Journal articles: 'Symbolic effects'

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Kennedy, Thomas D. "Determinate Sentencing: Real or Symbolic Effects?" Journal of Crime and Justice 11, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1988.9721355.

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Čech, Claude G., and Edward J. Shoben. "Context effects in symbolic magnitude comparisons." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11, no. 2 (1985): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.299.

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Lonnemann, Jan, Janosch Linkersdörfer, Marcus Hasselhorn, and Sven Lindberg. "Symbolic and non-symbolic distance effects in children and their connection with arithmetic skills." Journal of Neurolinguistics 24, no. 5 (September 2011): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.02.004.

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Khanum, Saeeda, Rubina Hanif, Elizabeth S. Spelke, Ilaria Berteletti, and Daniel C. Hyde. "Effects of Non-Symbolic Approximate Number Practice on Symbolic Numerical Abilities in Pakistani Children." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2016): e0164436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164436.

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Au, Jacky, Susanne M. Jaeggi, and Martin Buschkuehl. "Effects of non-symbolic arithmetic training on symbolic arithmetic and the approximate number system." Acta Psychologica 185 (April 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.01.005.

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Myrden, Susan E., and Kevin Kelloway. "Young workers’ perception of brand image: main and moderating effects." Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 2, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joepp-09-2014-0055.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between an employer’s brand image (i.e. symbolic and functional attributes) and job seekers’ attraction to the firm among a sample of young workers. Design/methodology/approach – Job seekers completed a questionnaire regarding their knowledge of a particular firm, their perceived image of that firm, and their attraction toward that firm in terms of future employment. Moderated regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses of interest. Findings – Consistent with previous findings, both functional and symbolic attributes of the brand image were related to job seekers’ attraction to the firm. In contrast to previous research, work experience moderated the effect of symbolic, but not functional, attributes such that these effects became stronger with more experience. Symbolic and functional attributes also interacted to predict job seekers’ attraction to the firm. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on cross-sectional self-report data, which limits causal inference. Practical implications – Results suggest that young workers are particularly influenced by symbolic attributes of the organizations’ brand image. Originality/value – This paper compares the role of symbolic and functional attributes in predicting young workers’ attraction to the firm. Young workers are more influenced by symbolic attributes and these influences are stronger when individuals gain in work experience and when they perceive higher functional attributes.

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Liu, Hefu, Weiling Ke, Kwok Kee Wei, and Yaobin Lu. "The Effects of Social Capital on Firm Substantive and Symbolic Performance." Journal of Global Information Management 24, no. 1 (January 2016): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2016010104.

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This study examines the effects of social capital in the context of e-business and investigates how each of the three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational and cognitive) differentially influences a firm's substantive and symbolic performance. The study explores how structural capital and cognitive capital indirectly affect firm performance through relational capital. The research model is generally supported by data collected from a survey of 205 firms in China. The results suggest that structural and relational capital positively influence substantive and symbolic performance, respectively. However, cognitive capital does not have significant effects on substantive performance, though it positively affects symbolic performance. Also, the study found that structural capital and relational capital have stronger effects on substantive performance than symbolic performance. In contrast, cognitive capital has stronger effects on symbolic performance than substantive performance. Further, both structural capital and cognitive capital positively affect relational capital.

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DÜZENLİ, Tuğba, Sema MUMCU, and Serap YILMAZ. "THE EFFECTS OF SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPES ON CITY IDENTITY." TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/10903100/009.

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Wei, Guannan, Oliver Bračevac, Shangyin Tan, and Tiark Rompf. "Compiling symbolic execution with staging and algebraic effects." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 4, OOPSLA (November 13, 2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3428232.

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Uhl, Isabella, Johannes Klackl, Nina Hansen, and Eva Jonas. "Undesirable effects of threatening climate change information: A cross-cultural study." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217735577.

