Journal articles: 'Symbiotic relation'

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Li, Liang Xian. "The Motivation of Minor Enterprises Competition, Cooperation and Symbiosis." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.732.

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The competition and symbiosis relation of minor enterprises results from their active participation and other factors. The main motivations of their symbiotic development are to integrate different resources of relavant enterprises, share benefits and risks, promote continuely rapid development. In network economy era, cooperative symbiosis is playing an important parts in enterprise strategic management and innovation.

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Stone, Dianna L., Julio C. Canedo, and Shay Tzafrir. "The symbiotic relation between organizations and society." Journal of Managerial Psychology 28, no. 5 (June 28, 2013): 432–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0396.

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Lozano, Luis, Ismael Hernández-González, Patricia Bustos, Rosa I. Santamaría, Valeria Souza, J. Peter W. Young, Guillermo Dávila, and Víctor González. "Evolutionary Dynamics of Insertion Sequences in Relation to the Evolutionary Histories of the Chromosome and Symbiotic Plasmid Genes of Rhizobium etli Populations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 19 (July 30, 2010): 6504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01001-10.

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ABSTRACT Insertion sequences (IS) are mobile genetic elements that are distributed in many prokaryotes. In particular, in the genomes of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria collectively known as rhizobia, IS are fairly abundant in plasmids or chromosomal islands that carry the genes needed for symbiosis. Here, we report an analysis of the distribution and genetic conservation of the IS found in the genome of Rhizobium etli CFN42 in a collection of 87 Rhizobium strains belonging to populations with different geographical origins. We used PCR to generate presence/absence profiles of the 39 IS found in R. etli CFN42 and evaluated whether the IS were located in consistent genomic contexts. We found that the IS from the symbiotic plasmid were frequently present in the analyzed strains, whereas the chromosomal IS were observed less frequently. We then examined the evolutionary dynamics of these strains based on a population genetic analysis of two chromosomal housekeeping genes (glyA and dnaB) and three symbiotic sequences (nodC and the two IS elements). Our results indicate that the IS contained within the symbiotic plasmid have a higher degree of genomic context conservation, lower nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation, and fewer recombination events than the chromosomal housekeeping genes. These results suggest that the R. etli populations diverged recently in Mexico, that the symbiotic plasmid also had a recent origin, and that the IS elements have undergone a process of cyclic infection and expansion.

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Leonidas, Carolina, and Manoel Antônio dos Santos. "SYMBIOTIC ILLUSION AND FEMALE IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN EATING DISORDERS: A PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOSOMATICS’ PERSPECTIVE." Ágora: Estudos em Teoria Psicanalítica 23, no. 1 (April 2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-44142020001010.

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Abstract: This study aims primarily to reflect on the role of symbiotic illusion in the construction of female identity in women with eating disorders (ED), using premises from psychoanalytic psychosomatics. Considering ED as psychopathologies related to the affective economy, Oedipal relations play crucial role in the process of identity constitution. Mother-daughter relationships in ED are shaped in the molds of symbiotic illusion, with weak father figures. We presented a case study to briefly illustrate the theoretical framework. The omissive posture of a father to interdict the symbiotic relation leads daughters to find themselves unable to libidinally invest in other objects.

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Cai, Ming, and Mankin Mak. "Symbiotic Relation between Planetary and Synoptic-Scale Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 47, no. 24 (December 1990): 2953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2953:srbpas>2.0.co;2.

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Riquelme, Alejandro, and Patricio Hinrichsen. "Non-symbiotic hemoglobin and its relation with hypoxic stress." Chilean journal of agricultural research 75 (August 2015): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392015000300009.

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van Rossum, Diman, Arthur Muyotcha, Bram M. de Hoop, Henk W. van Verseveld, Adriaan H. Stouthamer, and Fred C. Boogerd. "Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance." Plant and Soil 163, no. 2 (June 1994): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00007965.

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Canizales-Flores, H. M., A. P. Rodríguez-Troncoso, F. A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza, and A. L. Cupul-Magaña. "A Long-Term Symbiotic Relationship: Recruitment and Fidelity of the Crab Trapezia on Its Coral Host Pocillopora." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090450.

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The symbiotic relationship between the crab Trapezia spp. and pocilloporid corals has been characterized as obligate. Although this relationship is considered common and has been widely registered within the distribution areas of these corals, the initiation of this symbiotic relation and its potential persistence throughout the life cycle of the crustacean is still poorly described. To understand the Trapezia–Pocillopora symbiosis, determining the time and conditions when Trapezia recruits a coral colony and the factors influencing this process are key. Thus, in the present study, healthy, small and unrecruited coral fragments were attached to the substrates (using cable ties) of nearby adult Pocillopora colonies. All fragments were monitored for two years to measure their growth and size at the first evidence of Trapezia crab recruitment, as well as the abundance and permanence of the crabs on the coral fragments. Results showed a relation between the space available (coral volume) and crab recruitment as an increase in substrate complexity is required to provide protection for the crabs and hence maintain the symbiosis, while abiotic conditions such as sea temperature and the distance of the fragments from the adult coral colonies seemingly did not affect the recruitment process. In addition, crabs are able to move between colonies, thus discarding the theory that once recruited, crabs are obligate residents on this specific colony.

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Oliveira, Wladecir Salles de, Patrícia Perondi Anchão Oliveira, Moacyr Corsi, Fábio Rodrigo Sanches Duarte, and Siu Mui Tsai. "Alfalfa yield and quality as function of nitrogen fertilization and symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 4 (2004): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000400013.

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The efficiency of the symbiotic process between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Sinorhizobium meliloti can be drastically affected by soil nitrogen. This research evaluates how mineral fertilization affects the contribution of symbiosis to the yield and quality of alfalfa in two experiments under controlled conditions, and a third one in the field. Under controlled conditions, positive effect of nitrogen fertilizer was observed, whereas, in the field, negative effect of the mineral nitrogen (450 kg ha-1 year-1) on the symbiotic process was observed, with reduction of nodulation and nitrogenase activity. However, there was no effect on yield, total nitrogen concentration, crude protein, non-protein nitrogen and digestibility in relation to the treatment without mineral N. The cultivars showed similar performance under different conditions, with 'Crioula Brasileira' and 'Crioula Chilena' showing the highest yield and 'Pioneer-5454' the highest forage nutritive value.

