To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Synonymie.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Synonymie'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Synonymie.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ferrara-Léturgie, Alice. "Histoire, tradition et filiation de la synonymie distinctive française : analyse contrastive des traités et dictionnaires de synonymie distinctive français de 1718 à 1884." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0678.
Full textAbstract:
Entre 1718 et 1884, les ouvrages de synonymie composés en France ont exclusivement fait appel à la théorie de la synonymie distinctive. Une véritable tradition lexicographique s’est cristallisée autour du premier traité monolingue français composé par l’abbé Gabriel Girard en 1718, La Justesse de la langue françoise. L’apparition de cette tradition lexicographique résulte d’une conception théorique particulière de la synonymie. Il est effectivement question, au XVIIIe siècle, de contester la synonymie exacte, deux signifiants ne pouvant partager exactement le même signifié. Il s’ensuit une nécessité de distinguer les nuances sémantiques entre les unités lexicales. Durant un siècle et demi, 22 traités et dictionnaires de synonymie distinctive se sont succédé, leurs auteurs poursuivant l’objectif de rédiger le dictionnaire le plus complet tant quantitativement que qualitativement. Ce faisant, une filiation s’est progressivement constituée, chaque auteur élaborant son ouvrage à l’aide des précédents. Cette thèse propose une lecture génétique approfondie de ces 22 traités et dictionnaires afin de mesurer les tenants et aboutissants de cette tradition de la synonymie distinctiveBetween 1718 and 1884, the literature dealing with synonymy published in France exclusively used the theory of distinctive synonymy. A lexicographical tradition crystallized around the first French monolingual treaty made by Abbé Gabriel Girard in 1718, La Justesse de la langue françoise. The emergence of this lexicographical tradition results from a particular theoretical view of synonymy. Indeed, scholars from the XVIIIth century disputed the notion of exact synonymy, assuming that two signifiers cannot share the same exact signified. This resulted in a need to distinguish the semantic nuances between lexical units. For a century and a half, 22 treaties and distinctive synonymy dictionaries have been published. Their authors aimed at writing the most comprehensive dictionary, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In doing so, a lineage gradually appeared, each author developing his work based on the previous. This thesis proposes a comprehensive genetic reading of these 22 treaties and dictionaries to measure the ins and outs of this distinctive tradition of synonymy
2
Hümmer, Christiane. "Synonymie bei phraseologischen Einheiten : eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5105/.
Full textAbstract:
Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich dem Thema Synonymie im besonderen Fall der phraseologischen Einheiten. Es handelt sich um eine korpusbasierte, empirische Untersuchung, die sich insbesondere mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob und inwiefern es möglich ist, sich typisch semantischen Kategorien wie Bedeutung, Idiomatizität, Bildlichkeit etc. über die Untersuchung typischer Verwendungsmuster zu nähern.
Diese Themenstellung motiviert sich aus bisher in der linguistischen Literatur strittigen grundsätzlichen Aspekten der Diskussion um Bedeutung und Synonymie: Sie ist zum einen als Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Verhältnisses zwischen Verwendungsdaten und Bedeutung sowie zum Status traditioneller wörterbuchähnlicher Bedeutungsangaben innerhalb einer gebrauchsbasierten Semantik gedacht: Zum anderen geht es darum, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Übertragbarkeit des Konzepts Synonymie von Einzellexemen auf phraseologische Einheiten zu gewinnen.
Unter der Annahme, dass menschliches Lernen bzw. Erschließen von Bedeutung primär empirisch funktioniert, ist die Analyse der Breite der Varianz des tatsächlichen kontextuellen Verhaltens phraseologischer Einheiten bei gleicher oder ähnlicher Bedeutung dazu geeignet, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Korrelation zwischen Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsaspekten sowie über den Einfluss phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften zu gewinnen.
Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist eine Gruppe phraseologischer Einheiten, die in Wörterbüchern als bedeutungsähnlich bzw. synonym klassifiziert werden. Unter diesen phraseologischen Einheiten finden sich Ausdrücke unterschiedlicher Bildlichkeit, Idiomatizität und morphosyntaktischer Struktur, von denen einige aus mehreren Inhaltswörtern bestehen, wie etwa jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel, jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen und jmd. weiß Bescheid, während andere lediglich Verbindungen eines Inhaltswortes mit einem oder mehreren Funktionswörtern und dem Verb haben oder sein darstellen. Zur letzteren Gruppe gehören unter anderem Ausdrücke wie jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw., jmd. ist auf Zack und jmd. ist vom Fach. Diese Heterogenität der zu untersuchenden Ausdrücke bezüglich ihres phraseologischen Status macht sie zu einem geeigneten Gegenstand der differenzierten Betrachtung der Rolle phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften für die Beschreibung von Bedeutung und Synonymie.
Die Untersuchung besteht im ersten Schritt in einer detaillierten Annotation aller Vorkommenskontexte der phraseologischen Einheiten im Korpus des DWDS (Berlin-Brandeburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, www.dwds.de) auf Basis einer Reihe vordefinierter Analysekriterien. Aus dieser Annotation wird in einem zweiten Schritt eine Beschreibung der typischen Verwendungsmerkmale jeder einzelnen lexikalischen Einheit gewonnen. Gleichzeitig enstehen nach einer festgelegten Methode Bedeutungsbeschreibungen in Form von Paraphrasen, die auf elementare Bedeutungsbestandteile reduziert werden.
Diese Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsbeschreibungen der untersuchten phraseologschen Einheiten bilden die Basis für den dritten Teil der Arbeit, in der die beiden Beschreibungsebenen aufeinander bezogen werden.
