eddine Hadri, Alison M. Berry, and Ton Bisseling. "Distinct Patterns of Symbiosis-Related Gene Expression in Actinorhizal Nodules from Different Plant Families." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 9 (September 2003): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.796.

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Phylogenetic analyses suggest that, among the members of the Eurosid I clade, nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses developed multiple times independently, four times with rhizobia and four times with the genus Frankia. In order to understand the degree of similarity between symbiotic systems of different phylogenetic subgroups, gene expression patterns were analyzed in root nodules of Datisca glomerata and compared with those in nodules of another actinorhizal plant, Alnus glutinosa, and with the expression patterns of homologous genes in legumes. In parallel, the phylogeny of actinorhizal plants was examined more closely. The results suggest that, although relationships between major groups are difficult to resolve using molecular phylogenetic analysis, the comparison of gene expression patterns can be used to inform evolutionary relationships. In this case, stronger similarities were found between legumes and intracellularly infected actinorhizal plants (Alnus) than between actinorhizal plants of two different phylogenetic subgroups (Alnus/Datisca).
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Alloisio, Nicole, Clothilde Queiroux, Pascale Fournier, Petar Pujic, Philippe Normand, David Vallenet, Claudine Médigue, Masatoshi Yamaura, Kentaro Kakoi, and Ken-ichi Kucho. "The Frankia alni Symbiotic Transcriptome." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-5-0593.

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The actinobacteria Frankia spp. are able to induce the formation of nodules on the roots of a large spectrum of actinorhizal plants, where they convert dinitrogen to ammonia in exchange for plant photosynthates. In the present study, transcriptional analyses were performed on nitrogen-replete free-living Frankia alni cells and on Alnus glutinosa nodule bacteria, using whole-genome microarrays. Distribution of nodule-induced genes on the genome was found to be mostly over regions with high synteny between three Frankia spp. genomes, while nodule-repressed genes, which were mostly hypothetical and not conserved, were spread around the genome. Genes known to be related to nitrogen fixation were highly induced, nif (nitrogenase), hup2 (hydrogenase uptake), suf (sulfur-iron cluster), and shc (hopanoids synthesis). The expression of genes involved in ammonium assimilation and transport was strongly modified, suggesting that bacteria ammonium assimilation was limited. Genes involved in particular in transcriptional regulation, signaling processes, protein drug export, protein secretion, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis that may play a role in symbiosis were also identified. We also showed that this Frankia symbiotic transcriptome was highly similar among phylogenetically distant plant families Betulaceae and Myricaceae. Finally, comparison with rhizobia transcriptome suggested that F. alni is metabolically more active in symbiosis than rhizobia.
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Wang, Yen-Wen, Jaqueline Hess, Jason C. Slot, and Anne Pringle. "De Novo Gene Birth, Horizontal Gene Transfer, and Gene Duplication as Sources of New Gene Families Associated with the Origin of Symbiosis in Amanita." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 11 (September 14, 2020): 2168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa193.

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Abstract By introducing novel capacities and functions, new genes and gene families may play a crucial role in ecological transitions. Mechanisms generating new gene families include de novo gene birth, horizontal gene transfer, and neofunctionalization following a duplication event. The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a ubiquitous mutualism and the association has evolved repeatedly and independently many times among the fungi, but the evolutionary dynamics enabling its emergence remain elusive. We developed a phylogenetic workflow to first understand if gene families unique to ECM Amanita fungi and absent from closely related asymbiotic species are functionally relevant to the symbiosis, and then to systematically infer their origins. We identified 109 gene families unique to ECM Amanita species. Genes belonging to unique gene families are under strong purifying selection and are upregulated during symbiosis, compared with genes of conserved or orphan gene families. The origins of seven of the unique gene families are strongly supported as either de novo gene birth (two gene families), horizontal gene transfer (four), or gene duplication (one). An additional 34 families appear new because of their selective retention within symbiotic species. Among the 109 unique gene families, the most upregulated gene in symbiotic cultures encodes a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, an enzyme capable of downregulating the synthesis of the plant hormone ethylene, a common negative regulator of plant-microbial mutualisms.
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Miura, Chihiro, Katsushi Yamaguchi, Ryohei Miyahara, Tatsuki Yamamoto, Masako Fuji, Takahiro Yagame, Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku, Masahide Yamato, Shuji Shigenobu, and Hironori Kaminaka. "The Mycoheterotrophic Symbiosis Between Orchids and Mycorrhizal Fungi Possesses Major Components Shared with Mutualistic Plant-Mycorrhizal Symbioses." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 10 (October 2018): 1032–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0029-r.

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Achlorophylous and early developmental stages of chorolophylous orchids are highly dependent on carbon and other nutrients provided by mycorrhizal fungi, in a nutritional mode termed mycoheterotrophy. Previous findings have implied that some common properties at least partially underlie the mycorrhizal symbioses of mycoheterotrophic orchids and that of autotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants; however, information about the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi is limited. In this study, we characterized the molecular basis of an orchid-mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis by analyzing the transcriptome of Bletilla striata at an early developmental stage associated with the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella sp. The essential components required for the establishment of mutual symbioses with AM fungi or rhizobia in most terrestrial plants were identified from the B. striata gene set. A cross-species gene complementation analysis showed one of the component genes, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene CCaMK in B. striata, retains functional characteristics of that in AM plants. The expression analysis revealed the activation of homologs of AM-related genes during the OM symbiosis. Our results suggest that orchids possess, at least partly, the molecular mechanisms common to AM plants.
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Djordjevic, MA, and JJ Weinman. "Factors Determining Host Recognition in the Clover-Rhizobium Symbiosis." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 5 (1991): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910543.

