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Zahran, Prof Dr Samah K. "Is Psi a Synchronization of Reciprocal Resonate Actions? Telepathy, and Intuition, as Examples." Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research 3, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jpbr.v3n2p1.
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This paper suggests a hypothesis about the nature “Psi”; psychical experience. The suggested hypothesis concluded from rational logical introduction and related studies, as well. By inductive methodology, concluded from this paper that we are all linked to coherent neural networks that work in synchronized and reciprocal way. Our mirror neurons resonate and synchronize actions to join us with the whole, at anytime, anywhere, causing communication obviously noticed in Psi experiences. This communication happens when we have massive, urgent need with no ability to feed by regular ordinary daily common ways.
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Asai, Keita, Mihoko Oba, and Takashi Watanabe. "Detection of Synchronized Human Actions by Video Image Analysis." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 28-1, no. 2 (2008): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.28.1173.
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Nishio, Kosuke, Fumiko Harada, and Hiromitsu Shimakawa. "Finding Features of Actions Efficiently Synchronized with Dishwashing Robot." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9751.
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In this study, we propose a method for extracting the characteristics of body motions that contribute to reducing the takt time in a cooperative task between a dishwashing robot and a human operator. The proposed method collects the takt time and motion data from novice operators until they become experienced using an inexpensive acceleration sensor. The operation data is classified into experienced and novice periods using the variance value of the takt time. In addition, the Hidden Markov Model is generated to classify the motion data into multiple motion phases. The motion features of the operator are extracted for each phase from the generated model. The proposed method finds the motion features whose difference between the experienced and novice periods are similar to the takt time transition. It uses them as important variables. We verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by conducting experiments that simulate actual work at a restaurant. The Hidden Markov Model classified the operation phases into three categories with the AUC of 0.9. In all samples, we were able to extract the motion characteristics of the experienced operators. This study showed the potential to improve the speed of novice's progress by the extracted motion characteristics to improve education guidelines and to show operators how they should physically move.
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Yoshimizu, Kenji, Yuta Yamamoto, Kei Asahina, and Kanjuro Makihara. "Strategy for enhancing the active harvesting of piezoelectric energy." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 8 (October 12, 2016): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16672592.
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This article proposes new methods for enhancing the active harvest of piezoelectric energy using the synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) technique. It was experimentally confirmed that the energy harvested by the original synchronized switch harvesting on inductor technique was decreased by the suppression of the vibration amplitude, and this critical problem was solved by developing new control strategies, namely, switch harvesting considering vibration suppression (SCVS) and adaptive SCVS (ASCVS). The SCVS technique was designed to intentionally skip some of the switching actions of the original synchronized switch harvesting on inductor technique, while the ASCVS technique enables more flexible variation of the number of skipped switching actions. The skipping of the switching actions facilitates the recovery of the vibration amplitude produced by the excitation force, and the developed strategies thus maintain the vibration amplitude at the highest possible level, resulting in increased energy harvest. The results of the experimental implementation of the proposed strategies showed that they enabled the harvesting of as much as 10.5 times the energy harvested by the original synchronized switch harvesting on inductor technique. The ASCVS technique particularly enables flexible enhancement of the harvested energy under various vibration conditions.
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Kawabe, Takahiro, Warrick Roseboom, and Shin'ya Nishida. "The sense of agency is action–effect causality perception based on cross-modal grouping." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1763 (July 22, 2013): 20130991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0991.
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Sense of agency, the experience of controlling external events through one's actions, stems from contiguity between action- and effect-related signals. Here we show that human observers link their action- and effect-related signals using a computational principle common to cross-modal sensory grouping. We first report that the detection of a delay between tactile and visual stimuli is enhanced when both stimuli are synchronized with separate auditory stimuli (experiment 1). This occurs because the synchronized auditory stimuli hinder the potential grouping between tactile and visual stimuli. We subsequently demonstrate an analogous effect on observers' key press as an action and a sensory event. This change is associated with a modulation in sense of agency; namely, sense of agency, as evaluated by apparent compressions of action–effect intervals (intentional binding) or subjective causality ratings, is impaired when both participant's action and its putative visual effect events are synchronized with auditory tones (experiments 2 and 3). Moreover, a similar role of action–effect grouping in determining sense of agency is demonstrated when the additional signal is presented in the modality identical to an effect event (experiment 4). These results are consistent with the view that sense of agency is the result of general processes of causal perception and that cross-modal grouping plays a central role in these processes.
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Wiseman, Richard J., and Tamami Nakano. "Blink and you’ll miss it: the role of blinking in the perception of magic tricks." PeerJ 4 (April 4, 2016): e1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1873.
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Magicians use several techniques to deceive their audiences, including, for example, the misdirection of attention and verbal suggestion. We explored another potential stratagem, namely the relaxation of attention. Participants watched a video of a highly skilled magician whilst having their eye-blinks recorded. The timing of spontaneous eye-blinks was highly synchronized across participants. In addition, the synchronized blinks frequency occurred immediately after a seemingly impossible feat, and often coincided with actions that the magician wanted to conceal from the audience. Given that blinking is associated with the relaxation of attention, these findings suggest that blinking plays an important role in the perception of magic, and that magicians may utilize blinking and the relaxation of attention to hide certain secret actions.
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Linebaugh, Bruce E., and James A. Rillema. "Actions of insulin on MCF-7 cells that are synchronized with hydroxyurea." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 52, no. 3 (August 1987): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(87)90048-7.
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Loehr, Janeen D., and Caroline Palmer. "Temporal Coordination between Performing Musicians." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.603427.
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Many common behaviours require people to coordinate the timing of their actions with the timing of others' actions. We examined whether representations of musicians' actions are activated in coperformers with whom they must coordinate their actions in time and whether coperformers simulate each other's actions using their own motor systems during temporal coordination. Pianists performed right-hand melodies along with simple or complex left-hand accompaniments produced by themselves or by another pianist. Individual performers' preferred performance rates were measured in solo performance of the right-hand melody. The complexity of the left-hand accompaniment influenced the temporal grouping structure of the right-hand melody in the same way when it was performed by the self or by the duet partner, providing some support for the action corepresentation hypothesis. In contrast, accompaniment complexity had little influence on temporal coordination measures (asynchronies and cross-correlations between parts). Temporal coordination measures were influenced by a priori similarities between partners' preferred rates; partners who had similar preferred rates in solo performance were better synchronized and showed mutual adaptation to each other's timing during duet performances. These findings extend previous findings of action corepresentation and action simulation to a task that requires precise temporal coordination of independent yet simultaneous actions.
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MacIver, Bruce M., Jaap W. Mandema, Donald R. Stanski, and Brian H. Bland. "Thiopental Uncouples Hippocampal and Cortical Synchronized Electroencephalograpbic Activity." Anesthesiology 84, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199606000-00018.