Im Ergebnis zeigt die Arbeit, dass
a) Zwischen Verwendung und Bedeutung lexikalischer (phraseologischer) Einheiten identifizierbare systematische Korrelationen bestehen, die einen datenzentrierten Zugang zur Untersuchung und Beschreibung lexikalischer Semantik ermöglichen.
b) Innerhalb einer Gruppe von Synonymen so wie auch innerhalb einer erweiterten Menge quasisynonymer Ausdrücke jedem einzelnen Element ein eigener Platz zukommt, der dieses Element von allen anderen Elementen unterscheidet.
c) Die Verwendungsdaten einer phraseologischen Einheit positive Evidenz für den individuellen Grad der Relevanz der Merkmale Festigkeit, Idiomatizität und Motiviertheit einer phraseologischen Einheit liefern.The present Ph.D.-dissertation addresses the subject of synonymy in the special case on Multi-Word Expressions. As a corpus-based, empirical study, it focusses around the question if and how it is possible to approach semantic categories such as meaning, idiomaticity and metaphoricity by analysing the characteristic usage patterns of a lexical unit. The study is driven by basic unresolved issues in the linguistic discussion on meaning and synonymy: On the one hand, it contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between usage data and meaning as well as on the status of traditional dictionary-like definitions in empirical semantics. On the other hand, it provides detailed insights on the applicability of the linguistc concept of synonymy - as it has been discussed for single lexemes – to lexicalized Multi-Word Expressions. On the basis of the assumption that human learning and grasping of meaning is a basically empirical process, the analysis of the variability of contextual behaviour of Multi-Word Expressions with identical or similar meaning constitutes a suitable way of gaining insights on the correlation between meaning and use as well as on the influence of specific properties of Multi-Word Expressions. The study starts out from a group of phraseological units that have been classified as synonymous in German phraseological dictionaries. These expressions differ their degree of idiomaticity, metaphoricity and morphosyntactic structure. Some of them – e.g. 'jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel' or 'jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen' (sb. does sth. with great ease) - comprise several content words whereas others are composed of only one content word together with one or more function words and the verb 'haven' (have) or 'sein' (be) – as it is the case for 'jmd. ist auf Zack', jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw.' and 'jmd. ist vom Fach' (sb. is able/competent in sth.). Their heterogeneity makes them a very good starting point for the research on the role played by phraseology-specific properties for meaning and synonymy. As a first step, the author realizes a detailed annotation of all occurrences of the these Multi-Word Expressions in the corpus of the DWDS (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the Humanities, www.dwds.de), using a series of predefined analysis criteria. From this analysis, she gains a description of their typical usage traits. In parallel, a neatly defined methodology leads to a set of meaning descriptions on the basis of dictionary paraphrases that are reduced to their elementary meaning components. In the last part of the study., these meaning and usage descriptions are then correlated yielding the following conclusions: a) Between meaning descriptions and usage patterns, systematic correlations can be devised that allow a data-driven approach to the semantics of lexical units. b)Within a group of synonyms, each element has its unique place, determined by its characteristic usage patterns. c) The usage data of a multi-word unit provide positive evidence forrr the degree of idiomaticity, morphosyntactic stability and metaphoricity of the expression.
3
Ntakirutimana, Jean Berchmans. "Désambiguïsation de la synonymie adjectivale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/NQ42263.pdf.
Full text
4
Hümmer, Christiane. "Synonymie bei phraseologischen Einheiten eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/990962709/04.
Full text
5
Doualan, Gaëlle. "Étude historique, épistémologique et descriptive de la synonymie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040149.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d’étudier les apories théoriques et épistémologiques liées à la synonymie. Pour l’essentiel, ces problèmes se concentrent dans la faiblesse théorique de la notion par rapport au succès empirique dont elle jouit dans l’usage et les dictionnaires. Cette faiblesse théorique prend racine dans l’histoire de la notion : la synonymie a été définie en premier lieu par Aristote et a subi de nombreuses transformations au cours des siècles. La définition scientifique de la synonymie s’est constituée à partir de la synonymie distinctive des synonymistes. Les notions fondatrices de la linguistique moderne ont été appliquées à la synonymie alors qu’elle a été élaborée avant leur conception. La synonymie se plie mal aux cadres théoriques de la linguistique moderne d’où des apories. L’approche distinctive centre l’étude de la synonymie sur les différences de sens alors qu’elle repose sur des équivalences sémantiques approchées. L’histoire de la notion aide à éclairer les apories et à s’en distancier pour recentrer la notion sur les équivalences puisqu’elles rendent possibles la synonymie et sur le discours qui est le lieu de l’émergence du sens. Cela rompt avec la synonymie réduite à la recherche de différences de sens entre items lexicaux synonymes. Une approche onomasiologique et textuelle est mise en place pour proposer un nouveau cadre d’étude de la synonymie. Cette approche se manifeste par la détection de réseaux lexicaux témoignant de relations d’équivalence qui émergent en contexte. Pour tester cette approche, les réseaux lexicaux du vocabulaire du vice et de la vertu sont étudiés dans des textes du XVIIe siècle traitant de thèmes morauxThis thesis studies theoretical and epistemological aporia of synonymy. These problems are concentrated in the theoretical weakness of synonymy in comparison with its empirical success both in usage and dictionaries. This theoretical weakness originates in the history of the notion: at first, synonymy had been defined by Aristoteles and was afterwards subjected to transformations during the following centuries. With the beginning of modern linguistics, scientific definition of synonymy had been built from the distinctive synonymy of French synonymists. The fundamental notions of modern linguistics, such as the opposition between language and discourse, had been applied to synonymy whereas it had been elaborated before their conception. Synonymy can hardly be submitted to modern linguistics theoretical frameworks without generating theoretical difficulties. The distinctive approach centers the study of synonymy on semantic differences whereas synonymy is based on approximate semantic equivalence. History of synonymy sheds light on aporia and helps to distance from it and to center the notion on the semantic equivalence because they make synonymy possible and on discourse because that is where sense emerges. This breaks off with the synonymy which is solely based on semantic differences between synonymic lexical items. An onomasiological and textual approach is set up to propose a new scientific framework to synonymy: this approach consists in the detection of lexical networks showing semantic relations appearing in context. To test this approach, lexical networks of vice and virtue vocabulary are studied in seventeenth century French texts treating moral themes
6
Batteux, Martina. "Die französische Synonymie im Spannungsfeld zwischen Paradigmatik und Syntagmatik." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=958738696.
Full text
7
Batteux, Martina. "Die französische Synonymie im Spannungsfeld zwischen Paradigmatik und Syntagmatik." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14448.
