Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Symbiotic relation'
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Cotin-Galvan, Laetitia. "Relation plante-hôte / Frankia dans les symbioses actinorhiziennes : cas particulier des souches non-isolables capables de sporuler in-planta." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10183/document.
Full textSporulation is a phenomenon present in many microorganisms, usually involved in the mechanisms of dispersion and/or resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. Sporulation occurs in some Frankia strains (a diazotrophic actinobacteria) during their symbiotic interaction with actinorhizal plants, which is paradoxical in a context where the bacterium has a favorable ecological niche for its development. These particular Frankia strains, called Sp+, represent a unique model of symbiont capable of sporulation within the host cells. The ecological role and the evolutionary meanings of this in-planta sporulation still remain understood. The two main objectives of this thesis aimed to (i) understand the influence of in-planta sporulation on the symbiotic capacity of Sp+ strains in terms of infectivity and competitiveness and (ii) understand the impact of this sporulation on the functioning of the symbiotic complex by a metabolic profiling approach. These studies have confirmed the symbiotic characteristics of Sp+ strains (greater infectivity and competitiveness) and have shown significant differences in the primary and secondary metabolism of the symbiotic complex associated with the presence of Frankia spores
Hayes, Roger. "Public relations and public diplomacy : symbiosis and reformulation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557254.
Full textMilligan, Roger Simon. "Searching for symbiosis : pastoralist-farmer relations in North-east Nigeria." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250010.
Full textHarzallah, Debbabi Sonia. "La relation symbiotique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3020/document.
Full textThe pervasiveness of bacterial symbiosis and its omnipresence at every level of the biological organization deeply trouble life sciences. Today, despite biological, medical and philosophical renewal, a relational perspective analyzing the symbiotic relation, and the establishment and evolution of symbiosis is still lacking. In this work, we reveal difficulties to adopt an appropriate symbiosis model covering the complexity of the diverse and ubiquitous relation, and we propose to analyze the syntrophic metabolism as a common feature to all symbiosis. We apply an evolutionary approach to study molecular and cellular mechanisms, and we demonstrate the reciprocal dependency of symbiotic partners determining an obligatory symbiosis. The microbiota composed of symbiotic bacterial communities is an evolutionary homeostatic organ, functionally integrated in its host organism. Symbiotic bacteria are homeostatic agents that allow host organisms to adapt to fluctuations in environmental conditions. This homeostatic function enables the reciprocal scaffolding between symbiotic partners, resulting in a holobiont characterized by a hybrid reproduction and an extended inheritance. The analysis of bacterial symbiosis in human gut demonstrates the partner’s coevolutionary and codevelopmental interaction and determines the extension of the reciprocal metabolic scaffolding to a cognitive scaffolding based on immune and neurological systems in higher organisms. We demonstrate the entanglement of metabolism and information, and propose an informational perspective to define the symbiosis. This establishes an informational organization of the holobiont through the exchange of significant information between the host and its microbiota
Fraga-Beddiar, Arifa. "Interactions entre les symbiotes mycorhiziens et les symbiotes fixateurs d'azote chez l'aulne glutineux (alnus glutinosa L. Gaertin)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10335.
Full textKeller, Jean. "La symbiose fixatrice d'azote au sein du genre Lupinus : histoire évolutive, aspects fonctionnels et gènes symbiotiques dans un contexte de spécificité hôte-symbiote." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B036.
Full textLegumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway
Sicard, Mathieu. "Modalités écologiques et évolutives des interactions entre les nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema et leurs symbiotes bactériens Xenorhabdus." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20193.
Full textGrellier, Brigitte. "Approche biotechnologique des mycorhizes : culture in vitro et physiologie des associations ectomycorhiziennes." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605677t.
Full textSchmitz, Antonin. "Interactions immunité-parasitisme et immunité-symbiose chez les insectes : apport de deux modèles biologiques : drosophile-parasitoïde et puceron-symbiotes-parasitoïde." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4030.
Full textThis manuscript deals with immune interactions in host-parasitoid and host-parasitoid-symbionts systems in two host model species : Drosophila melanogaster and the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The host-parasitoid system D. Melanogaster – L. Boulardi present both a polymorphism in host resistance and parasitoid virulence and factors involved are well characterized. We address the origin of the polymorphism of virulence of L. Boulardi, and shown to be associated with variations in expression of a major immunosuppressive factor from the venom, which induces a deformation of the immune cells of D. Melanogaster. A. Pisum lives in symbiosis with the mutualistic bacteria B. Aphidicola and can harbour different facultative secondary symbionts, some many confer different phenotypic traits to their host (eg resistance to parasitoids od fungal pathogens). The recent annotation of the genome of A. Pisum showed an apparently reduced immune repertoire which suggests an adaptation to symbiosis’ lifestyle. The first part of the work presented is a detailed characterization of A. Pisum cellular immunity (hemocytes’ types, functions, and response of the hemocytes to the presence of symbionts) and suggests an apparent functional immunity in the pea aphid. The second part of this work is a comparative study of the immunocompetence of A. Pisum (hemocytes and phenoloxidase activity), depending on host genotype, the presence of different symbionts, and the origin of the infection (natural vs. Artificial). It demonstrates a strong interaction between host immune capacities and symbiotic status in aphids
Driscoll, Timothy. "Host-Microbe Relations: A Phylogenomics-Driven Bioinformatic Approach to the Characterization of Microbial DNA from Heterogeneous Sequence Data." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50921.