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Background Thiopental produces a concentration-dependent continuum of effects on the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) that has been linked to behavioral measures of anesthetic depth. The complexity of the response, however, limits a clear insight into the neurophysiologic actions of thiopental. The current study investigated thiopental actions on cortical EEG and hippocampal electrical activity, to determine whether similar effects occur on both structures and to compare synchronized activity between these structures. Methods Thiopental was administered intravenously via an implanted catheter in freely moving rats. Arterial blood oxygen/carbon dioxide concentration, thiopental concentrations, and temperature were monitored and controlled. Neocortical EEG was recorded from implanted dural surface electrodes and hippocampal neuron electrical activity was recorded from stereotaxically placed microelectrodes. Pharmacokinetic models were used to determine effect site concentrations. Results Thiopental produced an increase in EEG frequency and amplitude at low concentrations (15-20 micrograms/ml total plasma, approximately 10 microM unbound), which produced a loss of righting reflex. This was followed by a frequency decrease and burst suppression activity at higher concentrations (50-80 micrograms/ml, approximately 60 microM), which produced a loss of tail pinch and corneal reflexes. Higher concentrations of thiopental ( > 60 micrograms/ml) uncoupled synchronized burst discharges recorded in hippocampus and cortex. Isoelectric EEG activity was associated with concentrations of 70-90 micrograms/ml (approximately 80 microM) and a deep level of anesthesia; motor reflexes were abolished, although cardiovascular reflexes remained. In all frequency bands, similar concentration-EEG effect relationships were observed for cortical and hippocampal signals, only differing in the magnitude of response. A reversed progression of effects was observed on recovery. Conclusions The results confirm earlier findings in humans and animals and demonstrate that both the hippocampus and neocortex exhibit burst suppression and isoelectric activity during thiopental anesthesia. Thiopental-induced synchronized burst activity was depressed by progressively higher concentrations. The lost synchronization suggests a depression of synaptic coupling between cortical structures contributes to anesthesia.
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Lukatch, Heath S., and Bruce M. MacIver. "Synaptic Mechanisms of Thiopental-induced Alterations in Synchronized Cortical Activity." Anesthesiology 84, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199606000-00019.
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Background Anesthetic depth after barbiturate administration has been correlated with distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. The current study used a rat neocortical brain slice micro-EEG preparation to investigate synaptic mechanisms underlying thiopental-induced transitions in synchronized neuronal activity. Methods Concentration-dependent cellular actions of thiopental were investigated in brain slices using specific pharmacologic probes, whole cell patch clamps, and extracellular field recordings. Theta-Like micro-EEG oscillations were elicited in neocortical slices by mimicking subcortical cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) afferent input with carbachol (100 microM), a cholinergic agonist, and bicuculline (10 microM) a GABAA antagonist. Results In the presence of 20 microM thiopental, micro-EEG slowing from theta (7.3 +/- 0.9 Hz, mean +/- SD, n = 19) to delta frequencies (2.5 +/- 0.5 Hz, n = 11) was associated with a threefold prolongation of inhibitory currents. Burst suppression activity occurred at 50 microM thiopental, and appeared to result from direct activation of GABAA-gated chloride currents, observed with voltage clamp recordings, and mimicked with a direct acting GABAA agonist, muscimol (1 microM). Isoelectric activity occurred at 100 microM thiopental, and likely resulted from reduced glutamatergic transmission, evidenced by depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Glutamatergic excitation was required for burst suppression activity, because glutamate receptor antagonists blocked thiopental-induced bursts; forcing a transition to isoelectric activity. Conclusions Thiopental produced a continuum of EEG-like states in brain slices similar to those observed in vivo. The progression of thiopental-induced effects appear to have resulted from specific cellular actions that were recruited in a concentration-dependent manner. Progressive enhancement of synaptic inhibition followed by depression of excitatory transmission led to micro-EEG frequency slowing, burst suppression, and isoelectric activity.
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Au, K. B., and L. Y. Lo. "March for unity: A study on an effect of synchronized actions to perceived closeness." Current Psychology 39, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9820-z.
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Jensen, R. M., and M. M. Veloso. "OBDD-based Universal Planning for Synchronized Agents in Non-Deterministic Domains." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 13 (October 1, 2000): 189–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.649.
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Recently model checking representation and search techniques were shown to be efficiently applicable to planning, in particular to non-deterministic planning. Such planning approaches use Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) to encode a planning domain as a non-deterministic finite automaton and then apply fast algorithms from model checking to search for a solution. OBDDs can effectively scale and can provide universal plans for complex planning domains. We are particularly interested in addressing the complexities arising in non-deterministic, multi-agent domains. In this article, we present UMOP, a new universal OBDD-based planning framework for non-deterministic, multi-agent domains. We introduce a new planning domain description language, NADL, to specify non-deterministic, multi-agent domains. The language contributes the explicit definition of controllable agents and uncontrollable environment agents. We describe the syntax and semantics of NADL and show how to build an efficient OBDD-based representation of an NADL description. The UMOP planning system uses NADL and different OBDD-based universal planning algorithms. It includes the previously developed strong and strong cyclic planning algorithms. In addition, we introduce our new optimistic planning algorithm that relaxes optimality guarantees and generates plausible universal plans in some domains where no strong nor strong cyclic solution exists. We present empirical results applying UMOP to domains ranging from deterministic and single-agent with no environment actions to non-deterministic and multi-agent with complex environment actions. UMOP is shown to be a rich and efficient planning system.
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Fragaszy, Dorothy M., Yonat Eshchar, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Briseida Resende, Kellie Laity, and Patrícia Izar. "Synchronized practice helps bearded capuchin monkeys learn to extend attention while learning a tradition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621071114.
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Culture extends biology in that the setting of development shapes the traditions that individuals learn, and over time, traditions evolve as occasional variations are learned by others. In humans, interactions with others impact the development of cognitive processes, such as sustained attention, that shape how individuals learn as well as what they learn. Thus, learning itself is impacted by culture. Here, we explore how social partners might shape the development of psychological processes impacting learning a tradition. We studied bearded capuchin monkeys learning a traditional tool-using skill, cracking nuts using stone hammers. Young monkeys practice components of cracking nuts with stones for years before achieving proficiency. We examined the time course of young monkeys’ activity with nuts before, during, and following others’ cracking nuts. Results demonstrate that the onset of others’ cracking nuts immediately prompts young monkeys to start handling and percussing nuts, and they continue these activities while others are cracking. When others stop cracking nuts, young monkeys sustain the uncommon actions of percussing and striking nuts for shorter periods than the more common actions of handling nuts. We conclude that nut-cracking by adults can promote the development of sustained attention for the critical but less common actions that young monkeys must practice to learn this traditional skill. This work suggests that in nonhuman species, as in humans, socially specified settings of development impact learning processes as well as learning outcomes. Nonhumans, like humans, may be culturally variable learners.
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Vuoskoski, Jonna K. "Music, Empathy, and Affiliation: Commentary on Greenberg, Rentfrow, and Baron-Cohen." Empirical Musicology Review 10, no. 1-2 (April 8, 2015): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i1-2.4586.
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Empathy and social cognition arguably play a crucial role in our engagement with music. In response to the account offered by Greenberg, Rentfrow, and Baron-Cohen, this commentary considers an alternative—yet complementary—explanation for how music making and music listening might be able to evoke empathy and affiliation. This alternative explanation stems from the perception–action model of empathy, and the affiliation-evoking effects of mimicking and synchronized actions. In light of this alternative account, I will also explore the potential contribution of dispositional empathy to music preferences and music perception as suggested by Greenberg and colleagues.
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Van Gheluwe, Bart, and Marcel Hebbelinck. "Muscle Actions and Ground Reaction Forces in Tennis." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2, no. 2 (May 1986): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.2.2.88.
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This study investigates the action of nine muscles during the execution of tennis strokes such as the service, the forehand, and the volley. More precisely it was our aim, using electromyographic techniques, to determine which muscles are active and in what sequence, and to what extent they participate in the execution of the selected tennis strokes. Besides muscle action, it was informative to know the overall force action of the human body during these tennis strokes. This is realized by simultaneous recordings of the ground reaction forces of the player on a force plate. The electromyographic and force recordings were synchronized with film pictures. The EMG recordings of the tennis strokes we investigated revealed that most muscles around the shoulder and elbow joint exhibit their greatest activity during the active propulsion of the racket and during impact. Ground reaction forces, on the contrary, were generally low except for some vertical body thrust of about 300 N.