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Rhizobia are microbes that exploit host plants as a nutritional source but cause little or no host damage. They may provide, through biological nitrogen fixation, a valuable source of nitrogen for plant growth. Different rhizobia nodulate a limited range of plants. In this review we will show that host range specificity is determined by the success or otherwise of communication events between the interacting partners. To infect different plant species, a distinct cocktail of phenolic compounds (flavonoids) is recognised. Flavonoids of the correct structure induce the expression of several bacterial nodulation (nod) and other genes required for plant infection. Flavonoids of the incorrect, but related, structure can antagonise nod gene induction. Some nod genes are responsible for the synthesis of a small family of lipo-oligosaccharides necessary for the triggering of a defined but complex series of morphological responses in the host plant including root hair curling and cortical cell division. Lipo-oligosaccharides are active at concentrations of between 10-8 and 10-12 M. The appropriate lipo-oligosaccharide required for infection of one plant host can have antagonistic effects on other non-host plants and this effect appears to be determined by minor chemical changes to the basic lipo-oligosaccharide structure. Apart from host specificity operating at the genus level, other interdependent nod gene functions determine host specificity at the cultivar level. A complex interplay between positively and negatively acting nod genes and a single host gene affects cultivar specificity in a manner analogous to, but more complex than, the gene-for-gene interactions common amongst plant-pathogen interactions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Symbiosis related plant genes"

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Kuznetsova, Elena. "Characterization of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) genes implicated in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and function." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583434.

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The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots of wild type and Pssym36, Pssym33 and Pssym40 mutant pea plants. Most of the fungal genes were down-regulated in roots of the Pssym36 mutant where arbuscule formation is defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development in roots of the Pssym40 mutant. Microdissection of mycorrhizal PsSym40 roots corroborated preferential expression of the three G. intraradices genes SOD, DESAT and PEPISOM in arbuscule-containing cells. Inactivation of PsSym36 also resulted in down regulation of plant genes whilst mutation of the PsSym33 and PsSym40 genes affected plant gene responses in a more time-dependent way. Results thus indicate an implication of the investigated pea SYM genes in the modulation of plant and fungal molecular interactions linked to signaling, nutrient exchange or stress response regulation during AM symbiosis formation and functioning. Conditions for localization of the PsSym36 and PsSym40 genes on the pea genetic map were developed for their future map-based cloning. Based on the molecular markers obtained, it was possible to conclude that localization of the PsSym40 gene most likely resides outside the linkage groups I, II, III or V of the genetic map of pea.
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Kuznetsova, Elena Vladislavovna. "Characterization of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) genes implicated in arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and function." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS023/document.

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L’association mycorhizienne à arbuscules (AM) est le résultat d’une interaction compatible entre les génomes des deux partenaires symbiotiques. Dans ce contexte, le but de mes recherches a été de mieux caractériser le rôle des gènes de pois liés aux stades tardifs de la symbiose, PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40, dans le fonctionnement de la symbiose MA (i) en étudiant l’effet des mutations de ces trois gènes sur l’expression des gènes de la plante et du champignon, et (ii) en créant les conditions pour positionner deux de ces gènes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, sur la carte génétique afin d’envisager leur clonage futur. L’expression d’un groupe de dix gènes fongiques et de huit gènes de plante, déjà décrits pour être activés durant le développement de la mycorhize, a été comparée dans les racines de pois inoculées avec G. intraradices chez les plantes de génotypes sauvages, ou les mutants Pssym36, Pssym33 et Pssym40. L’expression de la plupart des gènes fongiques a été inhibée dans les racines du mutant Pssym36 où la formation des arbuscules est avortée, tandis que l’expression de plusieurs d’entre eux a été activée lorsqu’il existe un développement plus rapide du champignon dans les racines du mutant Pssym40. Des microdisséquats obtenus à partir de racines mycorhizées du mutant PsSym40 confirment l’expression préférentielle de trois gènes de G. intraradices (SOD, DESAT et PEPISOM) dans les cellules contenant les arbuscules. L’inactivation du gène PsSym36 provoque également une inhibition des gènes de plante alors que la mutation des gènes PsSym33 and PsSym40 affecte l’expression des gènes de plante plutôt de façon temporelle. Les résultats indiquent ainsi une implication des gènes SYM de pois dans la modulation des interactions moléculaires entre la plante et le champignon impliquées au niveau de la signalisation, des échanges nutritifs ou de la régulation des réponses au stress durant la formation et/ou le fonctionnement de la symbiose AM. Les conditions pour la localisation des gènes PsSym36 and PsSym40 sur la carte génétique du pois ont été développées pour leur clonage basé sur la cartographie. En utilisant les marqueurs moléculaires obtenus, il a été possible de conclure que la localisation du gène PsSym40 réside vraisemblablement à l’extérieur des groupes de liaison I, II, III ou V de la carte génétique du pois
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association results from a successful interaction between the genomes of the two symbiotic partners. In this context, the aim of my research was to better characterize the role of the late stage symbiosis-related pea genes PsSym36, PsSym33 and PsSym40 in the functional AM (i) by investigating the effect of mutations in the three genes on fungal and plant gene responses and (ii) by creating conditions for the localization of two of the genes, PsSym36 and PsSym40, on the pea genetic map for future map-based cloning. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes,previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated roots of wild type and Pssym36, Pssym33 and Pssym40 mutant pea plants. Most of the fungal genes were down-regulated in roots of the Pssym36 mutant where arbuscule formation is defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development in roots of the Pssym40 mutant. Microdissection of mycorrhizal PsSym40 roots corroborated preferential expression of the three G. intraradices genes SOD, DESAT and PEPISOM in arbuscule-containing cells. Inactivation of PsSym36 also resulted in down regulation of plant genes whilst mutation of the PsSym33 and PsSym40 genes affected plant gene responses in a more time-dependent way. Results thus indicate an implication of the investigated pea SYM genes in the modulation of plant and fungal molecular interactions linked to signaling, nutrient exchange or stress response regulation during AM symbiosis formation and functioning. Conditions for localization of the PsSym36 and PsSym40 genes on the pea genetic map were developed for their future map-based cloning. Based on the molecular markers obtained, it was possible to conclude that localization of the PsSym40 gene most likely resides outside the linkage groups I, II, III or V of the genetic map of pea
Формирование арбускулярной микоризы (АМ) является результатом успешного взаимодействия между геномами двух симбиотических партнёров. Целью моего исследования являлось изучение роли поздних симбиотических генов гороха PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 в формировании функционального АМ симбиоза. Для этого было проведено исследование эффекта мутаций в генах PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 на экспрессию грибных и растительных генов, предположительно (по литературным данным) вовлечённых в процессы формирования АМ, а так же проведена работа по локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха для последующего более точного картирования и позиционного клонирования данных генов. Экспрессия десяти грибных и восьми растительных генов была определена в корнях растений дикого типа и PsSym36, PsSym33 и PsSym40 мутантов, инокулированных G. intraradices. В корнях PsSym36 мутанта, имеющего дефект развития арбускул, большая часть грибных генов была супрессирована, в то время как в корнях PsSym40 мутанта, для которого характерна более быстрая по сравнению с диким типом микоризация, был отмечен более высокий уровень экспрессии грибных генов. Использование метода микродиссекций позволило выделить клетки, содержащие арбускулы, из микоризованных корней мутанта PsSym40 и подтвердить, что гены G. intraradices SOD, DESAT и PEPISOM преимущественно экспрессируются в клетках, содержащих арбускулы. Мутация в гене PsSym36 также привела к подавлению экспрессии большинства вовлечённых в анализ растительных генов, тогда как мутации в генах PsSym33 и PsSym40 оказали влияние на ксперессию растительных генов в меньшей степени. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о роли исследуемых SYM генов гороха в контролировании растительно-грибных молекулярных взаимодействий, связанных с сигналингом, обменом питательными веществами и стрессовыми реакциями в процессе формирования и функционирования АМ симбиоза. Проведённое генетическое картирование не привело к локализации генов PsSym36 и PsSym40 на генетической карте гороха. Однако разработка и использование молекулярных маркеров для картирования позволили исключить локализацию гена PsSym40 в I, II, III и V группах сцепления с высокой долей вероятности
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Sajid, G. Mustafa. "Hydrogen Uptake Genes and Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency of Rhizobium Species in Symbiosis With Alfalfa, Chickpea and Pigeonpea." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3458.