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Why is the fight against climate change so challenging? Research suggests that climate change information may trigger symbolic defense strategies such as derogative outgroup behaviors (e.g., ethnocentrism) instead of direct attempts to address the problem itself (e.g., proenvironmental behavior). Ingroup affirmation may help decrease symbolic responses. We conducted a 2 (Affirmation: ingroup vs. no affirmation) × 2 (Message: threat vs. control) × 2 (Nation: Austria vs. Argentina) experiment ( N = 243) to assess responses to climate change information (direct and symbolic) in participants from individualist and collectivist cultures. Participants responded with higher levels of ethnocentrism and a lower intention to engage in proenvironmental behavior after reading climate change information. This effect was significant in Austria. Using ingroup affirmation as an intervention tended to foster rather than reduce ethnocentrism. Thus, across cultures people resolve climate change threat in symbolic ways rather than by trying to address the problem itself.

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Wu, Xianyou, and Yi Zheng. "Symbolic Sounds in Ulysses." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0801.08.

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Reading Ulysses, all kinds of sounds impinge on our ears from all sides. They may be human or nonhuman, loud or low, soft or rough, funny or ridiculous. This paper will explore the different symbolic or metaphorical implications of two distinctive sounds: the church bells and the jingling sound. It seems that few Joycean scholars have attended to Joyce’s manipulating of sounds and their unique stylistic and aesthetic effects, and this paper from a perspective of cognitive phonetics and cognitive psychology, finds that the church bells are the overtone of death, and the jingling sound as well as the tapping sound reveals one major theme of the novel: sexuality.

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Al-Samarraie, Hosam, Atef Eldenfria, Melissa Lee Price, Fahed Zaqout, and Wan Mohamad Fauzy. "Effects of map design characteristics on users’ search performance and cognitive load." Electronic Library 37, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-10-2018-0202.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the influence of map design characteristics on users’ cognitive load and search performance. Two design conditions (symbolic vs non-symbolic) were used to evaluate users’ ability to locate a place of interest. Design/methodology/approach A total of 19 students (10 male and 9 female, 20-23 years old) participated in this study. The time required for subjects to find a place in the two conditions was used to estimate their searching performance. An electroencephalogram (EEG) device was used to examine students’ cognitive load using event-related desynchronization percentages of alpha, beta and theta brain wave rhythms. Findings The results showed that subjects needed more time to find a place in the non-symbolic condition than the symbolic condition. The EEG data, however, revealed that users experienced higher cognitive load when searching for a place in the symbolic condition. The authors found that the design characteristics of the map significantly influenced users’ brain activity, thus impacting their search performance. Originality/value Outcomes from this study can be used by cartographic designers and scholars to understand how certain design characteristics can trigger cognitive activity to improve users' searching experience and efficiency.

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Cañizares, Danilka Castro, Vivian Reigosa Crespo, and Eduardo González Alemañy. "Symbolic and Non-Symbolic Number Magnitude Processing in Children with Developmental Dyscalculia." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (November 2012): 952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39387.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate if children with Developmental Dyscalculia (DD) exhibit a general deficit in magnitude representations or a specific deficit in the connection of symbolic representations with the corresponding analogous magnitudes. DD was diagnosed using a timed arithmetic task. The experimental magnitude comparison tasks were presented in non-symbolic and symbolic formats. DD and typically developing (TD) children showed similar numerical distance and size congruity effects. However, DD children performed significantly slower in the symbolic task. These results are consistent with the access deficit hypothesis, according to which DD children's deficits are caused by difficulties accessing magnitude information from numerical symbols rather than in processing numerosities per se.

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Ojo, Sanya. "Analysing the Effects of Symbolic Capital on Ethnic Entrepreneurship." International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeei.2018010102.

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This article advances a structure for understanding the factors, e.g. capital, strategies, culture, and opportunity structure, affecting the embeddedness of ethnic entrepreneurship growth and development in the country of residence. Through the employment of the concept of symbolic capital the article interrogates the roles of the country of origin on the outcome of ethnic enterprises growth trajectories and susceptibility to failure crises. The article, thus, developed an integrated model; theorizing that exogenous factors are critical drivers of ethnic entrepreneurs' economic growth and socio-political inclusiveness/embeddedness.

