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Journal articles on the topic 'Synaptic boutons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Pun, R. Y., E. A. Neale, P. B. Guthrie, and P. G. Nelson. "Active and inactive central synapses in cell culture." Journal of Neurophysiology 56, no. 5 (1986): 1242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.5.1242.

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Synaptic interactions between pairs of spinal cord (SC) neurons and between dorsal root ganglion neurons and SC neurons were studied in dissociated cell cultures prepared from fetal mouse. Combined injection of horseradish peroxidase into presynaptic neurons and Lucifer yellow into postsynaptic neurons allowed detailed correlation of morphological-physiological analyses of synaptically linked cells. Statistical analysis of trains of evoked EPSPs under conditions of high and of low transmitter output was used to determine the number of physiological release elements, n, involved in a given syna

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2

Batulevičius, Darius, Gertrūda Skripkienė, Denas Andrijauskis, Berta Kėrytė, and Valdas Skripka. "Quantitative study of synaptic boutons on frog intracardiac neurons." Papers on Anthropology 26, no. 2 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2017.26.2.02.

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The frog is a useful model to study the structure and function of intracardiac neurons. The goal of this study was to evaluate the size and distribution of synaptic boutons on the intracardiac neurons in the frog Rana temporaria. Interatrial septa from four animals were double-labelled immunohistochemically for the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the marker of synaptic vesicles synaptophysin (SYP). One hundred intracardiac neurons were analysed by confocal microscopy. Terminals of preganglionic axons were strongly positive for ChAT, while synaptic boutons were strongly

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3

Bennett, M. R. "Synaptic Transmission at Single Boutons in Sympathetic Ganglia." Physiology 15, no. 2 (2000): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.2.98.

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Synaptic transmission has traditionally been studied at the level of the entire nerve terminal rather than at one of its constituent boutons. Autonomic ganglia provide preparations for recording from individual boutons, as well as for determining the calcium transients necessary for transmitter release at these boutons. The results suggest a new paradigm for synaptic transmission.

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4

Akbergenova, Yulia, and Maria Bykhovskaia. "Stimulation-Induced Formation of the Reserve Pool of Vesicles in Drosophila Motor Boutons." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (2009): 2423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91122.2008.

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We combined electron microscopy (EM), synaptic vesicle staining by fluorescent marker FM1-43, photoconversion of the dye into an electron dense product, and electrical recordings of synaptic responses to study the distribution of reserve and recycling vesicles and its dependence on stimulation in Drosophila motor boutons. We showed that, at rest, vesicles are distributed over the periphery of the bouton, with the recycling and reserve pools being intermixed and the central core of the bouton being devoid of vesicles. Continuous high-frequency stimulation followed by a resting period mobilized

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5

Mueller, Nancy K., Shi Di, Charles M. Paden, and James P. Herman. "Activity-Dependent Modulation of Neurotransmitter Innervation to Vasopressin Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus." Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (2005): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0539.

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Confocal microscopy was used to assess activity-dependent neuroplasticity in neurotransmitter innervation of vasopressin immunoreactive magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Vesicular glutamate transporter 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) synaptic boutons were visualized in apposition to vasopressin neurons in the SON. A decrease in DBH synaptic boutons per cell was seen upon salt loading, indicating diminished noradrenergic/adrenergic innervation. Loss of DBH appositions to vasopressin neurons was associated with a general loss of DBH immunorea

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6

Beumer, K. J., J. Rohrbough, A. Prokop, and K. Broadie. "A role for PS integrins in morphological growth and synaptic function at the postembryonic neuromuscular junction of Drosophila." Development 126, no. 24 (1999): 5833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.24.5833.