Full textAbstract:
Der Ausgangspunkt der Synonymiediskussion kann in Frankreich im 17. Jahrhundert angesetzt werden. Die Synonymieproblematik berührt verschiedene linguistische Teildisziplinen. Synonymie wird als Bedeutungsähnlichkeit interpretiert, die sich durch gleiche / ähnliche semantische Merkmale manifestiert. Die durchgeführten Substitutionstests belegen dies und andere Hypothesen: Die Verlagerung der Synonymie auf die Sememebene wird verifiziert und die notwendige Textorientierung in der Synonymiediskussion bestätigt. Paradigmatische und syntagmatische Aspekte beeinflussen dabei die Synonymenwahl. Der Zusammenhang von Synonymie und Diaphasik zeigt, dass Synonyme stilistische Variationen aufweisen können. Nur in Ausnahmefällen werden diatopische und diastratische Elemente synonym zu den Äquivalenten der Allgemeinsprache gebraucht. Die Interaktion der beiden Differenzierungskriterien in der Synonymenwahl - Syntax und Semantik - beeinflusst die Probandenentscheidung. Wörter, die nachweislich synonyme Sememe enthalten, können aufgrund von Kollokationen nicht immer als synonym identifiziert werden.The starting point of the discussion about synonymy can be set in France in the 17th century. The problem of synonymy comes into contact with different linguistic disciplines. Synonymy is interpreted as semantic similarity displayed on the level of identical / similar semantic features. Substitutional tests verify this and other hypotheses: The shift of synonymy to the semem level could be verified and the necessary context orientation within the discussion about synonymy could be confirmed. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects have an impact on the choice of synonyms. The interrelation between synonymy and diaphasic variety reveals that synonyms can show stylistic variations. Diatopic and diastratic variations are used as synonyms to common language equivalents only in exceptional circumstances. The interaction of syntax and semantics - both distinction criterions for the choice of synonyms - influence the test persons' decision. Words that provably contain synonymous semems cannot always be identified as synonymous because of collocations.
8
Duclaye, Florence Aude Dorothée. "Apprentissage automatique de relations d'équivalence sémantique à partir du Web." Paris, ENST, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENST0044.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte d'un système de questions-réponses, capable de trouver automatiquement sur le Web la réponse à des questions factuelles. L'une des manières d'améliorer la qualité des réponses fournies consiste à augmenter le taux de rappel du système et à identifier pour cela les réponses sous de multiples formulations possibles (paraphrases). Le recensement manuel de ces paraphrases étant un travail long et coûteux, l'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir et développer un mécanisme d'apprentissage automatique et faiblement supervisé des paraphrases possibles d'une réponse. La méthode d'apprentisage présentée fait du Web son corpus privilégié, en particulier par la redondance et la variété linguistique des informations qu'il contient. Considéré comme un gigantesque graphe biparti représenté, d'une part, par des formulations et, d'autre part, par des couples d'arguments, le Web s'avère propice à l'application de la citation de Firth, selon laquelle le sens d'un terme (respectivement d'une formulation, dans notre cas) est lié aux termes (respectivement aux arguments) avec lesquels il cooccurre. Ainsi, par un mécanisme itératif, le Web est échantillonné : les formulations (paraphrases potentielles) sont extraites par ancrage des arguments, et inversement, de nouveaux arguments sont extraits par ancrage des formulations acquises. Afin de permettre à l'apprentissage de converger, une étape intermédiaire de classification statistique des données échantillonnées est nécessaire. Les résultats obtenus ont fait l'objet d'une évaluation empirique, montrant en particulier la valeur ajoutée des paraphrases apprises sur le système de questions-réponsesThis PhD thesis can be situated in the context of a question answering system, which is capable of automatically finding answers to factual questions on the Web. One way to improve the quality of these answers is to increase the recall rate of the system, by identifying the answers under multiple possible formulations(paraphrases). As the manual recording of paraphrases is a long and expensive task, the goal of this PhD thesis is to design and develop a mechanism that learns automatically and in a weakly supervised manner the possible paraphrases of an answer. Thanks to the redundance and the linguistic variety of the information it contains, the Web is considered to be a very interesting corpus. Assimilated to a gigantic bipartite graph represented, on the one hand, by formulations and, on the other hand, by argument couples, the Web turns out to be propitious to the application of Firth's hypothesis, according to which "you shall know a word (resp. A formulation, in our case) by the company (resp. Arguments) it keeps". Consequently, the Web is sampled using an iterative mechanism : formulations (potential paraphrases) are extracted by anchoring arguments and, inversely, new arguments are extracted by anchoring the acquired formulations. In order to make the learning process converge, an intermediary stage is necessary, which partitions the sampled data using a statistical classification method. The obtained results were empirically evaluated, which, more particularly, shows the value added by the learnt paraphrases of the question answering system
9
Silveira, Theciana Silva. "Maranhão, terra das palmeiras: um estudo da sinonímia na terminologia do babaçu." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1377.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-11T17:56:02Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
ThecianaSilveira.pdf: 4529010 bytes, checksum: 8ba6780876a3d0161b1e289df4df9a9c (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T17:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThecianaSilveira.pdf: 4529010 bytes, checksum: 8ba6780876a3d0161b1e289df4df9a9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)
La synonymie est beaucoup discutée dans le domaine de la Sémantique et de la Terminologie, puisque cette question défie le principe de l'univocité, objet de recherche des études classiques sémantique et terminologiques.Ce phénomène est discuté a partir de différentes approches: certains auteurs pensent que l'élimination de la variation dénominative se rend nécessaire, considérant qu‟elle pose un problème à la communication; tandis que d'autres chercheurs défendent l'indispensabilité de la synonymie pour la comprehénsion de la réalité de l'univers terminologique. En ce sens, ce travail est basé sur des discussions théoriques de l'étude de la synonymie dans le domaine de la sémantique, presentes dans les travaux de Barbosa (1999), Ullmann (1964) et Lyons (1977); de la terminologie, presentes dans les travaux d‟Auger (2001 ), Wüster (1998), Cabré (1999), Temmerman (2001) et Kocourek (1991); et les modèles principales d'analyse synonymiques utilisées pour des recherches terminologiques, a partir des modèles d‟Araújo (2006) et de Contente (2009). On recueille les termes liés à la noix de coco babaçu dans l'environnement social dans lequel ils sont produits et utilisés, afin de décrire et d'analyser les types de synonymie y présents, basé sur le discours des briseuses de noix de coco du Maranhão. Le corpus de cette recherche se compose de textes des discours de briseuses de noix de coco babaçu de sept municipalités du Maranhão. Ces textes, extraits de la base de données du Projet Atlas Linguistique du Maranhão (ALiMa), ont été recueillis par l'application du questionnaire lexico-sémantique (QLS), qui contient cinquante-quatre questions. Pour le choix des termes, les programmes informatiques Antconc ont été utilisés. Ils se constituent d'un ensemble d'outils d'analyse de corpus, en particulier des outils wordlist et concordance et CmapTools, qui permetent la création de microcartes. Basés sur la description et l'analyse des données, on a pu identifier les processus qui motivent le phénomène synonymique dans la terminologie étudiée, à savoir: les processus métaphoriques, métonymiques, hiperonymiques/hiponymiques et holonymiques/meronymiques et démontrer que les termes synonymes sont importants dans le discours spécialisé, opposant à l'idée que la synonymie est un obstacle à la communication et, pourtant, qui doit être éliminée.
