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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbolic relational model'
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1
Liu, Hefu, Weiling Ke, Kwok Kee Wei, and Yaobin Lu. "The Effects of Social Capital on Firm Substantive and Symbolic Performance." Journal of Global Information Management 24, no. 1 (January 2016): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2016010104.
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This study examines the effects of social capital in the context of e-business and investigates how each of the three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational and cognitive) differentially influences a firm's substantive and symbolic performance. The study explores how structural capital and cognitive capital indirectly affect firm performance through relational capital. The research model is generally supported by data collected from a survey of 205 firms in China. The results suggest that structural and relational capital positively influence substantive and symbolic performance, respectively. However, cognitive capital does not have significant effects on substantive performance, though it positively affects symbolic performance. Also, the study found that structural capital and relational capital have stronger effects on substantive performance than symbolic performance. In contrast, cognitive capital has stronger effects on symbolic performance than substantive performance. Further, both structural capital and cognitive capital positively affect relational capital.
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Pasula, H. M., L. S. Zettlemoyer, and L. P. Kaelbling. "Learning Symbolic Models of Stochastic Domains." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 29 (July 21, 2007): 309–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2113.
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In this article, we work towards the goal of developing agents that can learn to act in complex worlds. We develop a probabilistic, relational planning rule representation that compactly models noisy, nondeterministic action effects, and show how such rules can be effectively learned. Through experiments in simple planning domains and a 3D simulated blocks world with realistic physics, we demonstrate that this learning algorithm allows agents to effectively model world dynamics.
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Lien, Che-Hui, Jyh-Jeng Wu, Maxwell K. Hsu, and Stephen W. Wang. "Positive moods and word-of-mouth in the banking industry." International Journal of Bank Marketing 36, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): 764–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-05-2017-0097.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of functional value and symbolic value between positive moods and word-of-mouth (WOM) referrals in the context of Taiwan’s banking industry. In addition, this study investigates the moderating effect of relational benefits on the relationship between perceived value and WOM.Design/methodology/approachThe research model was tested using data collected from customers (n=362) of the top 10 domestic banks in Taiwan. Structure equation modeling was employed to test and validate the conceptual model.FindingsPositive moods are found to be an important predictor of functional value, symbolic value and WOM in this banking service study. Four types of relational benefits are identified including social, special treatment, confidence and face. Note that two distinct segments of bank customers are identified in terms of relational benefits: those who appreciate face benefits (n1=169), and those who appreciate general relational benefits (n2=193). The findings reveal the existence of partial mediation between a banking customer’s mood and WOM through functional value and symbolic value in the overall sample (n=362). However, it was found that functional value partially mediates the influence of positive moods on WOM among respondents in the “general relational benefits” segment only. That is, relational benefits are found to moderate the relationship between functional value and WOM.Originality/valueThis study expands the existing body of knowledge on customers’ perceptions of value by differentiating types of value perceptions.
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Phillips, Steven. "Neo-associativism: Limited learning transfer without binding symbol representations." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (June 2002): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02430063.
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Perruchet & Vinter claim that with the additional capacity to determine whether two arbitrary stimuli are the same or different, their association-based PARSER model is sufficient to account for learning transfer. This claim overstates the generalization capacity of perceptual versus nonperceptual (symbolic) relational processes. An example shows why some types of learning transfer also require the capacity to bind arbitrary representations to nonperceptual relational symbols.
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Santostefano, Sebastiano, and John A. Calicchia. "Body image, relational psychoanalysis, and the construction of meaning: Implications for treating aggressive children." Development and Psychopathology 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 655–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004910.
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AbstractFor more than a decade it has been reported that a significant proportion of youth referred for treatment come with aggressive problems that are difficult to treat and resistant to change. Concepts and research findings from the domains of body image, cognitive unconscious, and the new relational perspective in psychoanalysis are integrated to address this issue and construct a treatment model. It is proposed that body image schemas, representing early, interpersonal experiences and prescribing persistent aggressive behaviors, are cast in nonverbal, nonsymbolic forms. On the other hand, meanings of environmental rules are cast in symbolic/verbal forms. Therefore, little or no communication and conflict exist between these meanings. For the same reason, because verbal interpretation and discussions of beliefs and attitudes, emphasized by both cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapies, are cast in symbolic-conceptual forms, they might not effectively influence embodied meanings that prescribe aggression. Accordingly, the goal of the proposed approach is to facilitate the translation of embodied meanings that underly aggression into symbolic form in order to promote communication between these meanings and those of expectations and interpretations. This translation is accomplished as the youth and therapist (paralleling infant-caretaker transactions) interact and negotiate an evolving series of ritualized activities within which the youth projects various unrepaired, developmental interferences (interpersonal dilemmas), and their associated embodied meanings, onto the therapist who enacts the roles of the projected dilemmas, using action symbols as solutions whenever possible. As the youth identifies with and internalizes the therapist's efforts and solutions, the embodied meanings become translated into symbols that communicate with those of rules at higher cognitive levels, resulting in mental conflict available to awareness and discussions. To illustrate the heuristic value of the model, a treatment case is described and new research directions discussed.
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Mangone, Emiliana. "Risk According to the Relational Theory of Society." Stan Rzeczy, no. 1(12) (April 1, 2017): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51196/srz.12.11.
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Taking social relations into consideration allows us to be mindful of the life-world and the social system. A social relation should be intended as an emergent phenomenon of a mutual act, with an autonomous connotation that goes beyond those who implement it. At the same time, it can be traced back to referential semantics, as it exists within a framework of symbolic meaning, and to structural semantics, because it is at the same time a resource and a constraint for the social system. If these are the general foundations of the relational theory of society, adding risk to this perspective as a descriptive model has some distinguishing features. For example, as a dimension of everyday life it is a “neutral category.” It is based on that “insecure security” whose results, positive or negative, will derive from the kind of balance established between “resources and challenges” or, as we claim in this paper, between “goals and means.”
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Gormas, Jan. "A Search for Intellectual, Relational and Spiritual Integrity: Secondary Mathematics from a Christian Perspective." Journal of Education and Christian Belief 9, no. 2 (September 2005): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/205699710500900205.
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THE AUTHOR POSITIONS mathematics as a socially constructed discipline created and maintained through collaborative consensus. The focus on decontextualized symbolic manipulation has transformed the richness of contextualized mathematics from a tool to model aspects of creation to a scheme of logical algorithms that often hold no ultimate meaning for secondary teachers or students. The result is bondage to textbook explanations, exalting acquiescence and indifference. A Christian worldview points to liberation and new life, using mathematics to collaboratively uncover our perceptions, build new understandings, while investigating and exposing the structural beauty and purposes of God's creation and the directional misuses that have distorted our understandings and uses of mathematics.
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Ma, Chuangtao, Bálint Molnár, and András Benczúr. "A Semi-Automatic Semantic Consistency-Checking Method for Learning Ontology from Relational Database." Information 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12050188.
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To tackle the issues of semantic collision and inconsistencies between ontologies and the original data model while learning ontology from relational database (RDB), a semi-automatic semantic consistency checking method based on graph intermediate representation and model checking is presented. Initially, the W-Graph, as an intermediate model between databases and ontologies, was utilized to formalize the semantic correspondences between databases and ontologies, which were then transformed into the Kripke structure and eventually encoded with the SMV program. Meanwhile, description logics (DLs) were employed to formalize the semantic specifications of the learned ontologies, since the OWL DL showed good semantic compatibility and the DLs presented an excellent expressivity. Thereafter, the specifications were converted into a computer tree logic (CTL) formula to improve machine readability. Furthermore, the task of checking semantic consistency could be converted into a global model checking problem that could be solved automatically by the symbolic model checker. Moreover, an example is given to demonstrate the specific process of formalizing and checking the semantic consistency between learned ontologies and RDB, and a verification experiment was conducted to verify the feasibility of the presented method. The results showed that the presented method could correctly check and identify the different kinds of inconsistencies between learned ontologies and its original data model.
