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1
Hongoke, Christine J. The effects of khanga inscription as a communication vehicle in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: WRDP, 1993.
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2
Symbolism, its meaning and effect: Barbour-Page lectures, University of Virginia, 1927. New York: Fordham University Press, 1985.
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3
Dee, Jonathan. Colour therapy: [the symbolism, use and healing effects of colour]. Leicester: Silverdale Books, 2002.
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4
Rute Elizabete de Souza Rosa Borba. The effect of number meanings, conceptual invariants and symbolic representations on children's reasoning about directed numbers. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.
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5
Explaining human actions and environmental changes. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2009.
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6
Reed, Tom. An illustrator guide to type effects and logo-building. New York: Tumblereed Design & Training, 1997.
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7
Calendriers lunaires, préhistoire et mythologie: Idéogrammes et symboles liés aux rites saisonniers et aux cycles pluriannuels : l'héritage dans la mémoire collective de l'oeuvre des premiers créateurs de calendriers. Fontaine: Editions Thot, 2005.
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8
Hunting the wren: Transformation of bird to symbol : a study in human-animal relationships / Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997.
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9
Parkinson, Brian. Interpersonal Effects and Functions of Facial Activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0023.
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This chapter discusses how and why facial activity affects other people. First, I distinguish three general functions relating to practical object-directed action, regulating interpersonal interaction, and coordinating two or more people’s orientations toward objects, events, or other people. Facial activity can also acquire secondary signal and symbolic functions, some of which relate to emotion communication. Second, I discuss interpersonal effects of gaze deriving from these functions. Gaze plays an important role in regulating social attention as a prior condition for many of facial activity’s other interpersonal effects, and in coordinating attention on referential objects at which orientations (including emotional orientations) are directed. Only some of these processes require decoding of emotional meanings. Finally, I discuss explicit and implicit processes underlying mimicry and social appraisal effects, concluding that facial activity other than gaze can also influence other people’s behavior in the absence of emotion attribution.
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Romi, Shlomo. Effects of participant and symbolic modeling on the self-efficacy of youth advancement counselors: a self-efficacy, training and coping analysis. 1988.
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Romi, Shlomo. Effects of participant and symbolic modeling on the self-efficacy of youth advancement counselors: A self-efficacy training and coping analysis. 1988.
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12
Center, Ames Research, ed. Symbolic generation of elastic rotor blade equations using a FORTRAN processor and numerical study on dynamic inflow effects on the stability of helicopter rotors. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.
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14
Scott, Charlotte. ‘And all my children?’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828556.003.0001.
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Beginning with an exploration of the role of the child in the cultural imagination, Chapter 1 establishes the formative and revealing ways in which societies identify themselves in relation to how they treat their children. Focusing on Shakespeare and the early modern period, Chapter 1 sets out to determine the emotional, symbolic, and political registers through which children are depicted and discussed. Attending to the different life stages and representations of the child on stage, this chapter sets out the terms of the book’s enquiry: what role do children play in Shakespeare’s plays; how do we recognize them as such—age, status, parental dynamic—and what are the effects of their presence? This chapter focuses on how the early moderns understood the child, as a symbolic figure, a life stage, a form of obligation, a profound bond, and an image of servitude.
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Horne, Cynthia M. Building Trust and Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.001.0001.
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Did transitional justice support the processes of political and social trust building and facilitate democratization in the post-communist transitions in Central and Eastern Europe? More specifically, how did the structure and implementation of transitional justice affect outcomes? This book examines the conditions under which lustration and related transitional justice measures affected political and social trust building and democratization across twelve countries in Central and Eastern Europe and parts of the Former Soviet Union between 1989 and 2012. Contrary to blanket claims about the benefits or problems with the use of lustration and public disclosure measures, I argue that these transitional justice measures had a differentiated impact on political and social trust building, supporting some aspects of political trust while undermining other aspects of social trust. Using an original transitional justice typology, this book combines quantitative analyses of twelve post-communist countries and comparative case studies of four transitional justice programs—Hungary’s, Romania’s, Poland’s, and Bulgaria’s—to explicate transitional justice and trust-building dynamics. The book shows that the impact of transitional justice measures was conditional on their structure, scope, timing, and implementation, with particular attention to regime complicity challenges, historical memory issues, and communist legacies. More expansive and compulsory institutional change mechanisms registered the largest effects, with more limited and non-compulsoryemployment change mechanisms having a diminished effect, and more informal and largely symbolic measures having the most attenuated effect. These differentiated and conditional effects were also evident with respect to transition goals like supporting democratic consolidation, improving government effectiveness, and reducing corruption.