A sinonímia tem sido muito discutida no domínio da Semântica e da Terminologia, já que essa questão desafia o princípio da univocidade, tão buscada pelos estudos clássicos da Semântica e da Terminologia. O fenômeno é discutido em diferentes abordagens: alguns autores julgam que é necessária a eliminação da variação denominativa, considerando-a como um problema para a comunicação, já que buscam a univocidade; enquanto outros estudiosos discordam dessa postura, entendendo a imprescindibilidade da sinonímia para compreensão da realidade do universo terminológico. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se fundamenta nas discussões teóricas do estudo da sinonímia no domínio da semântica, com os trabalhos de Barbosa (1999), Ullmann (1964) e Lyons (1977), e na terminologia, com os trabalhos de Auger (2001), Wüster (1998), Cabré (1999), Temmerman (2001) e Kocourek (1991), e nos principais modelos de análise sinonímica utilizados nas pesquisas terminológicas, tomando como base os modelos de Araújo (2006) e de Contente (2009). Recolhem-se os termos relativos ao babaçu no meio social em que são produzidos e usados, objetivando descrever e analisar os tipos de sinonímia presentes na terminologia do babaçu, com base na fala das quebradeiras de coco do Maranhão. O corpus da pesquisa é constituído por textos da fala das quebradeiras de coco babaçu, de sete municípios maranhenses. Esses textos, extraídos do banco de dados do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Maranhão (ALiMA), foram recolhidos por meio da aplicação do questionário semântico-lexical (QSL), que contém cinquenta e quatro questões. Para a seleção dos termos, foram utilizados os programas computacionais Antconc, que consiste em um conjunto de ferramentas de análise de corpus, principalmente, as ferramentas wordlist e concordance, e CmapTools, que possibilita a criação de micromapas. Com base na descrição e análises dos dados, puderam-se identificar os processos que motivam o fenômeno sinonímico na terminologia estudada, a saber: os processos metafóricos, metonímicos, hiperonímicos/hiponímicos e holonímicos/meronímicos, bem como demonstrar que os termos sinônimos mostram-se importantes no discurso especializado, opondo-se à ideia de que a sinonímia é um empecilho para a comunicação, devendo ser eliminada.
10
Hénault-Sakhno, Christine. "Problèmes de synonymie dans une approche linguistique contrastive : verbes de perception visuelle en français et en russe." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100036.
Full textAbstract:
L'analyse contrastive, qui permet de voir comment chaque langue construit, avec ses ressources lexicales et morphosyntaxiques propres, des configurations signifiantes spécifiques, est une nouvelle façon d'aborder la synonymie lexicale, phénomène linguistique qui a une importance toute particulière car il se trouve au coeur même du sens et du langage. Les données étudiées (issues de textes littéraires français comparés avec leurs traductions russes) montrent que les prédicats de perception visuelle en français et en russe constituent des systèmes complexes et ramifiés dont les contours sont difficiles à circonscrire. Les équivalences directes et univoques entre les unités analogues sont rares. .The contrastive analysis is a new way of describing lexical synonymy, a very important linguistic phenomenon because of its situation in the very heart of meaning and in that of speech : this approach can let us know how each language builds, with its own lexical and morpho-syntaxic means, specific signifying configurations. The described data (chosen in French literary texts compared with their translations in Russian) give evidence for semantic complexity of the visual perception verbs both in French and in Russian, verbs which constitute ramified frames with fuzzy shapes. Cases of plain and direct equivalence are not frequent. .
11
Dorow, Beate. "A graph model for words and their meanings." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-29859.
Full text
12
Rontogianni, Anthoula. "Sémantique et traduction : problèmes de polysémie et de synonymie à travers les traductions grecques des Misérables de Victor Hugo." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040079.
Full textAbstract:
Les problèmes de la sémantique sont au centre de la présente recherche: Les Misérables constituent le corpus à partir duquel nous avons tiré nos exemples. Ce choix est justifié tant par l’intérêt que Victor Hugo lui-même porte à la langue et aux manifestations langagières, que par le retentissement mondial immédiat de son œuvre. Un premier chapitre est consacré à des questions générales de traductologie, que Hugo a, d’ailleurs, abordées lui-même dans le cadre de sa réflexion sur la langue, les dictionnaires et la traduction. Paru pour la première fois en Grèce l’année même de sa publication en France (1862), le roman de Hugo a connu plusieurs traductions jusqu’à aujourd’hui et chacune d’entre elles reflète l’état de la langue à son époque : l’étude comparée de l’original et de ses versions grecques permet un examen des problèmes de sémantique de deux langues, dans une perspective aussi bien synchronique que diachronique. Focalisée sur la polysémie et la synonymie, deux phénomènes capitaux de la sémantique, la comparaison entre les propositions des différents dictionnaires et celles des traducteurs littéraires s’est avérée fructueuse tant en matière du lexème polysémique que pour les synonymes. Ayant ainsi examiné les causes des difficultés qui surgissent lors de la quête d’un équivalent sémantique pour rendre en grec, d’une part, une unité polysémique et, de l’autre, une proximité synonymique, nous avons tenté, par leur confrontation interlinguistique, de contribuer à l’élucidation des problèmes sémantiques inhérents à toute langue naturelleThis thesis examines problems of semantics through a corpus of translations of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables. This choice was inspired by Hugo’s own interest in language and linguistic manifestations, as well as by the immediate international resonance of his work. The first part looks into theoretical issues related to translation which Hugo himself addressed, in the context of his reflection on language, dictionaries and the practice of translation. The first Greek translation of Les Misérables appeared in Greece the very year of its first publication in France (1862). Since then, it has been translated several times, and each translation gives us the possibility to explore the Greek language at a particular instance of time. The comparative study of the original French text and its Greek translations allows an examination of problems of semantics in both languages, in both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. Focusing on polysemy and synonymy, two of the most fundamental phenomena in semantics, the comparative examination of definitions offered by different dictionaries and of the choices of literary translators, yielded interesting insights at the level of the polysemic lexeme, as well as at the level of synonyms. The study of the causes of difficulties that arise in the translators' search for semantic equivalents in order to render polysemic unity, on the one hand, and synonymic proximity, on the other, from French into Greek proved particularly interesting: through this interlingual confrontation, this thesis attempts to shed light on semantic problems inherent in any natural language