Full textPh. D.
Guay, Jean-Frédéric. "Capacité des pucerons à résister aux parasitoïdes et aux stress abiotiques : rôle du symbiote bactérien Hamiltonella defensa en association avec un nouveau symbiote facultatif du puceron du pois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26262/26262.pdf.
Full textLepinay, Clémentine. "Etude des interactions plantes-microbes et microbes-microbes au sein de la rhizosphère, sous un aspect coûts-bénéfices, dans un contexte de variation environnementale." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS022/document.
Full textUnderstanding the interactions that bind plants and soil microorganisms is an essential step for the sustainable management of ecosystems, especially in agriculture. The ecosystem services resulting from such interactions include plant productivity which responds, in part, to the food requirements of the world's population and the regulation of biogeochemical cycles. These ecosystem services depend on trophic links between the two partners in the interaction and can be represented by a tradeoff between the costs and benefits for each partner. Plants, being autotrophic organisms or primary producers, are key organisms which introduce carbon into the ecosystem, through photosynthesis. Part of this carbon is released as more or less complex molecules at the roots level, thanks to the rhizodeposition process. These compounds act as signal molecules and nutrients for soil microorganisms, which are mainly heterotrophic, in the so-called rhizosphere effect. This process is costly for the plant but beneficial to the microorganisms. In return, microorganisms contribute to plant nutrition and health, which is costly but provides them with a beneficial source of nutrients. These trophic exchanges, however, are based on a balance which depends on the biotic and abiotic conditions that affect each partner. Microbial biodiversity, through the multitude of interactions occurring within microbial communities, is a significant biotic factor. Among the abiotic factors, the current environmental context, subject to global change, is tending to destabilize these interactions. The objective of this work was to understand how environmental changes affect the costs and benefits for each partner by applying changes to one or the other, the aim being to determine whether these changes would affect the benefits for plants and microorganisms that provide ecosystem services. To achieve this objective, a simplified framework for plants-microbes interaction was first chosen. Destabilization at the plant level was carried out by increasing the atmospheric CO2 and studying the interaction between Medicago truncatula and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The interactions were then made more complex by using a whole microbial community but this time the change was applied to the microbial compartment by subjecting it to diversity dilution. The effect of the resulting microbial diversity gradient was measured on the growth and reproduction of three model plant species (Medicago truncatula, Brachypodium distachyon and Arabidopsis thaliana). Finally, the microbial community was subjected to a DNA SIP analysis, with the isotope 13C, to identify the active portion, i.e., those microorganisms which really interacted with the plant and used compounds released by it. The main result, when the change affected one or other partner, was a destabilization of the costs and benefits. The first study showed a transient variation in the interactions in favour of the plant under increased CO2 conditions. In the case of a dilution of microbial diversity, the costs for the plant are conditioned by the natural dependency of plants on symbiotic microorganisms that interact with the rest of the community. This was confirmed by the last experiment that highlighted the between-microbes interactions which determined the composition of the microbial community that interacted with the plant. This work has helped to clarify the functioning of relationships between plants and soil microbes and the factors that contribute to their maintenance which is essential to the functioning of ecosystems. These studies also provide ways for predicting the impacts of global change on ecosystems. The conservation or restoration of ecosystem services is essential for human well-being
Morel, Olivier. "Étude des relations entre les Coxiella endosymbiotiques, leurs hôtes tique et C. burnetii, l'agent de la Fièvre Q." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1241/document.