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Lawrence, Thomas B., and Nelson Phillips. Constructing Organizational Life. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840022.001.0001.
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Across the social sciences, scholars are showing how people “work” on facets of social life that were once thought to be beyond human intervention. Facets of social life once considered to be embedded in human nature, dictated by God, or shaped by macro‐level social forces beyond human control, are now widely understood as socially constructed – made and given meaning by people through social interaction, and consequently the focus of efforts to change them. Studies of these efforts have explored new forms of work including emotion work, identity work, boundary work, strategy work, institutional work, and a host of other kinds of work. Missing in these conversations, however, is a recognition that these forms work are all part of a broader phenomenon driven by historical shifts that began with modernity and dramatically accelerated through the twentieth century. This book explores that broader phenomenon: we propose a perspective that integrates diverse streams of research to examine how people purposefully work to construct organizational life. We refer to these efforts as social‐symbolic work and introduce three forms – self work, organization work, and institutional work – that are particularly useful in understanding how actors construct organizational life. The social‐symbolic work perspective highlights the purposeful, reflexive efforts of individuals, collective actors, and networks of actors to construct the social world, and focuses attention on the motivations, practices, resources, and effects of those efforts. Thus, the social-symbolic work perspective brings actors back into explanations of the social world, and balances approaches that emphasize social structure at the expense of action or describe social processes without explaining the role of actors.
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Horne, Cynthia M. Transitional Justice in Support of Democratization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 examines the conditions under which transitional justice affected democratic consolidation, a strong civil society, and low levels of corruption in the post-communist sphere. Lustration measures were robustly associated with democracy, with compulsory programs involving a punitive dimension having more noticeable effects than programs relying on symbolic shaming mechanisms. Wide and compulsory programs were similarly associated with more robust civil societies. However, there was evidence of a weak but negative relationship between truth commissions and democracy and civil society. Moreover, despite the framing of lustration as a corruption corrective, there was no apparent direct relationship. There were, however, indirect relationships between lustration measures and lower levels of corruption, highlighting the possible conditional effects of lustration. Finally, the chapter illustrated that there was a relatively long period of time after the transition within which to pass beneficial transitional justice measures, with declining efficacy several decades after the transition.
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Allen, Colin, Peter M. Todd, and Jonathan M. Weinberg. Reasoning and Rationality. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0003.
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The article explores five parts of Cartesian thought that include individualism, internalism, rationalism, universalism, and human exceptionalism demonstrating the philosophical and psychological theories of rationality. Ecological rationality comes about through the coadaptation of minds and their environments. The internal bounds comprising the capacities of the cognitive system can be shaped by evolution, learning, or development to take advantage of the structure of the external environment. The external bounds, comprising the structure of information available in the environment, can be shaped by the effects of minds making decisions in the world, including most notably in humans the process of cultural evolution. The internal constraints on decision-making including limited computational power and limited memory in the organism and the external ones include limited time push toward simple cognitive mechanisms for making decisions quickly and without much information. Human exceptionalism is one of the strands of Residual Cartesianism that puts the greatest focus on language and symbolic reasoning as the basis for human rationality. The invention of symbolic systems exhibits how humans deliberately and creatively alter their environments to enhance learning and memory and to support reasoning. Nonhuman animals also alter their environments in ways that support adaptive behavior. Stigmergy, an important mechanism for swarm intelligence, is the product of interactions among multiple agents and their environments. It is enhanced through cumulative modification, of the environment by individuals.
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Stavrakakis, Yannis. Populism and Hegemony. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.26.