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Urban, Greg. "Symbolic Force: A Corporate Revitalization Video and Its Effects." Signs and Society 3, S1 (January 2015): S95—S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/679454.

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Wu, Xiangbao, and William B Levy. "Simulating symbolic distance effects in the transitive inference problem." Neurocomputing 38-40 (June 2001): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-2312(01)00512-4.

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Yao, Wenpo, Min Wu, and Jun Wang. "Effects of controlling parameter on symbolic nonlinear complexity detection." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 528 (August 2019): 121405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.121405.

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Nikolaev, Andrey R., Ann-Kathrin Beck, Steffen Theobald, Thomas Lachmann, and Cees van Leeuwen. "Factoring in the spatial effects of symbolic number representation." Biological Psychology 149 (January 2020): 107782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107782.

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Adam, Jos J., Raoul Huys, Editha M. van Loon, Herman Kingma, and Fred G. W. C. Paas. "Effects of spatial and symbolic precues on localization performance." Psychological Research 64, no. 1 (October 26, 2000): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004260000027.

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Burke, Ciaran. "‘Graduate Blues’: Considering the Effects of Inverted Symbolic Violence on Underemployed Middle Class Graduates." Sociology 51, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038515596908.

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The understanding of social reproduction, from a Bourdieusian perspective, is that the dominant typically reproduce their position in social space through various apparatus, such as the education system, to the detriment of the dominated group, who are unable to leave their own position, characterised by inequality and suffering. A key tool in achieving social reproduction is the process of symbolic violence; however, this article considers the effects of inverted symbolic violence. By following the trajectories of two middle class university graduates, this article will demonstrate the detrimental effect inverted symbolic violence has on their graduate employment trajectories. Respondents are depicted as having inflated subjective expectations incompatible with current objective realities within the labour market, resulting in a relatively downward, or unsuccessful, trajectory.

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Pasula, H. M., L. S. Zettlemoyer, and L. P. Kaelbling. "Learning Symbolic Models of Stochastic Domains." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 29 (July 21, 2007): 309–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2113.

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In this article, we work towards the goal of developing agents that can learn to act in complex worlds. We develop a probabilistic, relational planning rule representation that compactly models noisy, nondeterministic action effects, and show how such rules can be effectively learned. Through experiments in simple planning domains and a 3D simulated blocks world with realistic physics, we demonstrate that this learning algorithm allows agents to effectively model world dynamics.

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Qian, Qian, Jingsong Li, Zhenhong Shang, Yong Feng, and Feng Wang. "Sequence effects of symbolic cueing by gaze and arrow cues." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.899.

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Palmer, Stephen, Karen Schloss, Tianquan Guo, Vivian Wung, and Kaiping Peng. "Symbolic Effects on Color Preferences in China and the US." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1312.

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Ilchenko, Mikhail. "“Green” Utopia of the Uralmash: Institutional Effects and Symbolic Meaning." Critical Housing Analysis 3, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2016.3.2.298.

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Osborne, Danny, Kumar Yogeeswaran, and Chris G. Sibley. "Culture-specific ideologies undermine collective action support: Examining the legitimizing effects of postcolonial belief systems." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 3 (May 2017): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216682352.

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Ideologies can legitimate inequality and undermine collective action. Yet research overlooks the effects culture-specific ideologies—ideologies that develop within a specific sociohistorical context—have on collective action support. We address this oversight by arguing that two culture-specific ideologies that deny the contemporary relevance of past injustices (historical negation) and reject Indigenous culture from the nation’s identity (symbolic exclusion) undermine support for collective action on behalf of the disadvantaged (namely, Māori—New Zealand’s Indigenous population). As predicted, historical negation and symbolic exclusion had independent negative cross-lagged effects on collective action support amongst Māori ( N = 561) and New Zealand European ( N = 4,104) participants. The cross-lagged effects of collective action support on historical negation and symbolic exclusion, however, were nonsignificant. Thus, the relationships these culture-specific ideologies have with collective action support are unidirectional. Our results highlight the need to incorporate culture-specific ideologies into models of collective action.