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A family of three position-specific (PS) integrins are expressed at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ): a beta subunit ((betaPS), expressed in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, and two alpha subunits (alphaPS1, alphaPS2), expressed at least in the postsynaptic membrane. PS integrins appear at postembryonic NMJs coincident with the onset of rapid morphological growth and terminal type-specific differentiation, and are restricted to type I synaptic boutons, which mediate fast, excitatory glutamatergic transmission. We show that two distinctive hypomorphic mutant alleles of th

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7

Yakoubi, Rachida, Astrid Rollenhagen, Marec von Lehe, Yachao Shao, Kurt Sätzler, and Joachim H. R. Lübke. "Quantitative Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Excitatory Synaptic Boutons in Layer 5 of the Adult Human Temporal Lobe Neocortex: A Fine-Scale Electron Microscopic Analysis." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 7 (2018): 2797–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy146.

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Abstract Studies of synapses are available for different brain regions of several animal species including non-human primates, but comparatively little is known about their quantitative morphology in humans. Here, synaptic boutons in Layer 5 (L5) of the human temporal lobe (TL) neocortex were investigated in biopsy tissue, using fine-scale electron microscopy, and quantitative three-dimensional reconstructions. The size and organization of the presynaptic active zones (PreAZs), postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and that of the 3 distinct pools of synaptic vesicles (SVs) were particularly analyzed

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8

Peterson, R. Scott, Lakshmi Yarram, Barney A. Schlinger, and Colin J. Saldanha. "Aromatase is pre-synaptic and sexually dimorphic in the adult zebra finch brain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1576 (2005): 2089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3181.

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Oestrogens organize and activate circuits within the vertebrate central nervous system. Oestrogen synthesis occurs via the expression of aromatase, a P 450 enzyme detected in microsomes and more recently in pre-synaptic boutons. Synaptic aromatase has only been described in brain regions that express aromatase in many subcellular compartments, so its function remains poorly understood. To more thoroughly study the role of oestrogen synthesis at synaptic terminals, we examined the ultrastructural compartmentalization of aromatase in the zebra finch; a species in which high aromatase activity ca

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9

Cheng, Ling, Cody Locke, and Graeme W. Davis. "S6 kinase localizes to the presynaptic active zone and functions with PDK1 to control synapse development." Journal of Cell Biology 194, no. 6 (2011): 921–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201101042.

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The dimensions of neuronal dendrites, axons, and synaptic terminals are reproducibly specified for each neuron type, yet it remains unknown how these structures acquire their precise dimensions of length and diameter. Similarly, it remains unknown how active zone number and synaptic strength are specified relative the precise dimensions of presynaptic boutons. In this paper, we demonstrate that S6 kinase (S6K) localizes to the presynaptic active zone. Specifically, S6K colocalizes with the presynaptic protein Bruchpilot (Brp) and requires Brp for active zone localization. We then provide evide

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10

Prume, Miriam, Astrid Rollenhagen, Rachida Yakoubi, Kurt Sätzler, and Joachim Hr Lübke. "Quantitative Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Excitatory Synaptic Boutons in the “Barrel Field” of the Adult “Reeler” Mouse Somatosensory Neocortex: A Comparative Fine-Scale Electron Microscopic Analysis with the Wild Type Mouse." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (2019): 3209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz304.

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Abstract Synapses are key structural determinants for information processing and computations in the normal and pathologically altered brain. Here, the quantitative morphology of excitatory synaptic boutons in the “reeler” mutant, a model system for various neurological disorders, was investigated and compared with wild-type (WT) mice using high-resolution, fine-scale electron microscopy (EM) and quantitative three-dimensional (3D) models of synaptic boutons. Beside their overall geometry, the shape and size of presynaptic active zones (PreAZs) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) forming the act

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11

Liu, Guosong, and Richard W. Tsien. "Properties of synaptic transmission at single hippocampal synaptic boutons." Nature 375, no. 6530 (1995): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375404a0.

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12

Alhourani, Ahmad, Kenneth N. Fish, Thomas A. Wozny, Vivek Sudhakar, Ronald L. Hamilton, and R. Mark Richardson. "GABA bouton subpopulations in the human dentate gyrus are differentially altered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (2020): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00523.2018.