13
Baiandina, Natalia. "La confixation en russe moderne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040139/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cet ouvrage défend une « thèse » au plein sens du mot. Celle-ci vise à modifier radicalement la conception traditionnelle de la dérivation lexicale en russe moderne, qui ne retient que deux modes de dérivation et deux seuls : la préfixation et la suffixation. La thèse défend l’idée qu’aux côtés de ces deux procédés, il en existe un troisième, qui opère à l’aide d’un signifiant discontinu, que certains linguistes appellent « circonfixe » et qui est appelé ici « confixe ». La thèse met en évidence les incohérences de l’approche traditionnelle qui considère comme relevant de le catégorie préfixo-suffixale ou préfixo-postfixale des mots tels que le substantif masculin podokonnik (pod+ok(o)n+nik : ‘sous’ + ‘fenêtre’ + ‘objet’ = appui de fenêtre) ou le verbe nabegat’sja (‘saturation’ + ‘courir’ + ‘réfléchi’ = ‘courir tout son soûl’). La thèse met en évidence que nous avons affaire ici aux confixes pour le premier mot, pour le second. L’argumentation s’appuie sur un vaste matériau fourni par les dictionnaires historiques et contemporains. L’abondance des données a imposé de limiter les investigations aux substantifs et aux verbes. L’examen diachronique démontre que les confixes (morphèmes discontinus) se sont installés progressivement dans le système dérivationnel. En russe moderne, la confixation constitue un procédé dérivationnel désormais autonome et productifThis work defends the « thesis » in the full sense of the word. It is aimed at the radical revision of the traditional concept of lexical derivation in moderne Russian, which keeps only two modes of derivation and two only ones : prefixation and suffixation. The dissertation defends the idea that besides these two ways of word-formation, there is the third – word-formation by means of a discontinuous morpheme, which some linguists call “Circonfixe” and which is called here “Confixe”. The dissertation highlights the contradictions of the traditional approach which considers nouns such as podokonnik (pod + ok(o)n +nik : ‘under’ + ‘window’ + ‘object’ = window sill) or verbs like nabegat’sja (‘satiation’ + ‘to run’ + ‘reflexive’ = ‘to be run’) as prefixally-suffixal or prefixally-postfixal formations. It underlines that we are dealing here with confixes for the first word, for the second. Argumentation is based on a large material taken from the historical and contemporary dictionaries. The abundance of the collected data imposed to limit the research to nouns and verbs. The diachronic examination proves that confixes (discontinuous morphemes) have gradually taken their place in word-formation system. In moderne Russian confixation is really an independent way of word-formation
14
Duclaye, Florence. "Apprentissage automatique de relations d'équivalence sémantique à partir du Web." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001119.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte d'un système de Questions-Réponses, capable de trouver automatiquement sur le Web la réponse à des questions factuelles traitant de n'importe quel sujet. L'une des manières d'améliorer la qualité des réponses fournies consiste à augmenter le taux de rappel du système. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de pouvoir identifier les réponses sous de multiples formulations possibles. A titre illustratif, la réponse à la question "Quelle est la hauteur de la Tour Eiffel ?" peut non seulement être exprimée de la même manière que dans la question ("la hauteur de la Tour Eiffel est 300 mètres"), mais également sous d'autres formes lexico-syntaxiques ("la Tour Eiffel culmine à 300 mètres", "la Tour Eiffel fait 300 mètres de haut", etc). On parle alors de paraphrases de la réponse. Le recensement manuel de ces paraphrases étant un travail long et coûteux, l'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir et développer un mécanisme capable d'apprendre de façon automatique et faiblement supervisée les paraphrases possibles d'une réponse. Inscrite dans le vaste domaine de l'acquisition automatique de connaissances sémantiques, la méthode d'apprentissage présentée fait du Web son corpus privilégié, en particulier par la redondance et la variété linguistique des informations qu'il contient. Considéré comme un gigantesque graphe biparti représenté, d'une part, par des formulations (expressions d'une relation sémantique, comme "culmine à" ou "fait ... de haut") et d'autre part par des couples d'arguments (entités nommées régies par ces formulations, comme "Tour Eiffel - 300 mètres"), le Web s'avère propice à l'application de la citation de Firth, selon laquelle le sens d'un terme (respectivement d'une formulation, dans notre cas) est lié aux termes (respectivement aux arguments) avec lesquels il cooccurre. Ainsi, par un mécanisme itératif, le Web est échantillonné: les formulations (paraphrases potentielles) sont extraites par ancrage des arguments sur le Web et, inversement, de nouveaux arguments sont extraits par ancrages des formulations acquises. Afin de permettre à l'apprentissage de converger, une étape intermédiaire de classification statistique des données échantillonnées est nécessaire. Les résultats obtenus ont fait l'objet d'une évaluation empirique, ce qui permet en particulier de montrer la valeur ajoutée des paraphrases apprises sur le système de Questions-Réponses. De plus, ces résultats mettent en évidence quelques perspectives exploratoires qui permettront d'améliorer le processus d'apprentissage et de l'utiliser dans d'autres contextes applicatifs.
