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Bazhanov, Nikolai Sergeevich. "Initial experience of synchronic description of historical musicology texts." Культура и искусство, no. 10 (October 2023): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2023.10.68813.
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The author discusses a small initial experience of using synchronic description in musicology texts. In the beginning, the origin of the synchrony–diachrony dichotomy introduced into linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure is revealed. These terms and concepts from linguistics turned out to be so generative in methodological terms that they were adapted into other scientific disciplines. Starting with Saussure, the specificity of the relations of the two approaches is most deeply expressed as the relation of the system of the subject – synchrony and its evolution – diachrony. Next, the article discusses collective intelligence (Lotman) as a result of the activity and cooperation of experts of the same specialty. The productivity and relevance of using a synchronic approach for an adequate comparison of musical works, especially in the history and theory of performing arts, is emphasized. The main objective of the article was to test the use of a synchronic approach for the formation of textual information about the formation of the classical style in musical Europe of the XVIII century. The main pathos and function of the synchronic approach is "comparison". When the beginnings of events are aligned, it becomes possible to compare them (events) with each other, and the results of the comparison are attributed to the synchronization time. The synchronic approach demonstrates the continuity and monomericity of historical time. In synchrony, we see that juxtaposition and comparison overcome the natural separateness of historical events. The conclusions of the article summarize the main properties of the synchronic and diachronic approaches: synchrony reflects the system structure of the object and phenomenon, and diachrony, their evolution. For more productive event matching, synchronization of several parameters and types is necessary. This type of historical research can be described as a multifactorial synchronic analysis of historical events. Further prospects for the development of synchronic and diachronic approaches lie in their synthesis, when multiple slices of synchrony are sorted by chronology, and diachrony consists of synchronic slices of time.
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R.M., Sytniak. "CONFLICT OF SYNCHRONY AND DIACHRONY IN RESEARCH ON LEXICAL SEMANTICS (LINGVO-HISTORIOGRAPHIC ASPECT)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 87 (September 29, 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-87-11.
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The purpose of the article is to highlight the views of linguists of the second half of the XX – early XXI century on the importance of synchronic and diachronic studies of lexical meaning and identify the tendency of modern linguists to consider synchrony and diachrony as components of one whole. With the help of synchronic-diachronic study of language, studies of lexical semantics are presented in an extremely wide range of works, which receive new opportunities to explain semantic processes and highlight similar dominant features in both structurally related and unrelated languages. The scientific interest of linguists can be directed both to the study of a particular morpheme and to the derivation of universal laws for the development of the lexical meaning of the world’s languages. The vast majority of studies, however, have a more or less clear distribution on the principle of synchrony and diachrony. The article highlights the current perception of diachronic research as one that consists of a number of studies of synchronous sections in the history of lexical meaning, and as a result is considered as one holistic effective study. In accordance with the purpose of the article, a general scientific method is used – an actualist method, which is based on the principle of historicism and allows modern knowledge to trace the development of certain linguistic concepts in the past and predict some trends in future theories. The methodological basis of the actualist method is the principles of historicism, causality, systematics and the principle of general connection of phenomena. As the result of the research it was established that the linguists of our time accept the idea of not confrontation, but of fruitful joint work of synchronic and diachronic research of lexical meaning, unity of synchronic description and historical reconstruction. The author concludes that from the point of view of modern linguistics, the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony is quite conditional. Synchronous research is not opposed, but, on the contrary, is an important component of diachronic research, because diachronic analysis without synchronic one does not exist. The tacit ban on the use of language history data in synchronic analysis has been overcome.Key words: synchrony, diachrony, dichotomy, non-linguistic concept, interdependence, flexible way of thinking, scientific subjectivism. Метою статті є висвітлення поглядів мовознавців другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ століття на важливість синхронічних та діахронічних досліджень лексичного значення та виявлення тенденції лінгвістів сучасності розглядати синхронію та діахронію як складники одного цілого. За допомогою синхронно-діахронного вивчення мови дослідження лексичної семантики представлені надзвичайно широким діапазоном праць, що отримують нові можливості пояснення семантичних процесів та виокремлення схожих домінантних рис як у споріднених, так і у неспоріднених мовах світу. Науковий інтерес мовознавців може бути спрямований як на дослідження окремої морфеми, так і на виведення універсальних законів розви-тку лексичного значення мов світу. Більшість досліджень усе ж мають більш-менш чіткий розподіл за принципом синхронії та діахронії. У статті висвітлюється сучасне сприйняття діахронного дослідження як такого, що складається із певної кількості досліджень синхронних зрізів в історії лексичного значення, і як результат – розглядається одним цілісним ефективним дослідженням. Відповідно до мети у статті використано загальнонауковий метод – актуалістичний, який бере за основу принцип історизму і дає змогу за допомогою сучасних знань простежити розвиток певних лінгвістичних концепцій у минуло-му та передбачити деякі тенденції майбутнього розвитку відповідних теорій. Методологічну основу актуалістичного методустановлять принципи історизму, причиновості, системності та принцип загального зв’язку явищ. У результаті дослідження встановлено прийняття лінгвістами сучасності ідеї не протистояння, а плідної сумісної праці синхронного та діахронного дослідження лексичного значення, єдність синхронного опису та історичної реконструкції. Автор доходить висновку, що з погляду сучасного мовознавства дихотомія синхронії та діахронії носить досить умовний характер. Синхронне дослідження не протиставляється, а навпаки, є важливою складовою частиною діахронного дослідження, тому що діахронний аналіз без синхронного не існує. Припинено мовчазну заборону на використання даних історії мови у разі синхронного аналізу. Ключові слова: синхронія, діахронія, дихотомія, нелінгвістична концепція, взаємозумовленість, мінливий образ мислення, науковий суб’єктивізм.
