Relevant bibliographies by topics / Syngas impurity

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Academic literature on the topic 'Syngas impurity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Syngas impurity"

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Infantes, Alba, Michaela Kugel, Klaus Raffelt, and Anke Neumann. "Side-by-Side Comparison of Clean and Biomass-Derived, Impurity-Containing Syngas as Substrate for Acetogenic Fermentation with Clostridium ljungdahlii." Fermentation 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6030084.

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Syngas, the product of biomass gasification, can play an important role in moving towards the production of renewable chemical commodities, by using acetogenic bacteria to ferment those gaseous mixtures. Due to the complex and changing nature of biomass, the composition and the impurities present in the final biomass-derived syngas will vary. Because of this, it is important to assess the impact of these factors on the fermentation outcome, in terms of yields, productivity, and product formation and ratio. In this study, Clostridium ljungdahlii was used in a fed-batch fermentation system to analyze the effect of three different biomass-derived syngases, and to compare them to equivalent, clean syngas mixtures. Additionally, four other clean syngas mixtures were used, and the effects on product ratio, productivity, yield, and growth were documented. All biomass-derived syngases were suitable to be used as substrates, without experiencing any complete inhibitory effects. From the obtained results, it is clear that the type of syngas, biomass-derived or clean, had the greatest impact on product formation ratios, with all biomass-derived syngases producing more ethanol, albeit with lesser total productivity.
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Xu, Deshun, and Randy S. Lewis. "Syngas fermentation to biofuels: Effects of ammonia impurity in raw syngas on hydrogenase activity." Biomass and Bioenergy 45 (October 2012): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.022.

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Asundi, Arun S., Adam S. Hoffman, Sindhu S. Nathan, Alexey Boubnov, Simon R. Bare, and Stacey F. Bent. "Cover Feature: Impurity Control in Catalyst Design: The Role of Sodium in Promoting and Stabilizing Co and Co 2 C for Syngas Conversion (ChemCatChem 4/2021)." ChemCatChem 13, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100030.

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Frilund, Christian, Esa Kurkela, and Ilkka Hiltunen. "Development of a simplified gas ultracleaning process: experiments in biomass residue-based fixed-bed gasification syngas." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, July 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01680-x.

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AbstractFor the realization of small-scale biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes, low-cost syngas cleaning remains a major obstacle, and for this reason a simplified gas ultracleaning process is being developed. In this study, a low- to medium-temperature final gas cleaning process based on adsorption and organic solvent-free scrubbing methods was coupled to a pilot-scale staged fixed-bed gasification facility including hot filtration and catalytic reforming steps for extended duration gas cleaning tests for the generation of ultraclean syngas. The final gas cleaning process purified syngas from woody and agricultural biomass origin to a degree suitable for catalytic synthesis. The gas contained up to 3000 ppm of ammonia, 1300 ppm of benzene, 200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 10 ppm of carbonyl sulfide, and 5 ppm of hydrogen cyanide. Post-run characterization displayed that the accumulation of impurities on the Cu-based deoxygenation catalyst (TOS 105 h) did not occur, demonstrating that effective main impurity removal was achieved in the first two steps: acidic water scrubbing (AWC) and adsorption by activated carbons (AR). In the final test campaign, a comprehensive multipoint gas analysis confirmed that ammonia was fully removed by the scrubbing step, and benzene and H2S were fully removed by the subsequent activated carbon beds. The activated carbons achieved > 90% removal of up to 100 ppm of COS and 5 ppm of HCN in the syngas. These results provide insights into the adsorption affinity of activated carbons in a complex impurity matrix, which would be arduous to replicate in laboratory conditions.
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"In-Situ Van Der Pauw (Vdp) Resistance Measurement On A SOFC Using Syngas With And Without Phosphine Impurity." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2009-01/44/1480.

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Zhi, M., F. N. Cayan, I. Celik, R. Gemmen, S. R. Pakalapati, and N. Q. Wu. "Temperature and Impurity Concentration Effects on Degradation of Nickel/Yttria-stabilised Zirconia Anode in PH3-Containing Coal Syngas." Fuel Cells, November 13, 2009, NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200900016.

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Asundi, Arun S., Adam S. Hoffman, Sindhu S. Nathan, Alexey Boubnov, Simon R. Bare, and Stacey F. Bent. "Impurity Control in Catalyst Design: The Role of Sodium in Promoting and Stabilizing Co and Co 2 C for Syngas Conversion." ChemCatChem, January 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202001703.

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Sabau, Adrian S., and Ian G. Wright. "The Effects of Changing Fuels on Hot Gas Path Conditions in Syngas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 131, no. 4 (April 14, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3028566.