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Weidmann, Stéphanie, Lisa Sanchez, Julie Descombin, Odile Chatagnier, Silvio Gianinazzi, and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson. "Fungal Elicitation of Signal Transduction-Related Plant Genes Precedes Mycorrhiza Establishment and Requires the dmi3 Gene in Medicago truncatula." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 12 (December 2004): 1385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.12.1385.

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Suppressive subtractive hybridization and expressed sequence tag sequencing identified 29 plant genes which are upregulated during the appressorium stage of mycorrhiza establishment between Medicago truncatula J5 (Myc+) and Glomus mosseae. Eleven genes coding plant proteins with predicted functions in signal transduction, transcription, and translation were investigated in more detail for their relation to early events of symbiotic interactions. Expression profiling showed that the genes are activated not only from the appressorium stage up to the fully established symbiosis in the Myc+ genotype of M. truncatula, but also when the symbionts are not in direct cell contact, suggesting that diffusible fungal molecules (Myc factors) play a role in the induction of a signal-transduction pathway. Transcript accumulation in roots of a mycorrhiza-defective Myc- dmi3 mutant of M. truncatula is not modified by appressorium formation or diffusible fungal molecules, indicating that the signal transduction pathway is required for a successful G. mosseae-M. truncatula interaction leading to symbiosis development. The symbiotic nodulating bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti does not activate the 11 genes, which supposes early discrimination by plant roots between the microbial symbionts.

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Whitelock, Patricia. "Infrared Observations of Symbiotic Miras." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 103 (1988): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100103136.

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AbstractSymbiotic Miras are identified by their infrared characteristics. It is shown how an understanding of the evolutionary position of normal Mira variables together with the empirically established period luminosity relation can be used to derive various physical parameters for similar objects in symbiotic systems. The pulsation periods of symbiotic Miras measured so far fall between 280 and 580 days, their ages must be in the 5–10 Gyr range while main sequence masses of the order 1 to 1.5 M⊙ are indicated. The obscuration events seen in the IR light curves of several symbiotic Miras are highlighted as potentially important and possible causes are discussed.

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Shuvarova, S., E. Borisova, V. Sevastyanov, and N. Leontyeva. "The specificity of children-parental relations in families, bringing up the child with speech impairment." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72061-2.

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ObjectiveStudy of specificity of emotional - personal features of parents and children-parental relations in families, bringing up the child with speech impairment. 95 parents of children with deviations in speech development were examined by tests. Contradictory style of the relation of parents to the child is revealed. High parameters on scales “Acceptance - Rejection” (64, 3%), “Cooperation” (64, 3%), “Symbiosis” (56%) are diagnosed. As prevailing leading style of the relation “parent - child” is allocated “Symbiosis” (48%) as aspiration for satisfying all child necessities, protecting him from difficulties and troubles, constant alarm for the child. The second on frequency of occurrence is the relation of rejection, (mistrust and disrespect for the child, perception his as unadapted and unlucky person). Discrepancy in perception of the child and in the relation to him, shown as a combination of high parameters on different of direction scales (meeting in 50% of cases) and reflecting simultaneous rejection, symbiotic attachment and trust, are indicate unsolved interpersonal conflict of the parent and demand specially organized treatment. Research of features of parents emotional - personal sphere allow to establish a presence of heightened reactive and personal anxiety which isn’t resulting in depression, however breaking adequate interaction with society. Results of research allow to assume a presence of the certain not realized parents attitudes (non-acceptance personality of diseased child, non-constructive forms of interaction with him; fear of the responsibility; refusal of understanding of existing problems, their partial or full denying).

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Mürset, U., and H. Nussbaumer. "Bolometric Light Curves of Symbiotic Novae." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 151 (1992): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090012265x.

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We determine bolometric light curves and total energies radiated away during the outburst of symbiotic novae. Time integrated lower limits to the total energy of 0.9×1046 <E[erg] < 7×1046 are found. Thus, the output is comparable to, or larger than the total energy production of a classical nova outburst. From the mass-luminosity relation we find the underlying stellar masses to be 0.5 < M/M⊙ < 1.1.

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Livio, Mario, Dina Prialnik, and Oded Regev. "Accretion onto hot white dwarfs in relation to symbiotic novae." Astrophysical Journal 341 (June 1989): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/167494.

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Ridwan, Ridwan. "Paradigma Relasi Agama dan Negara dalam Islam." Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi 1, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v1i2.2139.

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The paradigmatic debate on the relationship between religion and state in Islam is an actual classic problem. The debate rises due to the absence of the normative basis and historical precedents that definitively state the relation between religion and state. Therefore, the paradigm formulation between religious and state relations is a matter of ijtihadiyah which is always open for debate. This article shows that theoretical debates about the relations between religious and state leads to three paradigms: integralistic, secularistic and symbiotic-mutualistic paradigms.

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Kębłowska-Ławniczak, Ewa. "Liminal hypotext‐hypertext relations in selected Shakespearean prequels, sequels and gap-fillers." Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jafp_00044_1.

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Liminality is inherent in the adaptation process situated ‘in-between’. Proposing the ‘biological’ concept of symbiosis, David Cowart distinguishes between the ‘host’ and the ‘guest’ text. Symbiosis as a shape-shifting concept involves a two-directional adaptation process, an ‘epistemic dialogue’, where interest is in how the later text’s meaning is produced in relation to the earlier and how the overall production of meaning is affected by the hypertext. To obliterate the lines of influence, temporal distance, privilege and importance, it is possible to conceive of the relation between hypotext and the hypertextual ‘attachment’ as rhizomatic and thus to locate the ‘hypertext product’ in a region where historical genealogies either no longer matter or need to be seriously reconceptualized The article discusses the hypotext‐hypertext relations in a selection of modern and postmodern adaptations by Maurice Baring, Gordon Bottomley, WTG and Elaine Feinstein and Linda Bamber, as ‘symbiotic attachments’ or rhizomatic developments whose relationship with the Shakespearean text, or rather ‘aggregate’ can be variously defined in narrative terms. I argue that texts located in the position of prologues, epilogues or separately published ‘letters’ ‐ defined as prequels, sequels or gap-fillers and often pointing to an ontological or temporal elsewhere ‐ can be variously defined as elements of the main text, metatexts masquerading as paratexts or framing borders and that they function as generators of meaning.