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Medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is a devastating disease, for which surgical removal of the seizure onset zone is the only known cure. Multiple studies have found evidence of abnormal dentate gyrus network circuitry in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Principal neurons within the dentate gyrus gate entorhinal input into the hippocampus, providing a critical step in information processing. Crucial to that role are GABA-expressing neurons, particularly parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket cells (PVBCs) and chandelier cells (PVChCs), which provide strong, temporally coordina

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13

Šišková, Zuzana, Anton Page, Vincent O’Connor, and Victor Hugh Perry. "Degenerating Synaptic Boutons in Prion Disease." American Journal of Pathology 175, no. 4 (2009): 1610–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090372.

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14

Clamann, H. P., J. Mathis, and H. R. Luscher. "Variance analysis of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in cat spinal motoneurons during posttetanic potentiation." Journal of Neurophysiology 61, no. 2 (1989): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.403.

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1. Fluctuations in the peak amplitudes of composite excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in cat spinal motoneurons were analyzed during posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Each of a series of identical tetanic stimulus trains delivered to a muscle nerve was followed by 45 test stimuli applied at 2-s intervals. The mean peak amplitude and mean peak variance were calculated for EPSPs evoked by all those stimuli following a tetanus with the same time interval. It was assumed that the variance arises primarily from the probabilistic all-or-none behavior of single synaptic boutons and background

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15

Capaday, Charles, Christian Ethier, Laurent Brizzi, Attila Sik, Carl van Vreeswijk, and Denis Gingras. "On the Nature of the Intrinsic Connectivity of the Cat Motor Cortex: Evidence for a Recurrent Neural Network Topology." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (2009): 2131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91319.2008.

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The details and functional significance of the intrinsic horizontal connections between neurons in the motor cortex (MCx) remain to be clarified. To further elucidate the nature of this intracortical connectivity pattern, experiments were done on the MCx of three cats. The anterograde tracer biocytin was ejected iontophoretically in layers II, III, and V. Some 30–50 neurons within a radius of ∼250 μm were thus stained. The functional output of the motor cortical point at which biocytin was injected, and of the surrounding points, was identified by microstimulation and electromyographic recordi

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16

Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. "Ultrastructural features of the colocalization of calcitonin gene related peptide with substance P or somatostatin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 7 (1995): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-130.

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Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM) are probably the three most important sensory neuropeptides. However, in contrast to CGRP immunoreactivity (IR), SP- and SOM-IR occur also in neurons intrinsic to the dorsal horn. Colocalization of either SP- or SOM-IR with CGRP-IR is, therefore, strongly suggestive of a primary sensory origin. In this study, high resolution double-labelling immunocytochemistry was applied to detect CGRP/SP and CGRP/SOM colocalizations in axonal boutons of the rat superficial dorsal horn. Most boutons colocalizing CGRP-IR and SP-I

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17

Hong, Tiffany, Erin McBride, Brett D. Dufour, et al. "Synaptic boutons are smaller in chandelier cell cartridges in autism." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0281477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281477.

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Chandelier (Ch) cells are cortical interneurons with axon terminal structures known as cartridges that synapse on the axon initial segment of excitatory pyramidal neurons. Previous studies indicate that the number of Ch cells is decreased in autism, and that GABA receptors are decreased in the Ch cell synaptic target in the prefrontal cortex. To further identify Ch cell alterations, we examined whether the length of cartridges, and the number, density, and size of Ch cell synaptic boutons, differed in the prefrontal cortex of cases with autism versus control cases. We collected samples of post

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18

Liu, G., and R. W. Tsien. "Synaptic transmission at single visualized hippocampal boutons." Neuropharmacology 34, no. 11 (1995): 1407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(95)00143-t.

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19

Wong, Man Yan, Samantha L. Cavolo, and Edwin S. Levitan. "Synaptic neuropeptide release by dynamin-dependent partial release from circulating vesicles." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 13 (2015): 2466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0002.