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Zhang, Wenhe, Chi Zhang, Yixin Zhu, and Song-Chun Zhu. "Machine Number Sense: A Dataset of Visual Arithmetic Problems for Abstract and Relational Reasoning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5489.
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As a comprehensive indicator of mathematical thinking and intelligence, the number sense (Dehaene 2011) bridges the induction of symbolic concepts and the competence of problem-solving. To endow such a crucial cognitive ability to machine intelligence, we propose a dataset, Machine Number Sense (MNS), consisting of visual arithmetic problems automatically generated using a grammar model—And-Or Graph (AOG). These visual arithmetic problems are in the form of geometric figures: each problem has a set of geometric shapes as its context and embedded number symbols. Solving such problems is not trivial; the machine not only has to recognize the number, but also to interpret the number with its contexts, shapes, and relations (e.g., symmetry) together with proper operations. We benchmark the MNS dataset using four predominant neural network models as baselines in this visual reasoning task. Comprehensive experiments show that current neural-network-based models still struggle to understand number concepts and relational operations. We show that a simple brute-force search algorithm could work out some of the problems without context information. Crucially, taking geometric context into account by an additional perception module would provide a sharp performance gain with fewer search steps. Altogether, we call for attention in fusing the classic search-based algorithms with modern neural networks to discover the essential number concepts in future research.
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Aha, David W., Mark Boddy, Vadim Bulitko, Artur S. D'Avila Garcez, Prashant Doshi, Stefan Edelkamp, Christopher Geib, et al. "Reports of the AAAI 2010 Conference Workshops." AI Magazine 31, no. 4 (September 20, 2010): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v31i4.2318.
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The AAAI-10 Workshop program was held Sunday and Monday, July 11–12, 2010 at the Westin Peachtree Plaza in Atlanta, Georgia. The AAAI-10 workshop program included 13 workshops covering a wide range of topics in artificial intelligence. The titles of the workshops were AI and Fun, Bridging the Gap between Task and Motion Planning, Collaboratively-Built Knowledge Sources and Artificial Intelligence, Goal-Directed Autonomy, Intelligent Security, Interactive Decision Theory and Game Theory, Metacognition for Robust Social Systems, Model Checking and Artificial Intelligence, Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition, Statistical Relational AI, Visual Representations and Reasoning, and Abstraction, Reformulation, and Approximation. This article presents short summaries of those events.
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Peetz, David. "Decollectivist Strategies in Oceania." Articles 57, no. 2 (July 28, 2003): 252–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006780ar.
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Summary Each action of a decollectivizing employer—be it in the realm of employment practices, information or relational actions—has both real and symbolic dimensions that may be inclusivist, exclusivist or both. While many attempts at decollectivism are crude, Australia has seen the emergence of a coherent model of sophisticated decollectivist behaviour which has policy implications for many countries. Some analogies can be seen between certain sophisticated strategies of decollectivizing employers and state strategies of Oceania in Orwell’s 1984, though there are many limits to such analogies and indeed to the success of decollectivist strategies, due to the contradiction between rhetoric and actions, employees’ exposure to other discourses and the potential for union response and renewal.
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Wu, Ben, and Wan Yang. "What do Chinese consumers want? A value framework for luxury hotels in China." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 2037–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2016-0466.
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Purpose In the past decade, the luxury hotel industry in China has experienced rapid growth. To date, few scholars have investigated what consumers value about their experiences in luxury hotels generally, let alone specifically in the Chinese context. As a result, little is known about what Chinese consumers value in luxury hotel services. To bridge this gap, this paper aims to (1) develop a five-factor luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective; and (2) assess the relationship between these value dimensions and Chinese consumers’ intentions to stay in luxury hotels. Design/methodology/approach In total, 492 Chinese luxury hotels consumers participated in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the proposed measurement model, and a hierarchical linear regression was used to test the relationship between luxury hotel value and purchase intentions. Findings The authors assessed five dimensions of luxury hotel value in the current study: utilitarian value, symbolic value, hedonic value, relational value and financial value. The regression results indicate that for Chinese luxury consumers, hedonic value is the most important predictor of luxury hotel purchase intentions, followed by financial value and utilitarian value. Interestingly, symbolic value and relational value do not significantly influence Chinese consumers’ luxury hotel purchase intentions. Practical implications Luxury hoteliers in China can use the value framework when making decisions about market segmentation and brand positioning and to gain a deeper understanding of what motivates target consumers’ purchase intentions. They can also use such knowledge to tailor their product offerings to the preferences of target consumers. Originality/value The current study is the first empirical test of a luxury hotel value framework from a value co-creation perspective in the Chinese market. Taking Chinese luxury consumers’ unique characteristics into consideration, the authors further investigate the relationships between various dimensions of luxury hotel value and Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions.
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Diamond, Michael J. "Return of the Repressed: Revisiting Dissociation and the Psychoanalysis of the Traumatized Mind." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 68, no. 5 (October 2020): 839–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065120964929.
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Psychoanalytic treatment is often indicated when trauma and its psyche/soma companion, dissociation, severely disrupt symbolic functioning and associative linking. After Freud’s initial thinking on these matters, repression replaced rather than supplemented dissociation (which occasions segregating units of experience) as the primary defensive response to severe trauma. Because psychoanalysis had “repressed” the salience of dissociation as actively motivated (though passively experienced), an unnecessary schism has occurred between trauma theories and mainstream North American psychoanalysis, and within psychoanalysis itself. To fully restore dissociation’s role in primitive mental states and provide a more integrated approach to technique, it is necessary to comprehend the triadic nature of trauma, which entails economic/drive, structural conflict and deficit, and object-relational factors. For a treatment model that addresses defensive dissociation in the here and now, primary and secondary dissociation must be distinguished, with each differentiated from splitting and repression. Technique requires addressing unconscious, repressed fantasies associated with the “trauma,” object-relational patterns that interfere with linking, and psycho-economic issues that have disrupted ego functioning. A clinical example illustrates both the analyst’s persistence in suffering the dead, eerie space of dissociated trauma and efforts to find language that helps structure the patient’s somatic and enacted expressions (and accompanying dissociative and repressive processes) by which traumatic experiences are registered and conveyed.
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Lu, Hongjing, Ying Nian Wu, and Keith J. Holyoak. "Emergence of analogy from relation learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 15, 2019): 4176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814779116.
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By middle childhood, humans are able to learn abstract semantic relations (e.g., antonym, synonym, category membership) and use them to reason by analogy. A deep theoretical challenge is to show how such abstract relations can arise from nonrelational inputs, thereby providing key elements of a protosymbolic representation system. We have developed a computational model that exploits the potential synergy between deep learning from “big data” (to create semantic features for individual words) and supervised learning from “small data” (to create representations of semantic relations between words). Given as inputs labeled pairs of lexical representations extracted by deep learning, the model creates augmented representations by remapping features according to the rank of differences between values for the two words in each pair. These augmented representations aid in coping with the feature alignment problem (e.g., matching those features that make “love-hate” an antonym with the different features that make “rich-poor” an antonym). The model extracts weight distributions that are used to estimate the probabilities that new word pairs instantiate each relation, capturing the pattern of human typicality judgments for a broad range of abstract semantic relations. A measure of relational similarity can be derived and used to solve simple verbal analogies with human-level accuracy. Because each acquired relation has a modular representation, basic symbolic operations are enabled (notably, the converse of any learned relation can be formed without additional training). Abstract semantic relations can be induced by bootstrapping from nonrelational inputs, thereby enabling relational generalization and analogical reasoning.
