Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Synonims and antonyms'

Cette recherché est consacrée aux antonymes dans la langue arabe classique, puisque nous avons produit une étude sémantique qui regroupe les antonymes sous deux catégories : 1- Les antonymes. 2- antonymes Les antithétiques (les ad?dâd). Comme l'antonymie antithétique requiert l'attention des anciens philologues et grammairiens arabes, nous avons réalisé une liste des ad?dâd afin de localiser le champ sémantique des antonymes antithétiques et faciliter leurs analyses.

La premiere partie, historique et descriptive, examine deux modeles de synonymes : le modele rhetorique, issu de la source rhetorique et le modele analytique, issu de la source francaise. La deuxieme partie, explicative et interpretative, examine les causes du changement des modeles a la charniere des xviie et xviiie siecles en france, et a la charniere des xviiie et xixe siecles en russie. Elle examine aussi les apports de la synonymique classique et de la rhetorique a la synonymique moderne. La conclusion propose le bilan et les perspective de la recherche.

Les dictionnaires de langue monolingues sont des ouvrages qui contiennent de multiples informations decrivant la langue dont ils traitent. Cette description etant fondee sur un corpus determine, les dictionnaires procurent une certaine "image" de cette langue. Pour pouvoir ameliorer la qualite des dictionnaires, il faudrait que les lexicographes puissent disposer d'un "modele", qui correspondrait a une description aussi objective que possible de la langue. Si la langue est concue comme un "systeme" de signes qui entretiennent des relations les uns avec les autres, ce modele devrait presenter toutes les relations (lexicales et syntaxiques) que la langue etablit. L'objet de notre travail est de proposer une methode pour la construction d'un tel modele, a partir des informations contenues dans un dictionnaire extensif. Apres avoir etabli ce qu'est un "dictionnaire de langue" et une "definition de mot", nous nous livrons a l'analyse pratique de notre corpus de definitions. Cette analyse nous permet de degager un certain nombre de relations lexicales, grace auxquelles nous esquissons une analyse linguistique du "prefixe" anti-
Monolingual language dictionaries contain a lot of informations describing the language they are dealing with. Since this description is based on a given corpus, dictionaries provide a certain 'image' of this language. In order to improve the quality of dictionaries, it would be necessary for lexicographers to have a 'model' providing a description of the language as objective as possible. If language is conceived of as consisting in a 'system' of relations (both lexical and syntactical), the model should present all relations established in the language. The purpose of our work is to propose a method so as to build up such a model, from the informations contained in an extensive dictionary. After having established what a 'language dictionary' and a 'word definition' are, we analyse the definitions of our corpus, in order to extract lexical relations. Then, with these extracted relations, we try to outline a linguistic analysis of the 'prefix' anti-

In this essay, the domains of translation studies and technical textiles are brought together. A section of the French book Textiles techniques et fonctionnels, matériaux du XXIe siècle is translated into Swedish. The different translation procedures are presented, as well as particular difficulties which might occur during the translation process. The study also treats the field of terminology and various relations between terms. All textile terms are extracted from the translated text and a bilingual glossary is created. The essays secondary purpose is to simulate a publication of the book in Sweden and to examine if any adjustments are made to the translated text specifically because of this. During the translation, a large number of borrowed words were found. Both the French and the Swedish text contain several Anglicisms. The Swedish text contains a number of fashion related words which originates from France and the French text contains similar words which are borrowed from Italy. Both France and Italy are important countries within the fashion industry. Several words of German origin were also found in the Swedish text. The names of the synthetic fibers are often derived from the chemical composition of the material and the names are highly standardized in different languages. Translation procedures such as adaptation, transposition, modulation, equivalence and explication are used to adjust the Swedish text, for the purpose of obtaining an idiomatic language. Some reoccurring elements were detected, such as the prefix anti- in French and the suffix  -kläder in Swedish. A few « false friends » and ellipses where also found. When studying the terms, a number of hyponyms and a few antonyms were found, as well as a group of words with temporal relations. Both the Swedish and the French text contains some quasi-synonyms and a few terminology variations. Several cases of eponyms were found, most of them are trademarks of different materials which has developed into generic names (i.e. nylon, lycra, gore-tex). The translated text is a scientific text of denotational character and the translation did not pose any major difficulty. Though it is of great importance that the translator is aware of the different ranges of meaning implied in both the source and the target languages. Three adjustments were made due to the fictitious publication in Sweden ; one generalization of geographical character, one explication of a French textile brand and one cultural adjustment. The most recent Swedish-French textile dictionary we found is the Swedish standard TNC 76, which was latest updated in 1981. By consequence, it does not contain recent textile words such as for example microfiber. A palpable difficulty when translating textile texts is to determine whether a material is a trademark or a generic name. If the material has started a development towards becoming an eponym, it can be difficult to determine if the brand name is referred to, or the material in a more general meaning. Several questions arouse regarding this issue. How do the companies who own trademarks act to protect their brands and is this transformation even possible to prevent? What are the consequences of a genericized trademark? This would be a very interesting subject to investigate further.