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Neurons release neuropeptides, enzymes, and neurotrophins by exocytosis of dense-core vesicles (DCVs). Peptide release from individual DCVs has been imaged in vitro with endocrine cells and at the neuron soma, growth cones, neurites, axons, and dendrites but not at nerve terminals, where peptidergic neurotransmission occurs. Single presynaptic DCVs have, however, been tracked in native terminals with simultaneous photobleaching and imaging (SPAIM) to show that DCVs undergo anterograde and retrograde capture as they circulate through en passant boutons. Here dynamin (encoded by the shibire gene

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20

Drewe, J., G. Childs, and D. Kunze. "Synaptic transmission between dissociated adult mammalian neurons and attached synaptic boutons." Science 241, no. 4874 (1988): 1810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2459774.

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21

Rollenhagen, Astrid, Bernd Walkenfort, Rachida Yakoubi, et al. "Synaptic Organization of the Human Temporal Lobe Neocortex as Revealed by High-Resolution Transmission, Focused Ion Beam Scanning, and Electron Microscopic Tomography." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155558.

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Modern electron microscopy (EM) such as fine-scale transmission EM, focused ion beam scanning EM, and EM tomography have enormously improved our knowledge about the synaptic organization of the normal, developmental, and pathologically altered brain. In contrast to various animal species, comparably little is known about these structures in the human brain. Non-epileptic neocortical access tissue from epilepsy surgery was used to generate quantitative 3D models of synapses. Beside the overall geometry, the number, size, and shape of active zones and of the three functionally defined pools of s

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22

YABUTA, NEUSA H., and EDWARD M. CALLAWAY. "Cytochrome-oxidase blobs and intrinsic horizontal connections of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in primate V1." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (1998): 1007–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898156018.

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Pyramidal neurons in superficial layers of cerebral cortex have extensive horizontal axons that provide a substrate for lateral interactions across cortical columns. These connections are believed to link functionally similar regions, as suggested by the observation that cytochrome-oxidase blobs in the monkey primary visual cortex (V1) are preferentially connected to blobs and interblobs to interblobs. To better understand the precise relationship between horizontal connections and blobs, we intracellularly labeled 20 layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in tangential living brain slices from V1 of mac

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23

Orlando, Marta, Anton Dvorzhak, Felicitas Bruentgens, et al. "Recruitment of release sites underlies chemical presynaptic potentiation at hippocampal mossy fiber boutons." PLOS Biology 19, no. 6 (2021): e3001149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001149.

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Synaptic plasticity is a cellular model for learning and memory. However, the expression mechanisms underlying presynaptic forms of plasticity are not well understood. Here, we investigate functional and structural correlates of presynaptic potentiation at large hippocampal mossy fiber boutons induced by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. We performed 2-photon imaging of the genetically encoded glutamate sensor iGluu that revealed an increase in the surface area used for glutamate release at potentiated terminals. Time-gated stimulated emission depletion microscopy revealed no change in

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Tsai, Yi-Wei, Hsin-Ho Sung, Jian-Chiuan Li, et al. "Glia-derived exosomal miR-274 targets Sprouty in trachea and synaptic boutons to modulate growth and responses to hypoxia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (2019): 24651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902537116.

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Secreted exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate interorgan/tissue communications by modulating target gene expression, thereby regulating developmental and physiological functions. However, the source, route, and function in target cells have not been formally established for specific miRNAs. Here, we show that glial miR-274 non-cell-autonomously modulates the growth of synaptic boutons and tracheal branches. Whereas the precursor form of miR-274 is expressed in glia, the mature form of miR-274 distributes broadly, including in synaptic boutons, muscle cells, and tracheal cells. Mature miR-274 is

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25

Graham, B., and S. Redman. "A simulation of action potentials in synaptic boutons during presynaptic inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 2 (1994): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.538.