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How can theories of hegemony advance our understanding of populism? Against the background of Gramsci’s work, this chapter draws on Laclau, Mouffe, and other theoretical resources in order to illuminate what shapes and animates populist discourse, what overdetermines its hegemonic potential. We focus on populist articulatory practices as political interventions operating within a broader socio-symbolic as well as psycho-social terrain that both facilitates their formation and—at the same time—limits their scope. The chapter highlights thus the need to take into account the broader terrain of populism/anti-populism antagonisms in order to effectively identify and inquire into the political performance and hegemonic effects of populist movements. Finally, a series of empirical examples are used to illustrate the argument.
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Horne, Cynthia M. Trust and Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 provides a literature review upon which to build the theoretical scaffolding of this book and explicates the development of the lustration typology. The chapter reviews the trust literature, highlighting differences in the origins and effects of trust in public institutions, trust in government, interpersonal trust, and trust in social institutions. Chapter 1 also reviews the literature on lustration and transitional justice, highlighting the design and use of measures in the post-communist region. From this literature, Chapter 1 develops a transitional justice typology consisting of four different categories of lustration and public disclosure programs based on the scope and implementation of programs and the degree of bureaucratic and symbolic change characteristic of the different programs. This typology is then used to categorize post-communist countries in Chapter 2.
21
Fish in the Bible: Psychosocial Analysis of Contemporary Meanings, Values, and Effects of Christian Symbolism. Vernon Press, 2017.
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Fish in the Bible: Psychosocial Analysis of Contemporary Meanings, Values, and Effects of Christian Symbolism. Vernon Press, 2017.
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23
Brumann, Christoph. Creating Universal Value. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.27.
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This chapter traces the gestation of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the rise of the World Heritage title to a global brand and major catalyst for heritage aspirations, activities, and discourses. Despite conceptual reforms in the 1990s and a more nation-centered mode of World Heritage Committee operations since 2010, Northern dominance and biases persist. Global co-custodianship of sites has remained largely symbolic and the contribution of World Heritage to international cooperation and site conservation is uneven. World Heritage has clearly broadened conceptions of cultural heritage, even if inconsistently. Social effects of site designation tend to be complex, producing both winners and losers on the local level, with external actors extending their influence. Recent financial difficulties make ambitious change unlikely for the coming years. The power of the World Heritage title is increasingly at the mercy of the treaty states’ internal conditions, rather than of the global institutional framework.
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Kenski, Kate, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.
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An incisive, broad-based overview of political communication, the Oxford Handbook for Political Communication assembles the leading scholars in the field of political communication to answer the question: What do we know and need to know about the process by which humans claim, lose, or share power through symbolic exchanges? Its sixty-three essays address the following five themes: contexts for viewing the field of political communication, political discourse, media and political communication, interpersonal and small group political communication, and the altered political communication landscape. This comprehensive review of the political communication literature is designed to become the first reference for scholars and students interested in the study of how, why, when, and with what effect humans make sense of symbolic exchanges about sharing and shared power.
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Bell, Jeffrey. A Dog’s Life: Thought, Symbols and Concepts. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0009.
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Recent work in the philosophy of language has emphasized the importance of ‘stimulus-independent’ representational abilities in understanding both the nature of concepts and the extent to which concepts play a role in the thoughts of non-humans. This recent work dovetails in significant and interesting ways with Terrence Deacon’s work on symbols and with more recent work in continental philosophy on symbolism, language, actor-network theory, and analytic work in the philosophy of skill. It is in light of this work that this chapter revisit Whitehead’s book Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect. In particular, it argues that the claim of many commentators, both early and late, that Whitehead is a panpsychist is a mistake, and relies upon an understanding of experience and subjectivity that Whitehead seeks to account for rather than presuppose. In his account of experience and subjectivity, it is rather a non-subjective, pre-individual process of individuation that allows for the possibility of an identifiable subjective experience, and hence for the claims of panpsychism. Whitehead’s understanding and account of these processes is able to account for an indeterminate variety of types and degrees of experience, and in a way that avoids both a reductive materialism and a reductive panpsychism.
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Petek, Joseph. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429566.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter situates Whitehead’s book Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect within his wider philosophical work and examines some of its key themes. It examines the odd omission of the concept of ‘prehension’, so central to his theory of perception elsewhere (both before and after the publication of Symbolism), explores the problem of error in symbolism and Whitehead’s approach to it, notes possible connections of the book to present-day discussions of ecology, and shows how symbolism underwrites a dialectical relationship between humans and culture. It also introduces and summarizes each of the following chapters.