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Van Zyl, H. C. "Matteus 18:15—20: 'n Diachroniese en sinchroniese ondersoek met besondere verwysing na kerklike dissipline." Verbum et Ecclesia 9, no. 1 (August 2, 1988): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v9i1.1146.
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Matthew 18:15—20: A diachronic and synchronic investigation with special reference to church discipline It is well known that gospel material consists of traditional matter as well as the evangelists' own input. A thorough exegesis should contain both the aspects of the investigation into the growth of the tradition (diachrony), and the study of the text in its final stage (synchrony). Matthew 18:15—20 is subjected to such an approach. As part of the diachrony these verses are studied by means of the historical critical paradigm. Special attention is paid to source and redaction criticism. Under the synchronic aspect this pericope is investigated structurally, historically and theologically. Discourse and narrative analyses are used for the structural component.
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Clark, Samuel. "Generalization in Comparative History." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341508.
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Abstract This article examines a sample of comparative-historical literature to assess when convincing generalizations are made and when they are not. Although a variety of factors can affect the potential for generalization, the focus here is on the difference between diachronic and synchronic generalizations. Separate sections are devoted to synchronic-idiographic, synchronic-nomothetic, diachronic-idiographic, and diachronic-nomothetic analysis and research. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that synchronic generalizations are common in comparative history. The most attention in the article is, however, given to the challenges faced when generalizing diachronically and especially when generalizing sequentially. The article ends with a discussion of the effects of inter-societal forces on comparative-historical generalization and with a conclusion outlining when comparative-historical generalizations seem to be more or less successful.
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Shepherd, Michael A. "Critical discourse analysis of synchronic and diachronic variation in institutional turn-allocation." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 4 (May 7, 2013): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.768.
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Filichkina, T. P. "Synchronism and diachronism of antique origin idioms in the English language media discourse." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2022-2-31-53-62.
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The article examines the semantics of idioms of antique origin in media discourse from the standpoint of synchrony and diachrony. The study of media discourse as a phenomenon of language and as an extralinguistic entity enables us to consider it using methods of cognitive and discourse analyses. Phraseological units as inherent elements of mediatexts have a powerful connotative (evaluative) potential at the synchronic level that is identified by referring to the source of the expression at the diachronic level. Cognitive analysis determines the evaluative potential in the semantics of idioms associated with subjective modalities. Axiological modality represents rational (positive or negative) evaluation of real situations. Emotive modality embraces the whole range of emotions (condemnation, approval, admiration, disapproval). Deontic modality relates to the system of norms that regulate the behavior of people in the society. Being originally precedent phenomena, phraseological units of antique origin store in their semantics a considerable volume of information about the events of past epochs, about the value system of the ancient world. The study of idioms of antique origin as a synchronous unit does not give a complete idea of its modern meaning. The combination of cognitive analysis method that examines the synchronic semantics of the phraseological unit from the position of diachronic approach, and discourse analysis method, which takes into account the extralinguistic situation, can determine the actual sense and connotative potential of the idiom of antique origin in the mediatext.
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Sadler, Misumi, and Noriko O. Onodera. "Japanese Discourse Markers: Synchronic and Diachronic Discourse Analysis." Japanese Language and Literature 40, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30197999.
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Kapches, Mima. "The Spatial Dynamics of Ontario Iroquoian Longhouses." American Antiquity 55, no. 1 (January 1990): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281492.
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In both diachronic and synchronic studies of archaeological examples of Ontario Iroquoian longhouses, the standard method of analysis is spatially static. In this paper, the spatially dynamic method is used to analyze longhouses representative of diachronic and synchronic episodes encompassing over 800 years of Ontario Iroquoian prehistory. The results of the analysis using this approach provide significant quantifiable data on the development of Iroquoian matrilocal residence systems and functional and tribal variation in longhouse settlement patterns.
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Jucker, Andreas H., and Irma Taavitsainen. "Diachronic speech act analysis." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (May 4, 2000): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.1.1.07juc.
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In this paper we want to develop a model for the diachronic analysis of speech acts by tracing one particular speech act through the history of English, viz. insults. Speech acts are fuzzy concepts which show both diachronic and synchronic variation. We therefore propose a notion of a multidimensional pragmatic space in which speech acts can be analyzed in relation to neighboring speech acts. Against this background we discuss both the changing cultural grounding in which insults occur and the changing ways in which they are realized. Our data is drawn from the Old English poem Beowulf and the Finnsburh fragment, from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and from Shakespeare’s plays, and from a variety of non-literary sources such as personal letters, court records and an internet discussion group. The scale ranges from everyday communication to ritualized behavior. When written materials of the past periods are analyzed, the bias towards the conventionalized insults is evident. Most early examples are found in literary texts and seem to reflect generic conventions of the time and the culture that gave rise to these literary forms.
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Mihaljević, Ana, and Milica Mihaljević. "Spol and Rod from a Diachronic and Synchronic Perspective." Collegium antropologicum 45, no. 4 (2021): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.45.4.6.