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Gire, David H., and Nathan E. Schoppa. "Long-Term Enhancement of Synchronized Oscillations by Adrenergic Receptor Activation in the Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 2021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01324.2007.
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The noradrenergic system is widely thought to be important for associative learning in the olfactory system through actions in the first processing structure, the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Here, we used extracellular local field potential (LFP) and patch-clamp recordings in rat MOB slices to examine norepinephrine (NE)-induced long-term changes in circuit properties that might underlie learning. During responses to patterned olfactory nerve stimulation mimicking the breathing cycle, NE induced a long-term increase in gamma frequency (30–70 Hz) synchronized oscillations. The enhancement persisted long after washout of NE (≤70 min), depended on the combined actions of NE and neuronal stimulation, and seemed to be caused by enhanced excitatory drive on the mitral/granule cell network that underlies rapid gamma oscillations. The last effect, increased excitation, was manifested as an increase in evoked long-lasting depolarizations (LLDs) in mitral cells. From a functional perspective, the observed long-term cellular and network changes could promote associative learning by amplifying odor-specific signals.
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Radoičić, Goran, and Miomir Jovanović. "Influence of a synchronized human dynamic load on vibrations of machine structures." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 1 (2021): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-28214.
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This paper contributes to the research of rhythmic behavior of a group of people, which, more or less synchronized, moves or jumps on a thin and elastic plate, thus performing a dynamically variable load. The analysis of the rhythmic behaviour of the crowd carried out on the basis of the experimental testing on the special steel test platform. The experiment consisted of sixteen measurements of live force and acceleration of the test platform. The dynamic loads caused by the mass of the human crowd and individuals had different intensities. The measurements of acceleration of the test platform were performed in order to estimate how the live human force influences on vibrations of machine structures. This research allows us to gain a picture of how serious the threats are from some human actions on the support structure of machines that are handled when performing works in industry, construction or mining. On the basis of these experiments, the mathematical models of the equivalent excitation forces were developed. The measured accelerations of the test platform tread surface and calculated dynamic coefficients of human force indicate that similar actions can seriously endanger balance of the support structure of some machine, and even, for example, can cause the main girder of the bridge crane to fall out. This and similar experiments allow us to formulate appropriate models of excitation loads by human force, which can then be used in simulation analyses in order to develop future systems of electronic protection of machines structures from adverse events.
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Martynyuk, Oleksandr. "Model of Process Synchronization in Through Analysis." Advances in Cyber-Physical Systems 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/acps2021.01.033.
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Synchronization of parallel processes of distributed information systems (DIS) has been largely determined by decisions taken at the stages of their design. Having already been in structural and functional models, when determining cause- and-effect relationships for events and actions in DIS components, it becomes necessary to coordinate them. In the proposed multilevel systemic, structural and functional synchronization model, a hierarchy of such causal relationships with interlevel mappings, inheritance and encapsulation of events and actions have been formed. The model has been also based on hierarchical extended Petri nets, which make it possible to represent various aspects of a special analysis of technical diagnostics, in particular, analysis of correctness, verification, testing, for the adopted display of the asynchronous-behavioral nature of the multilevel interaction of DIS processes. Features of the synchronization model include mapping operations for cross- level inheritance and encapsulations that synchronize events and actions, as well as end-to-end synchronized quasi-order relationships and compatibility for them. The synchronization model is also distinguished by the possibility of specializing its objects, operations and relations for the tasks of check and recognition of behavioral properties set for analysis and verification, basic in technical diagnostics, including in online and offline testing. The synchronization model has allowed one to determine the formal conditions for methods of end-to-end asynchronous coordination of events and actions of multi-level models, that represent design solutions for DIS, in particular, for technical diagnostics methods, and also to reduce the computational complexity of a special synchronization analysis due to an end-to-end decomposition approach. The dimension of the synchronization model has been estimated using the representation of Petri net graphs and special graphs of reachable states using list structures. The above estimates determine the limits of applicability of the formal synchronization model.
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Pandipati, Sruthi, David H. Gire, and Nathan E. Schoppa. "Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Disinhibition of Mitral Cells Triggers Long-Term Enhancement of Synchronized Oscillations in the Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 2 (August 2010): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00328.2010.
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Norepinephrine (NE) is widely implicated in various forms of associative olfactory learning in rodents, including early learning preference in neonates. Here we used patch-clamp recordings in rat olfactory bulb slices to assess cellular actions of NE, examining both acute, short-term effects of NE as well as the relationship between these acute effects and long-term cellular changes that could underlie learning. Our focus for long-term effects was on synchronized gamma frequency (30–70 Hz) oscillations, shown in prior studies to be enhanced for up to an hour after brief exposure of a bulb slice to NE and neuronal stimulation. In terms of acute effects, we found that a dominant action of NE was to reduce inhibitory GABAergic transmission from granule cells (GCs) to output mitral cells (MCs). This disinhibition was also induced by clonidine, an agonist specific for α2 adrenergic receptors (ARs). Acute NE-induced disinhibition of MCs appeared to be linked to long-term enhancement of gamma oscillations, based, first, on the fact that clonidine, but not agonists specific for other AR subtypes, mimicked NE's long-term actions. In addition, the α2 AR-specific antagonist yohimbine blocked the long-term enhancement of the oscillations due to NE. Last, brief exposure of the slice to the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine, to block inhibitory synapses directly, also induced the long-term changes. Acute disinhibition is a plausible permissive effect of NE leading to olfactory learning, because, when combined with exposure to a specific odor, it should lead to neuron-specific increases in intracellular calcium of the type generally associated with long-term synaptic modifications.
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McNeill, David. "Aspects of aspect." Gesture 3, no. 1 (October 16, 2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.3.1.02mcn.
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Performing an action and concurrently describing it creates possibilities for observing how speech and action are synchronized and mutually shape each other. The results to be described show that iconicity is an organizing principle of motion control — actions are performed in relation to speech in such a way as to create an image of the meaning in part. Four English-speaking subjects described their goal-directed actions, step by step, as they assembled a small aquarium. Among the factors observed to have an impact on synchrony are, in speech, perfectivity (imperfective or perfective) and, in action, the logical form of the action (Vendler’s activities, accomplishments and achievements). These factors must be considered jointly. Depending on the logical form, speakers placed the linguistic center (‘L-Center’) of the description — the satellite or a preposition in the case of activities and accomplishments; the verb itself in the case of achievements — in such a way as to recreate the aspectual viewpoint concurrently encoded in speech. Imperfective aspect was indexed with progressive verbs. L-Centers with this aspect were placed inside or prior to the completion of the action. Perfective aspect was indexed with non-progressive verbs. L-Centers of this kind were placed after the action. In addition, the actions themselves were longer with imperfective aspect, even when the same logical form of action was involved. Non-functional movements were added to goal-directed actions to help create the imperfective aspect, and both speech and action timing were adjusted to create the aspectual viewpoint. These patterns are reminiscent of the perfectivity differences in gesture performance described by S. Duncan (2003) for Mandarin and English. Motor movements adapt to language in a way similar to gestures. Theoretically, there is a three-sided synchrony of two forms of motor action (speech, manual manipulation) and the logical form of the action. The theoretical discussion considers two ramifications: the implications for ‘cognitive being’ of building aspect into action, which suggests a mechanism of the mutual shaping of speech and action; and the brain organization that might underlie the three-sided synchrony, with emphasis on the role of BA 44 and BA 45 (‘mirror neurons’), collectively ‘Broca’s Area’, in the orchestration of actions under some meaning (actions of gesture, manipulation, and speech); these areas include language but are broader in function than the classical term ‘language area’ implies.