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The plasmids pDN211 and pDNll, isolated from the gene bank of the Rhizobium japonicum strain I-110, have been reported to complement two different Nif+ Hup· (nitrogen fixation positive and hydrogen uptake negative) mutants. A 5.9-kb Hindiii DNA fragment of the cosmid pHU52, isolated from the gene bank of R. japonicum strain 122DES, has been reported to code for the two polypeptide subunits of uptake hydrogenase. To determine homology between the structural genes of uptake hydrogenase of the two strains, a Southern blot of the Hindiii restriction fragments of the plasmids pDN211 and pDN11 was hybridized to the 5.9-kb Hindiii fragment. A 6.0-kb HindIII DNA fragment of pDN11 was observed to be homologous to the hup DNA probe. Thus, the hup genes of the two Rhizobium strains are conserved. Colony hybridization with the 5.9-kb DNA as the probe was used to detect the homologous hup genes in alfalfa-, chickpea- and pigeonpea- Rhizobium species. These Rhizobium species were also successfully derepressed for uptake hydrogenase in free living conditions. It was found that 30% of the alfalfa-, 30% of the chickpea- and 21% of the pigeonpea- Rhizobium strains tested were Hup+ as determined by the methylene blue (MB) reduction assay. All but one strain of alfalfa- (Celpril Ind. 3623) and one strain of pigeonpea- Rhizobium (IC3282) that showed strong homology to the hup DNA probe also exhibited MB reduction activity. The Hup+ strains of alfalfa- and pigeonpea- Rhizobium produced significantly higher yields as compared to the Hup- strains, whereas those of the chickpea-Rhizobium strains produced significantly lower yields as compared to the Hup- strains. Two of the alfalfa-Rhizobium strains, USDA1024 and CmRm~, exhibited Hup activities greater than any reported previously for this bacterial species. The cosmid-borne hup genes of R. japonicum were successfully expressed in all strains tested but the enzyme activities were very low in alfalfa-Rhizobium compared to those in chickpea- and pigeonpea-Rhizobium species. The relative efficiency of N2-fixation was significantly increased by the transfer of hup genes into the chickpea- and pigeonpea- Rhizobium strains.
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4

Valadares, Rafael Borges da Silva. "Identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation of orchid mycorrhiza." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-24032014-133439/.

