Academic literature on the topic 'Synonims and antonyms'

Cette recherché est consacrée aux antonymes dans la langue arabe classique, puisque nous avons produit une étude sémantique qui regroupe les antonymes sous deux catégories : 1- Les antonymes. 2- antonymes Les antithétiques (les ad?dâd). Comme l'antonymie antithétique requiert l'attention des anciens philologues et grammairiens arabes, nous avons réalisé une liste des ad?dâd afin de localiser le champ sémantique des antonymes antithétiques et faciliter leurs analyses.

La premiere partie, historique et descriptive, examine deux modeles de synonymes : le modele rhetorique, issu de la source rhetorique et le modele analytique, issu de la source francaise. La deuxieme partie, explicative et interpretative, examine les causes du changement des modeles a la charniere des xviie et xviiie siecles en france, et a la charniere des xviiie et xixe siecles en russie. Elle examine aussi les apports de la synonymique classique et de la rhetorique a la synonymique moderne. La conclusion propose le bilan et les perspective de la recherche.

Les dictionnaires de langue monolingues sont des ouvrages qui contiennent de multiples informations decrivant la langue dont ils traitent. Cette description etant fondee sur un corpus determine, les dictionnaires procurent une certaine "image" de cette langue. Pour pouvoir ameliorer la qualite des dictionnaires, il faudrait que les lexicographes puissent disposer d'un "modele", qui correspondrait a une description aussi objective que possible de la langue. Si la langue est concue comme un "systeme" de signes qui entretiennent des relations les uns avec les autres, ce modele devrait presenter toutes les relations (lexicales et syntaxiques) que la langue etablit. L'objet de notre travail est de proposer une methode pour la construction d'un tel modele, a partir des informations contenues dans un dictionnaire extensif. Apres avoir etabli ce qu'est un "dictionnaire de langue" et une "definition de mot", nous nous livrons a l'analyse pratique de notre corpus de definitions. Cette analyse nous permet de degager un certain nombre de relations lexicales, grace auxquelles nous esquissons une analyse linguistique du "prefixe" anti-<br>Monolingual language dictionaries contain a lot of informations describing the language they are dealing with. Since this description is based on a given corpus, dictionaries provide a certain 'image' of this language. In order to improve the quality of dictionaries, it would be necessary for lexicographers to have a 'model' providing a description of the language as objective as possible. If language is conceived of as consisting in a 'system' of relations (both lexical and syntactical), the model should present all relations established in the language. The purpose of our work is to propose a method so as to build up such a model, from the informations contained in an extensive dictionary. After having established what a 'language dictionary' and a 'word definition' are, we analyse the definitions of our corpus, in order to extract lexical relations. Then, with these extracted relations, we try to outline a linguistic analysis of the 'prefix' anti-

In this essay, the domains of translation studies and technical textiles are brought together. A section of the French book Textiles techniques et fonctionnels, matériaux du XXIe siècle is translated into Swedish. The different translation procedures are presented, as well as particular difficulties which might occur during the translation process. The study also treats the field of terminology and various relations between terms. All textile terms are extracted from the translated text and a bilingual glossary is created. The essays secondary purpose is to simulate a publication of the book in Sweden and to examine if any adjustments are made to the translated text specifically because of this. During the translation, a large number of borrowed words were found. Both the French and the Swedish text contain several Anglicisms. The Swedish text contains a number of fashion related words which originates from France and the French text contains similar words which are borrowed from Italy. Both France and Italy are important countries within the fashion industry. Several words of German origin were also found in the Swedish text. The names of the synthetic fibers are often derived from the chemical composition of the material and the names are highly standardized in different languages. Translation procedures such as adaptation, transposition, modulation, equivalence and explication are used to adjust the Swedish text, for the purpose of obtaining an idiomatic language. Some reoccurring elements were detected, such as the prefix anti- in French and the suffix  -kläder in Swedish. A few « false friends » and ellipses where also found. When studying the terms, a number of hyponyms and a few antonyms were found, as well as a group of words with temporal relations. Both the Swedish and the French text contains some quasi-synonyms and a few terminology variations. Several cases of eponyms were found, most of them are trademarks of different materials which has developed into generic names (i.e. nylon, lycra, gore-tex). The translated text is a scientific text of denotational character and the translation did not pose any major difficulty. Though it is of great importance that the translator is aware of the different ranges of meaning implied in both the source and the target languages. Three adjustments were made due to the fictitious publication in Sweden ; one generalization of geographical character, one explication of a French textile brand and one cultural adjustment. The most recent Swedish-French textile dictionary we found is the Swedish standard TNC 76, which was latest updated in 1981. By consequence, it does not contain recent textile words such as for example microfiber. A palpable difficulty when translating textile texts is to determine whether a material is a trademark or a generic name. If the material has started a development towards becoming an eponym, it can be difficult to determine if the brand name is referred to, or the material in a more general meaning. Several questions arouse regarding this issue. How do the companies who own trademarks act to protect their brands and is this transformation even possible to prevent? What are the consequences of a genericized trademark? This would be a very interesting subject to investigate further.

羅奇偉.<br>"2004年9月".<br>論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004.<br>參考文獻 (p. 121-137).<br>附中英文摘要.<br>"2004 nian 9 yue".<br>Luo Qiwei.<br>Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004.<br>Can kao wen xian (p. 121-137).<br>Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.<br>Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.1<br>Chapter 第一節： --- 「反訓」的指涉 --- p.1<br>Chapter 第二節： --- 「反訓」硏究的槪況 --- p.2<br>Chapter 第三節： --- 本文的研究課題 --- p.20<br>Chapter 第二章： --- 郭璞的「反訓」硏究 --- p.23<br>Chapter 第一節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」術語 --- p.23<br>Chapter 第二節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」例證 --- p.30<br>Chapter (一) --- 「以亂爲治」 --- p.31<br>Chapter (二) --- 「以臭爲香」 --- p.49<br>Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.61<br>Chapter 第三章： --- 「反訓」的性質 --- p.62<br>Chapter 第一節： --- 「詞義」和「訓釋」的關係 --- p.62<br>Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」的性質 --- p.66<br>Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」的性質 --- p.83<br>Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.100<br>Chapter 第四章： --- 「反訓」是否存在 --- p.101<br>Chapter 第一節： --- 討論的原則 --- p.101<br>Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」是否存在 --- p.102<br>Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」是否存在 --- p.115<br>Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.116<br>Chapter 第五章： --- 結語 --- p.118<br>參考書目 --- p.121<br>附錄：<br>附錄一：歷代「反訓」研究簡表 --- p.1<br>附錄二 ：歷代「反訓」研究常見術語簡表 --- p.61<br>附錄三：「臭」字用例統計表 --- p.65