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Lambert, Ronald D. "Constructing Symbolic Ancestry: Befriending Time, Confronting Death." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 46, no. 4 (June 2003): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/eu0d-j1b0-jkj0-ghmd.

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The present study examines: a) the relationship between religious orientations and interest in the ancestral past; and b) the discursive practices of genealogists in dealing with time and death. Genealogy refers to the construction of family pedigrees in terms of births, marriages, and deaths, embellished with stories about the historic family and individual ancestors. Analyses are based on quantitative and qualitative data taken from personal interviews and surveys conducted in Canada (in 1994 and 1998) and Australia (in 1999). Multivariate analyses of national data failed to find effects for religiosity on passive or active interest in genealogy, but found significant negative effects for belief in an afterlife on both measures. Qualitative analyses of genealogists' accounts of their experiences in the pastime revealed symbolic and largely secular strategies designed to extend the time frame of their lives beyond their personal biographies, and to address the twin challenges posed by aging and death on the part of close family members and themselves.

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Zábó, Virág, Laura Faragó, András Vargha, and Lisa Wooley. "The Differing Effects of Symbolic Interpretation and Inclusion of Transcendence on Life Goals and Mental Health in Hungarian Adults." Central European Journal of Educational Research 2, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37441/cejer/2020/2/2/7915.

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This study aimed to investigate the influence of religious attitudes, namely Inclusion of Trancendence and Symbolic Interpretation on life goals and different aspects of mental health.Participants (N = 604) filled in an online questionnaire including the Post-Critical Belief Scale (Martos et al., 2009), the short version of Aspiration Index (Martos et al., 2006), and the Mental Health Test (MHT; see Oláh et al., 2018).We investigated the relationship between religious attitudes, life goals, and the subscales of mental health using path analyses. The Symbolic Interpretation of religious content predicts support for intrinsically motivated life goals, while the Inclusion of Transcendence predicts the refusal of extrinsic aspirations. Positive effects were revealed between the Inclusion of Transcendence and global well-being, strategies aim at creating and enchancing happiness, and resilience. Symbolic Interpretation was positively related to creative, executing individual and social efficiency, while negatively influenced resilience.The Inclusion of Transcendence and Symbolic Interpretation separately predict different aspects of life goals and mental health, and jointly support a higher quality of life.

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Vallotton, Claire D. "Support or competition?" Gesture and Multimodal Development 10, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2010): 150–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.10.2-3.03val.

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Dynamic Skills Theory (DST) posits that skills within domains may promote or suppress other skills as they first develop, resulting in spurts of growth in one skill concurrently with regression in another. I test this premise by examining development of two preverbal representational skills: manual pointing and symbolic gestures. Pointing is a robust early communicative gesture, indicating infants’ awareness of others’ attention, but limited in ability to represent infants’ conceptual repertoires as they grow beyond the immediate environment. Symbolic gestures are more specific but less flexible representational tools. Both skills predict language, yet no study has addressed the effects of these skills on each other. I observed the gesturing behavior of 10 infants over 8 months in a gesture-rich environment to test the effects of each skill on the other. Supporting DST, results show early pointing predicted earlier, but not more, symbolic gesturing, while symbolic gesturing did suppress pointing frequency.

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Priilaid, D., and P. Van Rensburg. "Symbolic and functional brand effects in the hedonic assessment of South African wines." South African Journal of Business Management 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v41i3.524.