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Orchids are characterized by producing minute endosperm-lacking seeds, which depend on mycorrhizal fungi for germination and embryo development. Some aclorophyllous orchids remain dependent on the mycorrhizal association for carbon acquisition during their whole life history, whereasother orchids develop photosynthesis. Despite the biological significance of orchid mycorrhiza, gene expression studies are lacking. We have used different highthroughput approaches in order to understanding the mechanisms regulating orchid mycorrhiza development and functioning. Firstly, we have used a 2D-LC-MS/MS approach coupled to isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to identify proteins with differential accumulation in Oncidium sphacelatum at different stages of mycorrhizal protocorm development (achlorophyllous and green protocorms) after seed inoculation with a Ceratobasidium sp. isolate. Quantitative analysis showed that the expected changes in carbon metabolism in green protocorms were accompanied by enhanced accumulation of proteins involved in the modulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis, defense related responses, phytoalexins and carotenoid biosynthesis, suggesting that orchid protocorms undergo profound metabolic changes during the switch from the fully mycoheterotrophic to the photosynthethic stage. Secondly, three different proteomic techniques were carried out in independent experiments aiming to identify changes in protein accumulation in mycorrhizal roots of the terrestrial orchid Oeceoclades maculata.Finally, O. maculatamycorrhizal roots were used for transcriptome analyses. The data revealed a strong increase in general stress responses, accompanied by changes in signaling pathways possibly related to fungal recognition and establishment of a compatible interaction. Some of the upregulated genes may be involved in the reorganization of cell structure, likely related to accommodation of the fungal symbiont in the plant roots. We have also observed in mycorrhizal roots up-regulation of genes involved in carbon metabolism, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and amino sugars metabolism, as well as genes involved innitrogen assimilation. The down-regulation of genes involved in the jasmonate and ABA transduction pathways, and key genes encoding anti-fungal proteins, such as chitinase and a mannose-specific binding lectin, strongly suggests an alleviation of plant defense responses in O. maculata mycorrhizal roots. In general, our data suggest that the physiology of an orchid mycorrhiza is more similar to a compatible interaction than to an arm-race between plant and fungi. Overall orchid mycorrhiza have proved to be a promising model for investigating plantfungal interactions and further studies should now address the specific roles of the genes showing differential regulation in this study.
As orquídeas são caracterizadas por produzirem sementes diminutas, que não possuem endosperma. Necessitam, portanto, da interação com fungos micorrízicos para germinação e desenvolvimento do embrião. Algumas orquídeas aclorofiladas se mantêm dependentes dos fungos micorrízicos para a aquisição de carbono, enquanto outras desenvolvem a maquinaria fotossintética. Apesar do significado biológico das micorrizas de orquídeas, alterações na expressão gênica e no acúmulo de proteínas foram altamente negligenciads nos últimos anos. Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas sequenciamento e identificação de genes e proteínas em larga-escala para acessar as alterações moleculares responsáveis pela regulação das micorrizas de orquídeas. Uma abordagem baseada em 2D-LC MS/MS acoplada a técnica de quantificação absoluta e relativa iTRAQ, foiutilizada para identificar proteínas com acúmulo diferencial em Oncidium sphacelatum em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento do protocormo (protocormos aclorofilados versus protocormos fotossintetizantes), após inoculação com um fungo do gênero Ceratobasidium. As análises mostraram que, as alterações esperadas no metabolismo do carbono foram acompanhadas de um acúmulo aumentado de proteínas envolvidas na modulação de espécies reativas de oxigênio, respostas de defesa, biossíntese de fitoalexinas e carotenóides, sugerindo que os protocormos de orquídeas passam por profundas alterações metabolicas durante a transição do metabolismo micoheterotrófico para o fotossintético. Posteriormente foram utilizadas três diferentes técnicas de proteômica quantitativa para explorar alterações fisiológicas em raízes micorrizadas e não-micorrizadas de Oeceoclades maculata.Este estudo foi ampliado, pela utilização de uma abordagem transcritômica ao mesmo modelo biológico. Em conjunto, os dados revelaram um forte aumento em respostas relacionadas ao estresse, acompanhadas de alterações em vias de transdução de sinal possivelmente relacionadas ao reconhecimento do simbionte fúngico e estabelecimento de uma interação compatível. Alguns genes com expressão aumentada devem estar envolvidos na reorganização celular, provavelmente ligada a acomodação do simbionte fúngico nas raízes das plantas. Também foi observado o aumento de genes envolvidos no metabolismo do carbono e de açúcares aminados, juntamente a genes relacionados a assimilação de nitrogênio em raízes micorrizadas. A expressão diminuída de genes envolvidas nas vias do jasmonato e ácido abscícico, juntamente a genes-chave que codificam para proteínas anti-fúngicas sugerem fortemente uma atenuação das respostas de defesa da planta em raízes micorrizadas de Oeceoclades maculata. No geral, parece que as micorrizas de orquídeas são fisiológicamente mais próximas de uma simbiose compatível do que de uma interação unilateral em favor da planta. Sobretudo, este sistema biológico provou ser promissor para investigação de interações planta-fungo e, próximas pesquisas devem agora ser focadas em funções específicas dos genes que mostraram regulação diferencial neste estudo.
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Papaefthimiou, Dimitra. "Phylogeny, diversity and toxin production related to cyanobacterial symbioses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Botany, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6861.

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Child, Robert Joseph. "The evolution of BARREN INFLORESCENCE1 and related AUX/IAA genes in angiosperms." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527538.

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The plant hormone auxin plays a major role in shaping plant morphology and development, but the gene networks regulating its synthesis and transport are incompletely known. The maize BARREN INFLORESCENCE 1 (BIF1) gene has recently been cloned and shown to play an important role in the early stages of polar auxin transport. Auxin is synthesized in shoot tips and transported basipetally through the plant shoot and acts as a morphogen by facilitating the degradation of transcriptional repressors in a concentration dependent manner. The AUX/IAA gene family encodes transcriptional repressors that regulate a subset of plant developmental responses governed by the transcription of early auxin inducible genes in plants. Although the maize BIF1 gene is a member of the AUX/IAA gene family, the co-ortholog(s) of BIF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana was not known prior to this research.

Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction placed maize BIF1 in a clade sister to Arabidopsis thaliana AtIAA15. The BIF1 lineage has undergone two gene duplications since the divergence of the early grasses. Molecular evolutionary analyses by maximum likelihood suggest that the BIF1 alignment is under strong purifying selection with positive selection acting on a glutamine residue located in a functional region associated with AUX/IAA protein dimerization in one clade of BIF1 paralogs, the BIF1-Like2 (BIF1L2) clade. A character reconstruction analysis using maximum parsimony estimated an adenine to cytosine transversion at the base of the BIF1L2 clade changed a glutamine into an alanine residue in this functional region. Expression of BIF1 orthologs is conserved in floral meristems in the eudicot AtIAA15 clade containing the taxa Erianthe Guttata, Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, however grass BIF1L2 expression has diverged within the PACMAD – BEP clade, specifically in rice, where BIF1L2 expression is reported to have moved into root tissue. These results suggest that BIF1 paralogs has changed following a second round of gene duplication in the grasses. Taken together, a change in localized expression in these sequences, and positive selection acting on a glutamine-rich region of the protein-protein binding motif could imply that BARREN INFLORESCENCE1-like2 proteins are probably interacting with a new set or subset of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) binding partners, and that neofunctionalization has occurred in the BARREN INFLORESCENCE1-like2 clade.

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Bassi, Filippo Maria. "Radiation Hybrid Fine Mapping of Two Fertility-Related Genes: Marking the Path to Wheat Hybrids." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26535.