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Lee, Angela C., Robert K. S. Wong, Shih-Chieh Chuang, Hee-Sup Shin, and Riccardo Bianchi. "Role of Synaptic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Epileptiform Discharges in Hippocampal Slices." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1625.
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Application of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists elicits seizure discharges in vivo and prolonged ictal-like activity in in vitro brain slices. In this study we examined 1) if group I mGluRs are activated by synaptically released glutamate during epileptiform discharges induced by convulsants in hippocampal slices and, if so, 2) whether the synaptically activated mGluRs contribute to the pattern of the epileptiform discharges. The GABAAreceptor antagonist bicuculline (50 μM) was applied to induce short synchronized bursts of ∼250 ms in mouse hippocampal slices. Addition of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 100 μM) prolonged these bursts to 0.7–2 s. The mGluR1 antagonist ( S)-(+)-α-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY 367385; 25–100 μM) and the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP; 10–50 μM), applied separately, significantly reduced the duration of the synchronized discharges. The effects of these antagonists were additive when applied together, suggesting that mGluR1 and mGluR5 exert independent actions on the epileptiform bursts. In phospholipase C β1 (PLCβ1) knockout mice, bicuculline and 4-AP elicited prolonged synchronized discharges of comparable duration as those observed in slices from wild-type littermates. Furthermore, mGluR1 and mGluR5 antagonists reduced the duration of the epileptiform discharges to the same extent as they did in the wild-type preparations. The results suggest that mGluR1 and mGluR5 are activated synaptically during prolonged epileptiform discharges induced by bicuculline and 4-AP. Synaptic activation of these receptors extended the duration of synchronized discharges. In addition, the data indicate that the synaptic effects of the group I mGluRs on the duration of epileptiform discharges were mediated by a PLCβ1-independent mechanism.
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Djebbara, Zakaria, Lars Brorson Fich, Laura Petrini, and Klaus Gramann. "Sensorimotor brain dynamics reflect architectural affordances." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 29 (June 12, 2019): 14769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900648116.
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Anticipating meaningful actions in the environment is an essential function of the brain. Such predictive mechanisms originate from the motor system and allow for inferring actions from environmental affordances, and the potential to act within a specific environment. Using architecture, we provide a unique perspective on the ongoing debate in cognitive neuroscience and philosophy on whether cognition depends on movement or is decoupled from our physical structure. To investigate cognitive processes associated with architectural affordances, we used a mobile brain/body imaging approach recording brain activity synchronized to head-mounted displays. Participants perceived and acted on virtual transitions ranging from nonpassable to easily passable. We found that early sensory brain activity, on revealing the environment and before actual movement, differed as a function of affordances. In addition, movement through transitions was preceded by a motor-related negative component that also depended on affordances. Our results suggest that potential actions afforded by an environment influence perception.
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Fernandez, Amandine, Camille Dumon, Damien Guimond, Roman Tyzio, Paolo Bonifazi, Natalia Lozovaya, Nail Burnashev, Diana C. Ferrari, and Yehezkel Ben-Ari. "The GABA Developmental Shift Is Abolished by Maternal Immune Activation Already at Birth." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 9 (November 3, 2018): 3982–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy279.
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Abstract Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to developmental brain disorders, but whether the pathogenic mechanism impacts neurons already at birth is not known. We now report that MIA abolishes in mice the oxytocin-mediated delivery γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing in CA3 pyramidal neurons, and this is restored by the NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide. Furthermore, MIA hippocampal pyramidal neurons at birth have a more exuberant apical arbor organization and increased apical dendritic length than age-matched controls. The frequency of spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents is also increased in MIA offspring, as well as the pairwise correlation of the synchronized firing of active cells in CA3. These alterations produced by MIA persist, since at P14–15 GABA action remains depolarizing, produces excitatory action, and network activity remains elevated with a higher frequency of spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. Therefore, the pathogenic actions of MIA lead to important morphophysiological and network alterations in the hippocampus already at birth.
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Heggli, Ole Adrian, Ivana Konvalinka, Morten L. Kringelbach, and Peter Vuust. "A metastable attractor model of self–other integration (MEAMSO) in rhythmic synchronization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1835 (August 23, 2021): 20200332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0332.
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Human interaction is often accompanied by synchronized bodily rhythms. Such synchronization may emerge spontaneously as when a crowd's applause turns into a steady beat, be encouraged as in nursery rhymes, or be intentional as in the case of playing music together. The latter has been extensively studied using joint finger-tapping paradigms as a simplified version of rhythmic interpersonal synchronization. A key finding is that synchronization in such cases is multifaceted, with synchronized behaviour resting upon different synchronization strategies such as mutual adaptation, leading–following and leading–leading. However, there are multiple open questions regarding the mechanism behind these strategies and how they develop dynamically over time. Here, we propose a metastable attractor model of self–other integration (MEAMSO). This model conceptualizes dyadic rhythmic interpersonal synchronization as a process of integrating and segregating signals of self and other. Perceived sounds are continuously evaluated as either being attributed to self -produced or other -produced actions. The model entails a metastable system with two particular attractor states: one where an individual maintains two separate predictive models for self - and other -produced actions, and the other where these two predictive models integrate into one. The MEAMSO explains the three known synchronization strategies and makes testable predictions about the dynamics of interpersonal synchronization both in behaviour and the brain. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
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Fessler, Daniel M. T., and Colin Holbrook. "Marching into battle: synchronized walking diminishes the conceptualized formidability of an antagonist in men." Biology Letters 10, no. 8 (August 2014): 20140592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0592.
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Paralleling behaviours in other species, synchronized movement is central to institutionalized collective human activities thought to enhance cooperation, and experiments demonstrate that synchrony has this effect. The influence of synchrony on cooperation may derive from an evolutionary history wherein such actions served to signal coalitional strength to both participants and observers—including adversaries. If so, then synchronous movement should diminish individuals' estimations of a foe's formidability. Envisioned physical size and strength constitute the dimensions of a representation that summarizes relative fighting capacity. Experiencing synchrony should therefore lead individuals to conceptualize an antagonist as smaller and weaker. We found that men who walked synchronously with a male confederate indeed envisioned a purported criminal as less physically formidable than did men who engaged in this task without synchronizing.
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Courel-Ibáñez, Javier, Allistair P. McRobert, Enrique Ortega Toro, and David Cárdenas Vélez. "Inside game effectiveness in NBA basketball." Kinesiology 50, no. 2 (2018): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.50.2.5.
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The inside game constitutes an essential aspect of modern basketball, particularly in the National Basketball Association (NBA), in where the best players of the world compete. The purpose of this study was to identify players’ dynamics that increase game performance when using inside pass in the NBA, considering game contextual effects. The sample included 808 inside passes from 25 randomly selected matches of the 2011 NBA Playoffs series. A series of logistic regression analyses were used to analyse passers and receivers’ actions and their effectiveness during inside passes, both isolated and combined. Main results revealed that the interactions combining passer’s previous actions (dribbling or faking) with receiver’s cuts towards the basket achieved the highest offensive effectiveness. Performing screens in favour to the receiver was an effective alternative to increase inside passing options since it reduces the defensive pressure. Furthermore, player’s actions previously passing the ball were further successful if combined and synchronized with the receivers’ displacements, especially when cutting to the basket. This information allows a better understanding of basketball collective strategies, contributing in the design of precise practice tasks and so improving the training process.