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The paper presents the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the use of Croatian words spol and rod and their Croatian Church Slavonic (polь, spolь, and rodь) and English (sex and gender) equivalents. The starting points for diachronic analysis are dictionaries and dictionary data, while the synchronic analysis is additionally based on the corpora and the Internet. The paper focuses on dictionary definitions of nouns rod and spol, adjectives rodni and spolni, the relation of Croatian terms rod and spol with English terms gender and sex, the terminology of sex/gender (non)discrimination, and ways of speaking about persons of non-binary gender.
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Jamison, Stephanie W., and Bertil Tikkanen. "The Sanskrit Gerund: A Synchronic, Diachronic, and Typological Analysis." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109, no. 3 (July 1989): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604163.
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Klein, Jared S., and Bertil Tikkanen. "The Sanskrit gerund: A Synchronic, Diachronic, and Typological Analysis." Language 66, no. 1 (March 1990): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415326.
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Platzack, Christer. "The V2 Conspiracy. A Synchronic and a Diachronic Analysis." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 1 (June 1990): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500002134.
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García, Erica C. "Diachronic viability of syntactic alternatives." ling 37, no. 1 (January 1999): 65–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1999.37.1.65.
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Abstract The paper examines the diachronic implications of asymmetries in the synchronic distribution of syntactic variants, by inquiring whether syntactic alternatives can differentiate historically, following the model of morphological split. A discussion of the general principles underlying diachronic differentiation and syntactic variation is followed by an in-depth analysis, in a large corpus of Goldoni's comedies, of the alternation in Italian of con phrases with first and second person pronouns as object where the preposition is enclitic vs. preposed (meco/con me, teco/con te). The two variants are shown to be nonequivalent, and pragmatically in complementary distribution. The failure of the (older) variant with enclitic -co to survive historically and the order in which it disappeared in the three grammatical persons are both accounted for; it is further shown that the synchronic distribution of the alternatives, especially the relative proportion of cases of the older variant found in more or less "categorical" environments, foreshadows the historically observed outcome.
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Faulstich, Enilde. "Principes formels et fonctionnels de la variation en terminologie." Terminology 5, no. 1 (December 31, 1998): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.5.1.08fau.
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The theory of terminology has to admit two temporal ways for the analysis of terms in the discourse: one concerns the synchronic aspect where variants present the same referential signifié, the other, which is diachronic, accounts for changes in meaning, and so permits us to reconstruct the historical development of conceptual structures. To enable us to deal with the (re)organization of the conceptual structures, we suggest that there is a dynamic word-concept relation within languages. The scope of this paper is the functional analysis of the terminology in the synchronic and diachronic axes of social discourses. Its purpose is to prove that scientific and technical as well as the popular terminologies do not belong exclusively to the synchronic axis of languages and that terminologies have their own history and contribute to the history of languages.
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Ye, Jiamei, and Jiaqi Zhang. "An Analysis of Metaphorical Thinking and Its Flaws in the Synchronic and Diachronic Linguistic Sections of Saussure's Institutes of Linguistics." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies 20, no. 2 (July 26, 2024): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v20.n2.p8.
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The famous Swiss linguist Saussure, the founder of modern structuralist linguistics, first distinguished between diachronic linguistic and synchronic linguistics in his Course of General Linguistics. The most characteristic feature of this tutorial is that he used metaphorical thinking to clarify problems. His dualistic philosophical ideas about language are almost entirely articulated through metaphorical thinking, and some issues are even thought experiments through metaphorical thinking. The elaboration of metaphors in the process of studying tutorials is very useful for understanding knowledge. At the same time, it has been pointed out that certain metaphors make another evaluation. In this paper, we will analyze the use of two metaphors in this chapter through the tutorial chapter on Diachronic Linguistic and Synchronic Linguistics.
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Katsouda, Georgia. "The Greek suffix -ozos." Journal of Greek Linguistics 16, no. 2 (2016): 232–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01602003.
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This paper offers a morphological analysis of the borrowed derivational suffix -όζος [ózos], used in both a number of Modern Greek (MGr) dialects and in Standard Modern Greek (SMGr). It draws on an extensive corpus to examine the suffix from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Our diachronic analysis emphasizes the geographical distribution, the etymological provenance of the suffix, and the loan accommodation strategies employed in various MGr dialects, thus providing some interesting etymological findings regarding the lexical stock of Modern Greek (Standard and dialects). Our synchronic analysis focuses on the stem categories with which the suffix combines and accounts for the phonological, morphological, and syntactic constraints that function during the derivational process.
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Wolff, H. Ekkehard. "A diachronic perspective on ‘prosodies’ in Central Chadic languages (Afroasiatic)." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 45, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2024-2002.
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Abstract The paper reports on generalisations drawn from the author’s historical analysis of a sample of some five thousand words, which reflect more than two hundred lexical items from up to sixty-six Central Chadic languages and language varieties. The paper provides illustrative examples from present-day languages with explicit diachronic analyses of the evolution of their synchronic segmental and ‘prosodic’ suprasegmental structures. Four typologically characteristic prosodies (i.e., palatalisation, labialisation, nasalisation, glottalisation) operate across words, which are – in synchronic perspective – mostly monomorphemic, while in diachronic perspective they are mostly polymorphemic. The paper shows that, and how the four reconstructed prosodies lead to the diachronic emergence of innovative phonemes in the modern languages, which were not part of the segmental phonological inventories of the common proto-language. This empirical fact poses considerable challenges to the application of the well-established ‘comparative method’ as originally developed by the Neogrammarian school of historical linguistics.