Full textAmong arthropods, ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens in terms of diversity and are the leading cause of transmission of vector-borne diseases in Europe and North America. While these pathogens are the most studied, ticks also harbor other symbionts that contribute significantly to their phenotype. Recently many symbiotic bacteria have been described in ticks. Among them, bacteria exhibiting strong homology with Coxiella burnetii have been discovered. Unlike C. burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, Coxiella-Like Endosymbiont (Coxiella-LE) seems unable to infect other hosts than ticks. They are among the most widespread maternally-inherited symbionts in tick species and could play an important role in their biology. Coxiella-LE may indeed have a nutritional role by synthesizing B vitamins and cofactors absent from their host's diet. To understand the interaction between Coxiella-LE and their hosts, my thesis work focused on the evolution of the Coxiella genus. For this purpose, phylogenetic analyzes and comparative genomic approaches have been carried out. I have participated in the establishment of the phylogeny of the Coxiella genus by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), which highlights the diversity of this bacterial genus. Interestingly C. burnetii emerges within one of these clads of tick endosymbiotic bacteria, which may suggest a recent transition towards pathogenicity. Two new genomes of Coxiella-LE were sequenced to perform comparative genomic analyses. All Coxiella genomes studied, including those of C. burnetii, possess the genes encoding for the biosynthesis of B vitamins and cofactors, as usually found in nutritional symbionts of blood-sucking arthropods. This result strengthens the idea of an important role of Coxiella-LE for their host ticks and, according to the phylogeny, the common ancestor of these bacteria was therefore a mutualistic tick endosymbiont. However, traces of genes involved in the virulence of C. burnetii have been found in genomes belonging to distinct clads of Coxiella-LE, which rather indicate recurrent losses of virulence. Moreover, different levels of genomic erosion are found in the genomes of Coxiella-LE studied, which could indicate different transitions towards the mutualistic way of life. Such recurrent transfers would explain the absence of cocladogenesis between Coxiella-LE and their host phylogeny, an uncommon feature for an obligatory symbiont. As several maternally-inherited symbionts can be found in ticks, the second axis of my thesis has focused on the impact of co-infections. For this purpose, a population of ticks belonging to the species Dermacentor marginatus was studied. This species is frequently infected with Coxiella-LE, Rickettsia and Spiroplasma bacteria and different infection status can be observed in individuals from a single population. No competition has been demonstrated between these bacteria, since none interferes with the transmission and density of the others. However, in case of triple infection, the fitness of the host appears greatly reduced with a significant reduction in size (10%). Since vertical transmission of these symbionts is incomplete, understanding how these symbionts and co-infections are maintained despite this significant cost remains an open question. If the symbiotic strategies of these symbionts are still unknown, it is likely that their transmission is not only maternal, but also horizontal [etc…]
Lesueur, Didier. "Optimisation de la fixation d'azote dans la symbiose acacia mangium-bradyrhizobium : relations de la plante-hote et de la bacterie symbiote avec l'acidite et les oligoelements." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066545.
Full textFrick, Linnea. "Text-parasiter : En tanke-vandring kring vår relation till texter och läsande." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156033.
Full textLallemand, Félix. "Evolution des interactions mycorhiziennes et de la mycohétérotrophie chez les orchidées." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0019/document.
Full textTerrestrial plants live in collaboration with soil fungi, forming associations called mycorrhizal symbioses. They exchange carbon (photosynthates) for water and nutrients. This mutualism is however disrupted by some plants, called mycoheterotrophs, which are able to obtain carbon from their fungal symbionts. Non-photosynthetic most of the time, then they entirely depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Some yet have retained photosynthesis and acquire carbon from these two ways, we called them mixotrophs. This PhD thesis is dedicated to the study of mycoheterotrophic and mixotrophic plants in orchids, with points of comparison in Ericaceae. This dissertation is structured around different kinds of work, which clarify the phylogeny of some key lineages, provide insights into the genomic, metabolic and physiologic evolution going along with these unusual nutrition types, and question how they respond to environmental parameters
Lopez, Valérie. "Impact du microbiote chez un insecte phytophage : interactions entre Delia radicum et ses symbiotes intra et extracellulaires." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B044/document.
Full textMicrobial symbionts can deeply influence their animal hosts in various ways. Here, we studied the community of microbes of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and more precisely the role of its gut microbiota and of Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterium. The vertical maternal transmission of Wolbachia was perfect, and we found no evidence of manipulation of reproduction such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization nor male killing. Wolbachia infection had significant but moderate and mutually compensating effects on D. radicum (reduced hatch rate, improved larvo-nymphal viability, longer development time and increased female mortality in stress conditions), suggesting that infection might be nearly neutral in this strain, although we observed an increase in infection frequency in ideal rearing conditions. The influence of the gut microbiota was studied using an antibiotic, tetracycline, with a protocol spanning three generations, which allowed to discriminate the possible direct (toxic) effect of tetracycline from its indirect effects (due to the loss of gut symbionts). Antibiotic treatment of adults led to multiple and mostly negative effects on life history traits of their offspring and grandchildren. Data suggested a larger role of gut microbiota perturbation than of a toxic effect, that the microbiota was partially inherited maternally, and that the “wild-type” gut microbiota was beneficial in this species. Finally, we investigated whether Wolbachia could modify the insect-plant dialogue between D. radicum larvae feeding on roots of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The presence of the symbiont decreased glucosinolate concentrations in the leaves, suggesting that Wolbachia could increase the fitness of its host by decreasing plant cues used by D. radicum conspecifics and/or natural enemies. This study showed the potential of an intracellular bacteria to influence plant-insect relationships, and allowed to discuss the tri-trophic interactions between symbionts, their insect hosts and a third trophic level: the plant. This thesis demonstrates the necessity to consider intracellular and extracellular symbionts in further studies, in order to unravel all the possible relationships between different partners, as well as their ecological or evolutionary implications
Geniez, Sandrine. "Investigation of Wolbachia symbiosis in isopods and filarial nematodes by genomic and interactome studies." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2277/document.