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Berry, Alison M., Alberto Mendoza-Herrera, Ying-Yi Guo, Jennifer Hayashi, Tomas Persson, Ravi Barabote, Kirill Demchenko, Shuxiao Zhang, and Katharina Pawlowski. "New perspectives on nodule nitrogen assimilation in actinorhizal symbioses." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 9 (2011): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11095.

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Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are plant organs specialised for symbiotic transfer of nitrogen and carbon between microsymbiont and host. The organisation of nitrogen assimilation, storage and transport processes is partitioned at the subcellular and tissue levels, in distinctive patterns depending on the symbiotic partners. In this review, recent advances in understanding of actinorhizal nodule nitrogen assimilation are presented. New findings indicate that Frankia within nodules of Datisca glomerata (Presl.) Baill. carries out both primary nitrogen assimilation and biosynthesis of arginine, rather than exporting ammonium. Arginine is a typical storage form of nitrogen in plant tissues, but is a novel nitrogen carrier molecule in root nodule symbioses. Thus Frankia within D. glomerata nodules exhibits considerable metabolic independence. Furthermore, nitrogen reassimilation is likely to take place in the host in the uninfected nodule cortical cells of this root nodule symbiosis, before amino acid export to host sink tissues via the xylem. The role of an augmented pericycle in carbon and nitrogen exchange in root nodules deserves further attention in actinorhizal symbiosis, and further highlights the importance of a comprehensive, structure–function approach to understanding function in root nodules. Moreover, the multiple patterns of compartmentalisation in relation to nitrogen flux within root nodules demonstrate the diversity of possible functional interactions between host and microsymbiont that have evolved in the nitrogen-fixing clade.

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Budiño, Fábio Enrique Lemos, Maria Cristina Thomaz, Rodolfo Nascimento Kronka, Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi, Fernanda Marcussi Tucci, Alessandro Luís Fraga, Antônio João Scandolera, and Rizal Alcides Robles Huaynate. "Effect of probiotic and prebiotic inclusion in weaned piglet diets on structure and ultra-structure of small intestine." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 6 (November 2005): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000800008.

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Forty-four piglets weaned were distributed in a complete randomized blocks in factorial scheme. Experimental diets were: T1 = Basal Diet (BD); T2 = BD + Antibiotic; T3 = BD + Probiotic; T4 = BD + Prebiotic; T5 = BD + Symbiotic (T3+T4). As control, four piglets were slaughtered at weaning. Seven and 14 days after weaning, four animals per treatment were slaughtered. Small intestine segments were sampled from each animal for electron and light microscopy evaluation. The evaluated micro-ingredients affected intestinal histology. It was observed higher villous density in duodenum of piglets fed diet with prebiotic in relation to those fed diets with probiotic. In jejunum of piglets fed diets with prebiotic was found higher villous density, but this difference was not significant. In relation to BD, symbiotic increased duodenal micro-villous height at the 14th day after weaning. Piglets supplemented with probiotic had better recovering of micro-villous density in relation to those fed with other diets.

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Pado, R. "Mutual relation of protozoans and symbiotic Algae in Paramaecium bursaria. II. Photosynthesis." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 36, no. 1 (2015): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1967.009.

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Jacob, Asha I., Sirin A. I. Adham, David S. Capstick, Scott R. D. Clark, Tara Spence, and Trevor C. Charles. "Mutational Analysis of the Sinorhizobium meliloti Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family Reveals Substantial Contribution to Symbiosis and Catabolic Diversity." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 7 (July 2008): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0979.

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The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family is one of the largest and most ubiquitous protein families in bacterial genomes. Despite there being a few well-characterized examples, the substrate specificities or functions of most members of the family are unknown. In this study, we carried out a large-scale mutagenesis of the SDR gene family in the alfalfa root nodule symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Subsequent phenotypic analysis revealed phenotypes for mutants of 21 of the SDR-encoding genes. This brings the total number of S. meliloti SDR-encoding genes with known function or associated phenotype to 25. Several of the mutants were deficient in the utilization of specific carbon sources, while others exhibited symbiotic deficiencies on alfalfa (Medicago sativa), ranging from partial ineffectiveness to complete inability to form root nodules. Five of the mutants had both symbiotic and carbon utilization phenotypes. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of the SDR family in both symbiosis and saprotrophy, and reinforce the complex nature of the interaction of S. meliloti with its plant hosts. Further analysis of the genes identified in this study will contribute to the overall understanding of the biology and metabolism of S. meliloti in relation to its interaction with alfalfa.

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Steindler, Laura, Silvia Schuster, Micha Ilan, Adi Avni, Carlo Cerrano, and Sven Beer. "Differential Gene Expression in a Marine Sponge in Relation to Its Symbiotic State." Marine Biotechnology 9, no. 5 (July 13, 2007): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-007-9024-2.

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Barcellos, Fernando Gomes, Pâmela Menna, Jesiane Stefânia da Silva Batista, and Mariangela Hungria. "Evidence of Horizontal Transfer of Symbiotic Genes from a Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculant Strain to Indigenous Diazotrophs Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii and Bradyrhizobium elkanii in a Brazilian Savannah Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 8 (February 16, 2007): 2635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01823-06.

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ABSTRACT The importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution and speciation of bacteria has been emphasized; however, most studies have focused on genes clustered in pathogenesis and very few on symbiosis islands. Both soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) and compatible Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strains are exotic to Brazil and have been massively introduced in the country since the early 1960s, occupying today about 45% of the cropped land. For the past 10 years, our group has obtained several isolates showing high diversity in morphological, physiological, genetic, and symbiotic properties in relation to the putative parental inoculant strains. In this study, parental strains and putative natural variants isolated from field-grown soybean nodules were genetically characterized in relation to conserved genes (by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR using REP and BOX A1R primers, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequencing of the 16SrRNA genes), nodulation, and N2-fixation genes (PCR-RFLP and sequencing of nodY-nodA, nodC, and nifH genes). Both genetic variability due to adaptation to the stressful environmental conditions of the Brazilian Cerrados and HGT events were confirmed. One strain (S 127) was identified as an indigenous B. elkanii strain that acquired a nodC gene from the inoculant B. japonicum. Another one (CPAC 402) was identified as an indigenous Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii strain that received the whole symbiotic island from the B. japonicum inoculant strain and maintained an extra copy of the original nifH gene. The results highlight the strategies that bacteria may commonly use to obtain ecological advantages, such as the acquisition of genes to establish effective symbioses with an exotic host legume.