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Harish, R. "Association between Brand Architecture and Brand Concept-An Exploration Based on Primary Survey." Ushus - Journal of Business Management 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12725/ujbm.29.4.
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This paper explores the linkage between brand concepts (functional, experiential, symbolic and relational) and brand architecture typologies (product, dual and corporate) considering popular and successful consumer brands marketed in India. This study in fact draws upon an earlier conceptual paper, which recommended a framework of strong relationships between brand concepts and brand architectures based on anecdotal evidence of prominent examples. But this framework had not been empirically tested out through analysis using a large sample from actual industry practice. Observation of data gathered in the present study (including through consumer survey) indicates that the relationships between brand architectures and brand concepts are in partial alignment with the framework proposed in the earlier study. The deviations are mainly due to various other factors which also influence the brand architectures of companies. Further research could also suggest some modifications to the BASE model itself, to suit specific contexts.
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De Giuseppe, Tonia, and Felice Corona. "Flipped Inclusion, Between Theoretical and Experimental Didactics." International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdldc.2017010104.
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Flipped Inclusion stems from epochal assumptions and has been created to manage, in a simple and ecological way, the world's complex societies. It uses new instrumental approaches to knowledge and their media advantage. The need for an ecological perspective of development, determined by the recognition of a basic awareness of the unique individual, is the result of a series of relations and relationships that emerge from the multi-perspective contrived as well as utilitarian certainties that are typical of the misleading consumerist multi-perspective societies. Through computational and logical inferences as well as semantic and symbolic recognition, the Flipped Inclusion establishes itself as an ethical socio-educational model based on three points: self-esteem, promptness and community/institutions. It is appropriate for social development and is multidimensional and multi-relational for everyone. Flipped Inclusion transforms data into ontology and at the same time converts inter-subjectivity in relation, re-shaping both sense and context.
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Moody, Stephen J. "Interculturality as social capital at work: The case of disagreements in American-Japanese interaction." Language in Society 48, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404519000204.
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AbstractTheories of social capital hold that strong interpersonal relationships can be leveraged to facilitate information sharing, gain trust, and strengthen group solidarity. Thus, it is often predicted that international workers are disadvantaged in these areas because they lack established social ties. Using data from disagreements between American interns and their colleagues in Japanese companies, this study critically examines this prediction by illustrating some ways participants use socially constructed representations of intercultural ideologies in ways that facilitate similar outcomes and substitute for their lack of relational histories. Specifically, these representations temporarily reverse flows of information, resist restrictions stemming from perceived lack of trust, and create shared humor that helps redefine in-group boundaries. By using a formal social capital model to interpret these results, this study helps position socially constructed representations of interculturality within a broader theoretical account of the potentially many forms of symbolic ‘capital’ that enable action. (Social capital, interculturality, disagreements, workplace, social identity)*
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McPhee, Robert D. "Text, Agency, and Organization in the Light of Structuration Theory." Organization 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508404041997.
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This article argues for three linked conceptions. First is a conception of ‘a text’ as characterized by three features: a text is symbolic; it is inscribed as symbols on a relatively permanent, ‘readable’ medium such as paper or CD; and it has a coherent enough structure to be dealt with by interpretive processes or technologies such as financial processing. The second conception is that of an organization as a stable relational system grounded in the capacity to ‘“bracket space–time”... via the reflexive monitoring of system reproduction and the articulation of discursive history’ (Giddens, 1987b: 153). I argue that this capacity depends on the specific properties of ‘a text’ mentioned above. Third, ‘agency’ is conceptualized in line with Giddens’ ‘internalist’ model of agentive powers, which are ones necessary to engage with a text as organization members do. The paper argues that other conceptions risk blinding us to the features and relationships shown to be crucial here.
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Prates, Marcelo, Pedro H. C. Avelar, Henrique Lemos, Luis C. Lamb, and Moshe Y. Vardi. "Learning to Solve NP-Complete Problems: A Graph Neural Network for Decision TSP." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 4731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014731.
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Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are a promising technique for bridging differential programming and combinatorial domains. GNNs employ trainable modules which can be assembled in different configurations that reflect the relational structure of each problem instance. In this paper, we show that GNNs can learn to solve, with very little supervision, the decision variant of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP), a highly relevant NP-Complete problem. Our model is trained to function as an effective message-passing algorithm in which edges (embedded with their weights) communicate with vertices for a number of iterations after which the model is asked to decide whether a route with cost < C exists. We show that such a network can be trained with sets of dual examples: given the optimal tour cost C∗, we produce one decision instance with target cost x% smaller and one with target cost x% larger than C∗. We were able to obtain 80% accuracy training with −2%,+2% deviations, and the same trained model can generalize for more relaxed deviations with increasing performance. We also show that the model is capable of generalizing for larger problem sizes. Finally, we provide a method for predicting the optimal route cost within 2% deviation from the ground truth. In summary, our work shows that Graph Neural Networks are powerful enough to solve NP-Complete problems which combine symbolic and numeric data.
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Burgess, Rochelle Ann. "Policy, power, stigma and silence: Exploring the complexities of a primary mental health care model in a rural South African setting." Transcultural Psychiatry 53, no. 6 (December 2016): 719–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461516679056.
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The Movement for Global Mental Health’s (MGMH) efforts to scale up the availability of mental health services have been moderately successful. Investigations in resource-poor countries like South Africa have pointed to the value of an integrated primary mental health care model and multidisciplinary collaboration to support mental health needs in underserved and underresourced communities. However, there remains a need to explore how these policies play out within the daily realities of communities marked by varied environmental and relational complexities. Arguably, the lived realities of mental health policy and service delivery processes are best viewed through ethnographic approaches, which remain underutilised in the field of global mental health. This paper reports on findings from a case study of mental health services for HIV-affected women in a rural South African setting, which employed a motivated ethnography in order to explore the realities of the primary mental health care model and related policies in South Africa. Findings highlighted the influence of three key symbolic (intangible) factors that impact on the efficacy of the primary mental health care model: power dynamics, which shaped relationships within multidisciplinary teams; stigma, which limited the efficacy of task-shifting strategies; and the silencing of women’s narratives of distress within services. The resultant gap between policy ideals and the reality of practice is discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for building on existing successes in the delivery of primary mental health care in South Africa.
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Jovchelovitch, Sandra, Maria Cecilia Dedios Sanguineti, Mara Nogueira, and Jacqueline Priego-Hernández. "Imagination and mobility in the city: Porosity of borders and human development in divided urban environments." Culture & Psychology 26, no. 4 (February 10, 2020): 676–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x19899064.
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We focus on the notion of borders to explore how mobility and immobility in the city affect the relationship between human development and urban culture. We define borders as a relational space made of territoriality, representations and different possibilities of mobility and immobility. Drawing on research in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, we suggest a systematic approach to the analysis of borders and identify the socio-institutional, spatial and symbolic elements that make them more or less porous and thus more or less amenable to human mobility. We highlight the association between porosity in city borders and human development and illustrate the model contrasting two favela communities in Rio de Janeiro. We show that participation in the socio-cultural environment by favela grassroots organisations increases the porosity of internal city borders and contributes to the development of self, communities and the city. To focus on borders, their different elements and levels of porosity means to address simultaneously the psychosocial and cultural layers of urban spaces and the novel ways through which grassroots social actors develop themselves through participation and semiotic reconstruction of the socio-cultural environment.