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Proceeding from work that identifies price as an extrinsic cue that can mediate between a wine’s perceived and intrinsic merit, the brand construct is presented as an additional potential mediator. Here we define (1) “functional” brands as representations of intrinsic (blind-tasted) quality, and (2) “symbolic” brands (as proxied by the difference between a wine’s intrinsic and extrinsic (sighted-tasted) evaluations) as placebos. Using a database of 8225 paired tastings (sighted and blind) of popular South African cultivars sampled over an eight year period, we control for contending price and vintage cues to identify the scale, character and distribution of a given set of functional and symbolic brand effects. Respectively these are identified as occurring in the frequency of roughly two-to-one. The 30 strongest of each are tabled. A subset of brands that present simultaneously as both functional and symbolic is further scrutinised. This set decomposes into two distinctive clusters located approximately one standard deviation left and right of the broader intrinsic mean. The smaller Zone of Symbolic Values is characterised by weak intrinsics and strong positive placebos. The second, larger Zone of Functional Values presents the opposite: negative placebos and strong functional intrinsics. Through the calibration and scaling of these brand-effects, wine producers can better understand what proportion of their product’s sight-driven appeal can ably be ascribed to a brand’s placebo as opposed to the underlying quality. Consequently their marketers may now more knowledgably amplify (or, where appropriate, down-play) the label-cue and adjust their wine marketing communication accordingly.

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Knight, Chris, Camilla Power, and Ian Watts. "The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5, no. 1 (April 1995): 75–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001190.

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By 50,000 years ago, the effects of a ‘symbolic explosion’ — an efflorescence of human art, song, dance and ritual — were rippling across the globe. Applied to archaeological evidence, standard neo-Darwinian theory offers new understandings of this improbable event. The present article defines ‘symbolism’, models quasi-ritual behaviour in late archaic Homo sapiens, extends the argument to the emergence of anatomically modern humans and concludes with preliminary tests against archaeological, ethnographic and rock art data.

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Lim, Hyeyoung. "Social modeling effects on perception of the police." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2015-0018.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether indirect police contacts through observational learning models impact students’ trust in the police and their perceptions of police bias. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey at two public universities in the mid-western and southern regions of the USA (921 out of 1,089 responses were retained for this study). The empirical analysis relied on a principle component factor analysis and a multivariate regression analysis. Findings – Results show that three observational learning models (live, verbal, and symbolic) significantly influence perceptions of the police. In particular, the symbolic model is significant regardless of students’ direct and indirect contact experiences with the police. Originality/value – This study is the first to examine the modeling effects on attitudes toward the police applying the classic social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura. The results highlight the importance of indirect police contact experiences in shaping young citizens’ perceptions of the police.

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허순범, 신혜나, Lee, Moonkyu, and 박준희. "Effects of Consumer Psychological Characteristics on Design Valuations of Symbolic Products." Journal of Product Research 26, no. 2 (June 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36345/kacst.2008.26.2.001.

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King, Dan, and Sumitra Auschaitrakul. "Symbolic Sequence Effects on Consumers’ Judgments of Truth for Brand Claims." Journal of Consumer Psychology 30, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1132.

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Schreurs, Bert, Celina Druart, Karin Proost, and Karel De Witte. "Symbolic Attributes and Organizational Attractiveness: The moderating effects of applicant personality." International Journal of Selection and Assessment 17, no. 1 (March 2009): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00449.x.

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Colomé, Àngels. "Representation of numerical magnitude in math-anxious individuals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (January 23, 2018): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817752094.

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Larger distance effects in high math-anxious individuals (HMA) performing comparison tasks have previously been interpreted as indicating less precise magnitude representation in this population. A recent study by Dietrich, Huber, Moeller, and Klein limited the effects of math anxiety to symbolic comparison, in which they found larger distance effects for HMA, despite equivalent size effects. However, the question of whether distance effects in symbolic comparison reflect the properties of the magnitude representation or decisional processes is currently under debate. This study was designed to further explore the relation between math anxiety and magnitude representation through three different tasks. HMA and low math-anxious individuals (LMA) performed a non-symbolic comparison, in which no group differences were found. Furthermore, we did not replicate previous findings in an Arabic digit comparison, in which HMA individuals showed equivalent distance effects to their LMA peers. Lastly, there were no group differences in a counting Stroop task. Altogether, an explanation of math anxiety differences in terms of less precise magnitude representation is not supported.