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DeVerteuil, Geoffrey, Andrew Power, and Dan Trudeau. "The relational geographies of the voluntary sector: Disentangling the ballast of strangers." Progress in Human Geography 44, no. 5 (August 18, 2019): 919–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132519869461.

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We propose that voluntary sector geographies are best understood using a systematic relational approach, drawing upon neo-Marxist and symbiotic perspectives. We focus on relations between the voluntary sector and the (shadow) state, internal spaces of client interaction, and external urban spaces. Our relational approach advances alternative understandings of the voluntary sector: ones that are partly but not fully in the orbit of the shadow state; more mediator than conduit for neoliberal policies; partly punitive, yet firmly in relation with other ambivalent measures for clients; and both spatially uneven and fixed, but always unbounded in its practices.

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Ozakman, Yaprak, Trishya Pagadala, Dhaivat Raval, and Ioannis Eleftherianos. "The Drosophila melanogaster Metabolic Response against Parasitic Nematode Infection Is Mediated by TGF-β Signaling." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8070971.

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The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, its mutualistic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster establish a unique system to study the basis of infection in relation to host metabolism. Our previous results indicate that the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against nematode parasitism. However, our understanding of whether the presence of Photorhabdus bacteria in Heterorhabditis nematodes affects the metabolic state of D. melanogaster during infection is limited. Here, we investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling branches, Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against axenic (lacking bacteria) or symbiotic (containing bacteria) H. bacteriophora infection. We show that BMP signaling mediates lipid metabolism against axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora and alters the size of fat body lipid droplets against symbiotic nematode infection. Also, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, Activin signaling modulates sugar metabolism. Our results indicate that Activin and BMP signaling interact with the D. melanogaster metabolic response to H. bacteriophora infection regardless of the presence or absence of Photorhabdus. These findings provide evidence for the role of TGF-β signaling in host metabolism, which could lead to the development of novel treatments for parasitic diseases.

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Burnell, Ann, and S. Patricia Stock. "Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts — lethal pathogens of insects." Nematology 2, no. 1 (2000): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100508872.

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AbstractThe entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) Heterorhabditis and Steinernema together with their symbiont bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively, are obligate and lethal parasites of insects. EPN can provide effective biological control of some important lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran pests of commercial crops and they are amenable to large-scale culture in liquid fermentors. They are unique among rhabditids in having a symbiotic relationship with an enteric bacterium species. The bacterial symbiont is required to kill the insect host and to digest the host tissues, thereby providing suitable nutrient conditions for nematode growth and development. This review describes the general biology of EPN and their symbionts and gives an overview of studies to date on EPN biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeny. The impetus for research in EPN and their symbionts has come about because of their biological control potential, with much of the focus in EPN research having been on applied aspects relating to pest control. However EPN and their symbionts are increasingly being viewed as exciting subjects for basic research in the areas of ecology, biodiversity, evolution, biochemistry, symbiosis and molecular genetics. Much progress has been made over the past 20 years in our understanding of the basic biology and genetics of EPN and their symbionts. We are now entering a new phase in which the tools of molecular genetics are being increasingly used to address a range of biological questions in EPN research. The knowledge gained from this endeavour should ensure that EPN will become even more effective biopesticides and should also ensure that EPN and their symbionts gain prominence as unique and intrinsically interesting biological systems. Les nématodes entomopathogènes (EPN) Heterorhabditis et Steinernema, avec leur bactéries symbiotes Photorhabdus et Xenorhabdus, respectivement, sont des parasites obligés et mortels des insectes. Les EPN peuvent servir à un contrôle biologique de quelques lépidoptères, diptères et coléoptères importants pour les cultures commerciales et ils sont élevables à grande échelle dans des fermenteurs liquides. Ils sont uniques chez les rhabditides par leur relation symbiotique avec une espèce de bactérie entérique. La bactérie symbiote est nécessaire pour tuer l’insecte hôte et pour digérer les tissus de l’hôte, permettant ainsi des conditons de nutrition favorables à la croissance et au développement du nématode. La présente revue décrit la biologie générale des EPN et de leur symbiotes et donne un état des études actuelles sur la biodiversité, la biogéographie et la phylogénie des EPN. L’impulsion donnée aux recherches sur les EPN et leur symbiotes provient de leur potentialités pour le contrôle biologique, une grande partie des recherches sur les EPN ayant trait à des aspects appliqués en relation avec ce contrôle des parasites. Cependant, les EPN et leur symbiotes bactériens sont de plus en plus considérés comme des sujets intéressants pour la recherche fondamentale dans les domaines de l’écologie, de la biodiversité, de l’évolution, de la biochimie, des processus symbiotiques et de la génétique moléculaire. De nombreux progrès ont été réalisés ces 20 dernières années dans la compréhension de la biologie et de la génétique des EPN et de leur symbiotes. Nous entrons actuellement dans une nouvelle phase ou les moyens de la biologie moléculaire sont utilisés de manière croissante pour formuler une série de questions biologiques pour la recherche sur les EPN. Les connaissances résultant de ces efforts doivent conduire à vérifier que les EPN deviendront des biopesticides toujours plus efficaces et que les EPN et leur symbiotes prendront de l’importance en tant que systèmes biologiques uniques et intrinsèquement intéressants.

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IWATSUKI, KENJI, and YUTAKA NAITOH. "Behavioural Responses to Light in Paramecium Bursaria in Relation to its Symbiotic Green Alga Chlorella." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.43.