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Gao, Wen-Jun. "Acute Clozapine Suppresses Synchronized Pyramidal Synaptic Network Activity by Increasing Inhibition in the Ferret Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (February 2007): 1196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00400.2006.
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Recent studies have indicated that impaired neural circuitry in the prefrontal cortex is a prominent feature of the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Clozapine is one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs used for this debilitating disease. Despite its effectiveness, the mechanism by which clozapine acts on prefrontal cortical circuitry remains poorly understood. In this study, in vitro multiple whole cell recordings were performed in slices of the ferret prefrontal cortex. Clozapine, which effectively inhibited the spontaneous synchronized network activities in the prefrontal neurons, achieved the suppressive effect by decreasing the recurrent excitation among pyramidal neurons and by enhancing the inhibitory inputs onto pyramidal cells through a likely network mechanism. Indeed, under the condition of disinhibition, the depressing effects were reversed and clozapine enhanced the recurrent excitation. These results suggest that the therapeutic actions of clozapine in alleviating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are achieved, at least partially, through the readjustment of synaptic balance between the excitation and inhibition in the prefrontal cortical circuitry.
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Ghorbani, Saeed, Kimia Mahdaviani, Anne Thaler, Konrad Kording, Douglas James Cook, Gunnar Blohm, and Nikolaus F. Troje. "MoVi: A large multi-purpose human motion and video dataset." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0253157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253157.
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Large high-quality datasets of human body shape and kinematics lay the foundation for modelling and simulation approaches in computer vision, computer graphics, and biomechanics. Creating datasets that combine naturalistic recordings with high-accuracy data about ground truth body shape and pose is challenging because different motion recording systems are either optimized for one or the other. We address this issue in our dataset by using different hardware systems to record partially overlapping information and synchronized data that lend themselves to transfer learning. This multimodal dataset contains 9 hours of optical motion capture data, 17 hours of video data from 4 different points of view recorded by stationary and hand-held cameras, and 6.6 hours of inertial measurement units data recorded from 60 female and 30 male actors performing a collection of 21 everyday actions and sports movements. The processed motion capture data is also available as realistic 3D human meshes. We anticipate use of this dataset for research on human pose estimation, action recognition, motion modelling, gait analysis, and body shape reconstruction.
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Madison, Guy, and Bj�rn Merker. "Timing of Action During and After Synchronization With Linearly Changing Intervals." Music Perception 22, no. 3 (2005): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2005.22.3.441.
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Musicians and nonmusicians synchronized drum-beating movements to sound sequences composed of 90 successive interonset intervals that increased or decreased continually by various amounts of time. After the end of a sequence, they continued to produce 30 beats without interruption. Synchronization appeared both smooth and accurate for all levels of changing tempo. In general, actions preceded sounds with increasing intervals and lagged behind sounds with decreasing intervals, indicating that the stimulus change was not fully predicted. There was a tendency for the continuation intervals to change in the reverse direction of the preceding synchronization intervals, suggesting that the system retains information about the tempo change. We discuss these results in terms of the demands tempo change makes on timing mechanisms, and what they reveal about participants� ability to create and sustain an internal nonisochronous periodic process.
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Basori, Ahmad Hoirul, and Omar M. Barukab. "Real Time Interactive Presentation Apparatus based on Depth Image Recognition." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1308-1315.
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The research on human computer interaction. Human already thinking to overcome the way of interaction towards natural interaction. Kinect is one of the tools that able to provide user with Natural User Interface (NUI). It has capability to track hand gesture and interpret their action according to the depth data stream. The human hand is tracked in point of cloud form and synchronized simultaneously.The method is started by collecting the depth image to be analyzed by random decision forest algorithm. The algorithm will choose set of thresholds and features split, then provide the information of body skeleton. In this project, hand gesture is divided into several actions such as: waiving to right or left toward head position then it will interpret as next or previous slide. The waiving is measured in degree value towards head as center point. Moreover, pushing action will trigger to open new pop up window of specific slide that contain more detailed information. The result of implementations is quite fascinating, user can control the PowerPoint and event able to design the presentation form in different ways. Furthermore, we also present a new way of presentation by presenting WPF form that connected to database for dynamic presentation tools
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Elliott, Bruce, J. Robert Grove, and Barry Gibson. "Timing of the Lower Limb Drive and Throwing Limb Movement in Baseball Pitching." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.4.1.59.
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Eight international baseball pitchers were filmed in a laboratory while throwing from a pitching rubber attached to a Kistler force platform. Following a warm-up, all subjects threw fastballs (FB) until two strike pitches were assessed by an umpire positioned behind the catcher for both wind-up and set pitching techniques. Subjects then followed the same procedures for curveball pitches (CB). Both vertical (Z) and horizontal (Y) ground reaction force (GRF) data were recorded. A shutter correlation pulse was encoded so the temporal data from the film could be synchronized with the kinetic data from the force platform. Analysis of variance was used to analyze differences in force data at selected points in both pitching actions for both techniques. Vertical and horizontal GRFs increased from the first balance position to maximum levels at the cocked position for both techniques. Nonsignificant changes in GRF then occurred between the cocked position and front-foot landing. The Z GRFs were similar throughout the pitching action but higher in magnitude for the CB compared to the FB. Mean resultant forces were similar for the three fastest FB pitchers when compared to the three slowest pitchers. However, the slower group produced their peak resultant force earlier in the action, thus reducing the ability to drive over a stabilized front leg.
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Zimroz, Paweł, Paweł Trybała, Adam Wróblewski, Mateusz Góralczyk, Jarosław Szrek, Agnieszka Wójcik, and Radosław Zimroz. "Application of UAV in Search and Rescue Actions in Underground Mine—A Specific Sound Detection in Noisy Acoustic Signal." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133725.
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The possibility of the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in search and rescue activities in a deep underground mine has been investigated. In the presented case study, a UAV is searching for a lost or injured human who is able to call for help but is not able to move or use any communication device. A UAV capturing acoustic data while flying through underground corridors is used. The acoustic signal is very noisy since during the flight the UAV contributes high-energetic emission. The main goal of the paper is to present an automatic signal processing procedure for detection of a specific sound (supposed to contain voice activity) in presence of heavy, time-varying noise from UAV. The proposed acoustic signal processing technique is based on time-frequency representation and Euclidean distance measurement between reference spectrum (UAV noise only) and captured data. As both the UAV and “injured” person were equipped with synchronized microphones during the experiment, validation has been performed. Two experiments carried out in lab conditions, as well as one in an underground mine, provided very satisfactory results.
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WANG, Shulin, Shigeru NAKASHIMA, Osamu NUMATA, Kenta FUJIU, and Yoshinori NOZAWA. "Molecular cloning and cell-cycle-dependent expression of the acetyl-CoA synthetase gene in Tetrahymena cells." Biochemical Journal 343, no. 2 (October 8, 1999): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3430479.
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To identify transcriptionally regulated mediators associated with the cell cycle, we adopted the differential mRNA display technique for cell cultures of Tetrahymenapyriformis synchronized by cyclic heat treatment. One cDNA fragment that was expressed differently during synchronous cell division had a greatly decreased expression at 30 min after the end of heat treatment (EHT). Using this fragment as a probe, we isolated the full-length cDNA for T. pyriformis acetyl-CoA synthetase (TpAcs) which encodes a 651 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 72.8 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of T. pyriformis ACS shows 42% sequence identity compared with that ofLysobacter sp. acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), an enzyme which catalyses the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate via an acetyl-adenylate intermediate. The deduced sequence is also 41% and 40% identical compared with those of Pseudomonas putida and Coprinus cinereus ACS, respectively. The deduced sequence of T. pyriformis ACS also shares similar characteristics of the conserved motifs I and II in the ACS family. To further investigate the actions of the gene encoding this enzyme, mRNA expression was determined during the course of synchronized cell division in T. pyriformis. Northern blot results show that the mRNA level was dramatically decreased at 30 min after EHT prior to entering synchronous cell division (which occurs 75 min after EHT), suggesting that mRNA expression of the TpAcs was associated with the cell cycle and that the down-regulated expression of TpAcs at 30 min after EHT would be required for the initiation of the oncoming synchronous cell division in T. pyriformis.