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Over one billion people, more than 1/9th of the global population, are undernourished. Feeding the ever increasing population has to be the most important goal of plant sciences. Since cultivated areas are not likely to increase, I will need to produce more with what is available. This can be summarized in one word: yield. Unfortunately, wheat?s yield is expected to increase only 1.13% by 2019, a prediction that if converted into reality will likely indicate that I failed to cope with the world demographic increase. A new strategy to revolutionize wheat production is required, and some believe that this change might be represented by wheat hybrids. Achieving adequate commercial production of wheat hybrids has the potential to nearly double the yield of one of the world?s most important staple food. The first fundamental step toward this goal is to develop feasible methodologies to sterilize the male part of the complete wheat flowers. Two fertility-related genes are the primary target of this study, namely the species cytoplasm specific on chromosome 1D, and the desynaptic locus on chromosome 3B. This dissertation summarizes the important achievements obtained toward the cloning of the two loci by means of radiation hybrid functional analysis. Radiation hybrid is a technique that employs radiation to create genetic diversity along the targeted chromosome. Chapter 1 explains in details how this methodology can be applied to plants. The use of radiation hybrid mapping permitted creating a comprehensive map of wheat chromosome 3B, as discussed in Chapter 2, and then expanded the mapping information to identify the 2 Mb location of the desynaptic locus desw2, as discussed in Chapter 3. A similar approach on chromosome 1D allowed first to pinpoint the location of the species cytoplasm specific gene to a region of 2 Mb, as discussed in Chapter 4, and then ultimately to find a strong candidate for this locus, as discussed in Chapter 5. Now that the molecular locations of these genes have been unraveled by this study, their sequence can be streamlined into transformation to ultimately produce female wheat plants, and consequently hybrids.
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Basson, Esmé Maree. "The expression of yeast antifungal genes in tobacco as possible pathogenesis-related proteins." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53634.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The resistance of plants to infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms is the result of multiple defence reactions comprising both constitutive and inducible barriers. While disease is the exception, such exceptions can be costly and even devastating. In particular, fungal diseases remain one of the major factors limiting crop productivity worldwide, with huge losses that need to be weighed up against massive cash inputs for pesticide treatments. Part of the defence reactions of plants is the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins, such as the plant hydrolases, glucanases and chitinases. In recent years, attention has been paid to the implementation of these proteins in plant transformation schemes. The rationale for this approach was that these antimicrobial agents not only degrade the main cell wall components of fungi, but also produce glucosidic fragments that act as elicitors of the biosynthesis of defence metabolites by the host. Furthermore, since these active antimicrobial agents are individually encoded by single genes, these defence systems should and have been shown to be highly amenable to manipulation by gene transfer. In this study, yeast glucanases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated for their potential as antifungal proteins. The glucanases tested for their antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea were the yeast EXG1 and BGL2 genes, encoding an exoglucanase and an endoglucanase respectively. An in vitro assay performed on these glucanases indicated that exoglucanase had a more detrimental effect on B. cinerea hyphal development and growth than the endoglucanase; the former caused typical disruption of the cells and leakage of cell material. The yeast exoglucanase was subsequently subcloned into a plant expression cassette containing the strong constitutive 358 promoter, yielding plasm ids pEXG1 and pMJ-EXG1. The pMJ-EXG1 construct targeted the exoglucanase to the apoplastic region with a signal peptide from an antimicrobial peptide from Mirabilis jalapa, Mj-AMP2. The pEXG1 and pMJ-EXG1 constructs were mobilised into Agrobacterium tumefaciens to facilitate the subsequent tobacco transformation, which yielded transgenic tobacco lines designated E and MJE respectively. Transgene integration was confirmed with southern blot and PCR analyses for both the E and MJE lines. The expression and heterologous production of the EXG1-encoded exoglucanase in the E-transgenic lines was shown with northern blots and activity assays respectively. Moreover, the high level of expression of the yeast exoglucanase led to a decrease in susceptibility of the E lines to B. cinerea infection in comparison to the untransformed tobacco controls. An average decrease in disease susceptibility of 40% was observed in an in planta detached leaf assay. Crude protein extracts from the E lines were also analysed in an in vitro quantitive fungal growth assay, inhibiting in vitro fungal growth by average 20%, thus further confirming the antifungal nature of the yeast exoglucanase. Although integration of the MJ-EXG1 expression cassette was confirmed, no mRNA levels could be detected with northern blot or RT-PCR analysis of the MJE lines. These lines also did not show any in vitro antifungal activities or a decrease in susceptibility to B. cinerea infection in the detached leaf assay. It is suspected that this result is possibly linked to gene silencing, a phenomenon quite frequently associated with heterologous and/or overexpression of glucanases in plant hosts. It appears as if the targeted overexpression to the apoplastic space triggered the gene silencing response, since the intracellularly overexpressed product was produced and shown to display activity. The yeast exoglucanase thus joins the list of silenced glucanases in overexpression studies in plants. Overall, this study confirmed the antifungal characteristics of the Saccharomyces exoglucanase and provides valuable information of the possibility of utilising yeast glucanases in a transgenic environment. A decrease in the susceptibility of tobacco to B. cinerea infection, as shown by the overexpressed EXG1-encoded exoglucanases, merits further investigation into the use of this gene in the engineering of disease-resistant crops.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die weerstand van plante teen infeksie deur fitopatogeniese mikroórganismes is die resultaat van verskeie meervoudige verdedigingsreaksies wat beide konstitutiewe en induseerbare versperrings behels. Terwyl siekte die uitsondering eerder as die reël is, kan sulke uitsonderinge duur en selfs verwoestend wees. In die besonder is swamsiektes een van die vernaamste faktore wat gewasproduksie wêreldwyd beperk, met enorme verliese wat teen kontantinsette vir plaagdoders opgeweeg moet word. Deel van die verdedigingsreaksie van plante is die sintese van patogeen-verwante proteïene, soos die planthidrolases, -glukanases en -chitinases. In die onlangse tyd is aandag geskenk aan die implementering van hierdie proteïene in plant transformasieskemas. Die grondrede hiervoor was dat hierdie antimikrobiese agente nie net die hoof selwandkomponente van swamme kan afbreek nie, maar ook glukosidiese fragmente produseer wat as ontlokkers van metabolietbiosintese vir die verdediging van die gasheer kan optree. Aangesien hierdie aktiewe antimikrobiese agente individueel deur enkele gene enkodeer word, blyk hierdie verdedigingsisteme om hoogs ontvanklik vir manipulasie deur geenoordrag te wees. In hierdie studie is die gisglukanase van Saccharomyces cerevisiae vir hul potensiaal as antifungiese proteïene geëvalueer. Die glukanases wat vir hul antifungiese aktiwiteit teen Botrytis cinerea getoets is, was die gis EXG1- en -BGL2-gene, wat onderskeidelik vir "n eksoglukanase en 'n endoglukanase enkodeer. "n In vitro toets wat op hierdie glukanases uitgevoer is, het aangedui dat die eksoglukanase 'n meer skadelike effek op die hife-groei en -ontwikkeling van B. cinerea as die endoglukanase gehad het; eersgenoemde het die tipiese ontwrigting van die selle en die uitlek van selmateriaal tot gevolg gehad. Die gis-eksoglukanase is gevolglik in 'n plant uitdrukkingskasset wat die sterk konstitutiewe 35S promotor bevat, gesubkloneer, wat plamiede pEXG1 en pMJ-EXG1 opgelewer het. Die pMJ-EXG1-konstruk het die eksoglukanase na die apoplastiese gebied geteiken deur 'n seinpeptied vanaf "n antimikrobiese peptied van Mirabilisjalaba, Mj-AMP2. Die pEXG1- en pMJ-EXG1-konstrukte is in Agrobacterium tumefaciens gemobiliseer, wat die gevolglike tabaktransformasies gefasiliteer het wat die E en MJE transgeniese tabaklyne onderskeikelik gelewer het. Transgeen-integrasie is deur suidelike klad- en PKR-analises vir beide die E en MJE lyne bevestig. Die uitdrukking en heteroloë produksie van die EXG1-enkodeerde eksoglukanase is in die transgeniese E lyne deur noordelike klad en aktiwiteitstoetse onderskeidelik aangetoon. Verder het die hoë uitdrukkingsvlak van die gis-eksoglukanase tot 'n vermindering in die vatbaarheid van die E lyne vir B. cinerea-infeksie relatief tot die ongetransformeerde tabakkontroles gelei. 'n Gemiddelde vermindering in siektevatbaarheid van 40% is in 'n in planta verwyderde-blaartoets waargeneem. Ru proteïen-ekstrakte van die E lyne is ook in 'n in vitro kwantitatiewe swamgroeitoets geanaliseer en het in vitro swamgroei met tot gemiddeld 20% geïnhibeer, wat dus verder die antifungiese aard van die gis-eksoglukanase bevestig het. Alhoewel die integrasie van die pMJ-EXG1 uitdrukkingskasset bevestig is, kon geen mRNA-vlakke met die noordelike klad- of RT-peR-analises van die MJE-Iyne waargeneem word nie. Hierdie lyne het ook geen in vitro antifungiese aktiwiteite of 'n vermindering in die vatbaarheid vir B. cinerea-infeksie getoon nie, soos in die verwyderde-blaartoets uitgevoer is nie. Dit word vermoed dat hierdie resultaat moontlik aan geenstilmaking gekoppel is, 'n verskynsel wat gereeld met heteroloë- en/of ooruitdrukking van glukanases in plantgashere gekoppel word. Dit blyk dat die ooruitdrukking wat tot die apoplastiese ruimte geteiken is, tot die geenstilmaking-respons aanleiding gegee het, aangesien die intrasellulêre ooruitgedrukte produk gemaak is en aktiwiteit getoon het. Die gis-eksoglukanase word dus deel van die lys van stilgemaakte glukanases in die ooruitdrukkingstudies van plante. In die algemeen het hierdie studie dus die antifungiese kenmerke van die Saccharomyces eksoglukanase bevestig en waardevolle inligting oor die moontlike gebruik van gis-glukanases in 'n transgeniese omgewing verskaf. 'n Afname in die vatbaarheid van tabak vir infeksie deur B. cinerea, soos deur die ooruitdrukking van EXG1-enkodeerde eksoglukanase getoon is, verdien dus verdere ondersoek van die gebruik van hierdie geen in die skepping van siekteweerstandbiedende gewasse.
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Geddy, Rachel Gwyneth. "Location and expression of genes related to the cytoplasmic male sterility system of Brassica napus." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100608.