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The behavioural responses to light in the ciliate Paramecium bursaria Focke, which normally contains hundreds of the symbiotic green alga Chlorella in its cytoplasm, were analysed quantitatively to clarify the mechanisms governing photoreception in the cell. P. bursaria was found to possess three kinds of photoreceptor systems for (1) the step-up photophobic response (system I), (2) the step-down photophobic response (system II), and (3) the photokinetic response (system III). Under the influence of light, the symbiotic algae inhibited systems I and III, but activated system II. Thus the cells showed the avoiding reaction when they encountered shade (the step-down photophobic response), and consequently gathered in the light region (photoaccumulation). Inhibition of system I and activation of system II were assumed to be mediated by products of the blue-light effect of the algae, while inhibition of system III was due to photosynthetic products of the algae. The cells whose algae were experimentally removed gathered in the shade (photodispersal) due to the avoiding reaction exhibited by them when they encountered a lighted region (the step-up photophobic response mediated by system I). Lowered swimming velocity and increased frequency of spontaneous changes in the swimming direction in the shade (photokinetic responses mediated by system III) also caused photodispersal.

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Fujiwara, Yuta, Jotaro Urabe, and Satoshi Takeda. "Host preference of a symbiotic flatworm in relation to the ecology of littoral snails." Marine Biology 161, no. 8 (June 4, 2014): 1873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2469-8.

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Fischer-Le Saux, Marion, Hervé Mauléon, Philippe Constant, Brigitte Brunel, and Noël Boemare. "PCR-Ribotyping of Xenorhabdus andPhotorhabdus Isolates from the Caribbean Region in Relation to the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Their Nematode Hosts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 4246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4246-4254.1998.

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ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of symbiotic Xenorhabdus andPhotorhabdus bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes was examined by a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes (rDNAs). A total of 117 strains were studied, most of which were isolated from the Caribbean basin after an exhaustive soil sampling. The collection consisted of 77 isolates recovered from entomopathogenic nematodes in 14 Caribbean islands and of 40 reference strains belonging toXenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. collected at various localities worldwide. Thirty distinctive 16S rDNA genotypes were identified, and cluster analysis was used to distinguish the genus Xenorhabdus from the genusPhotorhabdus. The genus Xenorhabdusappears more diverse than the genusPhotorhabdus, and for both genera the bacterial genotype diversity is in congruence with the host-nematode taxonomy. The occurrence of symbiotic bacterial genotypes was related to the ecological distribution of host nematodes.

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Carlos, Ann M., and Larry Neal. "Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000338.

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In the seventeenth century, Amsterdam and London developed distinctive innovations in finance through both banks and markets that facilitated the growth of trade in each city. In the eighteenth century, a symbiotic relation developed that led to bank-oriented finance in Amsterdam cooperating with market-oriented finance in London. The relationship that emerged allowed each to rise to unprecedented dominance in Europe, while the respective financial innovations in each city provided the means for the continued expansion of European trade, both within Europe and with the rest of the world. The increasing strains of war finance for the competing European powers over the course of the eighteenth century stimulated fresh financial innovations in each city that initially reinforced the symbiosis of the two centers. The external shocks arising from revolutionary movements in America and France, however, interrupted the relationship long enough to leave London as the supreme financial center.

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Mooneeram, Roshni. "The contribution of creative writing to the standardization of Mauritian Creole." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947007079103.

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In the histories of western European vernacular languages, it is widely acknowledged that literary figures have played an important role in the process of language standardization. Indeed, the codifying of language and the canonizing of literature are often seen as symbiotic processes. This article explores the links between creative writing and standardization by looking at the case of Mauritian Creole (MC). For these purposes, I carry out a linguistic analysis of selected works of Dev Virahsawmy, the pioneering and most prolific author using the medium of MC. The analysis focuses on the development of a systematic orthography, lexical, register and syntactic elaboration. In the case of MC, which did not have a written form prior to literature, it is suggested that the symbiosis mentioned by Adamson in relation to language standardization runs deeper. The article finally highlights the establishment of a standard as being subject to intentional individual pressures.

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Jones, Ross J., and Andrew L. Steven. "Effects of cyanide on corals in relation to cyanide fishing on reefs." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97048.

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Small fragments of the zooxanthellate corals Pocillopora damicornis and Porites lichen were subjected to a range of cyanide concentrations for various times (i.e. to various cyanide doses). Doses encompassed those likely to be experienced by corals as a result of various cyanide fishing practices. Following the highest doses, corals died; after medium doses, they lost their zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) resulting in a discolouration or ‘bleaching’; and after the lowest doses they lost zooxanthellae but not in sufficient numbers to cause noticeable discolouration. Respiratory rates of P. damicornis were inhibited by 10–90% following exposure to cyanide but recovered to pre-exposure levels within 1–2 h after transfer to clean sea water.

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Sumi, Akio, Sae Mori, and Takuji Hayashi. "Changes in Dry Matter Production-Evapotranspiration Relation Associated with Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of Several Legumes." Japanese Journal of Crop Science 80, no. 2 (2011): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.199.

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Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., and H. Kinzel. "Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation associated with temperate soils in relation to soil properties and vegetation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22, no. 8 (January 1990): 1075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(90)90032-u.

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Kozyreva, M. Iu, and L. Zh Basieva. "PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS OF ALFALFA CROPS IN RELATION TO THE TYPE OF NITROGEN NUTRITION." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-55-2-27-33.

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The paper shows the results of field experiments conducted in 2017-2019. The experiments were devoted to photosynthetic indices of alfalfa in relation to the type of nitrogen nutrition and symbiotic activity of crops. The experiments with alfalfa blue-hybrid were carried out in environmental conditions of the piedmont zone of RNO-Alania on chernozem leached soil with close occurrence of gravel. The researchers compared mineral and symbiotrophic types of nitrogen nutrition of alfalfa plants; they applied mineral nitrogen fertilizers and biospecimens on the basis of rizobium. In natural conditions (control group) the crops formed photosynthetic potential from 1701.3 thousand m²-days/ha per year of sowing to 3624.3 thousand m²-days/ha in the second year of sowing. Crop rates in the third year had intermediate values between the first and second years of crop use. The effect of starting doses of nitrogen fertilizers was observed during the sowing year in its early stages, when the symbiotic system is still underdeveloped and inactive. When estimating the annual average photosynthetic potential, starting nitrogen doses gave an advantage of only 1.6%. Presowing inoculation of seeds by active strains of strawberry bacteria provided the maximum positive effect, while high mountain strains of rizobium were more effective. Average annual parameter of photosynthetic potential varied from 2699.1to3189.4 thousand m² days/ha, increasing with the improvement of nitrogen nutrition. Inoculation of seeds by high-altitude strains of tuber bacteria increased photosynthetic potential to its maximum values or by 18.2%. In the same variant, as well as in the variant with the starting dose of nitrogen, the maximum values of net productivity of photosynthesis were achieved, which exceeded the values of the control variant by 0.09-0.11 g/m²- day.