15
Andre, Dominique. "Étude sémantique du substantif pouvoir dans Les Rougon-Macquart de Zola." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20046/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le pouvoir est un élément clef dans l’œuvre de Zola, qui a été le premier à prendre pour sujet d’un roman le pouvoir politique dans Son Excellence Eugène Rougon. Aussi proposons-nous dans cette thèse l’étude du substantif pouvoir, qui est un mot abstrait, à la polysémie remarquable.La première partie est une étude lexicologique et lexicographique du substantif pouvoir en langue. L’étude lexicologique présente à partir des notions de base de la sémantique lexicale, la polysémie, le champ synonymique, le contexte et les connotations de pouvoir. L’étude lexicographique permet de suivre l’évolution de ce déverbal du point de vue diachronique depuis sa première acception attestée en 842, en distinguant ses différents sens en ancien français, en français préclassique, en français classique, en français moderne et en français contemporain.Le substantif pouvoir est ensuite étudié en discours dans le cycle romanesque des Rougon-Macquart de Zola. La deuxième partie propose une approche sémasiologique dans laquelle chacune de ses cent trente-neuf occurrences est classée selon un sens dominant, dans les vingt romans. On offre ainsi une représentation de la répartition des sens de pouvoir à partir d’une étude des contextes étroits de ce mot. En contexte, on observe qu’il est parfois difficile de cerner les significations du substantif pouvoir qui présente des ambiguïtés, des glissements d’une signification à l’autre, par rapport à l’étude en langue. On peut dire que cette étude apporte un autre éclairage sur le mot pouvoir en inscrivant sa polysémie dans un continuum de sens. La troisième partie s’intéresse d’un point de vue onomasiologique, à partir d’une étude de contextes larges, aux trois champs sémantiques de pouvoir. Son champ générique est composé des synonymes autorité, puissance, toute-puissance, ascendant, domination, empire, force, trône. Son champ associatif, analysé à partir de ses différentes significations, peut se récapituler au moyen de sept mots clefs représentatifs : le régime politique, les appétits, la bande, la force, l’impuissance, la chute, la disgrâce. Son champ actanciel met en lumière la prépondérance des actants appartenant à la famille Rougon-Macquart par rapport aux autres personnages en ce qui concerne le pouvoir.Cette recherche, en alliant langue et discours, a l’intérêt de montrer que le classement en double réseau de pouvoir au sens de « capacité » et de pouvoir au sens d’ « autorité » n’apparaît pas dans Zola. Celui-ci choisit en effet de privilégier massivement l’utilisation des significations de pouvoir ayant trait à l’autorité ce qui montre son orientation par rapport à ses personnages, qu’il fait détenteurs d’une autorité sans qu’ils en aient nécessairement la capacitéPower is a key element in the work of Zola, who was the first author to make political power the subject of a novel in Son Excellence Eugène Rougon. This thesis will therefore study the noun pouvoir (power), an abstract word whose polysemy is extensive.The first part is a lexicological and lexicographic study of the noun pouvoir in French considered as a language system (langue). The lexicological study uses basic notions of lexical semantics to present the polysemy, synonyms, context and connotations of pouvoir. The lexicographic study offers a diachronic analysis of this verbal noun from its first attested use in 842, reviewing its different meanings in old, pre-classical, classical, modern and contemporary French.The second part goes on to study pouvoir in a discourse setting in Zola’s Rougon-Macquart cycle. Using a semasiological approach, the 139 occurrences of the word across the twenty novels are classified according to a dominant meaning. This makes it possible to show the range of meanings of the word based on an analysis of the precise contexts in which it is used. In context, it becomes apparent that it is sometimes difficult to define the word’s meaning precisely, since ambiguities or slippages are observed with respect to the meanings established in the study of the overall language system. This part of the thesis thus sheds a different light on the word, by situating its polysemy in a continuum of meanings.The third part uses an onomasiological approach, analysing the broader contexts of the use of the word to establish three semantic fields of pouvoir. Its generic field is composed of the synonyms autorité (authority), puissance (power, capacity), toute-puissance (omnipotence), ascendant (ascendancy, influence), domination (domination), empire (empire), force (force), trône (throne). Its associative field, analysed through the different meanings of the word, can be summarised in seven representative key words : régime politique (political regime), appétits (appetites), bande (gang), force (force), impuissance (powerlessness), chute (fall), and disgrâce (disgrace). Finally an analysis of the actantial field of the word reveals that members of the Rougon-Macquart family are over-represented compared to other characters in actant positions related to power.Adopting an approach which spans the divide between language as system (langue) and discourse, this study shows that the double semantic reach of pouvoir as ‘capability’ (capacité) and ‘authority’ (autorité) is not present in Zola. Zola chooses to give massive priority to meanings of pouvoir which relate to authority. This serves to reveal the author’s attitude towards his characters, who possess authority without necessarily having the corresponding capability
16
Schwinn, Patricia Janet. "Synonymy and the differentiation of synonyms : a case study; nouns of activity in Middle French." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357942.
Full text
17
Jmai͏̈el, Fekri. "Les verbes de mouvement anglais : une approche sémantique." Grenoble 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE39025.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre de la semantique lexicale, nous avons tente d'analyser d'un point de vue semantique un certain nombre de verbes de mouvement exprimant l'idee de "marcher" en anglais contemporain. Le but de notre travail a ete de tester la validite de l'analyse componentielle appliquee aux verbes de mouvement, et d'utiliser les resultats de cette analyse pour examiner quelques problemes descriptifs soulignant la specificite de ces verbes, a savoir : la nature des traits semantiques dont l'analyse de ces verbes fait appel, l'organisation semantique du champ lexical constitue par ces verbes, ainsi que les schemas metaphoriques et ideophoniques lies a ces derniers. Nous avons ete amenes dans la premiere partie de notre travail a faire une mise au point theorique concernant les approches et la problematique de l'analyse lexico-semantique. La deuxieme partie de notre travail a ete consacree a l'analyse semantique de l'ensemble des verbes de mouvement constituant notre corpus et exprimant l'idee de "marcher" ("walk"). Notre approche a ete double : componentielle et relationnelle. D'abord nous avons procede a une analyse componentielle minucieuse de chaque verbe et ce a partir d'un recoupement des informations semantiques fournies par les dictionnaires anglais unilingues utilises. L'inventaire des traits semantiques des verbes, expose dans des tableaux et compare dans des matrices, a ete complete par une analyse des incidences contextuelles qu'introduit l'usage dans le semantisme des verbes, et ce a partir du corpus des phrases ilustrant ces derniers. Dans un deuxieme temps, et a la lumiere des resultats de l'analyse semique des verbesThe present study is an attempt to explore the possibility of analysing the meaning of motion verbs in contemporary english, and to illustrate one approach to the realization of this possibility. Specifically, its purpose is threefold. First, it is an attempt to demonstrate that an analysis of meaning, such as the one that has successfully been applied to kinship terminology, is also possible for other types of vocabulary. Second, it is meant to show some methodological implications of such an approach for the treatment of certain linguistic problems such as 'synonymy', 'hyponymy', 'metaphor' and 'phonaesthesia'. Third, the study is also an attempt to characterize, in the light of recent developments on the subject, the nature of difficulties, theoretical and methodological, raised by such an analysis. The thesis is made up of two main part. Part one is concerned with theoretical problems and is divited into two chapters. The first chapter is a survey of various approaches to the study of meaning. The secon chapter is an attempt to evaluate those approaches through a discussion of some descriptive problems in the light of recent developments on the subject. Part two deals with a practical problem of analysing some verbs of motion in contemporary english. In the first chapter, other studies on ensligh motion verbs are examined. The second chapter is concerned with methodological considerations. First, verbs of motion are defined and the corpus is delimited. Then, explanations about the method adopted in this study are given. This is followed, in chapter three, by a detailed analysis of the motion verbs included in the corpus. In chapter four, the
18
Cederblad, Gustav. "Finding Synonyms in Medical Texts : Creating a system for automatic synonym extraction from medical texts." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149643.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes the work of creating an automatic system for identifying synonyms and semantically related words in medical texts. Before this work, as a part of the project E-care@home, medical texts have been classified as either lay or specialized by both a lay annotator and an expert annotator. The lay annotator, in this case, is a person without any medical knowledge, whereas the expert annotator has professional knowledge in medicine. Using these texts made it possible to create co-occurrences matrices from which the related words could be identified. Fifteen medical terms were chosen as system input. The Dice similarity of these words in a context window of ten words around them was calculated. As output, five candidate related terms for each medical term was returned. Only unigrams were considered. The candidate related terms were evaluated using a questionnaire, where 223 healthcare professionals rated the similarity using a scale from one to five. A Fleiss kappa test showed that the agreement among these raters was 0.28, which is a fair agreement. The evaluation further showed that there was a significant correlation between the human ratings and the relatedness score (Dice similarity). That is, words with higher Dice similarity tended to get a higher human rating. However, the Dice similarity interval in which the words got the highest average human rating was 0.35-0.39. This result means that there is much room for improving the system. Further developments of the system should remove the unigram limitation and expand the corpus the provide a more accurate and reliable result.