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Cytoplasrnic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited defect in the production of pollen, the male gamete of the flower. This sterility can be suppressed by nuclear Restorer of Fertility (Rf) genes that normally downregulate the expression of the CMS-associated novel mitochondrial gene. In Brassica napus, nap CMS and pol CMS are associated with related chimeric mitochondrial genes orf222 and orf224, respectively. CMS in both nap and pol is associated with a polar loss of locule development, loss of synchronous locule development and clumping of sporogenous tissue away from the tapetal cell layer, as well as secondary effects on petal and bud formation. In nap CMS, early accumulation of orf222 transcripts in the locule regions of developing anthers is associated with sterility, while the absence of orf222 transcripts from the locules is associated with fertility restoration. Accumulation of novel antisense transcripts of atp6 in a cell specific manner which matches that of sense transcripts of orf222 and atp6 in nap CMS anthers may be indicative of a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism associated with CMS in flower buds.
Restoration of fertility in Brassica napus nap and pol CMS is associated with nuclearly encoded genes Rfn and Rfp, respectively. These restorers are very closely linked to one another, and may be allelic. Further efforts to isolate Rfp have narrowed the genomic region to approximately 105 kb of a syntenic region in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cosmid clones isolated from a library of Brassica rapa genomic DNA introgressed with Rfp have been successfully sorted into contigs through the application of the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique. The region to which Rfp is mapped is syntenic to a region of Arabidopsis DNA that is a duplication of a second location at the 23 megabase region of chromosome 1 of that genome. This region contains pentatricopeptide (PPR) motif-encoding genes that are highly related to other restorers of fertility of other species. By inference, Rfp from Brassica napus may encode PPR motifs. The PPR genes related to these previously characterized restorers of fertility are often found alongside the restorer genes existing as mini-clusters of several PPR-encoding genes. This is likely caused by selective pressure acting on PPR-encoding genes that resulted in diversification and multiplication of these genes. In addition, the PPR genes of this duplicated region are not syntenically located, whereas the non-PPR-encoding genes maintain their syntenic locations. The same is true for orthologous comparisons between Arabidopsis and other plant species. PPR genes are therefore malleable and capable of alteration in response to changing environmental pressures, such as the evolution of sterility inducing genes.
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Liu, Shengbin. "The roles of the NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE genes in plant development and in the symbiotic organ identity." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB005.