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Shin, Eunsam, Monica Fabiani, and Gabriele Gratton. "Multiple Levels of Stimulus Representation in Visual Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 844–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.844.
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Object recognition presumably involves activation of multiple levels of representation. Here we use the encoding-related lateralization (ERL) method [Gratton, G. The contralateral organization of visual memory: A theoretical concept and a research tool. Psychophysiology, 35, 638–647, 1998] to describe the sequential activation of several of these levels. The ERL uses divided-field encoding to generate contralaterally biased representations in the brain. The presence and nature of these representations can be demonstrated by examining the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by centrally presented test probes for lateralized activity corresponding to the encoding side. We recorded ERPs during a memory-search task. Memory sets were composed of two or four uppercase letters displayed half to the left and half to the right of fixation. Probe stimuli were composed of one letter presented foveally in either upper- or lowercase. Letter case was manipulated to differentiate the time course of physical and symbolic levels of letter representation. Memory set size was manipulated to examine a relational level of letter representation. We found multiple ERLs in response to the probes: (1) An early (peak = 170 msec) case-dependent (but set size independent) ERL, most evident at P7/P8, indexing the availability of a physical level of letter representation; (2) a later (200–400 msec) more diffusedly distributed ERL, independent of both letter case and set size, indexing a symbolic level of letter representation; (3) a long-latency (400–600 msec) ERL occurring at posterior sites, larger for the case match, Set Size 2 condition, indexing competition for neural representation across multiple letters. By assuming that these ERL activities track the progression of letter representation over time, we propose a model of letter processing in the context of visual working memory.
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Waniek, Nicolai. "Transition Scale-Spaces: A Computational Theory for the Discretized Entorhinal Cortex." Neural Computation 32, no. 2 (February 2020): 330–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01255.
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Although hippocampal grid cells are thought to be crucial for spatial navigation, their computational purpose remains disputed. Recently, they were proposed to represent spatial transitions and convey this knowledge downstream to place cells. However, a single scale of transitions is insufficient to plan long goal-directed sequences in behaviorally acceptable time. Here, a scale-space data structure is suggested to optimally accelerate retrievals from transition systems, called transition scale-space (TSS). Remaining exclusively on an algorithmic level, the scale increment is proved to be ideally [Formula: see text] for biologically plausible receptive fields. It is then argued that temporal buffering is necessary to learn the scale-space online. Next, two modes for retrieval of sequences from the TSS are presented: top down and bottom up. The two modes are evaluated in symbolic simulations (i.e., without biologically plausible spiking neurons). Additionally, a TSS is used for short-cut discovery in a simulated Morris water maze. Finally, the results are discussed in depth with respect to biological plausibility, and several testable predictions are derived. Moreover, relations to other grid cell models, multiresolution path planning, and scale-space theory are highlighted. Summarized, reward-free transition encoding is shown here, in a theoretical model, to be compatible with the observed discretization along the dorso-ventral axis of the medial entorhinal cortex. Because the theoretical model generalizes beyond navigation, the TSS is suggested to be a general-purpose cortical data structure for fast retrieval of sequences and relational knowledge. Source code for all simulations presented in this paper can be found at https://github.com/rochus/transitionscalespace .
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Pandey, Santosh Kumar, and Amit Mookerjee. "Assessing the role of emotions in B2B decision making: an exploratory study." Journal of Indian Business Research 10, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-10-2017-0171.
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Purpose Emotions in business-to-business (B2B) interactions are relatively unexplored when compared with business-to customer (B2C) industry wherein sufficient evidence implicating the role of emotions in decision-making is available. This study aims to explore the role of emotions in B2B decision-making, and a customer experience model is suggested for the B2B industry. Design/methodology/approach The qualitative research methodology using structured and semi-structured interviews along with a repertory grid technique was followed during the study. Purposive sampling was done to identify respondents who were involved in the vendor choice process either as a buyer or a seller in their respective organizations. Findings Exploratory research conducted during this study supports the presence of five dimensions of customer experience – sensory, emotional, relational, behavioural and intellectual – in a B2B context. The study further indicates that the experiential value for B2B decision-making is derived from functional, symbolic, emotional and cost values which are assessed by the buyer during their interaction with the product or the service ecosystem and has an impact on the purchase intentions of an industrial buyer. Originality/value This paper identifies the role of specific customer experience dimensions in a B2B environment and proposes the role and mechanism of emotional factors affecting the decision-making process in B2B exchange.
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Pacheco, Maria Leonor, and Dan Goldwasser. "Modeling Content and Context with Deep Relational Learning." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (February 2021): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00357.
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Building models for realistic natural language tasks requires dealing with long texts and accounting for complicated structural dependencies. Neural-symbolic representations have emerged as a way to combine the reasoning capabilities of symbolic methods, with the expressiveness of neural networks. However, most of the existing frameworks for combining neural and symbolic representations have been designed for classic relational learning tasks that work over a universe of symbolic entities and relations. In this paper, we present DRaiL, an open-source declarative framework for specifying deep relational models, designed to support a variety of NLP scenarios. Our framework supports easy integration with expressive language encoders, and provides an interface to study the interactions between representation, inference and learning.
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Hummel, John E. "Localism as a first step toward symbolic representation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0036335x.
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Page argues convincingly for several important properties of localist representations in connectionist models of cognition. I argue that another important property of localist representations is that they serve as the starting point for connectionist representations of symbolic (relational) structures because they express meaningful properties independent of one another and their relations.
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Lamb, Clare, and Barry O'Sullivan. "Child parent psychotherapy in the treatment of severe trauma in a 4-year-old child with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.543.
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AimsThis poster describes Child Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) in the treatment of severe trauma in a 4-year-old child with co-occurring Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).BackgroundThe London Infant and Family Team (LIFT) implements the New Orleans Intervention Model. It targets the mental health needs of under 5 year olds, providing evidence based assessments and interventions for infants, their parents and foster carers within the framework of the Family Court in England. The majority of children seen by LIFT have suffered severe trauma. LIFT delivers a range of interventions including CPP - a relational treatment for young children who have experienced trauma.CPP seeks to intervene in a number of ways: provides developmental guidance, demonstrates that the child's behaviour has meaning and can be linked to past traumas, enables the child to have space to play and talk about what has happened, helps to name and contain emotions - supporting emotional regulation, and helps the dyad to understand each other. The dyadic relationship is key to the intervention - helping to establish safety for the child and strengthen the caregiver-child relationship, enabling the child to make sense of past experiences and learn new ways to express feelings. Exploration of trauma takes place through a combination of play and interpretations made by the clinician, who supports and holds in mind the experiences and history of both child and carer. There is evidence that CPP helps young traumatised children to become less anxious, more secure in their attachment relationships and more able to cue their needs. There is less evidence of the efficacy of CPP in the context of young children with a co-occurring diagnosis of ASD.MethodThe poster describes the assessment of a 4-year-old child of normal intelligence with a two year history of severe neglect, and physical and emotional abuse, who presented significant behavioural and emotional disturbance. Tools used to assess the child's behaviour, trauma symptoms and ASD are outlined. The process of CPP with the child and foster carer dyad is described. Outcome measures and symptom resolution are reported.ConclusionCo-occurrence of ASD did not prevent this child accessing trauma therapy. He engaged in symbolic play, made use of CPP interpretations, and achieved significant improvement in his symptoms. The differential diagnoses of trauma symptoms and ASD presenting in young children are discussed, alongside the importance of understanding and treating trauma in this context.