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1. During presynaptic inhibition, an increased conductance in the membrane of the presynaptic bouton is presumed to reduce the action potential, thereby reducing transmitter release. The object of the simulation has been to determine the magnitude of a chloride conductance required to reduce transmitter release, for various diameters of synaptic boutons, connected to axons with diameters in the range 0.1-1.0 microns. 2. A propagating action potential was simulated in axons connected to either side of a hemispherical bouton. The axons could be myelinated or unmyelinated, while the bouton membra

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26

Lübke, Joachim H. R., and Astrid Rollenhagen. "Synapses: Multitasking Global Players in the Brain." Neuroforum 26, no. 1 (2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nf-2019-0015.

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AbstractSynapses are key elements in the communication between neurons in any given network of the normal adult, developmental and pathologically altered brain. Synapses are composed of nearly the same structural subelements: a presynaptic terminal containing mitochondria with an ultrastructurally visible density at the pre- and postsynaptic apposition zone. The presynaptic density is composed of a cocktail of various synaptic proteins involved in the binding, priming and docking of synaptic vesicles inducing synaptic transmission. Individual presynaptic terminals (synaptic boutons) contain a

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27

Mohamed, Ahmed A. M., and Silke Sachse. "Everyone on Their Own! Individualization of Synaptic Boutons." Neuron 106, no. 6 (2020): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.035.

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28

Levitan, Edwin S. "Motion and Capture of Granules in Synaptic Boutons." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (2010): 2a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.009.

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29

Koh, Tong-Wey, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Yogesh P. Wairkar, et al. "Eps15 and Dap160 control synaptic vesicle membrane retrieval and synapse development." Journal of Cell Biology 178, no. 2 (2007): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701030.

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Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15 (Eps15) is a protein implicated in endocytosis, endosomal protein sorting, and cytoskeletal organization. Its role is, however, still unclear, because of reasons including limitations of dominant-negative experiments and apparent redundancy with other endocytic proteins. We generated Drosophila eps15-null mutants and show that Eps15 is required for proper synaptic bouton development and normal levels of synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis. Consistent with a role in SV endocytosis, Eps15 moves from the center of synaptic boutons to the p

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30

Sirko, Piotr, and Andrei S. Kozlov. "Immunohistochemistry localises myosin-7a to cochlear efferent boutons." Wellcome Open Research 7 (February 22, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17428.2.

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Background: Myosin 7a is an actin-binding motor protein involved in the formation of hair-cell stereocilia both in the cochlea and in the vestibular system. Mutations in myosin 7a are linked to congenital hearing loss and are present in 50% of Type-1 Usher syndrome patients who suffer from progressive hearing loss and vestibular system dysfunction. Methods: Myosin 7a is often used to visualise sensory hair cells due to its well characterised and localised expression profile. We thus conducted myosin-7a immunostaining across all three turns of the adult rat organ of Corti to visualise hair cell

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Sirko, Piotr, and Andrei S. Kozlov. "Immunohistochemistry localises myosin-7a to cochlear efferent boutons." Wellcome Open Research 7 (January 4, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17428.1.

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Background: Myosin 7a is an actin-binding motor protein involved in the formation of hair-cell stereocilia both in the cochlea and in the vestibular system. Mutations in myosin 7a are linked to congenital hearing loss and are present in 50% of Type-1 Usher syndrome patients who suffer from progressive hearing loss and vestibular system dysfunction. Methods: Myosin 7a is often used to visualise sensory hair cells due to its well characterised and localised expression profile. We thus conducted myosin-7a immunostaining across all three turns of the adult rat organ of Corti to visualise hair cell

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32

Zhu, Ping Jun, and David M. Lovinger. "Ethanol Potentiates GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in a Postsynaptic Neuron/Synaptic Bouton Preparation From Basolateral Amygdala." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (2006): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01380.2005.

