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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbolic comparison'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Masson, Nicolas, Mauro Pesenti, and Valérie Dormal. "Spatial bias in symbolic and non-symbolic numerical comparison in neglect." Neuropsychologia 51, no. 10 (2013): 1925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.004.

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Pollack, Courtney, Eric D. Wilkey, and Gavin R. Price. "Predictors of middle school students’ growth in symbolic number comparison performance." Journal of Numerical Cognition 8, no. 1 (2022): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.8069.

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The ability to efficiently compare number symbols, such as digits, is associated with mathematics competence across the lifespan. Performance on symbolic number comparison tasks differ across age groups; young students who are developing fluency with digits improve on symbolic number comparison, and performance is better in adults than children. However, whether this improvement continues for older students who are fluent with number symbols, and what cognitive factors relate to this improvement, is unknown. This study used a longitudinal sample of U.S. middle school students (n = 394) to exam

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Scalise, Nicole R., Emily N. Daubert, and Geetha B. Ramani. "Narrowing the early mathematics gap: A play-based intervention to promote low-income preschoolers’ number skills." Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, no. 3 (2018): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v3i3.72.

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Preschoolers from low-income households lag behind preschoolers from middle-income households on numerical skills that underlie later mathematics achievement. However, it is unknown whether these gaps exist on parallel measures of symbolic and non-symbolic numerical skills. Experiment 1 indicated preschoolers from low-income backgrounds were less accurate than peers from middle-income backgrounds on a measure of symbolic magnitude comparison, but they performed equivalently on a measure of non-symbolic magnitude comparison. This suggests activities linking non-symbolic and symbolic number repr

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Laino, Luigi. "Man and Future: a Palaeontological and Chronological Foundation of Cassirer's Definition of Man as Animal Symbolicum." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 8, no. 1 (2017): 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2017.1.2.

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In the present paper, the author aims at laying the foundations of a symbolics of technical gesture, according to the thesis that symbolic faculty is another face of the technological one, and that they are both in truth two sides of the same coin. Accordingly, the author suggests to rename the whole dimension as “meta-environmentality”. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a specific comparison between Cassirer’s definition of “animal symbolicum” and its scientific consistence in the light of modern palaeontology. “Animal symbolicum” is here compared with Leroi-Gourhan’s homo technolog

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Opfer, John E., Dan Kim, Lisa K. Fazio, Xinlin Zhou, and Robert S. Siegler. "Cognitive mediators of US—China differences in early symbolic arithmetic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255283.

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Chinese children routinely outperform American peers in standardized tests of mathematics knowledge. To examine mediators of this effect, 95 Chinese and US 5-year-olds completed a test of overall symbolic arithmetic, an IQ subtest, and three tests each of symbolic and non-symbolic numerical magnitude knowledge (magnitude comparison, approximate addition, and number-line estimation). Overall Chinese children performed better in symbolic arithmetic than US children, and all measures of IQ and number knowledge predicted overall symbolic arithmetic. Chinese children were more accurate than US peer

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Finke, Sabrina, Chiara Banfi, H. Harald Freudenthaler, et al. "Common and distinct predictors of non-symbolic and symbolic ordinal number processing across the early primary school years." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0258847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258847.

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What are the cognitive mechanisms supporting non-symbolic and symbolic order processing? Preliminary evidence suggests that non-symbolic and symbolic order processing are partly distinct constructs. The precise mechanisms supporting these skills, however, are still unclear. Moreover, predictive patterns may undergo dynamic developmental changes during the first years of formal schooling. This study investigates the contribution of theoretically relevant constructs (non-symbolic and symbolic magnitude comparison, counting and storage and manipulation components of verbal and visuo-spatial worki

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Kovács, Zoltán, and Róbert Vajda. "Symbolic Comparison of Geometric Quantities in GeoGebra." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 354 (February 8, 2022): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.354.2.