19
Wallin, Moa. "Ambiguous synonyms : Implementing an unsupervised WSD system for division of synonym clusters containing multiple senses." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157622.
Full textAbstract:
When clustering together synonyms, complications arise in cases of the words having multiple senses as each sense’s synonyms are erroneously clustered together. The task of automatically distinguishing word senses in cases of ambiguity, known as word sense disambiguation (WSD), has been an extensively researched problem over the years. This thesis studies the possibility of applying an unsupervised machine learning based WSD-system for analysing existing synonym clusters (N = 149) and dividing them correctly when two or more senses are present. Based on sense embeddings induced from a large corpus, cosine similarities are calculated between sense embeddings for words in the clusters, making it possible to suggest divisions in cases where different words are closer to different senses of a proposed ambiguous word. The system output is then evaluated by four participants, all experts in the area. The results show that the system does not manage to correctly divide the clusters in more than 31% of the cases according to the participants. Moreover, it is discovered that some differences exist between the participants’ ratings, although none of the participants predominantly agree with the system’s division of the clusters. Evidently, further research and improvements are needed and suggested for the future.
20
Lakaw, Alexander. "The use of arise and rise in present-day British & American English : A corpus based analysis of two verbs." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1374.
Full textAbstract:
This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.
21
Rebours, Marie-Alice. "Emprunts à l'anglais dans la terminologie du prêt-à-porter en France : entre distinction et appartenance : Etude sur corpus en diachronie 1952-2019." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO20091.
Full textAbstract:
La présente thèse consiste en une étude en diachronie de la terminologie du prêt-à-porter féminin dans des catalogues français de vente par correspondance depuis l’introduction du concept en France au début des années 1950. Notre travail est centré sur les emprunts à l’anglais et les créations sous influence anglaise comparativement à la néologie dans l’ensemble de notre corpus.Notre objectif est, d’une part, d’apprécier l’influence de l’anglais dans cette terminologie et, d’autre part, d’appréhender les tendances et mécanismes propres à ce domaine. Par l’étude des néologismes, des nécrologismes et des termes stables de notre corpus, nous examinons le renouvellement terminologique, ses mécanismes et ses motivations.Nous avons travaillé par comparaison de sous-corpus distants de cinq ans environ, chacun composé des catalogues des collections Printemps-Été et Automne-Hiver d’une année donnée. Les termes, collectés et traités manuellement, ont dans un premier temps fait l’objet d’une étude synchronique, à l’aide de sources secondaires, pour établir leur étymologie, leur définition et les catégoriser selon une typologie adaptée de la typologie des emprunts proposée par l’Office québécois de la langue française. Dans un second temps, les analyses diachroniques se sont fondées sur un trépied méthodologique formé des termes du corpus, des visuels des catalogues et d’avis d’experts. Sur le plan théorique, ces analyses se sont appuyées sur des théories issues de la linguistique et de la sociologie, en tenant compte de logiques économiques et d’autres facteurs, tels que des évènements historiques et sociétaux.Ces analyses nous ont permis d’étayer la place de l’anglais dans ce domaine ainsi que l’importance du renouvellement terminologique, fréquemment citées dans la littérature. De plus, au-delà de logiques propres au fonctionnement de la mode, notre corpus a révélé une régularité dans l’activité néologique permettant d’appuyer l’hypothèse d’un renouvellement à fréquence générationnelle. Enfin, nous proposons une réflexion sur la nécessité de travaux – en linguistique notamment – dans le domaine de la mode, compte tenu du manque d’étude sur le sujet et des lacunes des sources dictionnairiquesThis dissertation is a diachronic study of the terminology of women’s ready-to-wear fashion in French mail-order catalogs since the introduction of the ready-to-wear concept in France in the early 1950s. Our work focuses on English borrowings and English-influenced neologisms, compared with neologisms in our corpus as a whole.Our goal is two-fold: we wish, first, to assess the influence of English in this terminology, and second, to delineate trends and mechanisms specific to this field. Based on a study of neologisms, necrologisms, and stable terms in our corpus, we examine terminological renewal, its mechanisms, and its motivations.We compared sub-corpora approximately five years apart, each comprising the catalogs from the Spring-Summer and Fall-Winter collections of a given year. The terms were collected and studied manually. They were first studied synchronically, using secondary sources to establish their etymologies, their definitions, and their types, according to a typology adapted from the Office québécois de la langue française’s typology of borrowings. Secondly, terms were analyzed diachronically using a three-part methodological framework, consisting of the terms from our corpus, of the visuals from the catalogs, and of expert opinions. These analyses drew on theories from linguistics and sociology, while also considering economic and other factors, such as historical and societal events.Our analyses enabled us to show the importance of the English language in this field, as well as the importance of terminological renewal, both frequently cited in academic works. Our corpus demonstrated neological activity that goes beyond the dynamics of fashion and that supports the hypothesis of regular generational terminological renewal. Finally, we propose a reflection on the need for work – linguistic research in particular – in the field of fashion, given the lack of studies on the subject and the shortcomings of dictionary sources
22
LOCATELLI, FEDERICA. "La perifrasi tra retorica e stilistica: l'esempio di Charles Baudelaire." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1188.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesi si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare la figura retorica della perifrasi nel tentativo di offrirne una definizione teorica esaustiva, a partire dal valore che le è conferito nella poetica di Charles Baudelaire. Dopo aver tracciato, da un punto di vista storico, la riflessione linguistica elaborata dal fondatore del Simbolismo francese, ci proponiamo di illustrare le ragioni che giustificano la ricorrenza della figura stilistica nella gamma delle esigenze espressive del movimento letterario della fin de siècle. Successivamente, interrogando la struttura linguistica e retorica di alcuni componimenti delle Fleurs du Mal, cercheremo di dimostrare come la perifrasi divenga, nello stile di Charles Baudelaire, lo strumento appropriato all'espressione dell'oggetto della Poesia, una materia invisibile e "inconnue", come la definisce il poeta, che l'artista deve plasmare al fine di conferirle una forma adeguata e intellegibile. Sulla base di tali presupposti, svilupperemo un discorso critico e ermeneutico sull'attività poetica baudelairiana, provando a delinearne la finalità ultima: la volontà di nominare ("perifrasticamente") l'Inconnu o l'Infini. Il linguaggio delle Fleurs du Mal sembrerebbe tradurre la mira artistica di rivelare l'Assoluto che si nasconde nell'apparenza transitoria della realtà e di restituirlo in una forma eterna: il testo poetico.