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Gas turbines in integrated gasification combined cycle power plants burn a fuel gas (syngas (SG)) in which the proportions of hydrocarbons, H2, CO, water vapor, and minor impurity levels may differ significantly from those in natural gas (NG). Such differences can yield changes in the temperature, pressure, and corrosive species that are experienced by critical components in the hot gas path, with important implications for the design, operation, and reliability of the turbine. A new data structure and computational methodology is presented for the numerical simulation of a turbine thermodynamic cycle, with emphasis on the hot gas path components. The approach used allows efficient handling of turbine components and variable constraints due to fuel changes. Examples are presented for a turbine with four stages, in which the vanes and blades are cooled in an open circuit using air from the appropriate compressor stages. For an imposed maximum metal temperature, values were calculated for the fuel, air, and coolant flow rates and through-wall temperature gradients for cases where the turbine was fired with NG or SG. A NG case conducted to assess the effect of coolant pressure matching between the compressor extraction points and corresponding turbine injection points indicated that this is a feature that must be considered for high combustion temperatures. The first series of SG simulations was conducted using the same inlet mass flow and pressure ratios as those for the NG case. The results showed that higher coolant flow rates and a larger number of cooled turbine rows were needed for the SG case to comply with the imposed temperature constraints. Thus, for that case, the turbine size would be different for SG than for NG. A second series of simulations examined scenarios for maintaining the original turbine configuration (i.e., geometry, diameters, blade heights, angles, and cooling circuit characteristics) used for the SG simulations. In these, the inlet mass flow was varied while keeping constant the pressure ratios and the amount of hot gas passing the first vane of the turbine. The effects of turbine matching between the NG and SG cases were increases—for the SG case of approximately 7% and 13% for total cooling flows and cooling flows for the first-stage vane, respectively. In particular, for the SG case, the vanes in the last stage of the turbine experienced inner wall temperatures that approached the maximum allowable limit.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Syngas impurity"

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Xu, Deshun. "Syngas Impurity Effects on Cell Growth, Enzymatic Activities and Ethanol Production via Fermentation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3280.

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A syngas compositional database with focus on trace impurities was established. For this work, ammonia (NH3) and benzene (C6H6) effects on cell growth, enzymatic activities of hydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and product formation were studied. NH3, after entering media, will be converted rapidly to NH4+, which will raise the total osmolarity of the media. NH3, as a common nutrient for the cell growth, is not the real culprit for cell growth inhibition. In essence, it is the high osmolarity resulting from the accumulation of NH4+ in the media which disrupts the normal regulation of the cells. It was concluded that at NH4+ concentration above 250 mM, the cell growth was substantially inhibited. However, P11 cells used in this study can likely adapt to an elevated osmolarity (up to 500 mM) although the mechanism is unknown. It was also found that higher osmolarity will eventually lead to higher ethanol per cell density. In conclusion, NH3 needs to be cleaned out of syngas feeding system. The realistic C6H6 concentration in the media coming from a gasifier was simulated in bioreactors and was measured by a GC/MS. The most realistic C6H6 concentration in the media was around 0.41 mM (upper limit 0.83 mM). However, five elevated concentrations of 0.64, 1.18, 1.72, 2.33, and 3.44 mM were doped into the media. It was found that at 3.44 mM cell growth and ethanol production were significantly affected. However, there was only negligible adverse effect on cell growth and ethanol production at 0.41 mM, which is the expected concentration in bioreactors exposed to syngas. Therefore, it is unnecessary to remove C6H6 from the gas feeding stream. A kinetic model for hydrogenase activity that included inhibition effects of NH4+ and C6H6 was developed. Experimental results showed that NH4+ is a non-competitive inhibitor for hydrogenase activity with KNH4+ of (649 ± 35) mM and KH2 of (0.19 ± 0.1) mM. This KH2 value is consistent with those reported in literature. C6H6 is also a non-competitive inhibitor but a more potent one compared to NH4+ (KC6H6=11.4 ± 1.32 mM). A KH2 value of (0.196 ± 0.022) mM is also comparable with literature and also with the NH4+ study. At a realistic C6H6 concentration of 0.41 mM expected in bioreactors exposed to syngas, hydrogenase activity is expected to be reduced by less than 5%. Forward ADH activity was not adversely affected up to 200 mM [NH4+].From the current work, NH3 should be targeted for removal but it is not necessary to remove C6H6 when designing an efficient gas cleanup system.
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Conference papers on the topic "Syngas impurity"

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Cayan, Fatma N., Suryanarayana R. Pakalapati, and Ismail Celik. "A Degradation Model for Degradation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes due to Impurities in Coal Syngas." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54613.