羅奇偉.
"2004年9月".
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004.
參考文獻 (p. 121-137).
附中英文摘要.
"2004 nian 9 yue".
Luo Qiwei.
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004.
Can kao wen xian (p. 121-137).
Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.1
Chapter 第一節： --- 「反訓」的指涉 --- p.1
Chapter 第二節： --- 「反訓」硏究的槪況 --- p.2
Chapter 第三節： --- 本文的研究課題 --- p.20
Chapter 第二章： --- 郭璞的「反訓」硏究 --- p.23
Chapter 第一節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」術語 --- p.23
Chapter 第二節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」例證 --- p.30
Chapter (一) --- 「以亂爲治」 --- p.31
Chapter (二) --- 「以臭爲香」 --- p.49
Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.61
Chapter 第三章： --- 「反訓」的性質 --- p.62
Chapter 第一節： --- 「詞義」和「訓釋」的關係 --- p.62
Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」的性質 --- p.66
Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」的性質 --- p.83
Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.100
Chapter 第四章： --- 「反訓」是否存在 --- p.101
Chapter 第一節： --- 討論的原則 --- p.101
Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」是否存在 --- p.102
Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」是否存在 --- p.115
Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.116
Chapter 第五章： --- 結語 --- p.118
參考書目 --- p.121
附錄：
附錄一：歷代「反訓」研究簡表 --- p.1
附錄二 ：歷代「反訓」研究常見術語簡表 --- p.61
附錄三：「臭」字用例統計表 --- p.65

The purpose of this study is to contribute more examples and ways of indicating Antonymy in Northern Sotho to what some scholars like Louwrens had already done, in order to generate more discussions and research on this subject.

碩士
華梵大學
哲學系碩士班
104
The Dao-De Jing is the first philosophical masterpiece in the history of Chinese philosophy.The author adopted naive dialectic, which believes that everything has an opposite side and is comprised of a set with its opposite side, such as being & non-being, good & bad, hard & easy…etc. Both members of a set originate from the same source, opposing yet supporting the other in the same time. Applying such concept to management as Laozi’s idea of being and non-being, it suggests a manager to think about “being” only after we finely define where “non-being” is before making plans. In the beginning of Dao, there was nothing, as non-being is the beginning of earth, while after there was something born, everything started their lives, as being existences everywhere. When you have no desire in your heart, you can see the cleverness of the universe. When you have many desires in your heart, you can see the abundances in the universe. For example, anyone must one day face his death as the end of life as going back to non-being.Only under this condition, we expand out our management for this life, as “when we have thought about “non-being”, we can later think about “being”. This is not a passive way of thinking, but an active one, which is exactly opposite to the idea that Confucianism advocates: "If we knew nothing about life, we certainly knew nothing about death”. Since we know that everything is operated to always forward to its opposite direction after it achieves an extreme with a completed cycle, and back to where it was, this is ought to be a limited and inherent condition upon our world. Under this condition we thus start to think and carry out management, and this is what really matches the idea of "Dao".Convergent thinking is to consider where the end and the boundaries are, and then process divergent thinking.Then we do inspection during this process and see if it matches our goal (to be convergent) and propose possible improvement plan (to be divergent).In such process comprised of convergencedivergenceconvergencedivergenceconvergence, we can gradually improve our work towards to the perfection. In Chapter II, we discuss the foundation of Laozi’s management philosophy in Dao-De Jing ─ by exploring synonyms and antonyms such as "being" and "non-being",Laozi believed that “non-being” is prior to “being”, as “doing nothing” is better than “doing many things”. What is opposite to it is the M-type society proposed by Kenichi Ohmae. (The principle of nature is to take away from surplus to supplement the lack. Yet, in the human society, it is just reversed, the human world reduce the poor to make the rich richer.)This is why the M-type society becomes more and more obvious, therefore we need to rethink the harm brought by “doing many things”, abandon dishonest “cleverness” and seek “knowledge” and “bright energy”. In Chapter III, this study emphasizes on traits of Laozi’s management philosophy, we analyzed and sorted thoughts about management that appeared in Dao-De Jing, and generally divided them into three dimensions while compared them with the tide of Western approach of management. The West has been focusing on management since industrial revolution, and though Peter Drucker does not belong to the mainstream, his idea about management is definitely closer to Laozi’s thoughts. If we can sense of the “non-being”-the risk of declination while an enterprise still owns “being” of business, we will know that the risk of “stop innovating” is higher than innovating.All possible adjustments are to create a sustainable operation, since they are to focus on precious value of "true knowledge", and also the direction-oriented management as Laozi’s idea. In Chapter IV, the study takes synonyms and antonyms in Dao-De Jing as its foundation, while adopting convergent and divergent thinking in the same time, with the assistance of chart to help creational thinking, to apply them to management.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系
84
The material for my research is「DunHuang BianWen」.The main body of researchwill be taken up with a comparison of ancient Chinese popular folk literature found within「DunHuang BianWen? with a modern language equivalent.My particularinterest lies in the disyllabic wording of this lexicon.From my standpoint onemust use the theory and methods of modern synonymic studies. This study has been separated into 5 chapters which are outlined briefly below:1.Make clear the research objectives,that is to say to separate out fully the aspeccts of folk literature found in「DunHuang BianWen」and also to give a brief account of thetext''s contents.2.Analysis of Chinese Synonyms;a basic grounding in theory explaining the need for more studies into synonymy.In order to understand theanalysis,clarification of some fundamental concepts is given.3.An analysis ofconnected uses in Synonymy Discussional analysis of the DunHuang BianWenlexicon.The differences between analytical standpoints found in the antonymicallexicon is investigated.4.DunHuang BianWen lexicon;The method under the first three synonymical analysis sections with regard to its antonyms.5.The DunHuangBianWen lexicon study into synonymy and antonymy.During this study of DunHuangBianWen,aspects of combined synonymy and antonymy were discovered.From this we can see similarities to those in modern Chinese.Antonymis are abundant and mostof the compound ones are in common existence.In part,the textual antonyms reflect the meaning of the words.For example,the linguistic style.A particularlylarge amount consists of slang or purely spoken language,not used in mainstream literature.Simple and compound words are not used in mainstream literature. Theantonymis of simple words become compound words.Thus the lexicon has actuallycreated a new group of antonyms.However, after penetrating this analysis one can understand through its language,the DunHuang BianWen itself,fully absorbing the value of research of such word analysis,all extremely important to gathering historical language material.