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Ruiz, Manuel, Fernando López, and Antonio Páez. "Comparison of thematic maps using symbolic entropy." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 26, no. 3 (2012): 413–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2011.586327.

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Dumais, Susan T., and William P. Jones. "A comparison of symbolic and spatial filing." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 16, no. 4 (1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1165385.317479.

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10

Chen, Dawn, Hongjing Lu, and Keith J. Holyoak. "The discovery and comparison of symbolic magnitudes." Cognitive Psychology 71 (June 2014): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.002.

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Gans, Herbert J. "Symbolic ethnicity and symbolic religiosity: Towards a comparison of ethnic and religious acculturation." Ethnic and Racial Studies 17, no. 4 (1994): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1994.9993841.

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Raizis, Marios-Byron. "Σονέτα στον Ορφέα του R. M. RILKE: ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση". Σύγκριση 11 (31 січня 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/comparison.10769.

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The collection Sonette an Orpheus, by Rainer Maria Rilke (1923), is discussed and interpreted as having two functions. First, it constitutes an elegiac composition honoring the memory of a prematurely deceased young lady, and second -and most important- it obliquely suggests and illustrates his personal poetics. His sonnets A-l, B-5, B-6, B-28 and the last one B-29, are presented in a precise rhyming translation into Greek, and their individual symbolic or structural features (e.g., tree, woods, hearing, ear, melody, rose, anemone etc.) are explained as personal signs signifying beauty, transi

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Kravchenko, N. K. "Panteleimon Kulish’s symbolic imagery in comparison to the cristian and mythological archetypal symbolism (based on the story “granny from the other world”)." Mìžnarodnij fìlologìčnij časopis 1, no. 10 (2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/philolog2019.01.014.

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Conrad, Benjamin N., Eric D. Wilkey, Darren J. Yeo, and Gavin R. Price. "Network topology of symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison." Network Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (2020): 714–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00144.

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Studies of brain activity during number processing suggest symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical stimuli (e.g., Arabic digits and dot arrays) engage both shared and distinct neural mechanisms. However, the extent to which number format influences large-scale functional network organization is unknown. In this study, using 7 Tesla MRI, we adopted a network neuroscience approach to characterize the whole-brain functional architecture supporting symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison in 33 adults. Results showed the degree of global modularity was similar for both formats. The symbolic format, h

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Hyde, Daniel C., Yi Mou, Ilaria Berteletti, Elizabeth S. Spelke, Stanislas Dehaene, and Manuela Piazza. "Testing the role of symbols in preschool numeracy: An experimental computer-based intervention study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0259775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259775.

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Numeracy is of critical importance for scholastic success and modern-day living, but the precise mechanisms that drive its development are poorly understood. Here we used novel experimental training methods to begin to investigate the role of symbols in the development of numeracy in preschool-aged children. We assigned pre-school children in the U.S. and Italy (N = 215; Mean age = 49.15 months) to play one of five versions of a computer-based numerical comparison game for two weeks. The different versions of the game were equated on basic features of gameplay and demands but systematically va

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Rubinsten, Orly, Nachshon Korem, Naama Levin, and Tamar Furman. "Frequency-based Dissociation of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Numerical Processing during Numerical Comparison." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 5 (2020): 762–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01550.

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Recent evidence suggests that during numerical calculation, symbolic and nonsymbolic processing are functionally distinct operations. Nevertheless, both roughly recruit the same brain areas (spatially overlapping networks in the parietal cortex) and happen at the same time (roughly 250 msec poststimulus onset). We tested the hypothesis that symbolic and nonsymbolic processing are segregated by means of functionally relevant networks in different frequency ranges: high gamma (above 50 Hz) for symbolic processing and lower beta (12–17 Hz) for nonsymbolic processing. EEG signals were quantified a

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17

Hochster, Melvin, and Craig Huneke. "Comparison of symbolic and ordinary powers of ideals." Inventiones Mathematicae 147, no. 2 (2002): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002220100176.