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Hall, John R. "Apocalypse in the Long Run: Reflections on Huge Comparisons in the Study of Modernity." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 5 (November 2009): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2022.
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Methodologies of historical sociology face research problems centered on the instability of historical referents, their historical non-independence, and the privileging of objective time of the clock and calendar. The present essay, by reflecting on an analysis of the apocalyptic in the long run (Hall 2009), proposes the potential to solve these problems by way of a phenomenology of history, which analyzes the enactment and interplay of multiple social temporalities. Whereas high-modern theories of modernity tended to portray a secular trend toward the triumph of rationalized social order centred in diachronic time, analysis of the historical emergence of apocalyptic times in relation to other temporalities - especially objective (or diachronic) temporalities, the here-and-now, and the collective synchronic - reveals that the apocalyptic has survived within modernity through the articulation of rationalized diachronic time with the sacred strategic time of apocalyptically framed ‘holy war.’ Overall, the ‘empire of modernity’ is a hybrid formation that bridges diachronic and strategic temporalities. Despite diachronic developments that tend toward what Habermas described as the colonization of the lifeworld, a phenomenological analysis suggests the durability of the here-and-now and collective synchronic times. These analyses unveil a research agenda that deconstructs the high-modern ‘past’ versus ‘present’ binary in favour of a model that analyzes the interplay of multiple social forms, and thus encourages a retheorization of modernity as ‘recomposition’ encompassing multiple temporalities.
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Matheson, Carl. "Consciousness and Synchronic Identity." Dialogue 29, no. 4 (1990): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001221730004823x.
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The question “What makes a group of simultaneous experiences the experiences of a single person?” has been nearly ignored in the philosophical literature for the past few decades. The most common answer (e.g., Parfit 1984) to this much neglected question is “Two simultaneous experiences belong to a single person if there is a common consciousness or awareness of them.” However, consciousness and awareness are difficult concepts to analyze, so that little of substance has been said of the answer. Recently, Oaklander has argued that the awareness answer is deficient for a different reason, claiming that it fails because “it ultimately rests on an analysis of the unity of consciousness that is itself circular or otherwise inadequate” Oaklander 1987, p. 525). Oaklander's criticism is especially interesting because, according to it, the awareness account of synchronic personal identity falls prey to the main problem facing the memory (or psychological connectedness) account of diachronic identity, namely the problem of branching. In this paper, I shall argue that there is no important symmetry. Whatever its other flaws may be, the awareness account is immune to the branching problem; its immunity is due to formal differences between synchronic and diachronic identity.
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CHIRICU, IULIANA. "Sincronic vs diacronic în DOOM3 (2021) și DELR2 I (Litera A, 2021)." Studii și cercetări lingvistice 2024, no. 2 (January 15, 2025): 263–82. https://doi.org/10.59277/scl.2024.2.07.
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SYNCHRONIC VS DIACHRONIC IN DOOM3 (2021) AND DELR2 I (LETTER A, 2021) Abstract This article contains a comparison between the new series of the normative dictionary – DOOM3 – and the etymological dictionary of the Romanian language – DELR2 I, both published with the support of the Romanian Academy. The analysis follows the basic structure of our previous comparison (Chiricu 2018) between the older editions − DOOM2 and DELR I − and presents the various differences concerning the entries in the two works. Our conclusions sustain the idea of a unified lexicological and lexicographical vision in the Romanian linguistics, that finds the balance between the synchronic and the diachronic perspective on language.
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Bassani, Indaiá de Santana. "Denominal Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese: distinguishing between diachronic and synchronic structures within Distributed Morphology approach." Alfa : Revista de Linguística (São José do Rio Preto) 56, no. 1 (2012): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-57942012000100007.
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Recent work on argument structure has shown that there must be a synchronic relation between nouns and derived verbs that can be treated in structural terms. However, a simple phonological/morphological identity or diachronic derivation between a verb and a noun cannot guarantee that there is a denominal structure in a synchronic approach. In this paper we observe the phenomenon of Denominal Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese and argue for a distinction between etymological and synchronic morphological derivation. The objectives of this paper are 1) to identify synchronic and formal criteria to define which diachronic Denominal Verbs can also be considered denominal under a synchronic analysis; and 2) to detect in which cases the label "denominal" can be justifiably abandoned. Based on results of argument structure tests submitted to the judgments of native speakers, it was possible to classify the supposed homogenous Denominal Verbs class into three major groups: Real Denominal Verbs, Root-derived Verbs, and Ambiguous Verbs. In a Distributed Morphology approach, it was possible to explain the distinction between these groups based on the ideia of phases in words and the locality of restriction in the interpretation of roots.
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Kolasińska, Paulina. "Early Old English Nominal System: Synchronic Declensions in the Vespasian Psalter." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2013-0013.
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ABSTRACT The study analyzes the Early Old English nominal system from a synchronic perspective, since a diachronic approach is unable to provide an accurate description of the language. The analysis is based on the full text of the Vespasian Psalter interlinear gloss. The nouns were grouped according to their inflectional endings, thus representing the synchronically functioning nominal system of Early Old English, contrary to the traditional, diachronic classification, which uses reconstructed stems to classify nouns. The Vespasian Psalter model is compared and contrasted with the latest ‘classical’ work on Old English, Hogg and Fulk’s A Grammar of Old English. Volume 2: Morphology (2011), which also aims at presenting Old English from a synchronic perspective.