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Penn, Derek C., Keith J. Holyoak, and Daniel J. Povinelli. "Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003543.
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AbstractOver the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as “one of degree and not of kind” (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds.
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Guerrero Azpeitia, Luis Arturo. "Capitales, habitus y disposiciones de profesores universitarios. Una aproximación a partir de sus trayectorias académicas / Capitals, habitus and dispositions of university professors. An approximation from their academic careers." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 5, no. 25 (September 30, 2020): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v5i25.672.
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Este trabajo rescata el empleo de las herramientas analíticas de Pierre Bourdieu con la finalidad facilitar la articulación y construcción del objeto de estudio, la propuesta teórico-metodológica y, evidentemente, la construcción del dato. El objetivo general fue caracterizar algunos rasgos de la transformación entre capitales, habitus y disposiciones entre profesores universitarios de dos instituciones de educación superior en México. Para tal fin, el objeto de estudio fue construido desde la Teoría de la Economía de las Prácticas Sociales de Bourdieu con la intención de articular la producción de subjetividades a partir de las condiciones objetivas de los agentes sociales (Bourdieu, 1979). Metodológicamente, se recuperaron los momentos establecidos por el sociólogo francés, a saber: 1) analizar la relación del campo frente al campo de poder, 2) trazado de un mapa de la estructura objetiva de las relaciones entre posiciones y 3) analizar el habitus de los agentes (Bourdieu y Wacquant, 2005); operacionalmente, se utilizaron la investigación documental, el análisis multivariante y el método comparado en educación como eje articulador para el análisis y construcción del dato. Los principales resultados sugieren que, derivado de la yuxtaposición de los diversos campos que convergen en el campo educativo, se presentan efectos de transformación de capitales en habitus o bien en disposiciones; la evidencia empírica sugiere que las trayectorias sociales regulan dicha transformación. Finalmente, se concluye la importancia que reviste el estudio de las trayectorias sociales de los profesores, toda vez que los componentes de la subjetividad están relacionados con las condiciones objetivas. This work rescues the use of Bourdieu’s analytical tools to facilitate the articulation and construction of the object of study, the theoretical-methodological proposal, and the construction of the data. The general objective was to characterize some features of the transformation between capitals, habitus, and dispositions based on the academic trajectories of university professors of higher education in México. To this end, the object of study was built from the Theory of the Economics of Social Practices of Bourdieu with the intention of articulating the production of subjectivities based on the objective conditions of agents, so concepts such as field, capitals, habitus, doxa, hysteresis, and allodoxia are recovered. Methodologically and based on the fact that the theoretical perspective of the French sociologist is open and relational, the moments established by him were recovered and they are: 1) analyze the relationship of the field versus the field of power, 2) drawing a map of the objective structure of the relationships between positions and 3) analyze the habitus of the agents (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 2005); operationally, research techniques were used that favor data analysis from a relational and comparative perspective such as documentary research, multivariate analysis and the comparative method in education as an articulator. The selected analysis units were two institutions of the Subsystem of Polytechnic Universities in Mexico. The main results suggest that, derived from the juxtaposition of the various fields that converge in the field of education: (a) identified effects of capital transformation in habitus or in provisions based on the prevalence of one of the fields under study; (b) hysteresis effects were observed, as well as allodoxia traits in teachers’ social practices when involved in the attention of students’ emotional problems; (c) a devaluation of the technological capitals of the productive field became apparent when social agents enter the educational field since academic and symbolic capital prevails in the latter. By way of conclusion, the contrasting of the theoretical-methodological commitment with the empirical structure allowed, to know and recognize the importance of the study of the social trajectories of agents since the components of subjectivity are related to the objective conditions, conditions that, in this case, are regulated, conditioned and mediated by supranational bodies through the model of the educational subsystem under study.
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West, Donna E. "Index as scaffold to logical and final interpretants: Compulsive urges and modal submissions." Semiotica 2019, no. 228 (May 7, 2019): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0085.
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AbstractThis inquiry capitalizes on the relational character of Peirce’s index. Its evolution from object finder in the physical world, to enhancer of communication between minds, to modal/perspectival coordinator is examined. Its relational character organizes events into episodes, and obviates perspectival alterations in dialogic reasoning. This shift demonstrates Peirce’s last word regarding Index: a sign intrinsically dialogic, whose interpretants increase levels of consciousness, and advance communicational interaction by commanding self/others to believe/act in novel ways.Its power to coordinate specific, vivid images provides index with the means to suggest novel propositions, assertions, and arguments. Peirce memorializes this relational role by characterizing index as Dicisign, and afterward as Pheme (1904, CP 8.334–8.339; 1906, MS 295: 26; 1908, EP 2: 489–490). As truncated Argument, Index provides the catalyst for interpreters to determine the meaning of interpretants be they Energetic, Logical or Final. Its non-symbolic character provides interpreters the impetus to utilize inferencing powers to attach meanings, thus expanding kinds of interpretants. Index constitutes the most diverse semiotic tool for interpreters – it traces subtle deontic, epistemic, and logical shifts. In situating and resituating events in time, place, and participatedness, Index aptly measures actual and potential shifts in affect, attention, location, credibility, and the like.Ultimately, index integrates the logical with the phenomenological and the empirical with the semiotic – when it deploys relational operators to trace event templates and to predict participant’s perspectives. As such, interpreters restructure thought and action and recommend sound courses of action for diverse event participants.
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Škrlj, Blaž, Matej Martinc, Nada Lavrač, and Senja Pollak. "autoBOT: evolving neuro-symbolic representations for explainable low resource text classification." Machine Learning 110, no. 5 (April 14, 2021): 989–1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-05968-x.
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AbstractLearning from texts has been widely adopted throughout industry and science. While state-of-the-art neural language models have shown very promising results for text classification, they are expensive to (pre-)train, require large amounts of data and tuning of hundreds of millions or more parameters. This paper explores how automatically evolved text representations can serve as a basis for explainable, low-resource branch of models with competitive performance that are subject to automated hyperparameter tuning. We present autoBOT (automatic Bags-Of-Tokens), an autoML approach suitable for low resource learning scenarios, where both the hardware and the amount of data required for training are limited. The proposed approach consists of an evolutionary algorithm that jointly optimizes various sparse representations of a given text (including word, subword, POS tag, keyword-based, knowledge graph-based and relational features) and two types of document embeddings (non-sparse representations). The key idea of autoBOT is that, instead of evolving at the learner level, evolution is conducted at the representation level. The proposed method offers competitive classification performance on fourteen real-world classification tasks when compared against a competitive autoML approach that evolves ensemble models, as well as state-of-the-art neural language models such as BERT and RoBERTa. Moreover, the approach is explainable, as the importance of the parts of the input space is part of the final solution yielded by the proposed optimization procedure, offering potential for meta-transfer learning.
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LORINI, EMILIANO, and CRISTIANO CASTELFRANCHI. "THE UNEXPECTED ASPECTS OF SURPRISE." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 20, no. 06 (September 2006): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004983.