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Shavlik, Jude W., Raymond J. Mooney, and Geoffrey G. Towell. "Symbolic and neural learning algorithms: An experimental comparison." Machine Learning 6, no. 2 (1991): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00114160.

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Cañizares, Danilka Castro, Vivian Reigosa Crespo, and Eduardo González Alemañy. "Symbolic and Non-Symbolic Number Magnitude Processing in Children with Developmental Dyscalculia." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (2012): 952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39387.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate if children with Developmental Dyscalculia (DD) exhibit a general deficit in magnitude representations or a specific deficit in the connection of symbolic representations with the corresponding analogous magnitudes. DD was diagnosed using a timed arithmetic task. The experimental magnitude comparison tasks were presented in non-symbolic and symbolic formats. DD and typically developing (TD) children showed similar numerical distance and size congruity effects. However, DD children performed significantly slower in the symbolic task. These results are consi

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20

Berka, Petr, and Ivan Bruha. "Empirical Comparison of Various Discretization Procedures." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 12, no. 07 (1998): 1017–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001498000567.

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The genuine symbolic machine learning (ML) algorithms are capable of processing symbolic, categorial data only. However, real-world problems, e.g. in medicine or finance, involve both symbolic and numerical attributes. Therefore, there is an important issue of ML to discretize (categorize) numerical attributes. There exist quite a few discretization procedures in the ML field. This paper describes two newer algorithms for categorization (discretization) of numerical attributes. The first one is implemented in the KEX (Knowledge EXplorer) as its preprocessing procedure. Its idea is to discretiz

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21

Starling-Alves, Isabella, Annelise Júlio-Costa, Ricardo José de Moura, and Vitor Geraldi Haase. "Nonsymbolic and Symbolic Numerical Magnitude Processing in the Brazilian Children with Mathematics Difficulties." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 15, no. 4 (2021): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-040013.

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ABSTRACT It is still debated if the main deficit in mathematical difficulties (MD) is nonsymbolic or symbolic numerical magnitude processing. Objectives: In the present study, our main goal was to investigate nonsymbolic and symbolic numerical magnitude processing in MD and the relationship between these abilities and arithmetic. Methods: The Brazilian school-age children with MD completed a nonsymbolic and a symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task and an arithmetic task. We compared their performance with a group of children with typical achievement (TA) and investigated the association

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Mitteramskogler, Johann J., and Franz Winkler. "Symbolic solutions of algebraic ODEs: a comparison of methods." Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen 100, no. 1-2 (2022): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5486/pmd.2022.9100.

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23

Mussolin, Christophe, Anne De Volder, Cécile Grandin, Xavier Schlögel, Marie-Cécile Nassogne, and Marie-Pascale Noël. "Neural Correlates of Symbolic Number Comparison in Developmental Dyscalculia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (2010): 860–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21237.

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Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a deficit in number processing and arithmetic that affects 3–6% of schoolchildren. The goal of the present study was to analyze cerebral bases of DD related to symbolic number processing. Children with DD aged 9–11 years and matched children with no learning disability history were investigated using fMRI. The two groups of children were controlled for general cognitive factors, such as working memory, reading abilities, or IQ. Brain activations were measured during a number comparison task on pairs of Arabic numerals and a color comparison task on pairs of no

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24

NOBRE, C., E. MARTINELI, A. BRAGA, et al. "Knowledge Extraction: A Comparison Between Symbolic and Connectionist Methods." International Journal of Neural Systems 09, no. 03 (1999): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065799000265.

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The use of a linguistic representation for expressing knowledge acquired by learning systems is an important issue as regards to user understanding. Under this assumption, and to make sure that these systems will be welcome and used, several techniques have been developed by the artificial intelligence community, under both the symbolic and the connectionist approaches. This work discusses and investigates three knowledge extraction techniques based on these approaches. The first two techniques, the C4.5 [12] and CN2 [6] symbolic learning algorithms, extract knowledge directly from the data se

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25

Dehaene, Stanislas, Emmanuel Dupoux, and Jacques Mehler. "Is numerical comparison digital? Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16, no. 3 (1990): 626–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.626.