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Vivian, Bradford. Habituation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611088.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 demonstrates the commonplace nature of witnessing in the symbolic language and embodied habitudes of witnessing at contemporary memorials. The premise that liberal-democratic citizens should bear witness to national crimes and traumas by visiting celebrated memorials has become a commonplace form of civic obligation. The chapter examines the specific forms of witnessing that the National September 11 Memorial encourages visitors to enact. Prolonged and contentious controversies over its design—in effect, its symbolic rhetoric—provide insight into normative assumptions about how such a memorial should best memorialize collective tragedy based on past memorial precedents. The chapter argues that the memorial facilitates habitual forms of witnessing, which involve discursive practices of public remembrance that invoke familiar experiences of physical space, spatial aesthetics, and virtual reality. The National September 11 Memorial thus accommodates popular and immanently personalized habitudes of remembrance that typify late modern public culture.
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Wacquant, Loïc. Four Transversal Principles for Putting Bourdieu to Work. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.30.
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Chapter abstract This chapter spotlights four transversal principles that undergird and animate Bourdieu’s research practice, and can fruitfully guide inquiry on any empirical front: the Bachelardian imperative of epistemological rupture and vigilance; the Weberian command to effect the triple historicization of the agent (habitus), the world (social space, of which field is but a subtype), and the categories of the analyst (epistemic reflexivity); the Leibnizian-Durkheimian invitation to deploy the topological mode of reasoning to track the mutual correspondences between symbolic space, social space, and physical space; and the Cassirer moment urging us to recognize the constitutive efficacy of symbolic structures. The chapter also flags three traps that Bourdieusian explorers of the social world should exercise special care to avoid: the fetishization of concepts, the seductions of “speaking Bourdieuse” while failing to carry out the research operations Bourdieu’s notions stipulate, and the forced imposition of his theoretical framework en bloc.
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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Matters of substance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0002.
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Psychoactive substances vary tremendously in their pharmacological properties, cultural symbolism, and reinforcing effects. Comparative risk assessments indicate that legal substances like tobacco and alcohol are at least as dangerous to health and social welfare as many illicit substances. Any consideration of the public health impact of psychoactive substances needs to take into account three important mechanisms of harm: the physical toxicity of the substance, the intoxicating effects it produces, and its potential for creating a syndrome of drug dependence. Policies on substance use should reflect the social and pharmacological complexities of psychoactive substances as well as the relative differences among them.
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An Adobe Illustrator Guide to Type Effects and Logo-Building. NYC: Tumblereed Design and Training, 2004.
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31
Hodder, Ian. Çatalhöyük: A Prehistoric Settlement on the Konya Plain. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0043.
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This article discusses findings from excavations at Çatalhöyük. There is limited evidence for specialized and differentiated economic, political, and social functions at Çatalhöyük. Rather, the effect of a “town” (a large agglomeration of people living packed against each other) is produced by the repetition of social behavior within houses. Daily acts were heavily routinized and reconfirmed the social order. People were brought up within daily routines through which they learned the roles and rules of society. In addition, these rules and conventions were set within an elaborate symbolic system that centered around wild animals and the ancestors buried beneath the floors.
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Green, Barbara. Genre Criticism and the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.15.
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This chapter offers a current explanation of the term “genre,” to distinguish it from form, and then proposes twenty-five genres that are found typically and frequently in the Latter Prophets. For each genre, a definition is offered, and a biblical text is instanced, with the shape, function, and effect of the genre suggested. The genres include the following: allegory; argumenta minori ad maius; call/commission; day of the Lord saying; dialogue; dirge; discourse ascribed; disputation; doxology/hymn; exhortation/admonition; lament; metaphor; metonymy; parable; parodic speech; personification; prayer; pronouncement; question; root metaphor; satire/taunt; symbolic action report; theophany report; uncreation saying; and vision report.
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Fox, Alistair. Delinquency and Bicultural Relations: Hunt for the Wilderpeople (Taika Waititi, 2016). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0017.