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Picard, Hélène, and Gazi Islam. "‘Free to Do What I Want’? Exploring the ambivalent effects of liberating leadership." Organization Studies 41, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840618814554.

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This study examines the phenomenon of ‘liberating leadership’, an emerging trend promising self-mastery and collective unity, resonating with the literature on post-heroic leadership. We evaluate the claims of liberating leadership from a psychodynamic perspective, using a Lacanian approach. We examine how post-heroic forms of leadership reconfigure symbolic and imaginary aspects of follower identification, with ambivalent effects. Drawing empirically on the case of a Belgian banking department, we trace how a ‘liberating’ leader was able to garner intense psychological attachment among followers, accompanied by the ‘dark sides’ of personal exhaustion and breakdown, normative pressure to be overly happy, and the scapegoating of contrarian managers representing symbolic prohibition.

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Whitehead, Andrew L., and Christopher P. Scheitle. "We the (Christian) People: Christianity and American Identity from 1996 to 2014." Social Currents 5, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496517725333.

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Religious identity, and specifically Christian identity, has long been a dominant symbolic boundary marker for inclusion into American society. But how has the salience of this boundary marker changed in recent years and in comparison to other boundary markers? Using multiple waves of the General Social Survey, we investigate temporal variation in the use of religion and other markers in constructing symbolic boundaries around American identity. First, we find that the Christian symbolic boundary both increased from 1996 to 2004 and declined from 2004 to 2014. Second, this pattern was not unique; in addition to the Christian symbolic boundary, Americans used a variety of both civic and ascriptive boundary markers to define American identity. However, our analysis also demonstrates that in 2004, the Christian symbolic boundary was significantly linked to national identity in a unique way while the other boundary markers were not. These results suggest that period effects and cultural events can influence the salience of religion in creating national symbolic boundaries. We discuss each of these findings, their relationship to the study of symbolic boundaries and American identity, and their societal implications.

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Vanbinst, Kiran, Pol Ghesquière, and Bert De Smedt. "Is the long-term association between symbolic numerical magnitude processing and arithmetic bi-directional?" Journal of Numerical Cognition 5, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v5i3.202.

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By analyzing longitudinal data from the start to the end of primary education, we aimed to investigate whether symbolic numerical magnitude processing at the start of primary education predicted arithmetic at the end, and whether arithmetic at the start of primary education predicted later symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills at the end. In the first grade (start) and sixth grade (end) of primary education, the same group of children’s symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills and arithmetic competence were assessed. We were particularly interested in exploring the direction of the association between symbolic numerical magnitude processing and arithmetic and observed that this association was bi-directional across primary education. Symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills in first grade predicted arithmetic in sixth grade; but also the reversed direction turned out significant: Early arithmetic predicted later symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills. Both directions remained significant after controlling for motor speed and nonverbal reasoning. Critically, when controlling for auto-regressive effects of prior abilities, the symbolic comparison-arithmetic association was no longer significant, the reversed direction became marginally significant. This suggests that children’s arithmetic development across primary education to some extent strengthens their ability to process the numerical meaning of Arabic digits.

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Makashvili, Ana, Irina Vardanashvili, and Nino Javakhishvili. "Testing intergroup threat theory: Realistic and symbolic threats, religiosity and gender as predictors of prejudice." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 14, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1483.

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The complex phenomenon of prejudice has been the focus of interest among social psychologists since the mid-20th century. The Intergroup Threat Theory (ITT) is one of the most efficient theoretical frameworks to identify the triggers of prejudice. In this study, using experimental design, we examined the effects of symbolic and realistic threats on prejudice that was measured by means of a modified social distance scale. The study participants were 611 undergraduate students from the country of Georgia. In addition to providing further support for ITT, the study showed that the level of religiosity moderated the effects between both types of threats and prejudice, although it had different indications for realistic and symbolic threats, while gender interacted only with symbolic threat. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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Galbács, Peter. "The age of symbolic economic policies?" Society and Economy 37, no. 2 (June 2015): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.2.6.