Full textBacteria of the genus Wolbachia are gram-negative alpha-proteobacteria present in many arthropods and filarial nematodes. These obligate intracellular bacteria are maternally inherited and induce a large number of phenotypes across the symbiosis continuum from mutualism to parasitism, including feminization (F), cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) or male killing. Studying Wolbachia symbioses is therefore of particular interest in the investigation of symbiotic relationships.In Brugia malayi and other filarial nematodes, they are obligate leading to a loss of worm fertility, and eventual death upon their depletion with antibiotic. In arthropods, they rather are parasitic. In the isopod crustacean Armadillidium vulgare they cause feminization when present: genetic males develop as functional female leading to female biased sex-ratio progenies.In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of these two symbioses, we set up a new capture procedure to catch Wolbachia DNA and performed whole-genome sequencing on 8 Wolbachia strains, symbionts of isopods (F & CI). Comparative genomics led to the establishment of the Wolbachia pan-genome as well as the identification of phenotype related gene patterns. We identified 2, 5 and 3 genes that are only found in mutualist, feminizing and male killing strains, respectively. Expression of genes potentially involved in feminization and mutualism were also analyzed throughout host post-embryonic development. Host-symbiont interactome approach was then initiated by protein-protein interaction studies using bacterial proteins with eukaryote like motifs as bait in order to identify Wolbachia host targets involved in symbiosis
Alves, Don Gomes. "Simbiose: relações mútuas através do fazer artístico." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5935.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The project "Symbiosis" aims to bring reflections on human beings and their relationship with the means they inhabit, whether for the environment, their habitat and/or other beings of our specie. In developing this search an experience was made in the Recycling Cooperative Healthy Environment (COOPERMAS), with activities and reflections that brought to light the prejudices surrounding that space, culminating in the use of art making how a relational tool among members and neighborhood working collective characteristics in a collaborative proposalIt was being built step by step. Human habits are put to debate this process and raise the power that cultural activities have to intervene in hostile environments, human working towards a connection between beings that circumscribe the cloth of Gaia.
O projeto artístico “Simbiose” se propõe a trazer reflexões sobre os seres humanos e sua relação com o meio em que vive, sejam com o meio ambiente, seu habitat e/ou os demais entes de nossa espécie. No desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi realizada uma vivência dentro da Cooperativa de Reciclagem Meio Ambiente Saudável (COOPERMAS), com atividades e reflexões que trouxeram à tona os preconceitos que envolvem aquele espaço, culminando no uso do fazer artístico como ferramenta relacional entre cooperados e vizinhança, trabalhando características coletivas em uma proposta colaborativa que foi sendo construída passo a passo. Os hábitos humanos são colocados em discussão neste processo e suscitam o poder que ações culturais têm ao intervir em ambientes hostis, trabalhando o humano em prol de uma conexão entre os seres que circunscrevem o tecido de Gaia.
Leclair, Mélanie. "Dynamique évolutive des symbioses protectrices chez les insectes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B043/document.
Full textSymbiotic associations between microorganisms and eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the living world. These microorganisms can play a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of their hosts by altering their phenotypes. Since these symbionts are usually heritable, extended phenotypes resulting from these symbiotic associations may be transmitted to subsequent generations. Some microorganisms will allow access to a food source; others will provide protection against natural enemies. Such symbiotic protection is found in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in its interaction with the bacteria Hamiltonella defensa. This symbiosis provides the aphid with a resistance against the attack of its main parasitoid enemy: Aphidius ervi. The populations of the pea aphid, a legume pest insect, are structured in different biotypes (specialized populations on host plants). The distribution of this protective symbiont within pea aphid populations is singular: many individuals living on Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Ononis spinosa or Genista sagittalis and G. tinctoria host plant with H. defensa while it is rarely found in other populations of A. pisum biotypes such as Pisum sativum (pea) or Trifolium sp. (clover). We sought to understand why H. defensa was not found in every pea aphid biotype. In order to predict the dynamics of the protective symbiosis and the resistance potential in natural aphid populations, we focused on several ecological and evolutionary processes. We measured the consequence of parasitoid stress in the composition of symbiotic populations in three different biotypes (alfalfa, clover and pea) using a field approach. The distribution of H. defensa symbiont in populations dependent directly on the variability of the associated phenotype expressed in different populations. We identified the phenotypes associated with this symbiont in aphids from different biotypes, and the influence of the local context on these phenotypes. The lack of H. defensa in some individuals can be explained by the redundancy of a protective function already in place in these biotypes, such as an alternative symbiotic species or a strong immunity. Finally, we tested whether the symbiotic protections provided by two different bacteria in the pea aphid could be cumulated, thus creating super-organisms. My work highlights the many factors involved in predicting the frequencies of facultative symbiotic bacteria in host populations
Nathalie, Savalois. "Partager l'espace avec une espèce protégée qui s'impose. Approches croisées des relations entre habitants et goélands (Larus michahellis) à Marseille." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789194.