by Chen Hong Yi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-65).
Abstract --- p.ii
Acknowledgement --- p.iv
List of Tables --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.ix
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Background Information And Thesis Scope --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Concepts and Terminologies --- p.6
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semantic Classification Of A Word --- p.6
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Relationship Link And Relationship Type --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Semantic Closeness, Link Weight And Semantic Distance" --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Thesaurus Model And Semantic Net --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.5 --- Thesaurus Building And Maintaining Tool --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- Chinese Information Processing --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Segmentation of Chinese Words --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Ambiguity of Chinese Words --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Multiple Chinese Character Code Set Standards --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Related Work --- p.11
Chapter 2.4 --- Thesis Scope --- p.13
Chapter 3 --- System Design Principles --- p.15
Chapter 3.1 --- Application Context Of TheSys --- p.15
Chapter 3.2 --- Overall System Architecture --- p.16
Chapter 3.3 --- Entry-Term Construct And Thesaurus Frame --- p.19
Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Words, Entry Terms And Entry Term Construct" --- p.21
Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Semanteme, Relationship And Thesaurus Frame" --- p.23
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Dealing With Term Ambiguity --- p.28
Chapter 3.4 --- Weighting Scheme --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Assumption --- p.33
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantify The Relevancy Between Two Directly Linked Concepts --- p.34
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Quantify The Relevancy Between Two Indirectly Linked Concepts --- p.35
Chapter 3.5 --- Term Ranking --- p.38
Chapter 3.6 --- Thesaurus Module and Maintenance Module --- p.39
Chapter 3.6.1 --- The Procedure Of Building A Thesaurus --- p.40
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Thesaurus Nomination --- p.41
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Semantic Classification Tree Construction --- p.41
Chapter 3.6.4 --- Relation Type Definition --- p.42
Chapter 3.6.5 --- Entry Term Construct Construction --- p.42
Chapter 3.6.6 --- Thesaurus Frame Construction --- p.43
Chapter 3.6.7 --- Thesaurus Query --- p.44
Chapter 4 --- System Implementation --- p.45
Chapter 4.1 --- Data Structure --- p.45
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Entry Term Construct --- p.45
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Thesaurus Frame --- p.49
Chapter 4.2 --- API --- p.50
Chapter 4.3 --- User Interface --- p.54
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Widget And Its Callback --- p.54
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Bilingual User Interface --- p.55
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Chinese Character Input Method --- p.57
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion And Future Work --- p.60
Chapter A --- System Installation --- p.66
Chapter A.1 --- Files In TheSys --- p.67
Chapter A.2 --- Employ TheSys As Application Package --- p.70
Chapter A.3 --- Set Up TheSys With UI --- p.71
Chapter A.4 --- Verify The Word Using External Dictionary --- p.74
Chapter B --- API Description --- p.77
Chapter B.1 --- thesys.h File --- p.77
Chapter B.2 --- API Reference --- p.82
Chapter C --- User Interface Reference --- p.108