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A new phenomenological one-dimensional model is formulated to simulate the typical degradation patterns observed in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anodes due to coal syngas contaminants such as arsenic (As) and phosphorous (P). The model includes gas phase diffusion and surface diffusion within the anode and the adsorption reactions on the surface of the Ni-YSZ-based anode. Model parameters such as reaction rate constants for the adsorption reactions are obtained through indirect calibration to match the degradation rates reported in the literature for arsine (AsH3), phosphine (PH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under accelerated testing conditions. Results from the model demonstrate that the deposition of the impurity on the Ni catalyst starts near the fuel channel/anode interface and slowly moves toward the active anode/electrolyte interface as observed in the experiments. Parametric studies performed at different impurity concentrations and operating temperatures show that the coverage rate increases with increasing temperature and impurity concentration, as expected. The calibrated model was then used for prediction of the performance curves at different impurity concentrations and operating temperatures. Good agreement is obtained between the predicted results and the experimental data reported in the literature.
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Cayan, Fatma N., Suryanarayana R. Pakalapati, Francisco Elizalde-Blancas, and Ismail Celik. "A Phenomenological Model for Degradation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes Due to Impurities in Coal Syngas." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85177.

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A new phenomenological one-dimensional model is formulated to simulate the typical degradation patterns observed in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anodes due to coal syngas contaminants such as arsenic (As) and phosphorous (P). The model includes ordinary gas phase diffusion including Knudsen diffusion and surface diffusion within the anode and the adsorption reactions on the surface of the Ni-YSZ based anode. Model parameters such as reaction rate constants for the adsorption reactions are calibrated to match the degradation rates reported in the literature. Preliminary results from implementation of the model demonstrated that the deposition of the impurity on the Ni catalyst starts near the fuel channel/anode interface and slowly moves toward the active anode/electrolyte interface which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Parametric studies performed at different impurity concentrations, operating temperatures and current densities showed that the coverage rate increases with increasing temperature, impurity concentration and current density, as expected.
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Xu, Chunchuan, John W. Zondlo, and Edward M. Sabolsky. "Exploring Remedies for PH3 Poisoning of a Ni-YSZ Anode in Coal-Syngas Fuel." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54622.

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Ni-YSZ cermet is commonly used as the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) because it has excellent electrochemical performance and is a cost effective anode material for coal-syngas fuel. However, coal-syngas contains trace contaminants, such as phosphine (PH3), hydrogen sulfur (H2S), arsine (AsH3) and stibine (SbH3), and these can cause degradation of the SOFC. Ni-YSZ anode-supported SOFCs were exposed to syngas and H2 fuel, while co-feeding PH3 and chlorine Cl2 impurities under a constant current load at 800°C. The cell degradation was postponed in syngas and highly mitigated in H2. In another test, a Ni-based filter was used to remove the PH3 impurity. The results show that the filter can effectively remove 20 ppm PH3 to a level which does not significantly degrade the SOFC over 400 h. The poisoning effects were evaluated by current-voltage scans and impedance spectroscopy, in addition to thermodynamic and chemical analyses. The post-mortem analyses of the cell and filter were performed by means of XRD and SEM/EDS.
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Mathieu, Olivier, Joshua W. Hargis, Eric L. Petersen, John Bugler, Henry J. Curran, and Felix Güthe. "The Effect of Impurities on Ignition Delay Times and Laminar Flame Speeds of Syngas Mixtures at Gas Turbine Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25412.

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In addition to mostly H2 and CO, syngas also contains reasonable amounts of light hydrocarbons, CO2, H2O, N2, and Ar. Impurities such as NH3, HCN, COS, H2S, and NOx (NO, NO2, N2O) are also commonly found in syngas. The presence of these impurities, even in very low concentrations, can induce some large changes in combustion properties. Although they introduce potential design and operational issues for gas turbines, these changes in combustion properties due to the presence of impurities are still not well characterized. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate numerically the effect of the presence of impurities in realistic syngas compositions on some fundamental combustion properties of premixed systems such as laminar flame speed and ignition delay time, at realistic engine operating conditions. To perform this study, a state-of-the-art C0–C3 detailed kinetics mechanism was used. This mechanism was combined with recent, optimized sub-mechanisms for impurities which can impact the combustion properties of the syngas such as nitrogenous species (i.e., N2O, NO2, NH3, and HCN) and sulfur-based species such as H2S, SO2 and COS. Several temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios were investigated. The results of this study showed that the addition of some impurities modifies notably the reactivity of the mixture. The ignition delay time is decreased by the addition of NO2 and H2S at the temperatures and pressures for which the HO2 radical dominates the H2 combustion. However, while NO2 has no effect when OH is dominating, H2S increases the ignition delay time in such conditions for pressures above 1 atm. The amplitude of these effects is however dependent on the impurity concentration. Laminar flame speeds are not sensitive to NO2 addition but they are to NH3 and HCN, inducing a small reduction of the laminar flame speed at fuel rich conditions. H2S exhibits some inhibiting effects on the laminar flame speed but only for high concentrations. The inhibiting effects of NH3, HCN, and H2S are due to the OH radical consumption by these impurities, leading to the formation of radicals that are less reactive.
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Sabau, Adrian S., and Ian G. Wright. "Numerical Simulations of the Effects of Changing Fuel for Turbines Fired by Natural Gas and Syngas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27530.