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Browning, B., J. Bruce, M. Bowling, and M. Veloso. "STP: Skills, tactics, and plays for multi-robot control in adversarial environments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 219, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095965105x9470.
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In an adversarial multi-robot task, such as playing robot soccer, decisions for team and single-robot behaviour must be made quickly to take advantage of short-term fortuitous events. When no such opportunities exist, the team must execute sequences of coordinated team action that increases the likelihood of future opportunities. A hierarchical architecture, called STP, has been developed to control an autonomous team of robots operating in an adversarial environment. STP consists of skills for executing the low-level actions that make up robot behaviour, tactics for determining what skills to execute, and plays for coordinating synchronized activity among team members. The STP architecture combines each of these components to achieve autonomous team control. Moreover, the STP hierarchy allows for fast team response in adversarial environments while carrying out actions with longer goals. This article presents the STP architecture for controlling an autonomous robot team in a dynamic adversarial task that allows for coordinated team activity towards long-term goals, with the ability to respond rapidly to dynamic events. Secondly, the subcomponent of skills and tactics is presented as a generalized single-robot control hierarchy for hierarchical problem decomposition with flexible control policy implementation and reuse. Thirdly, the play techniques contribute as a generalized method for encoding and synchronizing team behaviour, providing multiple competing team responses, and for supporting effective strategy adaptation against opponent teams. STP has been fully implemented on a robot platform and thoroughly tested against a variety of unknown opponent teams in a number of RoboCup robot soccer competitions. These competition results are presented as a mechanism to analyse the performance of STP in a real setting.
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Traub, R. D., R. Miles, and R. K. Wong. "Models of synchronized hippocampal bursts in the presence of inhibition. I. Single population events." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.4.739.
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1. We constructed model networks with 520 or 1,020 cells intended to represent the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Model neurons were simulated in enough detail to reproduce intrinsic bursting and the electrotonic flow of currents along dendritic cables. Neurons exerted either excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic actions on other cells. The network models were simulated with different levels of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strengths in order to study epileptic and other interesting collective behaviors in the system. 2. Excitatory synapses between neurons in the network were powerful enough so that burst firing in a presynaptic neuron would evoke bursting in its connected cells. Since orthodromic or antidromic stimulation evokes both a fast and a slow phase of inhibition, two types of inhibitory cells were simulated. The properties of these inhibitory cells were modeled to resemble those of two types of inhibitory cells characterized by dual intracellular recordings in the slice preparation. 3. With fast inhibition totally blocked, a stimulus to a single cell lead to a synchronized population burst. Thus the principles of our epileptic synchronization model, developed earlier, apply even when slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are present, as apparently occurs in the epileptic hippocampal slice. The model performs in this way because bursting can propagate through several generations in the network before slow inhibition builds up enough to block burst propagation. This can occur, however, only if connectivity is sufficiently large. With very low connection densities, slow IPSPs will prevent the development of full synchronization. 4. We performed multiple simulations in which the fast inhibitory conductance strength was kept fixed at various levels while the strength of the excitatory synapses was varied. In each simulation, we stimulated either one or four cells. For each level of inhibition, the peak number of cells bursting depended sensitively on excitatory synaptic strength, showing a sudden increase as this strength reached a critical level. The critical excitation, which depended on the level of inhibition, corresponded to the level at which bursting can propagate from cell to cell at the particular level of inhibition. 5. We performed an analogous series of simulations in which the strength of excitatory synapses was held constant while the strength of fast inhibitory synapses was varied, stimulating a single neuron in each case. These simulations correspond to experiments that have been done in the hippocampal slice as low doses of picrotoxin are washed into a slice, gradually abolishing fast inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Vanutelli, Maria Elide, Laura Gatti, Laura Angioletti, and Michela Balconi. "Affective Synchrony and Autonomic Coupling during Cooperation: A Hyperscanning Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3104564.
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Previous research highlighted that during social interactions people shape each other’s emotional states by resonance mechanisms and synchronized autonomic patterns. Starting from the idea that joint actions create shared emotional experiences, in the present study a social bond was experimentally induced by making subjects cooperate with each other. Participants’ autonomic system activity (electrodermal: skin conductance level and response: SCL, SCR; cardiovascular indices: heart rate: HR) was continuously monitored during an attentional couple game. The cooperative motivation was induced by presenting feedback which reinforced the positive outcomes of the intersubjective exchange. 24 participants coupled in 12 dyads were recruited. Intrasubject analyses revealed higher HR in the first part of the task, connoted by increased cognitive demand and arousing social dynamic, while intersubject analysis showed increased synchrony in electrodermal activity after the feedback. Such results encourage the use of hyperscanning techniques to assess emotional coupling in ecological and real-time paradigms.
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Sweanor, Patricia Y., and Finn Sandegren. "Winter behavior of moose in central Sweden." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-026.
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We studied the social behavior of moose (Alces alces alces) in central Sweden during late winter in 1983 and 1984. We observed 119 groups during 797 pair-hours. Moose formed temporary groups [Formula: see text] where individual distances were 50 m or less. Most feeding and resting activities in multimembered groups were synchronized. Grouped moose interacted agonistically at a mean rate of 0.18 interactions per pair-hour. Group associations and interaction rates were dependent on the sex class of moose involved. A concentrated food site of naturally occurring browse did not increase interaction rates or group sizes. No one sex class won interactions at a higher rate than any other. Common threatening actions of moose were lowering the head, positioning the ears downward, and looking directly at and moving towards an opponent. Common losing responses were positioning the ears backward, lowering the head, looking away, and stepping away from an instigator.
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Hawryszków, Paweł. "Assessment of pedestrian comfort and safety of footbridges in dynamic conditions: case study of a landmark arch footbridge." BUILDER 286, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8429.
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The objective of this paper is to present results of dynamic tests of an arch span of the footbridge in Wronki near Poznań in Poland and clearly summarize them. The investigated footbridge, with asymmetrical arch and the main span 90.0 m long, is an example of original architecture and interesting structural solutions. The research campaign included normal live loads and vandal actions to the footbridge. Normal live loads tests examined the influence of various kinds of the pedestrian activity on the footbridge’s behaviour as: walking, jogging or fast running. The pedestrian comfort was assessed in this type of schemes. Vandal type of excitation consisted of synchronized walking or running and rhythmical half-crouching. The main aim of the vandal live loads was to check structure’s safety and behaviour in the extreme dynamic conditions. The research was carried out in a large group of pedestrians – under a crowd of 40 volunteers.
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Vishwanathan, Saritha S., and Amit Garg. "Energy system transformation to meet NDC, 2 °C, and well below 2 °C targets for India." Climatic Change 162, no. 4 (January 10, 2020): 1877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02616-1.