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Zamborsky, D. J., and M. K. Nishiguchi. "Phylogeographical Patterns among Mediterranean Sepiolid Squids and TheirVibrioSymbionts: Environment Drives Specificity among Sympatric Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 2 (November 12, 2010): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02105-10.

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ABSTRACTBobtail squid from the generaSepiolaandRondeletiola(Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) form mutualistic associations with luminous Gram-negative bacteria (Gammaproteobacteria:Vibrionaceae) from the generaVibrioandPhotobacterium. Symbiotic bacteria proliferate inside a bilobed light organ until they are actively expelled by the host into the surrounding environment on a diel basis. This event results in a dynamic symbiont population with the potential to establish the symbiosis with newly hatched sterile (axenic) juvenile sepiolids. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity found in populations of sympatric sepiolid squid species and their symbionts by the use of nested clade analysis with multiple gene analyses. Variation found in the distribution of different species of symbiotic bacteria suggests a strong influence of abiotic factors in the local environment, affecting bacterial distribution among sympatric populations of hosts. These abiotic factors include temperature differences incurred by a shallow thermocline, as well as a lack of strong coastal water movement accompanied by seasonal temperature changes in overlapping niches. Host populations are stable and do not appear to have a significant role in the formation of symbiont populations relative to their distribution across the Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, all squid species examined (Sepiola affinis,S. robusta,S. ligulata,S. intermedia, andRondeletiola minor) are genetically distinct from one another regardless of location and demonstrate very little intraspecific variation within species. These findings suggest that physical boundaries and distance in relation to population size, and not host specificity, are important factors in limiting or defining gene flow within sympatric marine squids and their associated bacterial symbionts in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Tobing, Nadya Kartika Lumban. "PENGARUH MEDIA SOSIAL BERBASIS WEB 4.0 TERHADAP MANAJEMEN PRIVASI KOMUNIKASI." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v5i1.8185.2021.

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Technological development like social media has been affecting the openness of communication privacy management of its users. As a result of web development from web 2.0 to web 4.0, social media has gone through changes starting with the operational aspect of the applications, the distribution of information in the form of texts, images, and videos, the relation of interaction among users, to the relation between users and the engine of the applications (symbiotic web). The engine recommends users to work based on the results of how the users’ personal data is processed, and by implication affects social media users’ personal data management. Pervasive computing (easy access and connecting devices anywhere and anytime), symbiotic web (symbiotic relationships of people and devices), emotive web (emotional feelings), and ubiquitous computing (computers are everywhere) become part of web-based social media 4.0. The purpose of this study was to find out what factors of the four web 4.0-based social media concepts that most influence the privacy management of social media users' communications. This research method uses quantitative approach and survey method on 324 respondents taken through saturated samples. The result of this study is a significant influence on web-based social media 4.0 on the privacy management of social media users' communications. The concept of emotive web becomes the most influential variable towards the changes in communication privacy management. Perkembangan teknologi seperti media sosial telah memengaruhi keterbukaan manajemen privasi komunikasi penggunanya. Perkembangan dari web 2.0 hingga web 4.0, media sosial mengalami perubahan mulai dari operasional aplikasi, distribusi informasi dari teks, gambar, dan video, hubungan interaksi antara sesama pengguna, hingga hubungan pengguna dengan mesin aplikasi (symbiotic web). Mesin memberi rekomendasi kepada pengguna untuk bekerja berdasarkan pengolahan data diri pengguna dan secara tidak langsung telah memengaruhi pengelolaan data pribadi pengguna media sosial. Pervasive computing (memudahkan akses dan menghubungkan perangkat dimana saja dan kapan saja), symbiotic web (hubungan simbiosis manusia dan perangkat), emotive web (perasaan emosi), dan ubiquitous computing (komputer berada dimana saja) menjadi bagian dari media sosial berbasis web 4.0. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor apa saja dari keempat konsep media sosial berbasis web 4.0 yang paling memengaruhi manajemen privasi komunikasi pengguna media sosial. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan metode survei terhadap 324 responden yang diambil melalui sampel jenuh. Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya pengaruh signifikan pada media sosial berbasis web 4.0 terhadap manajemen privasi komunikasi pengguna media sosial. Konsep emotive web, yaitu konsep yang membuat pengguna media sosial dapat membagikan emosi mereka secara daring menjadi variabel yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap perubahan manajemen privasi komunikasi.

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Salih, Aya Mohui Aldeen, Zainab Sabeeh Omran, and Nabeel K. Al-Ani. "Micropropagation of Helianthemum lippii L.var sessifolium." Journal of Biology and Life Science 10, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v10i1.13754.

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The important of this plant coming from the symbiotic relation between this plant and truffles which is very important food. In an attempt to propagate this plant in vitro this research was conducted. The seeds were culture on MS basic medium, the seedling parts were isolated and cultured with MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l BA. The shoots were rooted on basic medium and later the plantlets acclimatized on pots.

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Kang, Jae-Yeon, Yong-Su Kwon, Gilsang Jeong, Injung An, and Soyeon Park. "Characteristics of Microbial Communities of Pachygrontha antennata (Hemiptera: Pachygronthidae) in Relation to Habitat Variables." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 4668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234668.