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Some symbolic AI models, for example, BDI (belief, desire, intention) models are conceived as explicit and operational models of the intentional pursuit and belief dynamics. The main concern of these models is to provide a clear understanding of the functional roles of different kinds of epistemic and motivational states (beliefs, acceptances, expectations, intentions, goals, desires, etc. …), of the relational properties among them. Mental configurations of appraisal (involving different kinds of motivational and epistemic states) which correspond to particular cognitive emotions such as disappointment, fear, relief, shame, etc. … have been analyzed by several authors close to the BDI theoretical tradition. The main objective of this work is a formal analysis of Surprise in a BDI-like cognitive architecture. A clarification of the functional role of Surprise in a BDI-like cognitive architecture with respect to resource bounded belief revision is given.
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Davidson, Deborah, Angela Ellis Paine, Jon Glasby, Iestyn Williams, Helen Tucker, Tessa Crilly, John Crilly, et al. "Analysis of the profile, characteristics, patient experience and community value of community hospitals: a multimethod study." Health Services and Delivery Research 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr07010.
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BackgroundCommunity hospitals have been part of England’s health-care landscape since the mid-nineteenth century. Evidence on them has not kept pace with their development.AimTo provide a comprehensive analysis of the profile, characteristics, patient experience and community value of community hospitals.DesignA multimethod study with three phases. Phase 1 involved national mapping and the construction of a new database of community hospitals through data set reconciliation and verification. Phase 2 involved nine case studies, including interviews and focus groups with patients (n = 60), carers (n = 28), staff (n = 132), volunteers (n = 68), community stakeholders (n = 74) and managers and commissioners (n = 9). Phase 3 involved analysis of Charity Commission data on voluntary support.SettingCommunity hospitals in England.ResultsThe study identified 296 community hospitals with beds in England. Typically, the hospitals were small (< 30 beds), in rural communities, led by doctors/general practitioners (GPs) and nurses, without 24/7 on-site medical cover and provided step-down and step-up inpatient care, with an average length of stay of < 30 days and a variable range of intermediate care services. Key to patients’ and carers’ experiences of community hospitals was their closeness to ‘home’ through their physical location, environment and atmosphere and the relationships that they support; their provision of personalised, holistic care; and their role in supporting patients through difficult psychological transitions. Communities engage with and support their hospitals through giving time (average 24 volunteers), raising money (median voluntary income £15,632), providing services (voluntary and community groups) and giving voice (e.g. taking part in communication and consultation). This can contribute to hospital utilisation and sustainability, patient experience, staff morale and volunteer well-being. Engagement varies between and within communities and over time. Community hospitals are important community assets, representing direct and indirect value: instrumental (e.g. health care), economic (e.g. employment), human (e.g. skills development), social (e.g. networks), cultural (e.g. identity and belonging) and symbolic (e.g. vitality and security). Value varies depending on place and time.LimitationsThere were limitations to the secondary data available for mapping community hospitals and tracking charitable funds and to the sample of case study respondents, which concentrated on people with a connection to the hospitals.ConclusionsCommunity hospitals are diverse but are united by a set of common characteristics. Patients and carers experience community hospitals as qualitatively different from other settings. Their accounts highlight the importance of considering the functional, interpersonal, social and psychological dimensions of experience. Community hospitals are highly valued by their local communities, as demonstrated through their active involvement as volunteers and donors. Community hospitals enable the provision of local intermediate care services, delivered through an embedded, relational model of care, which generates deep feelings of reassurance. However, current developments may undermine this, including the withdrawal of GPs, shifts towards step-down care for non-local patients and changing configurations of services, providers and ownership.Future workComparative studies of patient experience in different settings; longitudinal studies of community support and value; studies into the implications of changes in community hospital function, GP involvement, provider-mix and ownership; and international comparative studies could all be undertaken.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Max, Jonathan Irene Sartika Dewi, and Mardliya Pratiwi Zamruddin. "Lack of Actor in the State Address of Indonesian President on the 74th Indonesia Independence Day." Journal of Language and Literature 20, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v20i2.2632.
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<p><em>Political speech must be perceived critically in order to avoid the misuse of power. </em><em>Applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this paper offered a perspective to understand how power is symbolically exercised through the use of language in Jokowi’s State Address on the occasion of 74th Indonesia Independence Day 2019. The analysis started by collecting the clauses with high modulation represented by the modal word ‘must’. It appeared as the most frequent modal in the speech text indicating that there is an act of commanding given by the President. However, the high modulated clauses did not give a clear guide on who is the liable Actor for the realization of the discourse of an “Advanced Indonesia”. </em><em>This phenomenon in language was critical to show that there was a possibility of symbolic violence, which happens because of speaker/writer did not clearly state who was the responsible Actor for each specific action required in the discourse of an Advanced Indonesia. In this instance, </em>his speech <em>opens the possibility of symbolic</em> <em>violence</em>. <em>This was proven by 1) the unidentified accountable Actor from the use of the pronoun ‘we’, 2) hidden agent in nominalization in the Material process, 3) the use of passive voice with Material Process, and 4) the process of Relational Process of Attributive used for characterizing Indonesia. </em></p>
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Prónay, Szabolcs, and Erzsébet Hetesi. "Symbolic consumption in the case of brand communities." Society and Economy 38, no. 1 (March 2016): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.1.6.
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The idea of symbolic consumption is based on the assumption that consumption is more than just functional problem solving: products and brands have significant meanings; therefore, they can be utilized as symbols in the cultural ecosystem. However, grasping the meaning of a specific brand can be confusing because it would presume knowledge about the brand as a symbol shared by the customers. We review the contradicting findings in the literature about the symbolic meaning of brands, and we initiate a new reference point in order to dissolve the above mentioned conflict. According to our understanding, the symbolic meaning of a brand shall be examined in the context of specific brand communities and not in general. We suggest that limiting the scope of research to brands with brand communities resolves several limitations of symbolic consumption studies focusing on general issues. Our theoretical model distinguishes the different types of brand communities based on their main cohesive force. In the model, at one end we find image based brand communities where the brand image is the main cohesive force, while at the other end we find brand-subcultures where the members are more committed to each other than to the brand.
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Kaufman, Stuart J. "Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence." International Security 30, no. 4 (April 2006): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.45.
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Rational choice theories claim that extreme ethnic violence (war and genocide) can be explained either as the result of information failures and commitment problems or as the utility-maximizing strategy of predatory elites. Symbolic politics theory asserts that such violence is driven by hostile ethnic myths and an emotionally driven symbolic politics based on those myths that popularizes predatory policies. Tests of these models in the cases of Sudan's civil war and Rwanda's genocide show that the rationalist models are incorrect: neither case can be understood as resulting from information failures, commitment problems, or rational power-conserving elite strategies. Rather, in both cases ethnic mythologies and fears made predatory policies so popular that leaders had little choice but to embrace them by playing up associated ethnic symbols, even though these policies led to the leaders' downfalls. Ethnic security dilemmas in such cases are driven not by uncertainty but by predatory leaders engaged in symbolic politics.
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Al-Moadhen, Ahmed Abdulhadi, Michael Packianather, Rossitza Setchi, and Renxi Qiu. "Robot Task Planning in Deterministic and Probabilistic Conditions Using Semantic Knowledge Base." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2016010104.
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A new method is proposed to increase the reliability of generating symbolic plans by extending the Semantic-Knowledge Based (SKB) plan generation to take into account the amount of information and uncertainty related to existing objects, their types and properties, as well as their relationships with each other. This approach constructs plans by depending on probabilistic values which are derived from learning statistical relational models such as Markov Logic Networks (MLN). An MLN module is established for probabilistic learning and inference together with semantic information to provide a basis for plausible learning and reasoning services in support of robot task-planning. The MLN module is constructed by using an algorithm to transform the knowledge stored in SKB to types, predicates and formulas which represent the main building block for this module. Following this, the semantic domain knowledge is used to derive implicit expectations of world states and the effects of the action which is nominated for insertion into the task plan. The expectations are matched with MLN output.