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This chapter shows how Taika Waititi’s Hunt for the Wilderpeople, the most successful New Zealand film to date, adopts similar stylistic methods as Waititi’s earlier hit, Boy, in order to address similar themes: the effect of emotional deprivation as a result of parental abandonment, and the search for love and family. Through a comparison with the source novel, Barry Crump’s Wild Pork and Watercress (1986), the analysis retraces the means by which Waititi converts a story involving individuals into a symbolic representation of the history of New Zealand race relations at large with the aim of proposing a fruitful way forward for the future.
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Lounsbery, Anne. Life Is Elsewhere. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747915.001.0001.
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This book shows how nineteenth-century Russian literature created an imaginary place called “the provinces”—a place at once homogeneous, static, anonymous, and symbolically opposed to Petersburg and Moscow. The book looks at a wide range of texts, both canonical and lesser-known, in order to explain why the trope has exercised such enduring power, and what role it plays in the larger symbolic geography that structures Russian literature's representation of the nation's space. The book brings to light fundamental questions that have long gone unasked: how to understand, for instance, the weakness of literary regionalism in a country as large as Russia? Why the insistence, from Herzen through Chekhov and beyond, that all Russian towns look the same? In a literary tradition that constantly compared itself to a western European standard, the book argues, the problem of provinciality always implied difficult questions about the symbolic geography of the nation as a whole. This constant awareness of a far-off European model helps explain why the provinces, in all their supposed drabness and predictability, are a topic of such fascination for Russian writers—why these anonymous places are in effect so important and meaningful, notwithstanding the culture's nearly unremitting emphasis on their nullity and meaninglessness.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Awards in the Voluntary Sector. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0005.
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In the voluntary sector awards play a particularly important role because the respective organizations are often cash constrained, and social recognition is an important motivation for volunteers (which risks being crowded out by monetary pay). There are millions of people who voluntarily contribute to Wikipedia under pseudonyms (i.e. make anonymous contributions), but the number of active editors is on a pronounced decline, particularly among new editors. A field experiment is presented, which shows that a purely symbolic award scheme targeted at newcomers significantly raises their retention rate. The motivational effect persists over an entire year. It can be explained by the enhanced identity with the community, status and reputation concerns, recognition and self-confidence, and attention.
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Hill, Kimberly D. A Higher Mission. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179810.001.0001.
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Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, alumni and students from historically black colleges and universities contributed to the American Protestant mission movement in West Africa. Those contributions extended beyond the manual labor endeavors promoted by Booker T. Washington and the Phelps Stokes Fund; African American missionaries also adapted classical studies and self-help ideology to a transnational context. This book analyzes the effects and significance of black education strategies through the ministries of Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston from 1902 to 1941. Brown specialized in language, music, and cultural analysis while her husband engaged in preaching, agricultural research, and mediation on behalf of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission in what became the Belgian Congo. Personal and professional partnership motivated the two missionaries to interpret their responsibilities as a combination of training from Fisk University, Tuskegee Institute, and Stillman Institute. Each of these institutions held a symbolic meaning in the contexts of the Southern Presbyterian Church and European colonialism in Africa. Denominational administrators and colonial officials understood African American missionaries as leaders with the potential to challenge racial hierarchies. This perception influenced the shifting relations between African Christians and black missionaries during the development of village churches. The Edmistons’ pedagogical interest in adapting to local conditions encouraged Presbyterian converts and students to promote their interests and their authority within the Congo Mission. At the same time, occasional segregation and expulsion of African American missionaries from overseas ministry enabled them to influence early civil rights activities in the American South.
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Pattenden, Miles. The New Pope. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797449.003.0006.
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This chapter explains the difficulties facing a new pope after his election. Once the shine had worn off his elevation he had to find ways to assert his authority over his former peers. The principle routes were: symbolic display, patronage, and coercion. All had shortcomings which were greater in an elective monarchy like the papacy than in hereditary institutions. Different popes tried different balances of the three, with varying degrees of success. However, none found a winning formula for long because the nature of the pope’s authority—diminishing constantly from the moment of election—meant that all reigns ultimately ended in failure. A new pope may have been powerful but an old pope was often most decidedly not—and that had a major effect on the papacy’s evolution as a political institution during these centuries.