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The microbial community interacts with the environment and the health and immune function of its host both directly and indirectly. However, very few studies about microbial communities have considered habitat and external environmental variables. This study examined environmental influences on the microbial community of Pachygrontha antennata, which is found in various habitats (e.g., urban, forested, and agricultural areas). The results demonstrated that the composition of the microbial community differed according to land use, while the bacterial diversity did not. In urban areas with high environmental heterogeneity, microbial community diversity tended to be high. Furthermore, bacteria in forests and agricultural areas (e.g., Paraburkholderia, Burkholderia) have been found to be highly correlated with habitat variables. Therefore, we suggest that habitat variables should be considered in future symbiotic studies.

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Zakharov-Gezekhus, Ilya A., and Elena V. Shaikevich. "Polymorphism of mtDNA in St Petersburg population of Adalia bipunctata and its relation with infection by symbiotic bacterium Spiroplasma." Ecological genetics 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2011): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen9127-31.

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Polymorphism of the mtDNA gene COI was studied in a St. Petersburg population of two spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata and analyzed in relation with the presence of a symbiotic bacterium Spiroplasma. Variable nucleotide sequences in the middle part of the gene COI formed 13 mitotypes. 84 ladybirds were studied, 21 of these were found to be infected by Spiroplasma. Mean pairwise difference of nucleotides in the COI sequence was 0.001 for uninfected and 0.020 for infected individuals, thus mtDNA polymorphism was considerably higher among uninfected ladybirds compared with infected ones.

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Ricciardelli, Rosemary. "Canadian Provincial Correctional Officers." Journal of Men’s Studies 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826515624389.

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Prison environments are structured by hierarchical relations of power and real, or perceived, risk. I use data derived from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 44 male correctional officers (COs) employed or previously employed in Canadian provincial prisons to reveal how their work environment shapes their masculinities and understandings of vulnerabilities—risk perceptions, insecurities, and uncertainties. I argue that the processes of self-regulation used by COs to construct strategies of risk avoidance also achieve and affirm masculinities. As such, I explore COs’ understandings of masculinities in light of culturally, politically, or societally induced vulnerabilities and how they reestablish their masculinities as they engage in processes of risk avoidance. Findings are discussed in relation to how constructions of masculinities and the mitigation of vulnerability and risk are symbiotic processes, where COs appropriate strategies of risk negation.

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Yamada, A., S. Matsuyama, M. Todoriki, I. Urabe, and T. Yomo. "2M1445 Popuration dynamics of E. coli cell-size during the formation of symbiotic relation with dictystelium cell." Seibutsu Butsuri 42, supplement2 (2002): S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.42.s138_2.

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Pontasch, S., R. Hill, E. Deschaseaux, PL Fisher, SK Davy, and A. Scott. "Photochemical efficiency and antioxidant capacity in relation to Symbiodinium genotype and host phenotype in a symbiotic cnidarian." Marine Ecology Progress Series 516 (December 3, 2014): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11038.

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Sakakura, Yoshiaki, Noriyuki Taniguchi, Yukinobu Hoshino, and Katsuari Kamei. "A Proposal of GA Using Symbiotic Evolutionary Viruses and its Virus Evaluation Techniques." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 8, no. 4 (July 20, 2004): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2004.p0421.

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In this paper, we propose a Genetic Algorithm (GA) using symbiotic evolutionary viruses based on both the building block hypothesis and the virus theory of evolution. The proposed GA aims to control the destruction of building blocks by discovery, maintenance, and propagation of building blocks based on virus operation. We prepare a group of individuals and a group of viruses. The group of individuals searches for solutions and the group of viruses searches for building blocks. These searches are done based on the symbiotic relation of both groups. Also, our GA has two types of virus evaluation technique. In one type, each virus is evaluated by the difference of the fitness of an individual before and after virus infection. In the other type, all viruses are evaluated by the difference of the fitness of an individual before and after infection of all viruses. We applied the proposed GA to a minimum value search problem using a test function with some local minima far from the optimum. Finally, we also discuss the search behavior in the proposed GA based on each virus evaluation technique.

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Maskuri, Maskuri. "RELASI POLITIK DAN AGAMA DI TENGAH KETIDAKPASTIAN IDEOLOGI." LISAN AL-HAL: Jurnal Pengembangan Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan 9, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lisanalhal.v9i1.87.

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Relation between religion and nation state is a term that often beÂ a topic discuss in terms of political Islam, there is an opinion thatÂ the relationship between religion and the state are integrated asÂ an entity, and the other say there is a mention that religion andÂ the state it is only a mutualistic-symbiotic, in another contextÂ mentioned implementers. And the other side, the relationshipÂ between religion and the state is not at all related to each otherÂ that called secularist-liberalis. Religion should not interveneÂ against the state, and vice versa. However, globalization makesÂ politic loses its meaning as a tool in the struggle for theÂ establishment of an ideal society. Thus, this paper is moreÂ emphasis on the relation between religion and the state in politic.

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Coppedge, Bryan R., Frederick M. Stephen, and Gary W. Felton. "VARIATION IN FEMALE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE SIZE AND LIPID CONTENT IN RELATION TO FUNGAL ASSOCIATES." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 2 (April 1995): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127145-2.

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AbstractFemale southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, may propagate two species of symbiotic fungi in a prothoracic mycangium. Females can carry either Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus Bridges and Perry or an unnamed basidiomycete or both; some carry no fungi. Thus, females can be categorized into one of four groups based on mycangial content. We examined size and lipid content of emerging brood adult females based on these mycangial fungal classes. Female beetles carrying the basidiomycete, either alone or in combination with C. ranaculosus, were larger, heavier, and contained more lipid than did females carrying only C. ranaculosus. Size and lipid content also varied by season, as did the number of females carrying different fungal combinations. Regression analysis showed that variation in the occurrence of the basidiomycete was significantly related to variation in averages of beetle size and lipid content measurements.

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Пилипенко, В. С. "Формування та симбіотична активність бульбочкових бактерій рослин гороху вусатого в Лісостепу України." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2016.03.20.