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Gas turbines in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants burn a fuel gas (syngas) in which the proportions of hydrocarbons, H2, CO, water vapor, and minor impurity levels may vary significantly from those in natural gas, depending on the input feed to the gasifier and the gasification process. A data structure and computational methodology is presented for the numerical simulation of a turbine thermodynamic cycle for various fuel types, air/fuel ratios, and coolant flow rates. The approach used allowed efficient handling of turbine components and different variable constraints due to fuel changes. Examples are presented for a turbine with four stages and cooled blades. The blades were considered to be cooled in an open circuit, with air provided from appropriate compressor stages. Results are presented for the temperatures of the hot gas, alloy surface (coating-superalloy interface), and coolant, as well as for cooling flow rates. Based on the results of the numerical simulations, values were calculated for the fuel flow rates, airflow ratios, and coolant flow rates required to maintain the superalloy in the first stage blade at the desired temperature when the fuel was changed from natural gas (NG) to syngas (SG). One NG case was conducted to assess the effect of coolant pressure matching between the compressor extraction points and corresponding turbine injection points. It was found that pressure matching is a feature that must be considered for high combustion temperatures. The first series of SG simulations was conducted using the same inlet mass flow and pressure ratios as those for the NG case. The results showed that higher coolant flow rates and a larger number of cooled turbine rows were needed for the SG case. Thus, for this first case, the turbine size would be different for SG than for NG. In order to maintain the original turbine configuration (i.e., geometry, diameters, blade heights, angles, and cooling circuit characteristics) for the SG simulations, a second series of simulations was carried out by varying the inlet mass flow while keeping constant the pressure ratios and the amount of hot gas passing the first vane of the turbine. The effect of turbine matching between the NG and SG cases was approximately 10°C, and 8 to 14% for rotor inlet temperature and total cooling flows, respectively. These results indicate that turbine-compressor matching, before and after fuel change, must be included in turbine models. The last stage of the turbine, for the SG case, experienced higher inner wall temperatures than the corresponding case for NG, with the temperature of the vane approaching the maximum allowable limit.
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Rahman, Ramees K., Samuel Barak, K. R. V. (Raghu) Manikantachari, Erik Ninnemann, Ashvin Hosangadi, Andrea Zambon, and Subith S. Vasu. "Capturing the Effects of NOx and SOx Impurities on Oxy-Combustion Under Supercritical CO2 Conditions for Coal-Derived Syngas and Natural Gas Mixtures." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14337.

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Abstract Direct fired supercritical carbon dioxide cycles are one of the most promising power generation method in terms of their efficiency and environmental friendliness. Two most important challenges in implementing these cycles are the high pressure (300 bar) and high CO2 dilution (>80 %) in the combustor. The design and development of supercritical oxy-combustors for natural gas requires accurate reaction kinetic models to predict the combustion outcomes. The presence of small amount of impurities in natural gas and other feed streams to oxy-combustors makes these predictions even more complex. During oxy-combustion, trace amounts of nitrogen present in the oxidizer is converted to NOx and gets into the combustion chamber along with the recirculated CO2. Similarly, natural gas can contain trace amount of ammonia and sulfurous impurities which gets converted to NOx and SOx and gets back into the combustion chamber with recirculated CO2. In this work, a reaction model is developed for predicting the effect of impurities like NOx and SOx on supercritical methane combustion. The base mechanism used in this work is GRI 3.0. H2S combustion chemistry is obtained from Bongartz et al. while NOx chemistry is from Konnov et al. The reaction model is then optimized for a pressure range of 30–300 bar using high pressure shock tube data from literature. It is then validated with data obtained from literature for methane combustion, H2S oxidation and NOx effects on ignition delay. The effect of impurities on CH4 combustion up to 16 atm is validated using NOx doped methane studies obtained from literature. In order to validate the model for high pressure conditions, experiments are conducted in a high pressure (∼100 bar) shock tube facility at UCF for natural gas identical mixtures with N2O as impurity. Current results show that there is significant change in ignition delay with the presence of impurities. A comparison is made with experimental data using the developed model and predictions are found to be in good agreement. The model developed was used to study the effect of impurities on CO formation from sCO2 combustor. It was found that NOx helps in reducing CO formation while presence of H2S results in formation of more CO. The reaction mechanism developed herein can also be used as a base mechanism to develop reduced mechanism for use in CFD simulations.
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