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This paper offers a few remarks on the so-called heterodoxy commentaries of recent times (e.g. Bod 2013, Csaba 2011). In accordance with the growing popularity of unusual economic policy actions, a set of “tools” is emerging that aims to exert its effects breaking with instrumental actions. Outlining a special framework of the history of mainstream economics, it will be argued that economic policy only gradually has become capable of applying this system. In our view, both the emergence of symbolic economic policies mentioned above and the rise of heterodoxy are on the same level, since certain governments can only operate through giving signals. Although it is not the time to formulate ultimate and eternal generalised statements, it may perhaps be stated that symbolic economic policies can make some room for manoeuvring available as a last resort. In other words, the possibility of a certain kind of economic policy “tools” can be derived from theoretical considerations, and this set has become highlighted recently by some constraining changes in the macroeconomic environment. Our theoretical framework will be filled sporadically with some episodes from the last few years of the economic policy of Hungary.

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Suizzo, Marie-Anne, and Marc H. Bornstein. "French and European American child–mother play: Culture and gender considerations." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 6 (November 2006): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071912.

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Research on French and European American mothers' childrearing practices, and potential effects of these differences on children's behavioral development, is scarce. This study compared 33 French and 39 European American 20-month-old children and their mothers on exploratory, symbolic, and social play and interaction. French children engaged in more exploratory play, whereas US children engaged in more symbolic play. French and US mothers engaged in similar amounts of exploratory and symbolic play, and equally frequently solicited exploratory play. French mothers less frequently solicited symbolic play and offered less verbal praise than US mothers. Developmental play levels and activities also varied according to children's sex. Boys engaged in more exploratory play; girls engaged in more symbolic play. Girls received more physical affection from their mothers; boys received more verbal praise. These results suggest the coexistence of universal and culturally variable aspects of mother–child interactions and children's developmental processes.

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TRAORE, TOGO M., NORBERT L. W. WILSON, and DEACUE FIELDS. "WHAT EXPLAINS SPECIALTY COFFEE QUALITY SCORES AND PRICES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE CUP OF EXCELLENCE PROGRAM." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2018.5.

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AbstractThis study investigates the effects of material and symbolic quality attributes on the Cup of Excellence specialty coffee quality scores and prices. The estimates from the quality score equations suggest that material attributes are important determinants, but symbolic attributes have a greater explanatory power. The hedonic price estimations show that specialty coffee prices are mainly determined by symbolic attributes and market conditions such as the number of coffees in the auction. Overall, the study reveals that fruity, floral, sweet, spice, and sour acid are cuppers' and buyers' most favorite coffee flavors and aromas.

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Brunner, Christian Boris, Sebastian Ullrich, Patrik Jungen, and Franz-Rudolf Esch. "Impact of symbolic product design on brand evaluations." Journal of Product & Brand Management 25, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2015-0896.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of symbolic product information (symbolic product design) on consumers’ perceived brand evaluations. In an experimental setting, the authors consider as key factors the congruence between symbolic product design and product category, the level of product involvement as well as brand strength. Design/methodology/approach In an experiment of 490 participants, consumers are confronted to different symbolic product designs connotations. Based on the cognitive process model “SARA” (selective activation, reconstruction and anchoring), the authors examined how symbolic product design associations are used as heuristics in the working memory when making brand judgement. Findings The results show that product design associations are used in consumers’ information processing as anchor for brand evaluations. This effect is stronger if symbolic design associations are incongruent to the product category because of consumers’ deeper elaboration process. Furthermore, the impact of symbolic product design is higher for weak compared to strong brands. Research limitations/implications This research supports the cognitive process model “SARA” being an appropriate foundation explaining the effects of symbolic product design. Further research should extend this experiment, using a field study in a more realistic setting and/or a choice situation between different alternative product designs at the point of sale. Furthermore, the consumers’ elaboration process should be manipulated differently, e.g. in a mental load condition. Practical implications Symbolic product design is important to enhance brand association networks in the consumers’ mind, particularly if the brand is weak. Marketers should use incongruent symbolic product information to differentiate from competitors who use “stereotype” product designs. Originality/value Research about product design in the marketing discipline is still limited. The authors analyse the impact of symbolic product design on brand evaluations in an experimental setting of 490 respondents in four product categories. The findings support that consumers use product design as heuristics to evaluate brands.