M.A.
This dissertation is an investigation into the lexicographical treatment of synonymy in Afrikaans explanatory dictionaries - especially the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). It is divided into two chapters of theoretical discussion, a chapter of practical examples from HAT and a final chapter with conclusions and suggestions for improvement. Chapter two discusses the concept of 'meaning'. In order to arrive at an understanding of 'meaning', it is necessary to have a measure knowledge of some aspects of the theory. First of all there will be a brief discussion of the theory of reference and cognitive/ descriptive meaning. A lexicographer should describe the conceptual sense of a word. In order to do this he uses sense relations, namely hyponymy, antonymy and synonymy. These relations are interdependent. Hyponymy and antonymy will be touched on briefly, while synonymy will be discussed thoroughly. As far as synonymy is concerned there will be, among other aspects, a discussion of the concept 'synonymy', the difference between absolute and near-synonymy and polysemy and homonymy. Chapter three lists the lexicographical criteria in terms of which synonymy must be applied in a dictionary. In this chapter there will be a look at aspects such as the guide to the use of the dictionary (front matter), synonym definitions, the arrangement of synonyms, contextual information and a consistant cross-reference. The system according to which syonymy must be applied in a dictionary must be thoroughly explained in the front matter. In the case of synonym definitions every synonym must be taken up as a lemma and supplied with a lexicographic definition. The member of a synonym paradigm with the highest use frequency must be supplied with a lexicographic definition, while the other members of a synonym paradigm get synonym definitions. With reference to chapter three, chapter four deals with an evaluation of the application of synonymy in HAT. All the criteria in chapter three will be discussed on the basis of examples from HAT.A main conclusion reached, is that the criteria are not always maintained. In many cases the criteria are correctly maintained, but deviations of the criteria are, inter alia: not all the synonyms are taken up as lemmas; cross-references are not always correct and consistant; the lexicographic definition is placed with the wrong lemma; the members of a synonym paradigm are not arranged according to the highest use frequency. Chapter five gives a summary of the conclusions regarding criteria. There are also suggestions for improvement, regarding the application of synonymy in the case of multi-word lexical units and sublexical units. Lexicographers are working on a central data base for Afrikaans, The main problem with dictionaries, namely inconsistant cross-referencing, will be reduced if such a data base functions as the basis for lexicographic activity.

M.A.
The objectives of the study was the treatment of needlework terms in four Afrikaans monolingual dictionaries, viz. Nasionale Woordeboek (NAS), Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (VAW) and the exhaustive Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT). Chapter 1 focused on the semantic description of needlework terms. For this purpose definition types such as descriptive, genus-differentia, synonym, circular, extensional, genetic, functional and antonym definitions were distinguished. Polysemy and a separation in homonyms were also considered. Needlework terminology as a semantic field was introduced in Chapter 2 and a list of terms given in Appendix A. A distinction was made between terms referring specifically to needlework and more general vocabulary items also applicable to needlework. The vast majority of the terms were found to be nouns, the remainder being verbs and adjectives. A small number of needlework terms were found to be compounds and derivations. The main thrust of the study was Chapter 3, in which a semantic analysis of definitions was made with reference to the definition types distinguished earlier on. The genusdifferentia definition was found to be the type most commonly employed. It was moreover found that the differentia in particular could itself be analysed in other definition types. One or more synonyms formed a separate part of the semantic description. The occurrence of the various definition types as they were distributed amongst the various dictionaries, was expressed in a number of tables. No significant difference was found between the dictionaries as far a preference for a specific definition type is concerned. A number of microstructural elements, such as morphological and syntactic information, labels, etymological information and illustrative examples, and idioms containing needlework terms, were discussed in Chapter 4, and the idioms listed in Appendix B. The labels were found to be of two types, viz. subject and stylistic labels. The latter was limited to ongewoon ('uncommon'), while the former could refer to needlework, embroidery, knitting and textile usages.