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Les gènes NODULE-ROOT de Medicago truncatula, BLADE-ON-PETIOLE d’Arabidopsis thaliana et COCHLEATA de Pisum sativum font partie d'un clade spécifique NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 (NBCL1) hautement conservé et qui appartient à la famille de gènes NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN1 LIKE. Chez les légumineuses, les membres du clade NBCL1 sont connus comme les principaux régulateurs de l'identité des organes symbiotiques (nodules). Les membres du clade NBCL2 (MtNOOT2) jouent également un rôle clé dans l'établissement et le maintien de l'identité de l’organe symbiotique, en redondance avec les gènes NBCL1. Il a également été démontré que ces gènes végétaux NBCL sont impliqués dans l'abscission. Les gènes NBCL sont également conservés chez les plantes monocotylédones chez lesquelles ils contrôlent différents aspects du développement. Ce travail de thèse vise à mieux comprendre les rôles des gènes NBCL1 et NBCL2 dans le développement des plantes légumineuses et chez Brachypodium et à découvrir de nouveaux acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de l'identité des nodules dépendante de NBCL1, en utilisant de nouveaux mutants d'insertion TILLING et Tnt1 chez deux espèces de légumineuses (Medicago et Pisum). En outre, nous avons utilisé les mutations KO CRISPR chez Brachypodium pour mieux comprendre leur rôle chez les plantes monocotylédones. Ce travail de thèse a permis d'élucider les nouvelles fonctions des gènes NBCL1 dans le développement des tiges et l'architecture des plantes. Nous avons également révélé que les membres du clade NBCL2, spécifique aux légumineuses, fonctionnent de manière redondante avec le clade NBCL1 et jouent des rôles importants dans le développement des feuilles, des stipules, des inflorescences et des fleurs. De plus, nous avons montré un rôle dans le développement, l'établissement et le maintien de l'identité des nodosités, et par conséquent dans le succès et l'efficacité de l'association symbiotique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons également exploré les rôles des gènes NBCL BdUNICULME4 et BdLAXATUM-A, dans le développement de B. distachyon à l'aide de doubles mutants. Nous avons confirmé les résultats précédents et révélé une nouvelle fonction pour ces deux gènes dans l'architecture des plantes, la formation des ligules et des inflorescences, ainsi que dans la teneur en lignine. Ce travail de thèse a finalement permis l'identification et la caractérisation de nouveaux mutants pour les gènes de M. truncatula ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 et Oryza G1). Les protéines ALOG sont des partenaires d'interaction potentiels pour les NBCLs. Nous avons montré que certains membres ALOG jouent un rôle important dans le développement des nodules et des organes aériens. Dans l'ensemble, ce travail de thèse suggère qu'au cours de l'évolution, le programme de développement des nodules a été recruté à partir de programmes de régulation préexistants pour le développement et l'identité des nodosités
The Medicago truncatula NODULE-ROOT, the Arabidopsis thaliana BLADE-ON-PETIOLE, and the Pisum sativum COCHLEATA genes are members of a highly conserved NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE1 (NBCL1) specific clade that belongs to the NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN1 LIKE gene family. In legumes, the members of this NBCL1 clade are known as key regulators of the symbiotic organ identity. The members of the NBCL2 clade (MtNOOT2) also play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic nodule identity, redundantly with NBCL1 while without significant phenotype alone. These NBCL plant genes were also shown to be involved in abscission. In addition, NBCL genes are also conserved in monocotyledon plants in which they also control different aspects of development. The present thesis work aims to better understand the roles of the NBCL1 and NBCL2 genes in development in both legume and Brachypodium plants and to discover new molecular actors involved in the NBCL1-dependent regulation of the nodule identity using novel TILLING and Tnt1 insertional mutants in two legume species, Medicago, and Pisum. In addition we used CRISPR knock-out mutations in Brachypodium to better understand their roles in monocotyledon plants. This thesis work unraveled new functions of the NBCL1 genes in plant shoot development and plant architecture. We also revealed that the members of the legume-specific NBCL2 redundantly function with NBCL1 sub-clade and play important roles in leaf, stipule, inflorescence and flower development. In addition we showed a role in nodule development, identity establishment and maintenance, and consequently in the success and efficiency of the symbiotic association. In this thesis, we also explored the roles of the highly conserved NBCL genes, BdUNICULME4 and BdLAXATUM-A, in the development of B. distachyon using double mutants. We confirmed previous results and reveal a new function for these two genes in plant architecture, ligule and inflorescence formation, and also lignin content. This thesis work has finally allowed the identification and the characterization of new mutants for M. truncatula ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) genes. ALOG proteins are potential interacting partners for NBCL. We showed that some ALOG members play important roles in nodule and aerial organ development. Altogether, this thesis work suggests that during evolution, the nodule developmental program was recruited from pre-existing regulatory programs for nodule development and identity
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Book chapters on the topic "Symbiosis related plant genes"

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Ho-Plágaro, Tania, María Isabel Tamayo-Navarrete, and José Manuel García-Garrido. "Functional Analysis of Plant Genes Related to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Root Transformation and Hairy Root Production." In Hairy Root Cultures Based Applications, 191–215. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4055-4_13.