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van Eikels, Kai. Performing Collectively. Edited by Rebekah J. Kowal, Gerald Siegmund, and Randy Martin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928187.013.53.
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One person alone can create and fashion a thing, but it will need many people to realize something by way of praxis. Because actions consist in volatile movements, they become political only through reactions to their being performed. Performing arts and political action thus both explore the possibilities of making a difference through doing that which—while intervening into complex symbolic and imaginary systems—strips down to the concrete, bodily effect of affecting others. Performing, therefore, has an essentially collective reality. Offering an alternative to the rhetoric of bond and rupture that grounds many theories of collectivity, this chapter accesses collectivity from the organizational potential of a relative distance between performers, both in space and in time. Certain forms of collectivity emerge for the very reason that performing bodies are energetically independent and only loosely coupled in their ways of communicating.
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Sonia, Lawrence. Part V Rights and Freedoms, B Rights and Freedoms under the Charter, Ch.39 Equality and Anti-discrimination: The Relationship between Government Goals and Finding Discrimination in Section 15. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0039.
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This chapter considers the effect of section 1, the “justification” section of the Canadian Charter, on the doctrinal development of section 15, the equality section. It begins by describing the development of the section 15 substantive equality analysis, including the claim of a conceptually complete separation from the section 1 analysis of state justification. The chapter then identifies some features of section 15 which suggest that this separation is less than complete, including the existence of section 15(2), and anxieties over constraining government action. The chapter then turns to three post-2001 cases in which the Supreme Court of Canada found discrimination under the Charter but then held that discrimination was “justified” through section 1, and asks what these cases might reveal about the symbolic significance of a finding of discrimination and the Court’s struggle with institutional competence concerns in equality claims.
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Williams, Tami. Dulac’s Aesthetic Matures. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038471.003.0004.
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This chapter illustrates Dulac's gradual shift from scenic naturalism and pictorial symbolism to the use of film-specific technical effects, and a choreography and montage-based notion of “rhythm within and between the images” in her feminist classic La Souriante Madame Beudet (1923), her subversive short L'Invitation au voyage (1927), and in a new restoration of her first surrealist film La Coquille et le clergyman (1927). The chapter also analyzes Dulac's lesser known La Folie des vaillants (1925), which among her narrative films comes closest to fulfilling her ideals of a “visual symphony” and a “pure cinema” free from the conventions of literature and theater.
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Willett, Joanie. Culture, Heritage, and the Politics of Becoming. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.26.
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This chapter argues that critical heritage studies needs to consider not only what culture and heritage says about a place or space, but also what kinds of future possibilities and potentialities (becoming) are produced. This involves a thorough understanding about how time works in the narratives that heritage studies develop around a place. Narratives here are imagined as assemblages of signs, symbols, practices, and institutions. Using a case study of Cornwall in the South-West of the United Kingdom, the chapter considers how assembled narratives of Cornwall impact how the region is perceived and the effects that this has on future economic development.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.
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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.
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O’Collins, SJ, Gerald. Four Old Testament Books as Inspired and Inspiring. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824183.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the inspired composition and inspiring impact of four Old Testament books (Genesis, Psalms, Isaiah, and Sirach). Biblical texts came from many anonymous persons (e.g. Genesis and the Psalms) and from known individuals (e.g. Sirach). In both cases, the Holy Spirit effected the formation of the final texts, and the subsequent use of such symbolic stories as that of Adam and Eve by biblical and patristic authors (e.g. Paul in Romans; Irenaeus), and in Christian art and literature (e.g. icons and Masaccio; Donne and Milton). The Psalms and Prophets fed into the preaching of Jesus and the New Testament (e.g. Paul’s letters). After the Psalms, Isaiah was the book most quoted by New Testament authors, proving a reservoir for their understanding of God. Ben Sira, author of Sirach, was aware of his authority within the wisdom-literature tradition but not of being inspired by God in writing his book.