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Rahman, Miftahur. "Kata al-Ikhlash dalam Alquran: Kajian Semantik." AL QUDS : Jurnal Studi Alquran dan Hadis 2, no. 2 (December 23, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/alquds.v2i2.476.
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This paper discusses the term khalasha and its derivation in the Quran. This study uses the semantic theory of the Quran Toshhiko Izutsu. First, discuss the basic and relational meaning. Second, perform syntactic and paradigmatic analysis. Third, perform synchronic and diachronic analysis of the term khalasha. Synchronic and diachronic analysis discusses the term from pre-Quran, Quranic (revelation) era, until post-Quran era. Fourth, find weltanschauung the use of khalasha and its derivation in the Quran. The result of this research is the basic meaning of khalasha is pure. The relational meaning is purifying, special, clean, jarring, and clear. There are two different concepts of the use of the khalasha term and its derivation in the Quran. First, the term includes about the concept of religion which means to keep religion. Second, if connected with a thing then its meaning is clean.
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Bessett, Ryan M., and Sonia Colina. "Spanish ‘depalatalization’: the synchronic, diachronic and perception perspectives." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.6.1.3851.
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Spanish has a restriction on palatal nasals and laterals in the coda causing them to be realized as dental/alveolar coronals. In the onset position, the palatal point of articulation is retained, bello ‘beautiful-masc.’, beldad ‘beauty’; doña ‘Madam’, don ‘Mister’. Alternations such as these led phonologists to propose a rule of depalatalization that turns an underlying palatal nasal/lateral into a coronal (Contreras 1977; Harris 1983). Pensado (1997) and Harris (1999) later tried to debunk this rule, the former on psycholinguistic grounds, and the latter on the basis of the word structure of Spanish (palatals are always followed by –e). More recently, within an optimality-theoretic framework and through loan word evidence, Lloret and Mascaró (2006) argue again in favor of an active process of depalatalization in Modern Spanish. Taking Lloret and Mascaró as its point of departure, this paper expands the discussion on depalatalization to consider diachronic data and the role of the underlying representation and the perception grammar. Historical data supports depalatalization as an active phenomenon in Old and Medieval Spanish; yet the morphophonological alternations cannot be considered active/productive synchronically. Unlike previous serial models of phonology, an OT framework allows for the incorporation of diachronic data into the analysis, thus explaining how the current situation came about and shedding light on synchronic alternations. OT also provides a formalization of the role of the underlying representation in the diachronic change and in synchronic loanword evidence, thus providing support for depalatalization as an active phonotactic restriction.
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Shuya, Zhang, and Fan Jingming. "Brag-bar kinship system in synchronic and diachronic perspectives." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 83, no. 3 (October 2020): 479–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x2000261x.
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AbstractThe Rgyalrong languages are a group of unwritten non-Tibetic languages spoken in north-western Sichuan Province, China. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Brag-bar (a dialect of Situ Rgyalrong) kinship terminology at the synchronic level, and then by using both internal reconstruction and comparative method, we attempt to explain the directionality of both formal and semantic changes in the Brag-bar terminology. Thus we demonstrate that the present kinship system of Brag-bar (Situ) originates from a system with Omaha skewing.
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Klein, Jared S. "The Sanskritgerund: A synchronic, diachronic, and typological analysis By Bertil Tikkanen." Language 66, no. 1 (1990): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1990.0012.
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Rogachova, N. B. "Types of Secondary Speech Genres in Internet Communication." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 11, no. 2 (2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2011-11-2-34-39.
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A classification of secondary speech genre based on the analysis of Internet communication genres is presented in the article. The author contrasts diachronic and synchronic types of secondary speech genres, explores the subtypes and the characteristics of their mani‑ festation in Internet communication.
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El-Karimah, Mia Fitriah. "Makna Sinkronik-Diakronik Pada Term Al-Qur’an dan al-Kitab Pendekatan Bahasa Syahrur." Insyirah: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Studi Islam 5, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/insyirah.v5i1.5570.
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Syahrur introduced the term tsabat an-nash wa taghayyur al-muhtawa, which means that the text of the Qur'an is fixed, but the meaning of the text has changed so that it can be interpreted dynamically according to situation and context. He disassembled from etymology to morphology which can be seen in the redefinition of Al-Qur'an which is considered synonymous. This study uses a qualitative method with synchronous and diachronic analysis. This research is a literature study with al-Kitab wal-Qur'an and Qira'ah Muashirah written by Syahrur as primary data. The findings show that first; Syahrur used linguistics developed by two classical Arabic figures; Ibn Jinni's synchronic theory and al-Jurjani's diachronic theory. Second; the method related to synchronic and diachronic analysis was not fully carried out. Third, Syahrur conducted more semantic studies with syntagmatic-paradigm analysis with the intratextuality technique which Syahrur called manhaj al-tartil so that definitions of the mushaf emerged with the term al-kitab, with the addition of lam ta'rif to become al-kitab. Its meaning refers to the entire set of themes revealed to Muhammad SAW, while the Qur'an is a theme. So that the Qur'an is not identical with the Bible.
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Bosch, Sina, Ilaria De Cesare, Ulrike Demske, and Claudia Felser. "New Empirical Approaches to Grammatical Variation and Change." Languages 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030113.