Full textIrshad, Usman. "Relations trophiques dans la rhizosphère : effet des interactions entre champignon ectomycorhizien, bactéries et nématodes bactérivores sur le prélèvement minéral du Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0029/document.
Full textSoil microorganisms act as a sink and a source of available N and P bymediating key processes in the biogeochemical N and P cycling. The microbial loop, basedupon the grazing of bacteria by predators such as bacterial-feeding nematodes, is thoughtto play a major role in the mineralization of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of grazing bynematodes on mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizal woody plants. Different studies wereundertaken to quantify the role of nematode grazing on bacteria on the root growth andarchitecture, mineral nutrition (N and P) of a woody species, Pinus pinaster, whether ornot associated with the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Plantswere grown in a sterile simplified experimental system, whether inoculated or not withBacillus subtilis and bacterial-feeding nematodes (belonging to Rhabditidae orCephalobidae families) that were isolated from ectomycorrhizae and from soil of a P.pinaster plantation. The effect of nematode grazing on plant growth and the fate ofbacterial 15N towards plant shoots was strongly dependent upon medium P availability. Inaddition, nematode grazing was required to enable the plant to access P from phytate, awell-known poorly available P source to plants but that was used by bacterial populationsof B. subtilis due to its ability to release phytase in the medium. These results open analternative route to increase the use of phytate for plant P nutrition
Michaud, Caroline. "Dynamique des symbioses mutualistes hôtes-microbiotes : mode et efficacité de transmission des symbiotes dans les populations du termite xylophage Reticulitermes grassei." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4027.
Full textMany animals including humans live in symbiotic interaction with gut microorganisms contributing to essential functions (nutrition, immunity). The ‘vertical’ way of transmission of symbionts (i.e., from parents to offspring) must stabilise these symbioses, notably by strengthening partner fidelity. However, the efficiency of vertical transmission has rarely been studied, especially in the case where hosts harbour a complex microbial community (or ‘microbiota’) composed by many microbial taxa interacting between them and with the host.The objective of this work was to study the mode and efficiency of transmission of gut microorganisms (protists and bacteria) helping the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes grassei to digest ingested wood (lignocellulose fibres). Our results revealed contrasted situations between microorganisms. While protists are efficiently vertically transmitted, the majority of bacterial taxa is not only vertically transmitted but seems to be acquired by the environment
Zimmerman, Aine K. "Estranged Bedfellows: German-Jewish Love Stories in Contemporary German Literature and Film." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1218765995.
Full textAdvisors: Dr. Katharina Gerstenberger (Committee Chair), Dr. Todd Herzog (Committee Member), Dr. Sara Friedrichsmeyer (Committee Member) Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 4, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: German-Jewish relations; German-Jewish love stories; intercultural relationships; Holocaust studies; Holocaust legacy; normalization; contemporary German literature; contemporary German film; negative symbiosis Includes bibliographical references.
Lorenzi, Ange. "Analyse fonctionnelle d’une symbiose mutualiste : mécanismes de production du polydnavirus associé au parasitoïde ichneumonide Hyposoter didymator." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG047.
Full textPDVs are DNA viruses associated with tens of thousands of parasitoid hymenopteran species. They are divided into two taxa, the Bracoviruses (BVs) and the Ichnoviruses (IVs) associated respectively with the subfamilies of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. PDVs are produced in a specialized tissue of the genital tract (calyx) of the female parasitoid. They are then injected during oviposition in a host caterpillar, altering its physiological functions and ensuring a favorable environment for the development of parasitoid offspring. The PDV genome is integrated into the genome of the wasps and consists of two functional components: firstly, sequences involved in virulence in the host that are the only ones to be packaged, and secondly regions with clusters of genes that are responsible for the production of viral particles. These clustered genes display viral gene characteristics and are specifically expressed in the replicative tissue, the calyx. They derive from the viral ancestor of current IVs, but show no sequence homology with known viral genes; as a result, the nature of the ancestral virus and the function of the genes that derivee from it remain unknown.Regions bearing these gene clusters have been named "Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Re-gions (IVSPERs)". This thesis is part of a fundamental approach aimed at studying the function of IVSPERs genes in order to confirm their involvement in the production of IV particles and to verify whether they have retained or not a function similar to that of their viral ancestor. The model stud-ied was that of the Ichnovirus associated with the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter didymator (HdIV).To answer the question of IVSPERs gene function during HdIV production, we used RNA interference technology (RNAi) coupled with electron microscopy approaches. Our work has allowed us to identify IVSPER genes involved in different key steps of the IV replication cycle. On the one hand, we have highlighted at least 6 structural proteins involved in the assembly and trafficking of viral particles in calyx cells. On the other hand, we have identified a set of IVSPER genes that affect transcription levels of other viral genes and that could possibly be involved in the IVs replicative machinery.All the results obtained during this thesis made it possible to show the efficiency of the RNAi tech-nique to study the function of the viral genes associated with parasitoid wasps. On the other hand, the results presented here constitute the first functional validation of genes involved in the morphogenesis of IVs, highlighting that these proteins have functions similar to those of "classical" viral proteins, attesting to the more than likely viral origin of the genes contained in IVSPERs
Wahbi, Sanâa. "Influence des cultures associées fève/blé sur le potentiel mycorhizien des sols et la structure de la microflore mycorhizosphérique : conséquences sur la productivité des agrosystèmes au Maroc." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS031.