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Interactions between ethanol and synaptic transmission mediated by γ -amino- N-butyric acid (GABA) have been suggested to contribute to alcohol intoxication. Ethanol effects on postsynaptic GABAA receptors have been the major focus of this line of research. There is increasing evidence that ethanol potentiation of GABAergic transmission involves increased GABA release from presynaptic terminals. In the present study, a mechanically isolated neuron/bouton preparation from the basolateral amygdala was used to examine the effects of ethanol on spontaneous GABAergic synaptic currents elicited by G

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Harata, Nobutoshi, Shinya Ueno, Mitsutoshi Munakata, and Norio Akaike. "Spontaneous Synaptic Transmission in Dissociated Meynert Neurons with the Attached Synaptic Boutons." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 17, no. 3 (1993): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(93)90078-7.

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Dumoulin, A., P. Rostaing, C. Bedet, et al. "Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons." Journal of Cell Science 112, no. 6 (1999): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.112.6.811.

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The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistr

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35

Koerber, H. Richard, Karoly Mirnics, Anahid M. Kavookjian, and Alan R. Light. "Ultrastructural Analysis of Ectopic Synaptic Boutons Arising From Peripherally Regenerated Primary Afferent Fibers." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (1999): 1636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1636.

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Ultrastructural analysis of ectopic synaptic boutons arising from peripherally regenerated primary afferent fibers. The central axons of peripherally regenerated Aβ primary sensory neurons were impaled in the dorsal columns of α-chloralose-anesthetized cats 9–12 mo after axotomy. The adequate peripheral stimulus was determined, and the afferent fibers intracellularly stimulated while simultaneously recording the resulting cord dorsum potentials (CDPs). Fibers that successfully had reinnervated the skin responded to light tactile stimulation, and evoked CDPs that suggested dorsally located bout

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Adams, P. R., S. W. Jones, P. Pennefather, D. A. Brown, C. Koch, and B. Lancaster. "Slow synaptic transmission in frog sympathetic ganglia." Journal of Experimental Biology 124, no. 1 (1986): 259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.124.1.259.

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Bullfrog ganglia contain two classes of neurone, B and C cells, which receive different inputs and exhibit different slow synaptic potentials. B cells, to which most effort has been directed, possess slow and late slow EPSPs. The sEPSP reflects a muscarinic action of acetylcholine released from boutons on B cells, whereas the late sEPSP is caused by a peptide (similar to teleost LHRH) released from boutons on C cells. During either sEPSP there is a selective reduction in two slow potassium conductances, designated ‘M’ and ‘AHP’. The M conductance is voltage dependent and the AHP conductance is

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37

Jordan, Randolf, Edward A. Lemke, and Jurgen Klingauf. "Visualization of Synaptic Vesicle Movement in Intact Synaptic Boutons Using Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy." Biophysical Journal 89, no. 3 (2005): 2091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.061663.

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38

Darcy, Kevin J., Kevin Staras, Lucy M. Collinson, and Yukiko Goda. "Constitutive sharing of recycling synaptic vesicles between presynaptic boutons." Nature Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (2006): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1640.

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39

Franco-Pons, N., C. Casanovas-Aguilar, S. Arroyo, J. Rumià, J. Pérez-Clausell, and G. Danscher. "Zinc-rich synaptic boutons in human temporal cortex biopsies." Neuroscience 98, no. 3 (2000): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00153-6.

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40

Vasin, A., L. Zueva, C. Torrez, D. Volfson, J. T. Littleton, and M. Bykhovskaia. "Synapsin Regulates Activity-Dependent Outgrowth of Synaptic Boutons at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 32 (2014): 10554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5074-13.2014.

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41

Yang, Yang, Ju Lu, and Yi Zuo. "Changes of Synaptic Structures Associated with Learning, Memory and Diseases." Brain Science Advances 4, no. 2 (2018): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2018.2018.9050012.

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Synaptic plasticity is widely believed to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. It is influenced by various factors including development, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. In this review, we focus on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a special type of synapses, the multi-contact synapses (including those formed by multi-synaptic boutons and multi-sy

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Kirischuk, Sergei, and Rosemarie Grantyn. "Inter-Bouton Variability of Synaptic Strength Correlates With Heterogeneity of Presynaptic Ca2+ Signals." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (2002): 2172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.2172.