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Research on grammatical variation and change has traditionally been based on diachronic and synchronic corpus analysis, but the growing importance of experimental approaches to the study of language has led many researchers to combine corpus study with experimentation to systematically examine linguistic variability and stability [...]
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Snukiškienė, Irena. "Analysis of Linguo-cultural Picture of LIE in Systemic Data." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2021.6.
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The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of LIE (MELAS) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) provides two views of the concept: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic view shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary and the acquisition of new meanings). The synchronic view shows the basic meaning of the concept and its profiles in contemporary language. The research revealed that the basic meaning is LIE as a subject’s purposeful distortion of reality with the purpose of deception. The dominating aspects are: a subject’s purposeful activity and an object that a subject wants to deceive. Lexicographic data distinguished several profiles of LIE: (1) LIE as entertainment (when lie is used for joking, visual storytelling and has no negative purpose), (2) LIE as unethical issue (when lying is seen as negative, sinister activity) and (3) LIE as psychologically necessary element of life (when lie is seen as useful, helping to get out of difficult situations). The analysis is concluded with the cognitive definition of lie, providing its linguo-cultural view in Lithuanian.
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Shamne, N. L. "Gender stereotypes in the German language: synchronic-diachronic perspective." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 30, no. 3 (October 16, 2024): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2024-30-3-167-178.
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The article examines the peculiarities of objectification of the universal opposition «man – woman» in the German language based on lexicographic sources from different chronological periods. German language is interesting for studying this opposition because of its expanded nature, which is particularly evident within the «woman» component: «Mann – Frau / Weib». The analysis of interpretations of the concepts «man» and «woman» in German dictionaries reveals the processes of gender stereotyping reflected in them during different periods of language development. This allows us to understand the development of ideas about these concepts in a specific linguistic culture. The leading characteristics of men and women, as reflected in the semantics of key lexemes such as Mann, Frau and Weib, as well as adjectives derived from these words, are determined. Their cultural and historical context is explored. It is found that during the XVIII and XIX centuries, the concepts of «man» and «woman» consistently reflected the processes of gender stereotyping. However, gender stereotypes regarding women were more varied and complex. Starting in the XX century and especially in the XXI century, stereotypes have been presented to a lesser degree, with a noted neutralization of social oppositions within the considered opposition. It is observed that the opposition between man and woman in German initially had a dual nature, both socially and naturally. It is concluded that at present, in lexicographic sources, naturally oriented traits are the leading features of objectification in the «man-woman» opposition. The issue of the level of accuracy with which different concepts are reflected in explanatory dictionaries of the German language has been identified.
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Yudina, Natalia. "Language Personality in the Russian Linguistic Tradition: Diachronic-Synchronic Aspects." Respectus Philologicus 21, no. 26 (April 25, 2012): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2012.26.15419.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the most important terms in modern linguistic usage – the definition of a language personality. It was introduced in Russian-language scientific use in the 1930s by academician V. Vinogradov, and has been related to the ever-increasing interest in the anthropocentric factor in language, as well as to changes in the scientific linguistic paradigm, since the 1980s. Resuming some terminological and conceptual descriptions of language personality, as represented in the Russian-language linguistic literature, this article comes to the conclusion that language personality theory is presently reviewed in linguodidactics, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguoculturology, psycholinguistics, lexicography, stylistics, pragmatics, and other intra- and extralinguistic disciplines.The complex analysis makes it possible to identify verbal-semantic (lexicon), linguocognitive (thesaurus), motivational (pragmaticon; cf.Y. N. Karaulov), stylistic, communicative-pragmatic, linguoculturological, emotional, articulatory, and other levels. In addition to language personality, the terms verbal and communicative personality must also be specified and systematized. Further conceptual and terminological research in the description of language personality seems highly necessary for modern linguistics. The process of developing and establishing a language personality appears to be an essential component of the objective and subjective transformations of the information society. Further inquiry into the study of language personality will contribute to a better understanding of the social-political, economic, socio-cultural and linguistic processes occurring in the 21st century.
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Snukiškienė, Irena. "Conceptualisation of truth in lexicographic resources. Systemic data analysis." Lietuvių kalba, no. 13 (December 20, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2019.22490.
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The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of Truth (Tiesa) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) distinguishes two main aspects of its meaning: (1) archaic, associated with jurisdiction, when Truth also meant law, justice and court, and (2) contemporary, used in modern Lithuanian, when Truth is explained though its classical correspondence definition: truth is what corresponds to the reality. Therefore, two semantic levels are distinguished: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic level analysis shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary judicial meaning), and the synchronic analysis shows that truth in Lithuanian language is a very complex and contradictory concept, containing numerous connotative meanings and semantic shades. The analysis of lexicographic data presents the following linguistic cultural image of Lithuanian Truth: it is a value which is honourable and sacred, unconcealable; on the one hand it possesses many positive aspects, such as courage and the ability to save the world, on the other hand, it is hardly distinguished from lie, very obscure and unfair, may not be integral and is often unpleasant. It is social and religious honesty, directness, avoiding intentional and unintentional deviation. Truth cannot be contrived or human-created.
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Ullah, Sana, and Mrs. Sumera. "Toshihiko Izutsu : Introduction , Methodology of Semantic Analysis of Quran." VFAST Transactions on Islamic Research 12, no. 2 (December 25, 2024): 123–38. https://doi.org/10.21015/vfast-tir.v12i2.1993.