Full textThe future of sustainable agriculture is based on an optimal management of the soil fertility and the soil physical and biological properties. The present study focused on identifying cultural practices that mimic some ecological processes (facilitation, complementarity, "plant-soil-feedback” effect) contributing to the maintenance of the soil fertility. These concepts have been empirically used in farming practices mixing plant species in cropping systems. One of the most commonly Mediterranean cropping system associates legumes to cereal in rotation or intercropping (i.e. Faba bean/ Durum wheat association). However, in order to optimize the impact of crop management on the productivity and stability of agro-ecosystems, the biological mechanisms involved must be clarified. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil microflora plant interactions and especially the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in these biotic and abiotic processes. By conducting experiments in controlled and in situ conditions, our results show that intercropping stimulates the wheat growth and its mineral nutrition (N and P). We also showed that this cultural practice induces significant changes on the soil microbial functional diversity, on the fluorescent Pseudomonas functionalities, and also on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) community structures. Furthermore, and in order to optimize the impact of the composition of the plant cover in intercropping, we have shown that increasing the diversity of legumes significantly improved the expected benefits on wheat growth and its mycorrhizal status. These results highlight the need to manage crop diversity in agroecosystems, in order to enhance the ecological services provided by legumes, and to consider the management of AM fungal communities in agro-ecological strategies as major component to maintain crop productivity
Long, Aaron T. "Syria's Other Jihad: Jabhat al-Nusra and the News Value of Terror." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556580450493416.
Full textDeronzier, Déborah. "Dialogue entre le bébé et les aspects bébés du self dans les contextes d’anorexie : le bébé dans sa famille, l’adulte et sa parentalité interne." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20140.
Full textThis dissertation offers a modelisation of the psychological dynamics which are at work in the contexts of anorexia. Process is the cornerstone to the exploration of the ongoing psychodynamic that is at work with the anorexia of the baby-in-its-family and the anorexia nervosa of the adult. The first part reviews the existing psychoanalytical literature and considers the works dealing with the anorexia nervosa of the teenager and of the adult, then the works dedicated to the anorexias of the baby; last but not least, the works offering an approach that considers the anorexias at the different stages of life. The second part deals with the epistemological basis of this work. It explores the research in clinical psychology and the way it is linked to practice and teaching. It looks into the theoretical and practical filiation that operates in our approach to the mental life and to the care relationship. The third part is dedicated to the methodology of the clinical research – mainly the specificities of psychoanalytical observation. It presents E. Bick’s method of infant observation and how this method was adapted for the clinical work with anorexic patients. The fourth part ponders on what is psychologically at stake in the ‘feeding relation’. This relation is seen as commensal (W.R. Bion, 1962), the paradigm of the intersubjective encounter, of the psychological development of the baby’s subjectivity and the emerging parentality, but also the most favored ground of the unconscious psychological transmission. The fifth part creates a dialogue between the baby-in-its-family and the babies aspects of the adult self in the contexts of anorexia. Anorexias are considered in terms of food refusal-impossibility demonstrating an attempt to organise psychological survival. Two common anxieties are at the center of the psychological dynamic : a catastrophic anxiety and a persecution anxiety. The catastrophic anxiety appears as an « endless and disintegrative fall », a sign of a primary depression, which is overloaded with a vampirising and devouring anxiety. The persecution anxiety is also thought as a form of objectalisation of the anxiety of « endless and disintegrative fall ». The adhesive defenses, which are organised to fight against the « endless and disintegrative fall », are accompagnied by an inhibition of the instinctual drives —especially of secondary greed— as well as their splitting, denial and projection. The contact with the baby’s emotional life reactivates the primary depression against which the babies aspects of the parental self are organised in an economy of psychological survival. The food refusal-impossibility of the baby appears as a mirror to the refusal-impossibility to receive and give meaning to the emotionnal life that characterises anorexic parentality. The link between the baby and its parentality, but also between the babies aspects of the self and the internal parentality, presents an opaque and persecutory reflexivity that is interiorized by the baby and the babies aspects of the self, with the form of a pernicious and involutive circle. Finally, this dissertation concludes with the proposition of a range of the feeding relation that is structured by two poles. The first pole is the more integrated one : that of the feeding relation. It is marked by a relation of intimacy between the baby and its parentality and by the introjection of a commensal reflexivity which is both mutual and asymmetrical, and which sustains the integration of instinctual drives, the development of the bases of a protective superego and of the mental growth. The second pole, the un-linked one, is that of the relation of un-feeding characterized by a relation of ex-timity between the baby and its parentality, and the interiorization of a persecutory and opaque reflexivity in the form of a involutive circle leading to the desintegration of the drive and the development of an ego destructive superego (W.R.Bion, 1959)
Doidy, Joan. "The Medicago truncatula sucrose transporter family." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-151723.