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Наведені основні результати дослідження, проведеного в північній частині Правобережного Лісостепу України протягом 2014–2016 рр. на чорноземі типовому. Встановлено, що сортові особливості культури, передпосівна обробка насіння «Ризогуміном» та удобрення мали позитивний вплив на формування кількості і маси бульбочок у рослин гороху. Найбільш сприятливі умови для формування симбіотичного апарату створюються за поєднання посівної інокуляції насіння із внесенням мінеральних добрив у варіанті К1+N10P10 BBCH13-19 + N10P10 BBCH55-59+ N10P10 BBCH61-65. На фоні внесення мінеральних добрив N30P90K90 посилюється формування та продуктивність симбіотичного апарату рослин гороху. Вказаний рівень мінерального живлення є ефективним і за сівби насінням, яке не підлягало інокуляції. Внесення високих рівнів мінерального азоту негативно впливає на симбіотичний зв'язок між рослинами гороху і бульбочковими бактеріями. The basic results of research conducted in the northern part of Right-Bank of Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine for 2014–2016 years on typical black earth are presented. We established that the varietal characteristics of culture, preplant treatment of seeds and fertilizer had a positive impact on the formation of the quantity and mass of nodules in pea plants. The most favorable conditions for the formation of symbiotic system are created by the combination of sowing seed inoculation with fertilizer in version K1 + +N10P10 BBCH13-19 + N10P10 BBCH55-59 + N10P10 BBCH61-65. Against the background of mineral fertilizers N30P90K90 the formation and performance of the device symbiotic pea plants amplified. The indicated level of mineral nutrition is effective and for the sowing seeds that are not subject to inoculation. The high level of mineral nitrogen negatively affects on the symbiotic relation between pea plants and nodule bacteria.

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Fullarton, J. Gregor, Paul R. Dando, John R. Sargent, Alan J. Southwards, and Eve C. Southward. "Fatty Acids of Hydrothermal VentRidgeia Piscesaeand Inshore Bivalves Containing Symbiotic Bacteria." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 2 (May 1995): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400018300.

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Ridgeia piscesaefrom a hydrothermal vent and lucinid and thyasirid bivalves from inshore Canadian and UK waters, known to contain sulphur-oxidizing symbiotic bacteria, had lipids rich in 16:0,16:l(n-7) and 18:l(n-7) fatty acids in both bacteria-rich trophosome or gill tissue and in tissues without symbiotic bacteria. The results are consistent with the animals deriving these fatty acids from their sulphur-oxidizing symbionts.Ridgeia piscesae, Lucinoma annulata, Parvilucina tenuisculpta, Lucinoma borealisandMyrtea spiniferaalso contained substantial amounts of the non-methylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids 20:2δ5,13 and 22:2δ7,15. It is proposed that these fatty acids are produced by chain elongation and δ5 desaturation in animal tissues of 18:l(n-7) produced by the bacterial symbionts.Thyasira flexuosadid not contain 20:2δ5,13 or 22:2δ7,15 but instead contained 18:l(n-ll) and 20:l(n-13) which were not present in the other species analysed. It is proposed that 18:l(n-ll) and 20:l(n-13) arise from the δ9 desaturation of 20:0 and 22:0, respectively, followed by chain shortening of the mono-unsaturated fatty acid products of δ9 desaturation. It is considered that 20:2δ5,13 and 22:2δ7,15 are formed in the animals in response to a relative excess of 16:0, 16:l(n-7) and 18:l(n-7), accompanied by a relative deficiency of (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results are discussed in relation to the lipid nutrition of marine invertebrates containing bacterial symbionts.

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Fitt, W. K., F. K. McFarland, M. E. Warner, and G. C. Chilcoat. "Seasonal patterns of tissue biomass and densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef corals and relation to coral bleaching." Limnology and Oceanography 45, no. 3 (April 26, 2000): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0677.

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Borkowicz, Iwo, Kris Scheerlinck, and Yves Schoonjans. "A SYMBIOTIC RELATION OF COOPERATIVE SOCIAL HOUSING AND DISPERSED TOURISM IN HAVANA VIEJA: DEVELOPMENT MODEL AND ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPES." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 23, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap2322017_4.

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It is common knowledge that Cuba’s inhabitants struggle with huge daily-life challenges. One of the biggest problems is the housing-shortage, with up to 30% of the society awaiting housing provision (Rodriguez, 2014). They are not literally homeless as Cuba has adhered to a communits system of governance and grants housing by accommodating people mostly into existing, often extremely overcrowded houses with even four generation of families living in two-room apartments (Rodrigvez, 2014). Havana, and especially its Old Town (Havana Vieja), struggles with extremely high levels of deterioration of its urban fabric and houses. In 1990, two collapses of buildings were recorded by UNESCO every three days (PDHL, 2000). The housing market is in clear crisis on both an economic and a social level. On the other hand, a very dynamically growing part of Cuba’s economy is tourism (Peters, 2002). To decrease the pressure of hotel demand on the national governed sector and implementing a subtle change in dealing with entrepreneurship to regenerate the city, Cubans are now allowed to rent rooms to tourists. Since 2010, the government introduced an updated bill, allowing individuals to move from a national-employment to self-employed sector choosing from a list of 181 permitted professions. This paper explores the development of an alternative growth model for urban and social resilience to regenerate the city-center of Havana. It is based on a research-stay, interacting with local actors next to data-mining. This paper is the result of a search for development patterns combining solutions addressing the housing shortage through integration of small scale tourism entrepreneurship within it and proposing architectural prototypes to implement the model. The proposal seeks to deal with the urban, economic and social aspects of the productive and regenerative city, empowering the local community, to obtain the necessary tools to face the challenging future of Havana and its inhabitants. Keywords: Havana Vieja, dispersed tourism, housing shortage, research-by-design, development model, new models of productivity

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Montebelli, Alberto, Robert Lowe, and Tom Ziemke. "Toward Metabolic Robotics: Insights from Modeling Embodied Cognition in a Biomechatronic Symbiont." Artificial Life 19, no. 3_4 (October 2013): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00114.

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Abstract:

We present a novel example of a biomechatronic hybrid system. The living component of the system, embedded within microbial fuel cells, relies on the availability of food and water in order to produce electrical energy. The latter is essential to the operations of the mechatronic component, responsible for finding and collecting food and water, and for the execution of work. In simulation, we explore the behavioral and cognitive consequences of this symbiotic relation. In particular we highlight the importance of the integration of sensorimotor and metabolic signals within an evolutionary perspective, in order to create sound cognitive living technology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbiotic relation'

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