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Toshihiko Izutsu (4th May 1914-7th January 1993) is a Japanese orientalist and Islamist who adopted a different approach to study Quran. According to his theory of semantic analysis , every language has some peculiar key terms that affect forming its world view. His method of semantic analysis to interpret words and terms of Quran lies its foundation in English and other European languages. He is of the view point that Arabic is a rich language and has self sufficient system of vacobulary but its meaning has evolved during revelation of Quran. Key Terms of Quran form a semantic field to define meanings of a word or term which occurs in Quranic paradigm. A word in Quranic semantic field can have a different and enlarged meaning than its lexical meanings. The key terms of Quran he chose are Allah, Nabi, Wahy, Iman , Kafir etc. Arabic language defines ‘basic’ meaning of a word or term of Quran but ‘ relational’ meaning are defined with the context they are used.He has examined the history and evolution of meaning in Jahili or pre- Quranic ( diachronic linguistics) and Quranic Era ( synchronic linguistis). Toshihiko is also known for his Japanese translation of Quran that was fist to be interpreted directly from Arabic Quran. Key words: semantic analysis, key terms, semantic field, basic meaning , relational meaning, diachronic linguistics, synchronic linguistis
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Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Discussion article: Discourse markers, modal particles, and contrastive analysis, synchronic and diachronic." Catalan Journal of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.128.
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Dam, Lotte, and Helle Dam Jensen. "Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis - the Case of the Indirect Object in Spanish." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 20, no. 38 (March 13, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v20i38.25911.
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This review article deals with a monograph on the indirect object in Spanish. The book offers a many-faceted analysis of the indirect object, as it, on the one hand, gives a detailed diachronic analysis of what is known as clitic-doubled constructions and, on the other, a synchronic analysis of both predicative constructions with an indirect object and the relationship between the notion of perspective and the indirect object. The general impression is that the author has produced an impressive analytical work, which, however, is not easily accessible.
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Шигаль, Денис Анатолійович. "Synchronic and diachronic comparisons as forms of comparative historical and legal analysis." Problems of Legality, no. 146 (September 24, 2019): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.146.170512.
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Chen, I.-Hsuan. "The polysemy network of Chinese ‘one’-phrases in a diachronic constructional perspective." Constructions and Frames 9, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.9.1.03che.
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Abstract This study investigates the development of a polysemy network within a constructional framework. The synchronic variation of Chinese ‘one’-phrases is explained by diachronic developments. The results of a quantitative corpus analysis show that each of the senses of the ‘one’ phrase tends to occur in specific syntactic constructions due to inheritance from extant constructions. The results contribute to explaining the formation of a diachronic polysemy network by investigating the hierarchical structure of its constructions, thus allowing a deeper understanding of how semantic extensions have been formed through gradual constructional association.
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Vinokurova, Anastasia E. "LEGAL EPISTEMOLOGY AND A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND OTHER BRICS STATES." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2022): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-4-12.
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The article examines legal epistemology and a systematic approach to the study of internation-al legal regulation of energy cooperation between Russia and other BRICS states. The legal epistemology of energy cooperation allows a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge of phenomena and processes of international legal regulation of energy cooperation. The meth-odological approaches that make up epistemology are studied. The complementarity of the synchronic and diachronic approaches of epistemology is traced. The contradictions that form the basis of legal epistemology are investigated. It is established that these contradictions con-sist in the opposition of synchronic and diachronic approaches, formalism and realism, spe-cial legal and general scientific methods. A systematic approach is particularly important for the methodology of the study of international legal regulation of energy cooperation. Systemic laws have been applied to the analysis of Russia's energy cooperation with Brazil, China, India and South Africa. The current system of energy cooperation between Russia and other BRICS states at the international legal level is characterized by simplicity, integrity, emergence and underdevelopment.
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Quartararo, Geraldine. "The Habitual ‘Saber + Infinitive’ in South American Spanish." International Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 4 (August 3, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i4.19926.
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The present paper aims to describe both synchronic and diachronic distributions of the habitual aspectual periphrasis ‘saber + infinitive’ in the varieties of Spanish spoken in the South American continent. The data used for the present analysis come from the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual and the Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI.
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Christiansen, Bethany J., and Brian D. Joseph. "On the relationship between argument structure change and semantic change." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (June 12, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3726.
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Argument structure (AS) and meaning are closely related, but the nature of the relationship is disputed. It is not entirely deterministic, as not all aspects of AS and meaning necessarily match up. Most discussion has focused on theory-internal issues and/or synchronic analysis of argument alternations. We, however, take a diachronic perspective, addressing how change in a verb’s AS correlates with meaning and vice-versa, and specifically asking if AS changes first, giving new semantics, or if meaning change triggers a different AS. We study these issues empirically via corpus work on the verb babysit, since it shows interesting changes involving AS and semantics in the relatively shallow diachrony of modern English.
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Michaud, Alexis. "Three extreme cases of neutralisation: nasality, retroflexion and lip-rounding in Naxi." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 35, no. 1 (February 27, 2006): 23–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-03501003.
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New data on dialects of Naxi (a Sino-Tibetan language) allow for some progress in the analysis of their phonemic system. The present analyses bear on three contrasts: (i) between oral and nasal rhymes; (ii) between retroflex and non-retroflex coronal initials; and (iii) between syllables with and without lip-rounding. From a strictly synchronic point of view, these phenomena constitute extreme instances of neutralisation; from a diachronic point of view, their analysis provides some landmarks for reconstruction.