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AbstractIndia’s commitment to Paris Climate Change Agreement through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) will require the energy system to gradually move away from fossil fuels. The current energy system is witnessing a transformation to achieve these through renewable energy targets and enhanced energy efficiency (EE) actions in all sectors. More stringent global GHG mitigation targets of 2 °C and well below 2 °C regimes would impose further challenges and uncertainties for the Indian energy systems. This paper provides a quantitative assessment using bottom-up optimization model (AIM/Enduse) to assess these until 2050 for meeting carbon mitigation commitments while achieving the national sustainable development goals. Energy transformation trajectories under five scenarios synchronized with climate mitigation regimes are explored—Business As Usual scenario (BAU), NDC scenario, 2 °C scenarios (early and late actions), and well below 2 °C scenario. The key results from the study include (a) coal-based power plants older than 30 years under NDC and older than 20 years for deeper CO2 mitigation will be stranded before their lifetime, (b) increase in renewables of up to 225–280 GW by 2050 will require battery storage with improved integrated smart grid infrastructure, (c) growth in nuclear to 27–32 GW by 2050 is dependent on nuclear supply availability, (d) gradual shift towards electrification in industry, building, and transport sectors, and (e) installation of CCS technologies in power and industry sectors. Cumulative investments of up to 6–8 trillion USD (approximately) will be required during 2015–2030 to implement the actions required to transform the current energy systems in India.
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Drexler, Berthold, Claire L. Roether, Rachel Jurd, Uwe Rudolph, and Bernd Antkowiak. "Opposing Actions of Etomidate on Cortical Theta Oscillations Are Mediated by Different γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subtypes." Anesthesiology 102, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200502000-00017.
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Background Cortical networks generate diverse patterns of rhythmic activity. Theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) are commonly observed during spatial learning and working memory tasks. The authors ask how etomidate, acting predominantly via gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors containing beta2 or beta3 subunits, affects theta activity in vitro. Methods To characterize the effects of etomidate, the authors recorded action potential firing together with local field potentials in slice cultures prepared from the neocortex of the beta3(N265M) knock-in mutant and wild type mice. Actions of etomidate were studied at 0.2 microm, which is approximately 15% of the concentration causing immobility ( approximately 1.5 microm). Results In preparations derived from wild type and beta3(N265M) mutant mice, episodes of ongoing activity spontaneously occurred at a frequency of approximately 0.1 Hz and persisted for several seconds. Towards the end of these periods, synchronized oscillations in the theta band developed. These oscillations were significantly depressed in slices from beta3(N265M) mutant mice (P < 0.05). In this preparation etomidate acts almost exclusively via beta2 subunit containing GABAA receptors. In contrast, no depression was observed in slices from wild type mice, where etomidate potentiates both beta2- and beta3-containing GABAA receptors. Conclusions At concentrations assumed to cause sedation and amnesia, etomidate depresses theta oscillations via beta2-containing GABAA receptors but enhances these oscillations by acting on beta3 subunit containing receptors. This indicates that the overall effect of the anesthetic reflects a balance between enhancement and inhibition produced by different GABAA receptor subtypes.
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Bavelas, Janet, and Nicole Chovil. "Some pragmatic functions of conversational facial gestures1." Gesture 17, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 98–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.00012.bav.
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Abstract Conversational facial gestures are not emotional expressions (Ekman, 1997). Facial gestures are co-speech gestures – configurations of the face, eyes, and/or head that are synchronized with words and other co-speech gestures. Facial gestures are the most frequent facial actions in dialogue, and the majority serve pragmatic (meta-communicative) rather than referential functions. A qualitative microanalysis of a close-call story illustrates three pragmatic facial gestures in their macro- and micro-context: (a) The narrator’s thinking faces (Goodwin & Goodwin, 1986) occurred as the narrator was getting started, and they accompanied verbal collateral signals of delay, such as “uh” or “um”. (b) The narrator pointed at his hand gestures with his head and eyes (Streeck, 1993), drawing the addressee’s attention to depictions that would later be crucial to the close call. (c) The meta-communicative functions of smiles included marking the narrator’s description of danger as ironic or humorous, hinting at key elements, and acknowledging errors.
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Vuoskoski, Jonna K., Eric F. Clarke, and Tia DeNora. "Music listening evokes implicit affiliation." Psychology of Music 45, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 584–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616680289.
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Recent empirical evidence suggests that – like other synchronized, collective actions – making music together with others fosters affiliation and pro-social behaviour. However, it is not yet known whether these effects are limited to active, interpersonal musical participation, or whether solitary music listening can also produce similar effects. This study examines the hypothesis that listening to music from a specific culture can evoke implicit affiliation towards members of that culture more generally. Furthermore, we hypothesized that listeners with high trait empathy would be more susceptible to the effects. Sixty-one participants listened to a track of either Indian or West African popular music, and subsequently completed an Implicit Association Test measuring implicit preference for Indian versus West African people. A significant interaction effect revealed that listeners with high trait empathy were more likely to display an implicit preference for the ethnic group to whose music they were exposed. We argue that music has particular attributes that may foster affective and motor resonance in listeners.
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Barman, Ludovic, Alexandre Dumur, Apostolos Pyrgelis, and Jean-Pierre Hubaux. "Every Byte Matters." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3463512.
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Wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and blood-pressure monitors process, store, and communicate sensitive and personal information related to the health, life-style, habits and interests of the wearer. This data is typically synchronized with a companion app running on a smartphone over a Bluetooth (Classic or Low Energy) connection. In this work, we investigate what can be inferred from the metadata (such as the packet timings and sizes) of encrypted Bluetooth communications between a wearable device and its connected smartphone. We show that a passive eavesdropper can use traffic-analysis attacks to accurately recognize (a) communicating devices, even without having access to the MAC address, (b) human actions (e.g., monitoring heart rate, exercising) performed on wearable devices ranging from fitness trackers to smartwatches, (c) the mere opening of specific applications on a Wear OS smartwatch (e.g., the opening of a medical app, which can immediately reveal a condition of the wearer), (d) fine-grained actions (e.g., recording an insulin injection) within a specific application that helps diabetic users to monitor their condition, and (e) the profile and habits of the wearer by continuously monitoring her traffic over an extended period. We run traffic-analysis attacks by collecting a dataset of Bluetooth communications concerning a diverse set of wearable devices, by designing features based on packet sizes and timings, and by using machine learning to classify the encrypted traffic to actions performed by the wearer. Then, we explore standard defense strategies against traffic-analysis attacks such as padding, delaying packets, or injecting dummy traffic. We show that these defenses do not provide sufficient protection against our attacks and introduce significant costs. Overall, our research highlights the need to rethink how applications exchange sensitive information over Bluetooth, to minimize unnecessary data exchanges, and to research and design new defenses against traffic-analysis tailored to the wearable setting.
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Lévesque, Maxime, David Ragsdale, and Massimo Avoli. "Evolving Mechanistic Concepts of Epileptiform Synchronization and their Relevance in Curing Focal Epileptic Disorders." Current Neuropharmacology 17, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 830–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666181127124803.
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The synchronized activity of neuronal networks under physiological conditions is mirrored by specific oscillatory patterns of the EEG that are associated with different behavioral states and cognitive functions. Excessive synchronization can, however, lead to focal epileptiform activity characterized by interictal and ictal discharges in epileptic patients and animal models. This review focusses on studies that have addressed epileptiform synchronization in temporal lobe regions by employing in vitro and in vivo recording techniques. First, we consider the role of ionotropic and metabotropic excitatory glutamatergic transmission in seizure generation as well as the paradoxical role of GABAA signaling in initiating and perhaps maintaining focal seizure activity. Second, we address non-synaptic mechanisms (which include voltage-gated ionic currents and gap junctions) in the generation of epileptiform synchronization. For each mechanism, we discuss the actions of antiepileptic drugs that are presumably modulating excitatory or inhibitory signaling and voltage-gated currents to prevent seizures in epileptic patients. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of seizure initiation and maintenance, thus leading to the development of specific pharmacological treatments for focal epileptic disorders.