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26

Miller, Diana L. "Symbolic Capital and Gender: Evidence from Two Cultural Fields." Cultural Sociology 8, no. 4 (2014): 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749975514539800.

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This article builds a gendered understanding of Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic capital. Through a comparison of two cultural fields – the heavy metal scene and the contemporary folk scene in Toronto, Canada – I show that field structure impacts the extent to which gendered dispositions (which we can understand as masculine capital and feminine capital) are exchangeable for symbolic capital, or reputation. Using semi-structured interviews, discourse analysis, and participant observation, I highlight two features of the fields that shape the extent to which masculine and feminine capital produce

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Colomé, Àngels. "Representation of numerical magnitude in math-anxious individuals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (2018): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817752094.

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Larger distance effects in high math-anxious individuals (HMA) performing comparison tasks have previously been interpreted as indicating less precise magnitude representation in this population. A recent study by Dietrich, Huber, Moeller, and Klein limited the effects of math anxiety to symbolic comparison, in which they found larger distance effects for HMA, despite equivalent size effects. However, the question of whether distance effects in symbolic comparison reflect the properties of the magnitude representation or decisional processes is currently under debate. This study was designed t

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Cañizares, Danilka Castro, Nancy Estévez Pérez, and Otmara Pérez Marrero. "Typical Development of Quantity Comparison in School-Aged Children." Spanish journal of psychology 14, no. 1 (2011): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n1.4.

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Although basic numerical skills have been widely studied in the last years, very few studies have undertaken a developmental approach. The present study evaluated the development of the magnitude comparison basic numerical ability, in children from first, third and sixth grades by means of the subject's response time in numerical tasks presented in symbolic and non-symbolic formats. The results showed a significant decrease on quantities processing speed as age increases, which suggests numerical skills tend to become automatic with instruction. The differences found, concerning the general ac

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Janssen, Mike, Thomas Kamp, and Jason Vander Woude. "Comparing powers of edge ideals." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 18, no. 10 (2019): 1950184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498819501846.

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Given a nontrivial homogeneous ideal [Formula: see text], a problem of great recent interest has been the comparison of the [Formula: see text]th ordinary power of [Formula: see text] and the [Formula: see text]th symbolic power [Formula: see text]. This comparison has been undertaken directly via an exploration of which exponents [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] guarantee the subset containment [Formula: see text] and asymptotically via a computation of the resurgence [Formula: see text], a number for which any [Formula: see text] guarantees [Formula: see text]. Recently, a third q

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BLOEM, RODERICK, ALESSANDRO CIMATTI, INGO PILL, and MARCO ROVERI. "SYMBOLIC IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATING AUTOMATA." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, no. 04 (2007): 727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107004942.

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This paper addresses the challenges of symbolic model checking and language emptiness checking where the specification is given as an alternating Büchi automaton. We introduce a novel version of Miyano and Hayashi's construction that allows us to directly convert an alternating automaton to a polynomially-sized symbolic structure. We thus avoid building an exponentially-sized explicit representation of the corresponding nondeterministic automaton. For one-weak automata, Gastin and Oddoux' construction produces smaller automata than Miyano and Hayashi's construction. We present a (symbolic) hyb

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Tavakoli, Hamdollah Manzari. "The relationship between accuracy of numerical magnitude comparisons and children’s arithmetic ability: A study in Iranian primary school children." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 12, no. 4 (2016): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1175.

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The relationship between children’s accuracy during numerical magnitude comparisons and arithmetic ability has been investigated by many researchers. Contradictory results have been reported from these studies due to the use of many different tasks and indices to determine the accuracy of numerical magnitude comparisons. In the light of this inconsistency among measurement techniques, the present study aimed to investigate this relationship among Iranian second grade children (n = 113) using a pre-established test (known as the Numeracy Screener) to measure numerical magnitude comparison accur

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Thanigaivelan, Balavelan, Tara Julia Hamilton, and Adam Postula. "A comparison of interval methods in symbolic circuit analysis applications." ANZIAM Journal 52 (January 16, 2012): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v52i0.3981.