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The elevation of presynaptic calcium concentration is a crucial step in excitation-secretion coupling. However, the amplitudes of action-potential-induced presynaptic calcium transients can display high variability among different terminals. The aim of this study was to clarify whether, at individual boutons, synaptic strength correlates with the average amplitude of presynaptic calcium transients. Low-density collicular cultures were loaded with the calcium indicator Oregon Green bis-( o-aminophenoxy)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) 1. Action potentials were blocked with tetrodotoxin. Pre

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Lemke, E. A. "Single Synaptic Vesicle Tracking in Individual Hippocampal Boutons at Rest and during Synaptic Activity." Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 47 (2005): 11034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2971-05.2005.

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Rodriguez-Moreno, Javier, Astrid Rollenhagen, Jaime Arlandis, et al. "Quantitative 3D Ultrastructure of Thalamocortical Synapses from the “Lemniscal” Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus in Mouse Barrel Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 9 (2017): 3159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx187.

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Abstract Thalamocortical synapses from “lemniscal” neurons of the dorsomedial portion of the rodent ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPMdm) are able to induce with remarkable efficacy, despite their relative low numbers, the firing of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) layer 4 (L4) neurons. To which extent this high efficacy depends on structural synaptic features remains unclear. Using both serial transmission (TEM) and focused ion beam milling scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), we 3D-reconstructed and quantitatively analyzed anterogradely labeled VPMdm axons in L4 of adult mouse S1. All VP

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Koles, Kate, John Nunnari, Ceren Korkut, et al. "Mechanism of Evenness Interrupted (Evi)-Exosome Release at Synaptic Boutons." Journal of Biological Chemistry 287, no. 20 (2012): 16820–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.342667.

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Ryan, Timothy A., Noam E. Ziv, and Stephen J. Smith. "Potentiation of Evoked Vesicle Turnover at Individually Resolved Synaptic Boutons." Neuron 17, no. 1 (1996): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80286-x.

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Darya, Kauroon, Archan Ganguly, and Daewoo Lee. "Quantitative analysis of synaptic boutons in Drosophila primary neuronal cultures." Brain Research 1280 (July 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.026.

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Kuljis, Dika A., Kristina D. Micheva, Ajit Ray, et al. "Gephyrin-Lacking PV Synapses on Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 10032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810032.

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Gephyrin has long been thought of as a master regulator for inhibitory synapses, acting as a scaffold to organize γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) at the post-synaptic density. Accordingly, gephyrin immunostaining has been used as an indicator of inhibitory synapses; despite this, the pan-synaptic localization of gephyrin to specific classes of inhibitory synapses has not been demonstrated. Genetically encoded fibronectin intrabodies generated with mRNA display (FingRs) against gephyrin (Gephyrin.FingR) reliably label endogenous gephyrin, and can be tagged with fluorophores for c

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Tateishi, Narito, Shinya Ueno, and Norio Akaike. "Synaptic transmission between isolated rat nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) neurons and attached synaptic boutons." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 52 (1990): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)55117-4.

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Kamimura, Keisuke, Kohei Ueno, Jun Nakagawa, Rie Hamada, Minoru Saitoe, and Nobuaki Maeda. "Perlecan regulates bidirectional Wnt signaling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction." Journal of Cell Biology 200, no. 2 (2013): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201207036.

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Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of Wnt signaling activity in several tissues. At the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ), Wnt/Wingless (Wg) regulates the formation of both pre- and postsynaptic structures; however, the mechanism balancing such bidirectional signaling remains elusive. In this paper, we demonstrate that mutations in the gene of a secreted HSPG, perlecan/trol, resulted in diverse postsynaptic defects and overproduction of synaptic boutons at NMJ. The postsynaptic defects, such as reduction in subsynaptic reticulum (SSR),

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