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Verma, Desh Pal S., and Ashton J. Delauney. "Root Nodule Symbiosis: Nodulins and Nodulin Genes." In Plant Gene Research, 169–99. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6950-6_10.

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Bulley, Sean Michael, and William Laing. "Ascorbic Acid-Related Genes." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 163–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32274-2_13.

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Cutt, John R., and Daniel F. Klessig. "Pathogenesis-related Proteins." In Genes Involved in Plant Defense, 209–43. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6684-0_9.

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Gyurján, István, Pál Korányi, Éva Preininger, Szilárd S. Varga, and Gyula Paless. "Artificial Plant-Azotobacter Symbiosis for Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation." In Azospirillum VI and Related Microorganisms, 401–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79906-8_46.

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Sikorski, M. M., T. Stepkowski, A. Swiderska, J. Biesiadka, B. Łotocka, J. Kopcinska, W. Golinowski, and A. B. Legocki. "Differential Expression of Symbiosis-Related Genes in Yellow Lupine." In Highlights of Nitrogen Fixation Research, 125–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4795-2_24.

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Robinson, R. W., J. D. McCreight, and E. J. Ryder. "The Genes of Lettuce and Closely Related Species." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 267–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118060988.ch9.

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Meins, Frederick, Christoph Sperisen, Jean-Marc Neuhaus, and John Ryals. "The Primary Structure of Plant Pathogenesis-related Glucanohydrolases and Their Genes." In Genes Involved in Plant Defense, 245–82. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6684-0_10.

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Bol, John F. "Structure and Expression of Plant Genes Encoding Pathogenesis-Related Proteins." In Plant Gene Research, 201–21. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6950-6_11.

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Bol, J. F., R. A. M. Hooft van Huijsduijnen, B. J. C. Cornelissen, and J. A. L. van Kan. "Characterization of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins and Genes." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 133 - Plant Resistance to Virus, 72–91. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470513569.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Symbiosis related plant genes"

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Guro, P., V. Safronova, A. Sazanova, I. Kuznetsova, A. Belimov, V. Yakubov, E. Chirak, A. Afonin, E. Andronov, and I. Tikhonovich. "Rhizobial microsymbionts of the narrowly endemic Oxytropis species growing in Kamchatka possess a set of genes that are associated with T3SS and T6SS secretion systems and can affect the development of symbiosis." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.099.

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A collection of rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of the narrowly endemic legume species Oxytropis erecta, O. anadyrensis, O. kamtschatica and O. pumilio growing on the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Federation) was obtained. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed a significant diversity of isolates belonging to the families Rhizobiaceae (Rhizobium), Phyllobacteriaceae (Mesorhizobium, Phyllobacterium) and Bradyrhizobiaceae (Bosea, Tardiphaga). Pairs of taxonomically different strains in various combinations were isolated from some nodules of Oxytropis plants. Plant nodulation assays showed that only strains belonging to the genus Mesorhizobium (M. jarvisii, M. loti and M. huakuii) could form nitrogen-fixing nodules. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the strains was more associated with the host plant than with the species of strains. The whole genome sequences analysis showed that the strains M. loti 582 and M. huakuii 583 possessed symbiotic genes necessary for the formation of effective symbiosis and grouped into Sym-clusters. In contrast, the strain T. robiniae 581 had only a reduced number of fix genes, while the strains Phyllobacterium sp. 628 and R. lusitanum 629 possesed only individual symbiotic genes, which obviously did not participate in the formation of nodules. It was also stated that the strains M. loti 582 and M. huakuii 583 had a significantly larger set of genes related to the secretion systems T3SS and T6SS that can affect the host specificity of strains, compared with 6 commercial strains used as reference. These two strains formed nodules of two types (typical elongated and atypical rounded) on Oxytropis plants. We suggest that a possible cause of the observed phenomenon is the availability of different nodulation strategies in these strains (dependent and independent of Nod-factors). Thus, as a result of studying the collection of strains isolated from the narrow endemic species of Kamchatka Oxytropis, interesting objects were selected to study the functions of the T3SS and T6SS genes, and their role in the development of rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The prospects of using strains with gene systems for both symbiotic and non-symbiotic nodulation to enhance the efficiency of plant-microbe interactions by expanding the host specificity and increasing the efficiency of nodulation are discussed.
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Pereira, Lara. "Natural diversity in tomato flavor-related genes." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053436.

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Mendoza-Soto, Ana Belen. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis leads to differential regulation of genes and miRNAs associated with the cell wall and cuticle in tomato leaves." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053052.

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Murooka, Yoshikatsu, Akiko Ike, and Mitsuo Yamashita. "Bioremediation of heavy metals through symbiosis between leguminous plant and rhizobium with engineered metallothionein and phytochelatin synthase genes." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0051.

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Krizek, Beth. "Two related AIL/PLT transcription factors: AINTEGUMENTA and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 regulate many common target genes in Arabidopsis flowers." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332353.

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Baez-Astorga, Paul. "The phytopathogen Fusarium verticillioides induces genes related to different antagonistic mechanisms in the maize endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus sensu lato B25." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052977.

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Guo, Bei. "Physiological Identification of Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Expressing Genes Related to Plant Trehalose Metabolism." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163193.

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Bielecka, M., S. Zielińska, B. Pencakowski, M. Stafiniak, S. Ślusarczyk, A. Prescha, and A. Matkowski. "Age-related variation in polyphenol content and expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes in a medicinal and aromatic perennial Agastache rugosa." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399780.

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Reports on the topic "Symbiosis related plant genes"

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Harrison, Maria J., and Matthew E. Hudson. Identification of genes that regulate phosphate acquisition and plant performance during arbuscular my corrhizal symbiosis in medicago truncatula and brachypodium distachyon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1226798.

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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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