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Valor, Carmen, and Grzegorz Zasuwa. "Quality reporting of corporate philanthropy." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 486–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-07-2016-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to outline a framework for corporate philanthropy (CP) reporting that could help differentiate between symbolic and substantive reporting; and second, to test whether the reporting practices of large corporate donors are symbolic or substantive. Design/methodology/approach First, to construct a framework for CP reporting, the authors draw from research on corporate social responsibility communication, CP and reputational capital-building. Second, the philanthropy disclosures found in non-financial reports of the largest donors from the list of Fortune 100 corporations were examined using content analysis. Findings The theoretical framework identifies key ingredients of disclosure quality such as goals, causes, support, partners and impacts. The empirical findings show that disclosures regarding CP are more symbolic than meaningful. The largest donors provide descriptive information regarding the CP plan that primarily focuses on projects and causes. However, they fail to provide an explicit account of their decisions and the results of their philanthropic activities. Research limitations/implications The framework could also be applied with small changes to other communication outlets including social media and corporate websites. Originality/value This paper addresses an important gap in non-financial reporting research: the lack of a CP accounting model. To the authors’ knowledge, the framework developed in this paper represents the first conceptualization of the quality of CP disclosure that may enable scholars to differentiate symbolic from substantive CP and in this way advances the debate on CP communication. This framework can also help companies sincerely engaged in philanthropy to benefit from these activities.
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WAHMAN, MICHAEL, NIKOLAOS FRANTZESKAKIS, and TEVFIK MURAT YILDIRIM. "From Thin to Thick Representation: How a Female President Shapes Female Parliamentary Behavior." American Political Science Review 115, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 360–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305542100006x.
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How does the symbolic power of a female president affect female parliamentary behavior? Whereas female descriptive representation has increased around the world, women parliamentarians still face significant discrimination and stereotyping, inhibiting their ability to have a real voice and offer “thick” representation to women voters. We leverage the case of Malawi, a case where the presidency changed hands from a man to a woman through a truly exogenous shock, to study the effect of a female president on female parliamentary behavior. Drawing on unique parliamentary transcripts data, we argue and show that women MPs under a female president become empowered and less confined to stereotypical gendered issue-ownership patterns, leading to a significant increase in female MP speech making. Our results directly address theories of symbolic representation by focusing particularly on intraelite role-model effects.
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Yoo, Shijin, Seh-Woong Chung, and Jin K. Han. "A Durable Replacement Model for Symbolic versus Utilitarian Consumption: An Integrated Cultural and Socio-economic Perspective." Global Economic Review 35, no. 2 (June 2006): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265080600715426.
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Pereira, Rosaria Luisa Gomes, Antónia Correia, and Ronaldo L. A. Schutz. "Golf destinations’ brand personality: the case of the Algarve." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-05-2014-0037.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a measurement brand personality scale for golf destinations and simultaneously to assess the destination personality of the Algarve as a golf destination. Design/methodology/approach – A set of 36 unrepeated items, generated from individual interviews with experts in tourism and golf in the Algarve and from promotional texts in golf-related websites, was the base for a survey instrument. The survey was applied to a convenient sample of 600 golf players in the Algarve, and 545 (valid) questionnaires were analysed to refine the scale. Golf players assessed the Algarve as a golf destination and the components of the relational brand personality (functional, symbolic and experiential). Two multi-dimensional brand personality models were estimated by using structural equation modelling. Findings – Findings indicate that golf players ascribe personality characteristics to destinations. The brand personality of the Algarve is translated into three main dimensions enjoyableness, distinctiveness and friendliness when tourists/golf players reveal their overall perception of the destination. The brand personality of golf destination Algarve is reflected in the dimensions reliability, hospitality, uniqueness and attractiveness when tourists/golf players assess the components of the relational brand personality. Refined scales consisting of 10 and 11 items were finally derived meeting both reliability and validity requirements. Research limitations/implications – The analysis is based on personality perceptions of only one golf destination. Another limitation is the fact that both interviewees and respondents had great difficulty in expressing themselves tending to use repeated words. Also, the fact that the research was conducted in two languages since translation and retroversion of the items may lead to some loss in meaning or sense. Moreover, the experiential component of the relational brand personality might have been further explored to relate golf destination brand personality to the tourist experience. Practical implications – Important contributions are that both qualitative and quantitative approaches should be used in the measurement of brand personality. A reliable and valid tool to assess golf destination brand personality is a valuable marketing management resource. Social implications – Destination managers will be able to plan marketing actions that will help to change general destination attitudes and product-destination attitudes, establishing the destination brand and creating differentiation, resulting in increased preference and usage, higher emotional ties, trust and loyalty towards the brand. Also, marketers should place great emphasis on building a connection between destination personality and tourists/golf players’ self-concept. Originality/value – This is one of the first pieces of research to validate a specific brand personality scale to golf destinations. Results of this study make important theoretical contributions to the understanding of brand personality in the context of tourism destinations in general, and golf destinations in particular.
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Hawthorne, Michael R., and John E. Jackson. "The Individual Political Economy of Federal Tax Policy." American Political Science Review 81, no. 3 (September 1987): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962675.
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Public policies are the product of conflicting demands within society. These demands are both collective in nature and the product of individual interests. Individuals must balance these conflicting interests in developing their policy preferences. We estimate the role of collective and individual interests in preference formation, using tax policy as a substantive example. Survey data are used to estimate the model for evaluations of several tax policies debated during consideration of the 1978 Tax Revenue Act. Our analysis indicates that individual preferences for tax policies are greatly affected by attitudes towards collective issues—particularly redistribution attitudes—and by self-interest considerations. We also find that aggregate variables measuring individuals' local economies have significant effects on symbolic and self-interest preferences.
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Torres Zamudio, Marleny, Yolanda González Castro, and Omaira Manzano Durán. "Methodological elements to design a city branding with the use of grounded theory." Cuadernos de Gestión 21, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5295/cdg.191093mt.
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City branding was established as an endogenous development strategy – the need to build the city’s own identity. This identity is reached through the study of the history, culture, economy, trajectory, products and potential development as well as the design of symbolic structures to attract investors and tourists and to create specific demands. The participation of a government entity is expected for these purposes thus encouraging those contributions from academic areas, entrepreneurs, cultural representatives including those community traditions. On the other hand, this participation should be supplemented with studies focused on the reality of the population, its history, and the actions that promoted city development. Cities and strategic associates should accompany these above mentioned entities in the purpose of designing their city branding, by building a model of participatory planning, a symbolic representation and a media plan guaranteeing that recognition as a territory with competitive values and advantages is a reality. To contribute to these goals, a methodological proposal with key elements for the design of the city brand using a research focused on quality review of documentation and grounded theory is presented. This study used Atlas Ti and VOSViewer software to analyze data. The research resulted in the precise definition of specific city branding and established strategic planning, management environment, and fundamental branding structure as those key founding elements for any particular city branding.
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Nowak, Paweł Piotr. "Społeczeństwo i kultura jako definicyjny kontekst badań nad wpływem technologii na ponowoczesnego człowieka." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 65, no. 1 (2021): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2021.1.11.