Full textMartinez, Julien. "Expression et évolution du phénotype étendu dans une association parasitoïde-virus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751985.
Full textUrbini, Laura. "Models and algorithms to study the common evolutionary history of hosts and symbionts." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1214/document.
Full textIn this Ph.D. work, we proposed models and algorithms to study the common evolutionary history of hosts and symbionts. The first goal was to analyse the robustness of the methods of phylogenetic tree reconciliations, which are a common way of performing such study. This involves mapping one tree, most often the symbiont’s, to the other using a so-called event-based model. The events considered in general are cospeciation, duplication, host switch, and loss. The host and the symbiont phylogenies are usually considered as given and without any errors. The objective here was to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the parsimonious model used in such mappings of one tree to another, and how the final results may be influenced when small errors are present, or are introduced in the input datasets. This may correspond either to a wrong choice of present-day symbiont-host associations in the case where multiple ones exist, or to small errors related to a wrong rooting of the symbiont tree. Our results show that the choice of leaf associations and of root placement may have a strong impact on the variability of the reconciliation output. We also noticed that the host switch event has an important role in particular for the rooting problem. The second goal of this Ph.D. was to introduce some events that are little or not formally considered in the literature. One of them is the spread, which corresponds to the invasion of different hosts by a same symbiont. In this case, as when spreads are not considered, the optimal reconciliations obtained will depend on the choice made for the costs of the events. The need to develop statistical methods to assign the most appropriate ones therefore remains of actuality. Two types of spread are introduced: vertical and horizontal. The first case corresponds to what could be called also a freeze in the sense that the evolution of the symbiont “freezes” while the symbiont continues to be associated with a host and with the new species that descend from this host. The second includes both an invasion, of the symbiont which remains with the initial host but at the same time gets associated with (“invades”) another one incomparable with the first, and a freeze, actually a double freeze as the evolution of the symbiont “freezes” in relation to the evolution of the host to which it was initially associated and in relation to the evolution of the second one it “invaded”. Our results show that the introduction of these events makes the model more realistic, but also that it is now possible to directly use datasets with a symbiont that is associated with more than one host at the same time, which was not feasible before
Rovere, Martina. "Étude fonctionnelle de la famille des facteurs de transcription ERF-VIIs chez Medicago truncatula : régulateurs clés de l’adaptation au manque d’oxygène." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4037/document.
Full textLegume crops are known for their capacities to establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing soil bacteria. This mutualism culminates in the formation of a new plant organ, the root nodule, in which the symbiont converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia, which can be directly consumed by plants. In nodules, bacterial nitrogenase enzyme is inhibited by traces of oxygen (O2) so different mechanisms maintain this organ at low O2 level. At the same time, nodules need to maintain a high ATP level to support the nitrogenase activity, which is highly energy demanding. Thus, a balance between a tight protection from O2 and an efficient energy production, referred as the “O2 paradox” of N2-fixing legume nodules, has to be reached. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a direct oxygen sensing mechanism has recently been discovered involving members of the ethylene responsive factors (ERFs) group VII. These transcription factors (TFs) possess a characteristic N-terminal amino acid with a cysteine residue at the second position that, under normal O2 conditions, leads to protein degradation following a specific pathway called the N-end rule pathway. Furthermore, it was shown that both O2 and nitric oxide (NO) are required to destabilize the ERFs VII and that a reduction in the availability of either gas is sufficient to stabilize these proteins. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to investigated the role of ERF-VII family in O2 sensing and adaptation to hypoxia in M. truncatula, model plant for legumes, and to understand how NO interacts with O2 in hypoxic signalization in the microoxic environment that characterizes the nodule. We identified four genes belonging to the ERF-VII TF family in the M. truncatula genome, which present a strong similarity with ERF-VII of Arabidopsis. The characterization of this family at the transcriptional level revealed that only MtERF-B2.2 is up-regulated by hypoxia stress and during nodule development. The three others, MtERF-B1.1, MtERF-B1.11 and MtERF-B2.3 are found constitutively expressed in leaves, roots and nodules. To investigated the protein stability of MtERF-B2.1, the closest orthologous to AtRAP2.12 described as O2-sensors in Arabidopsis, in function of O2/NO availability, we realized a fusion protein with the luciferase reporter protein. Our results on Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that the N-terminal part of MtERF-B2.1 drives its O2-dependent degradation by the N-end rule pathway. The function of MtERF-B2.1 and MtERF-B2.11 was also investigated both in response to hypoxia stress and during the nodulation process using an RNA interference strategy. Silencing of MtERFB2.1 and MtERF-2.11 showed a significant lower activation of several core hypoxia-responsive genes such as ADH1, PDC1, nsHb1 and AlaAT. These double knock-down transgenic roots were also affected in symbiotic interaction with a significant reduction of the nodulation capacity and nitrogen fixation activity in mature nodules. Overall, the results reveal that O2 sensing mechanism is mediated by ERF-VIIs in M. truncatula roots and nodules and that this mechanism, together with downstream targets, is involved in the organ development and ability to efficiently fix nitrogen. Furthermore, results indicated that MtERF-B2.1/B2.11 are positive regulator of the anaerobic metabolism and the Hb-NO cycle– related genes likely in order to activate alternative ATP generation pathways
Lullien, Valérie. "Expression des genes vegetaux pendant la differenciation des nodosites de luzerne (medicago sativa)." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30238.