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Ji, Xiao Li, Xiao Song Zhang, Ting Chen, Xiao Shan Li, and Lei Jiang. "Loop Transparency for Scalable Dynamic Symbolic Execution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.242.

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Dynamic symbolic execution is a promising approach for software analyzing and testing. However, it fails to scale to large programs due to the exponential number of paths to be explored. This paper focus on tackling loop caused path explosion problems and proposes a new approach to reduce paths that produce the same effects. We present a loop transparency strategy that makes use of the decision graph of under test program to discard constraints that produce paths with only a different number of iterations. A dynamic software testing tool LTDse based on loop transparency is designed and evaluated on three benchmarks. The experimental results show that our approach is effective since it can achieve better code coverage or require fewer program executions than traditional strategies.

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Forté, Lucie. "Sport as a vocation: The effects of injury on the socialization processes involved in the production of sporting elites." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218786483.

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This article deals with the construction of the sporting expertise of high-level athletes by focusing on the socialization processes which take place while athletes are injured. The analysis uses results from qualitative research based on interviews and ethnographic surveys in several training centers exclusive to French top-elite athletes. Various socialization contexts (both in sport and outside of sport) were observed in order to understand how injuries can affect the symbolic marking and the symbolic imprisonment processes which go together with the development and the maintenance of high-level vocations. The results show that the effects of injuries are equivocal: when the conditions of symbolic imprisonment remain strong during the time of care and rehabilitation, and when the close circle keeps on nurturing the marks of election, the chances of maintaining sports vocations are high. In contrast, when injuries strongly weaken the signs of election and when the socialization contexts are more heterogeneous, sporting vocations are likely to decline significantly.

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Heller, Monica. "Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination." Language in Society 24, no. 3 (June 1995): 373–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500018807.

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ABSTRACTThe study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Using the example of French-language minority education in Ontario (Canada), this article examines the ways in which ethnic and institutional relations of power overlap or crosscut, forming constraints which have paradoxical effects. In an analysis of two classrooms, it is shown how an ideology of institutional monolingualism is supported or undermined by program structure, curriculum content, and the social organization of turn-taking, and how individuals use language choices and code-switching to collaborate with or resist these arrangements. The effect of these processes is to contain paradoxes and to produce new relations of power within the school. (Symbolic domination, choice of language, code-switching, French/English language contact, social institutions, Canada)

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Qian, Qian, Feng Wang, Miao Song, Yong Feng, and Keizo Shinomori. "Sequence effects of the involuntary and the voluntary components of symbolic cueing." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 80, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-017-1472-9.

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Park Jeong-Soon. "Effects of Perceived Sensual-Symbolic Qualities on Overall Evaluations of Interactive Products." Journal of Integrated Design Research 11, no. 1 (March 2012): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21195/jidr.2012.11.1.006.

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Barandova, T. L., and N. I. Baturina. "EFFECTS OF SYMBOLIC POLICY TOWARDS CATALANS IN SPAIN (CASE OF VISUAL IMAGE)." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология, no. 2 (2018): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2018-2-61-76.

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Qian, Qian, Feng Wang, Miao Song, Yong Feng, and Keizo Shinomori. "Spatial Correspondence Learning is Critical for the Sequence Effects of Symbolic Cueing." Japanese Psychological Research 59, no. 3 (February 7, 2017): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12148.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbolic effects'

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