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33

Petrusic, William M., Elena Gallitto, and Craig Leth-Steensen. "Short-term memory for the comparative instructions in symbolic comparison." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 68, no. 4 (2014): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cep0000040.

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Wilkinson, Krista M., and William J. McIlvane. "Blank Comparison Analysis of Emergent Symbolic Mapping by Young Children." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 67, no. 2 (1997): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1997.2402.

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35

Nepop-Aidachych, L. "SYMBOLISM OF FLOWERS IN POLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 36 (2020): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2020.36.05.

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The author explores the symbolism of flowers in the Polish language and culture. On the basis of the articles of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols („Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych”) (Flowers Volume („Kwiaty”)), it is determined which symbolic meaning saregiven to the flower in general and to certain types of flowers, in whichgenres of folklor et hes evalues arerealized, what be camethe basis for the formation of suchmeanings. For the reconstruction of symbolic meanings boththe Polish linguistic information and the information outside the linguistic field are used, which te

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Pinto Doria, Isabel, Ana Sousa Ferreira, Otília Dias, Helena Bacelar-Nicolau, and Georges Le Calvé. "Comparison of Multivariate Analysis Methodologies in a Palliative Care Setting." Biometrical Letters 49, no. 1 (2012): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2013-0005.

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Summary This study is focused on measuring the quality and the satisfaction with the palliative care provided to oncology patients in domicile. The SERVQUAL methodology adapted for the Portuguese context was used to evaluate the quality of palliative care and patient satisfaction. The Portuguese SERVQUAL questionnaire is composed of five perception scales and two questionnaires, one about the patient and another about the caregiver. The data analysis presented is the analysis of the answers to the five perception scales, composed of partial ordered variables, evaluating different aspects of qu

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37

Cimatti, A., and M. Roveri. "Conformant Planning via Symbolic Model Checking." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 13 (December 1, 2000): 305–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.774.

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We tackle the problem of planning in nondeterministic domains, by presenting a new approach to conformant planning. Conformant planning is the problem of finding a sequence of actions that is guaranteed to achieve the goal despite the nondeterminism of the domain. Our approach is based on the representation of the planning domain as a finite state automaton. We use Symbolic Model Checking techniques, in particular Binary Decision Diagrams, to compactly represent and efficiently search the automaton. In this paper we make the following contributions. First, we present a general planning algorit

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Shokouhifar, Mohammad, and Ali Jalali. "Simplified Symbolic Gain, CMRR and PSRR Analysis of Analog Amplifiers Using Simulated Annealing." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 07 (2016): 1650082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500821.

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Modeling common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is of utmost importance during the design of analog integrated circuits. Unfortunately, symbolic analysis suffers from the exponential growing of the complexity of expressions with the circuit size, symbolic simplification techniques should be utilized for the analysis of practical circuits. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the automatic simplified symbolic analysis of gain, CMRR and PSRR in analog amplifiers. We introduce a multi-objective simulated annealing for the simplification of derived symbol

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Schaeben, Helmut. "Non-Parametric Comparison of Crystallographic Orientation Distributions." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1258.

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Revisiting a spiral design for X-ray pole figure measurementsand a symbolic definition of a cumulative crystallographic orientation distributiona one-dimensional deterministic approximately uniform sequential design is appliedto evaluate and cumulate a given orientation density function resulting in a properly definedcumulative crystallographic orientation distribution.It provides a complementary means to compare distributionsin terms of graphs and the Kolomogorov-Smirnov distance.

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Fias, Wim, Jan Lammertyn, Bert Reynvoet, Patrick Dupont, and Guy A. Orban. "Parietal Representation of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Magnitude." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (2003): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321107819.