Full textLajudie, Philippe de. "Contribution a l'etude de deux symbioses fixatrices d'azote : medicago sativa, legumineuse temperee, sesbania rostrata, legumineuse tropical." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112066.
Full textLopes, de Oliveira Veturia. "Intéractions entre les micro-organismes du sol et l'établissement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez le hêtre (fagus silvatica L. ) avec hebeloma crustuliniforme (bull. Ex saint-amans) quel. Et paxillus involutus batsch. Ex fr." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10174.
Full textBody, Mélanie. "Manipulations des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : mécanismes physiologiques, signalisation et conséquences nutritionnelles chez un insecte mineur de feuilles." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4054.
Full textEndophytophagous insects, such as stem-boring, gall-forming and leaf-mining insects, live within plant tissues and feed internally. The selective feeding hypothesis states that this life-style presumably provides adaptive advantages for the insect over other external-feeding modes by allowing access to most nutritional tissues while avoiding main plant defensive compounds. This selective feeding behavior can be reinforced by manipulating the plant physiology which has been clearly demonstrated in gallers but also suggested in leaf-miner insects due to the autumnal formation of “green islands” around mining caterpillars in yellow leaves. This study aimed to investigate, under field conditions, the ability of insects to manipulate their host-plant in the Malus domestica / Phyllonorycter blancardella biological system. This insect is highly specialized and entirely develops within a restricted area of a single leaf. We first characterized the plant-insect interface by describing larval mouthparts and leaf anatomy alterations resulting from the insect feeding activity
Katulanda, Panchali. "SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AND SEED DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYBEAN IN RELATION TO BRADYRHIZOBIUM INOCULATION AND NITROGEN USE UNDER ACIDIC AND SALINE DYKELAND SOIL CONDITIONS." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14325.
Full textLin, Yu-Sheng, and 林裕盛. "The Symbiotic Relation between the State and Enterprise in Taiwan: A Case Study on the Development of CTCI Corporation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ytcw3s.
Full text國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
102
During the past authoritarian regime in Taiwan, the state governed with hegemony and led the economic development, and this made Taiwan theoretical paradigm of "Developmental State". The development of engineering services is embedded in this historical context. The state cultivated "China Technical Consultants, Inc." on purpose to participate in the major domestic public construction. After China Technical Consultants, Inc. reinvested to CTCI Corporation, it became the first Taiwan engineering company gaining footholds in overseas markets. Based on this, the thesis attempts to discuss with the interaction among the state, China Technical Consultants, Inc., and CTCI, and to clarify the role of the state in engineering services. The research methods this thesis used are historical and secondary data analysis. Besides, this thesis also applies in-depth interview in order to obtain more complete understanding of the problematic of this thesis. The result of this thesis has shown that when the state faced the democratic transition and globalization, the intensity of the state involved in engineering services has gradually weakened. In addition, unlike the discussion of relation between "Developmental State" and industry in the past, the opinion of this thesis pointed out that the state did not offer positive policies in the overall engineering industry, and even became the obstacle to the engineering services exportation. Therefore, the success of CTCI was not entirely like the traditional discourse of "Developmental State Theory", but derived from its agency. However, the agency of CTCI is based on the contingency factors such as the changes in the international political situation, and the setting of development route on petrochemical by the state. At last, this thesis compared the current policies in engineering services with the suggestions from the industry, in order to anticipate that the state could offer the appropriate policy instruments in the future.
"Symbiosis: a new architectural setting between police and citizen." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892276.
Full textGuay, Jean-Frédéric. "Capacité des pucerons à résister aux parasitoïdes et aux stress abiotiques : rôle du symbiote bactérien Hamiltonella defensa en association avec un nouveau symbiote facultatif du puceron du pois /." 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26262/26262.pdf.
Full textNettmann, Raymond William. "Moving towards, against and away from people: the relationship between Karen Horney's interpersonal trends and the enneagram." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13338.
Full textPsychology
M. A, (Psychology)