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Githire, Njeri. Immigration, Assimilation, and Conflict. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038785.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the deployment of counter-incorporative strategies as a means to thwart potentially dangerous elements from entering the eating body. In particular, it examines how, through the language of disease and contamination that proliferates in the realm of immigration and its effect on culture, select national cultures are portrayed as under attack from foreigners and their filthy, debased bodies. Marked with cannibalism as the ultimate expression of savagery and human degradation, these bodies evoke anxiety and deep-seated fear of extinction in the national consciousness. Focusing on select texts by Edwidge Danticat, Andrea Levy, and Gisèle Pineau—works that have become entrenched in the canon of Caribbean women's writings thanks to their framing of food and eating as symbolic practices in diasporic identity formation—the chapter analyzes the national body as an ingesting, digesting, and excreting organism. It explores the twin phenomena of cannibalism, that is: taking in difference in order to neutralize its negative impacton the receiving body, and anthropemy—the elimination of sickening symptoms by vomiting the ingested foreign body.
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Songster, E. Elena. Panda Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199393671.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most salient examples of the giant panda as a national symbol, the phenomenon of offering state-gift pandas to other countries, grew out of the end of the Cultural Revolution era. State-gift pandas were among the most successful efforts by China to paint for itself a new international face as it strove for greater international recognition and integration. These high-profile gifts had a profound effect on the wild panda population. The impact of “panda diplomacy” on China’s wild pandas inspired new protection policies during the 1970s.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
The most important conclusions of this summarizing chapter are the following: The religious landscape of Eastern Europe is more diverse than that of Western Europe. The cases of Poland and the GDR confirm the hypothesis that there is a link between the diffusion of functions and the growth in the importance of religion. The strong processes of biographical individualization that occurred in the post-communist states did not necessarily intensify individual religiosity. The economic market model cannot be confirmed for Eastern Europe. There is in Eastern and Central Europe a demonstrable link between economic prosperity and the loosening of religious and church ties. What can act as a bulwark against the eroding effects of modernization is church activity on the one hand, and the everyday proximity, visibility, and concreteness of religious practices and rituals, symbols, images, and objects on the other.
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Schonthal, Benjamin. The Meanings of Sacrifice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656485.003.0012.
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In this chapter, I reevaluate the question of whether Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) memorialization in Sri Lanka does or does not root itself in religion. I argue that “the religion question” has at times had the unhelpful effect of encouraging scholars to seek interpretive singularity in symbols, rhetoric, and events that may in fact be conspicuously and deliberately multivocal, and to see consistency in practices that have changed substantially over time. Looking at LTTE commemoration practices outside the context of the religion question allows one to see that, rather than simply religious or non-religious, LTTE memorialization practices were purposefully ambivalent. Moreover, it allows one to recognize how the nature of that ambivalence, itself, has changed since the 1990s.
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Barnhart, Joslyn. The Consequences of Humiliation. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748042.001.0001.
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This book explores the nature of national humiliation and its impact on foreign policy. The book demonstrates that Germany's catastrophic reaction to humiliation at the end of World War I is part of a broader pattern: states that experience humiliating events are more likely to engage in international aggression aimed at restoring the state's image in its own eyes and in the eyes of others. The book shows that these states also pursue conquest, intervene in the affairs of other states, engage in diplomatic hostility and verbal discord, and pursue advanced weaponry and other symbols of national resurgence at higher rates than non-humiliated states in similar foreign policy contexts. The book's examination of how national humiliation functions at the individual level explores leaders' domestic incentives to evoke a sense of national humiliation. As a result of humiliation on this level, the effects may persist for decades, if not centuries, following the original humiliating event.
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Rajadhyaksha, Ashish. 2. Late colonial India. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723097.003.0002.
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Between 1920 and 1931 India saw its first boom in indigenous film production. Indian cinema was clearly set to take-off, but where to? Both the boom in production, as well as the kind of money flowing into studios and into movie theatres, sent deeply conflicting messages. India’s movie economy found itself, not for the first time, speaking for a larger economic sector of which it would be both a symbol and an anomaly. ‘Late colonial India’ outlines colonial ambitions for Indian cinema; the Lahore Anarkali effect on the Mughal epic; the reform of the industry with the introduction of sound in 1931; and the impact of the Second World War on Indian film-making.