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The close behavioral parallels between the processing of quantitative information conveyed by symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli led to the hypothesis that there exists a common cerebral representation of quantity (Dehaene, Dehaene-Lambertz, & Cohen, 1998). The neural basis underlying the encoding of number magnitude has been localized to regions in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) by brain-imaging studies. However, it has never been demonstrated that these same regions are also involved in the quantitative processing of nonsymbolic stimuli. Using functional brain imaging, we expli

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Rousselle, Laurence, and Marie-Pascale Noël. "Basic numerical skills in children with mathematics learning disabilities: A comparison of symbolic vs non-symbolic number magnitude processing." Cognition 102, no. 3 (2007): 361–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.01.005.

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North, Michael. "The Sea as Site of Memory: The Danish Sound and the Dardanelles in Comparison." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 6, no. 1 (2014): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v6i1_3.

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This paper introduces the concept of the sea as lieu de mémoire into maritime history. Pierre Nora has developed his „Lieux de mémoire” in France. According to Nora „a lieu de mémoire is any significant entity, whether material or non-material in nature […] which has become a symbolic element of the memorial heritage of any community”. Nora thus highlights symbolic values, hitherto often separated from historical sciences and reduced to historical narratives. In my paper I shall focus on shared memories, divided memories and entangled histories, but especially shared sites of memory. These – m

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Oriet, Chris, Michael Tombu, and Pierre Jolicoeur. "Symbolic distance affects two processing loci in the number comparison task." Memory & Cognition 33, no. 5 (2005): 913–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03193085.

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Foggia, P., R. Genna, and M. Vento. "Symbolic vs. connectionist learning: an experimental comparison in a structured domain." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 13, no. 2 (2001): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.917559.

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Ferent, Cristian, and Alex Doboli. "Symbolic Matching and Constraint Generation for Systematic Comparison of Analog Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 32, no. 4 (2013): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2012.2234826.

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Khan, Rao F. H., and N. Ahmad. "A comparison of symbolic solution of radioactive decay chains using Mathematica." ACM SIGSAM Bulletin 33, no. 3 (1999): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/347127.347336.

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Mussolin, Christophe, Sandrine Mejias, and Marie-Pascale Noël. "Symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison in children with and without dyscalculia." Cognition 115, no. 1 (2010): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.006.

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Sasanguie, Delphine, Ian M. Lyons, Bert De Smedt, and Bert Reynvoet. "Unpacking symbolic number comparison and its relation with arithmetic in adults." Cognition 165 (August 2017): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.04.007.

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Pełka, Marcin, and Andrzej Dudek. "The Comparison of Fuzzy Clustering Methods for Symbolic Interval-Valued Data." Przegląd Statystyczny 62, no. 3 (2015): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1755.

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Abstract:

Interval-valued data can find their practical applications in such situations as recording monthly interval temperatures at meteorological stations, daily interval stock prices, etc. The primary objective of the presented paper is to compare three different methods of fuzzy clustering for interval-valued symbolic data, i.e.: fuzzy c-means clustering, adaptive fuzzy c-means clustering and fuzzy k-means clustering with fuzzy spectral clustering. Fuzzy spectral clustering combines both spectral and fuzzy approaches in order to obtain better results (in terms of Rand index for fuzzy clustering). T

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Whitehead, Andrew L., and Christopher P. Scheitle. "We the (Christian) People: Christianity and American Identity from 1996 to 2014." Social Currents 5, no. 2 (2017): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496517725333.

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Religious identity, and specifically Christian identity, has long been a dominant symbolic boundary marker for inclusion into American society. But how has the salience of this boundary marker changed in recent years and in comparison to other boundary markers? Using multiple waves of the General Social Survey, we investigate temporal variation in the use of religion and other markers in constructing symbolic boundaries around American identity. First, we find that the Christian symbolic boundary both increased from 1996 to 2004 and declined from 2004 to 2014. Second, this pattern was not uniq

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