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Fuchedzhieva, Krasimira. "ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY. REGULARITY OF SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT IN BULGARIAN VERB VOCABULARY." Papers of the Institute for Bulgarian Language Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin 37 (September 2024): 181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/pibl.xxxvii.24.06.
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The study is focused on the semantic aspect of etymological analysis. It is mainly oriented towards the etymological lexicographic practice in the “Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary” (BER) and focuses on revealing the typology of semantic changes within an etymological nest. A systematic approach is applied to the analysis of derivational processes within the Proto-Slavic ablaut sequence *per-/ *pьr-/ *pаr- and the regularity of the semantic shifts under study is demonstrated, and an attempt is also made to establish semantic features the basis of which the development takes place. The study is monolinguistic, based on Bulgarian linguistic material extracted from the BER, and is diachronically oriented, but in a number of cases a synchronic approach of analysis is also applied in order to bring out some typological features which can also be detected at the diachronic level. The establishment of semantic regularities and the demonstration of regularity in semantic development is a necessary support for the etymologization of a large volume and diverse lexical material. The results of the study can be the basis for various research works in the field of semantics, both in synchronic and diachronic terms.
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Amaral, Patrícia. "The polysemy of mal in European Portuguese." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2006): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.7.1.02mat.
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In this paper I provide a diachronic analysis of the lexeme mal, and I argue that the synchronic polysemy found in contemporary European Portuguese corresponds to different stages of the semantic change of the lexeme. Principles of diachronic pragmatics and semantic change are employed to detail the development of the different meanings. Two paths are analyzed: one, leading from the negative evaluation value as a manner adverb to the more recently semanticized meaning of temporality, specifically temporal proximity of one event to another, and a second one, leading from the manner adverbial meaning to a negation adverb, which is restricted to particular constructions.
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Silva, Renan. "The Two-Dimensional Analysis of Feasibility: A Restatement." Moral Philosophy and Politics 6, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2018-0049.
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Abstract Pablo Gilabert and Holly Lawford-Smith have, both in collaboration and individually, provided a compelling account of feasibility, which states that feasibility is both ‘binary’ and ‘scalar’, and both ‘synchronic’ and ‘diachronic’. This two-dimensional analysis, however, has been the subject of four major criticisms: it has been argued that it rests upon a false distinction between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ constraints, that it ignores the importance of intentional action, and that diachronic feasibility is incoherent and insensitive to the existence of epistemic limitations. In this paper, I will argue that such objections do not undermine the persuasiveness of Gilabert and Lawford-Smith’s analysis. Nevertheless, I will contend that the latter is susceptible to two other challenges. First, it mistakenly appeals to morality, and, second, it lacks an analysis of ability. I will maintain, however, that such criticisms can be addressed and that a revised version of the account should be adopted.
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Pervukhina, Svetlana, and Elena Rood. "Dynamics of emotivity in the newspaper style (in articles about COVID-19)." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311044.
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The article is devoted to emotionally-colored vocabulary in newspaper articles related to the topic of coronavirus infection. The article defines the goals and objectives of the research, describes the research method, provides examples and explanations and conclusions. The analysis of the emotive vocabulary of the articles is given on the example of two languages: English and Russian. The results of the study indicate the dependence of emotivity on the situation associated with an increase or decrease in the number of patients, on cultural-specific and mental-specific features. The article is devoted to the analysis and identification of the causes and ways of transmitting emotivity in a journalistic text. The aim of the study is to trace the phenomenon of emotivity in the synchronic and diachronic aspects. As a synchronic approach, we considered emotionally-colored vocabulary in the newspaper style-we identified its main features and ways of transmitting it in the text at a certain point in time. The diachronic approach is to study the changes in the selected emotionally colored units over the course of a year. These changes are related to developments during the coronavirus pandemic.
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Stables, Andrew. "Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis of Educational Practice: taking account of the life history." Westminster Studies in Education 25, no. 1 (January 2002): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0140672020250106.
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Calzada Pérez, Maria. "Five turns of the screw." Journal of Language and Politics 16, no. 3 (April 12, 2017): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15020.cal.
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The present paper proposes a CADS-based analysis of European Parliament speeches, by merging (C)DA theoretical constructs (inspired by Laclau and Mouffe 1985) and CL tools. In this fashion, the European Comparable and Parallel Corpus of Parliamentary Speeches Archive (ECPC) is examined along synchronic and diachronic, quantitative and qualitative lines, in an inductive study that commutes from the micro-text to the macro-context.
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Sullivan, Daniel, and Harrison J. Schmitt. "An existential view of biography and history: Synchronic and diachronic narratives." History & Philosophy of Psychology 22, no. 1 (2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2021.22.1.31.
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Narrative psychologists have increasingly sought to understand how cultural, collective narratives relate to individual life narratives. Two promising approaches are the study of how cultural master narratives influence personal narratives, and the study of generativity. These developments need to be extended through analysis of the ‘politics of storytelling’ – the ways in which life and collective narratives are implicated in the sociopolitical milieu. We draw on Sartre’s late work on the interrelationship between biography and history. Sartre suggests an individual life can incarnate history either diachronically – when a person narrates their life with a focus on individual temporal development – or synchronically – when a person narrates their life with a focus on power relations between groups in society. We discuss the political implications of each form of narrative; how they relate the individual to history, im/mortality, and generativity; and how they involve forms of false or liberated consciousness.