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Based on an analysis of selected definitions of the terms used for society and culture, the author creates the sociological theoretical framework for the article. In conjunction with the characterized phenomenon of digital transformation, extensive and far-reaching conclusions are formulated on the impact of new technology for postmodernity. In relation to the scientific achievements of Buber and Tischner, the author deeply analyzes the assumptions of philosophy of dialogue. This allows the observation of a wide dimension in the relationship between the relational nature of social relations, the condition of the individual, the durability of the systems humans create, the technocratic direction of civilizational development and the consumerist attitude to reality in contemporary society of the 21st century. The author describes technological worship and presents the negative consequences of digital transformation processes. On the example of the service sector, the transition is presented as symbolic culture based on the relations and dialogue with technical and functional culture. The research method used in the article is a review of the scientific literature. In the study, the author set the goal of determining the impact of digital transformation on humans in the context of the definition of culture and society. As a result of the research, the author states that technological insight (i.e. looking at technology as a way of resolving all contemporary problems) has the danger of successively weakening man, and could lead to a deepening of social inequalities. The author also emphasizes the need to deepen research on the consequences of the digital transformation on society and culture and to develop models that can reduce the negative consequences of the change process.
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Quak, Sander, Johan Heilbron, and Jessica Meijer. "Ranking, coordination, and global governance: The case of the Access to Medicine Index." Business and Politics 21, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 172–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2018.22.
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AbstractAs a case study in the proliferation of global rankings, we examine the initiation, construction of, and response to the Access to Medicine Index, which ranks pharmaceutical companies according to their respective contribution to access to medicine for developing countries. Since it has served as the model for constructing global rankings in the fields of nutrition, seeds, mining, possibly in the future, oil, seafood, mobile internet, and agricultural commodities, and it serves as a blueprint for the development of corporate sustainability benchmarks in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, its significance goes well beyond public health. From an economic-sociological perspective we argue, first, that rankings can be conceived as symbolic classifications that serve predominantly as market-based coordination devices. To understand the proliferation of global rankings, we argue, secondly, that they are an integral part of the changing balance of power in the domain of global public health consisting of a historical shift from international organizations as the central mode of governance and coordination to a more decentralized and diversified global field structure. This global field is formed by an increasing number and variety of actors, but lacks a central decision-making body. The case of the Access to Medicine Index suggests that a historical-sociological field perspective has analytical advantages over both the micro-analysis of socio-technical devices and macro-level approaches to issues of governance in contemporary capitalism.
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Saavedra Llamas, Marta, and Nicolás Grijalba de la Calle. "THE CREATIVE CINEMATOGRAPHIC PROCESS AT THE SERVICE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY: PEDRO ALMODÓVAR AND THE PROMOTION OF SPANISH STEREOTYPES." Creativity Studies 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.8563.
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Cultural expression and creativity contribute to shape national identity; movie experience reflects society. The way in which Pedro Almodóvar’s films facilitates a greater understanding of Spanish culture is the main thesis in this research. This study follows a double methodology: a descriptive documentary phase and an analysis of the filmmaker’s work. The latter includes two substages: a qualitative analysis based on a pattern dealing with different variables related to stereotype perception of Spain abroad; and a quantitative one, which highlights further procedures to approach the national culture. The insight provided by this research proves that Almodóvar actually spreads Spanish identity through his creative universe and empowers its stereotypes, yet by making them more modern: he points out the role of family, but he goes against the traditional model; he turns Madrid, Spain symbolic sight in the international standard about Spanish identity, into the kernel of his work; and he introduces some elements of Spanish popular culture like folklore, gastronomy, bullfighting or rural Spain.
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BEISSINGER, MARK R. "The Semblance of Democratic Revolution: Coalitions in Ukraine's Orange Revolution." American Political Science Review 107, no. 3 (July 3, 2013): 574–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055413000294.
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Using two unusual surveys, this study analyzes participation in the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine, comparing participants with revolution supporters, opponents, counter-revolutionaries, and the apathetic/inactive. As the analysis shows, most revolutionaries were weakly committed to the revolution's democratic master narrative, and the revolution's spectacular mobilizational success was largely due to its mobilization of cultural cleavages and symbolic capital to construct a negative coalition across diverse policy groupings. A contrast is drawn between urban civic revolutions like the Orange Revolution and protracted peasant revolutions. The strategies associated with these revolutionary models affect the roles of revolutionary organization and selective incentives and the character of revolutionary coalitions. As the comparison suggests, postrevolutionary instability may be built into urban civic revolutions due to their reliance on a rapidly convened negative coalition of hundreds of thousands, distinguished by fractured elites, lack of consensus over fundamental policy issues, and weak commitment to democratic ends.
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Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Rescuing the Empire: Chinese Nation-building in the Twentieth Century." European Journal of East Asian Studies 5, no. 1 (2006): 15–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006106777998106.
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AbstractThis paper takes modern China's dilemma of how to deal with the legacy of its imperial past as the starting point for a discussion of the drawn-out re-creation of China in the twentieth century. The particular focus is on the important role of non-Han ethnic minorities in this process. It is pointed out that the non-recognition and forced assimilation of all such minorities, in favour of a unified citizenship on an imagined European, American or Japanese model, was actually considered as a serious alternative and favoured by many Chinese nation-builders in the wake of the overthrow of the last imperial dynasty in 1911. The article then proceeds to a discussion of why, on the contrary, ethnic minorities should instead have been formally identified and in some cases even actively organised as official minorities, recognised and incorporated into the state structure, as happened after 1949. Based on the formal and symbolic qualities of the constitution of these minorities, it is argued that new China is also a new formulation of the imperial Chinese model, which resurrects the corollary idea of civilisation as a transformative force that requires a primitive, backward periphery as its object.
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Krasteva, Anna, and Antony Todorov. "From Post-Communism to Post-Democracy." Southeastern Europe 44, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-04402004.
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The analysis starts from a key question: how many transformations did post-communism, which came as a promise and project for one transformation, actually carry out? This article is a conceptual, not an event narrative about the transformations of democratization. Its theoretical ambition is threefold. The first aim is to develop a new analytical model for the study of transformations based on the concept of ‘symbolic-ideological hegemony’ and a matrix of two pairs of indicators. The first pair reflects the intentionality of the change and examines the (non-)existence of an explicitly formulated political project as well as its (self-)designation by elites and citizens. The second pair of indicators concerns agency and covers the supply side and the demand side, the perspective and role of elites, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the perspective and role of citizens. The other ambitions of the study are to identify the key transformations in Bulgaria’s three-decade-long post-communist development – a democratic, a (national) populist, and a post-democratic one, and to analyze them in a comparative perspective.
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Sullivan, Jonathan, and Séagh Kehoe. "Truth, Good and Beauty: The Politics of Celebrity in China." China Quarterly 237 (December 14, 2018): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001285.
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AbstractA visit to a Chinese city of any size – looking up at downtown billboards, riding public transport, shopping at a mall – is to be in the presence of a Chinese celebrity endorsing a product, lifestyle or other symbols of “the good life.” Celebrity in China is big business, feeding off and nourishing the advertising-led business model that underpins the commercialized media system and internet. It is also a powerful instrument in the party-state's discursive and symbolic repertoire, used to promote regime goals and solidify new governmentalities through signalling accepted modes of behaviour for mass emulation. The multi-dimensional celebrity persona, and the public interest it stimulates in off-stage lives, requires an academic focus on the workings of celebrity separate to the products that celebrities create in their professional roles. The potential to connect with large numbers of ordinary people, and the emergence of an informal celebrity-making scene in cyberspace symptomatic of changing attitudes towards fame among Chinese people, marks the special status of celebrity within China's constrained socio-political ecology. The motivation for this article is to further scholarly understanding of how celebrity operates in China and to bring this expression of popular culture into the broader conversation about contemporary Chinese politics and society.