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Puttonen, Juha, Andrei Lobov, and José L. Martinez Lastra. "On the Updating of Domain OWL Models at Runtime in Factory Automation Systems." International Journal of Web Services Research 11, no. 2 (April 2014): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2014040103.
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Software agents controlling production devices must maintain an up-to-date view of the physical world state in order to efficiently reason and plan their actions. Especially in a factory automation system, the world state undergoes rapid evolution. To enable accurate decision-making, the world view must constantly be synchronized with the changes. This paper discusses two approaches to updating the world view based on event notifications sent by web services representing production devices in a manufacturing system. One approach requires that a set of update rules is separately specified, whereas the other involves automatically deriving the update rules from the semantic web service descriptions. While this paper specifically focuses on the factory automation domain, both of the approaches presented are applicable to other domains as well. The main assumptions are that the domain is composed of world-altering web services, which provide adequate service interfaces to detect changes in their state, and that all relevant changes in the overall domain state can be directly derived from the service state changes.
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Hristova, Petya Vaskova. "TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS AS PART OF A FUNCTIONAL MODERN SOCIETY." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 22, 2017): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.922.
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The European economy is dependent on transport. Electronics, fertilizer, medical items, metal paint, plastic, rubber and different modes of machinery are classified as dangerous goods when transported, as are pesticides and different products for agriculture and cosmetics. Within the transport context, dangerous goods are considered to be those goods which may cause harm to people, the environment or property. They are transported mainly by specialized companies, using special equipment. It is vitally important for the economy that dangerous goods are transported in a well-synchronized logistic chain that is both functioning and efficient. The transport often requires the use of different transport modes, intermediate storing or crossing of national borders. In order to ensure that the complex chain is efficiently functioning, the following article aims to summarize the harmonization and bridge the differences between the nation's legislations and those governing the various modes of transport. Innovative technical tools, methods, and systems are analyzed in cooperation with operators and infrastructure managers. The article describes how the economy is highly influenced by safety regulations and anti-terror actions
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Hilbe, Christian, Laura Schmid, Josef Tkadlec, Krishnendu Chatterjee, and Martin A. Nowak. "Indirect reciprocity with private, noisy, and incomplete information." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 14, 2018): 12241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810565115.
Full textAbstract:
Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism for cooperation based on shared moral systems and individual reputations. It assumes that members of a community routinely observe and assess each other and that they use this information to decide who is good or bad, and who deserves cooperation. When information is transmitted publicly, such that all community members agree on each other’s reputation, previous research has highlighted eight crucial moral systems. These “leading-eight” strategies can maintain cooperation and resist invasion by defectors. However, in real populations individuals often hold their own private views of others. Once two individuals disagree about their opinion of some third party, they may also see its subsequent actions in a different light. Their opinions may further diverge over time. Herein, we explore indirect reciprocity when information transmission is private and noisy. We find that in the presence of perception errors, most leading-eight strategies cease to be stable. Even if a leading-eight strategy evolves, cooperation rates may drop considerably when errors are common. Our research highlights the role of reliable information and synchronized reputations to maintain stable moral systems.
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Xv, Chun Yuan, Bin Yu Sun, and Tian Hu Zheng. "Design of a New Type Casting Rolling Mill Screw down System." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.193.
Full textAbstract:
Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the mill screw down system now, a new type screw down system of caster is designed in this paper. Electro-hydraulic double-precision device is adopted in the synchronized screw down system.Bilateral synchronous motor is adopted first for coarse adjustment, and then use hydraulic servo cylinder to realize synchronization precision adjustment. It can adjust roll gap with double-precision, which can both achieve the purpose of rapid screw down and meet the accuracy requirements of the roll gap adjustment. Rotate both sides of screw down nuts using one hydraulic cylinder to achieve simultaneous fine-tuning of the roll gap. While coarse and fine adjustment, the actions are coordinate and non-interference. The screw down nut designed is compound nut, which can effectively compensate for the loosening and improve the accuracy of the roll gap adjustment. By analyzing and comparing, the new type screw down system of caster has some advantages such as double-precision adjustment, well synchronization, easy to operate and low cost, which have practical significance to improve the performance of the twin-roll casting machine.
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Vroomen, Jean, and Jeroen J. Stekelenburg. "Visual Anticipatory Information Modulates Multisensory Interactions of Artificial Audiovisual Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 7 (July 2010): 1583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21308.
Full textAbstract:
The neural activity of speech sound processing (the N1 component of the auditory ERP) can be suppressed if a speech sound is accompanied by concordant lip movements. Here we demonstrate that this audiovisual interaction is neither speech specific nor linked to humanlike actions but can be observed with artificial stimuli if their timing is made predictable. In Experiment 1, a pure tone synchronized with a deformation of a rectangle induced a smaller auditory N1 than auditory-only presentations if the temporal occurrence of this audiovisual event was made predictable by two moving disks that touched the rectangle. Local autoregressive average source estimation indicated that this audiovisual interaction may be related to integrative processing in auditory areas. When the moving disks did not precede the audiovisual stimulus—making the onset unpredictable—there was no N1 reduction. In Experiment 2, the predictability of the leading visual signal was manipulated by introducing a temporal asynchrony between the audiovisual event and the collision of moving disks. Audiovisual events occurred either at the moment, before (too “early”), or after (too “late”) the disks collided on the rectangle. When asynchronies varied from trial to trial—rendering the moving disks unreliable temporal predictors of the audiovisual event—the N1 reduction was abolished. These results demonstrate that the N1 suppression is induced by visual information that both precedes and reliably predicts audiovisual onset, without a necessary link to human action-related neural mechanisms.
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Gardner, Esther P., K. Srinivasa Babu, Shari D. Reitzen, Soumya Ghosh, Alice S. Brown, Jessie Chen, Anastasia L. Hall, Michael D. Herzlinger, Jane B. Kohlenstein, and Jin Y. Ro. "Neurophysiology of Prehension. I. Posterior Parietal Cortex and Object-Oriented Hand Behaviors." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00558.2006.
Full textAbstract:
Hand manipulation neurons in areas 5 and 7b/anterior intraparietal area (AIP) of posterior parietal cortex were analyzed in three macaque monkeys during a trained prehension task. Digital video recordings of hand kinematics synchronized to neuronal spike trains were used to correlate firing rates of 128 neurons with hand actions as the animals grasped and lifted rectangular and round objects. We distinguished seven task stages: approach, contact, grasp, lift, hold, lower, and relax. Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) firing rates were highest during object acquisition; 88% of task-related area 5 neurons and 77% in AIP/7b fired maximally during stages 1, 2, or 3. Firing rates rose 200–500 ms before contact, peaked at contact, and declined after grasp was secured. 83% of area 5 neurons and 72% in AIP/7b showed significant increases in mean rates during approach as the fingers were preshaped for grasp. Somatosensory signals at contact provided feedback concerning the accuracy of reach and helped guide the hand to grasp sites. In error trials, tactile information was used to abort grasp, or to initiate corrective actions to achieve task goals. Firing rates declined as lift began. 41% of area 5 neurons and 38% in AIP/7b were inhibited during holding, and returned to baseline when grasp was relaxed. Anatomical connections suggest that area 5 provides somesthetic information to circuits linking AIP/7b to frontal motor areas involved in grasping. Area 5 may also participate in sensorimotor transformations coordinating reach and grasp behaviors and provide on-line feedback needed for goal-directed hand movements.