Giungeremo pertanto a dimostrare come le strategie retoriche, le scoperte stilistiche e le scelte linguistiche esibite da Charles Baudelaire inaugurino la via intrapresa dalla poesia moderna, ossia la ricerca di una scrittura ermetica, la forma adeguata al contenuto trascendente dell'arte.This thesis analyses the periphrastic figure and aims to provide a theoretical definition of the trope based on its usage in the poetics of Charles Baudelaire. Through a historical restitution of the linguistic reflections expounded by the founder of French symbolism, the aim is to identify reasons behind the recurrence of this stylistic figure within the particular symbolic economy of the French fin de siècle literary movement. By exploring the linguistic and rhetorical structure of certain poems within the Fleurs du mal, I will identify ways in which the trope becomes both an appropriate tool for expressing the poetic object, and an invisible and “unknown” element, as Baudelaire puts it, to which the poet must give an appropriate and intelligible form. From there, I aim to outline the objectives of Baudelairian poetry, in other words, to identify (“periphrastically”) the “unknown,” and to reveal how Baudelaire’s language conveys his artistic desire both to reveal the hidden Absolute that lies beneath reality and to render it in an eternal form: the poem. Baudelaire’s rhetorical devices, stylistic innovations, and linguistic choices seem to establish the route taken by modern poetry, that is, the search for a hermetic mode of writing, or even for the appropriate form its transcendental content might take.
23
LOCATELLI, FEDERICA. "La perifrasi tra retorica e stilistica: l'esempio di Charles Baudelaire." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1188.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesi si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare la figura retorica della perifrasi nel tentativo di offrirne una definizione teorica esaustiva, a partire dal valore che le è conferito nella poetica di Charles Baudelaire. Dopo aver tracciato, da un punto di vista storico, la riflessione linguistica elaborata dal fondatore del Simbolismo francese, ci proponiamo di illustrare le ragioni che giustificano la ricorrenza della figura stilistica nella gamma delle esigenze espressive del movimento letterario della fin de siècle. Successivamente, interrogando la struttura linguistica e retorica di alcuni componimenti delle Fleurs du Mal, cercheremo di dimostrare come la perifrasi divenga, nello stile di Charles Baudelaire, lo strumento appropriato all'espressione dell'oggetto della Poesia, una materia invisibile e "inconnue", come la definisce il poeta, che l'artista deve plasmare al fine di conferirle una forma adeguata e intellegibile. Sulla base di tali presupposti, svilupperemo un discorso critico e ermeneutico sull'attività poetica baudelairiana, provando a delinearne la finalità ultima: la volontà di nominare ("perifrasticamente") l'Inconnu o l'Infini. Il linguaggio delle Fleurs du Mal sembrerebbe tradurre la mira artistica di rivelare l'Assoluto che si nasconde nell'apparenza transitoria della realtà e di restituirlo in una forma eterna: il testo poetico.
Giungeremo pertanto a dimostrare come le strategie retoriche, le scoperte stilistiche e le scelte linguistiche esibite da Charles Baudelaire inaugurino la via intrapresa dalla poesia moderna, ossia la ricerca di una scrittura ermetica, la forma adeguata al contenuto trascendente dell'arte.This thesis analyses the periphrastic figure and aims to provide a theoretical definition of the trope based on its usage in the poetics of Charles Baudelaire. Through a historical restitution of the linguistic reflections expounded by the founder of French symbolism, the aim is to identify reasons behind the recurrence of this stylistic figure within the particular symbolic economy of the French fin de siècle literary movement. By exploring the linguistic and rhetorical structure of certain poems within the Fleurs du mal, I will identify ways in which the trope becomes both an appropriate tool for expressing the poetic object, and an invisible and “unknown” element, as Baudelaire puts it, to which the poet must give an appropriate and intelligible form. From there, I aim to outline the objectives of Baudelairian poetry, in other words, to identify (“periphrastically”) the “unknown,” and to reveal how Baudelaire’s language conveys his artistic desire both to reveal the hidden Absolute that lies beneath reality and to render it in an eternal form: the poem. Baudelaire’s rhetorical devices, stylistic innovations, and linguistic choices seem to establish the route taken by modern poetry, that is, the search for a hermetic mode of writing, or even for the appropriate form its transcendental content might take.
24
HAMMOND, ALLISON E. "SYNONYMS FOR MAYBE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116266080.
Full text
25
Abedjan, Ziawasch. "Improving RDF data with data mining." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7133/.
Full textAbstract:
Linked Open Data (LOD) comprises very many and often large public data sets and knowledge bases. Those datasets are mostly presented in the RDF triple structure of subject, predicate, and object, where each triple represents a statement or fact. Unfortunately, the heterogeneity of available open data requires significant integration steps before it can be used in applications. Meta information, such as ontological definitions and exact range definitions of predicates, are desirable and ideally provided by an ontology. However in the context of LOD, ontologies are often incomplete or simply not available. Thus, it is useful to automatically generate meta information, such as ontological dependencies, range definitions, and topical classifications.
Association rule mining, which was originally applied for sales analysis on transactional databases, is a promising and novel technique to explore such data. We designed an adaptation of this technique for min-ing Rdf data and introduce the concept of “mining configurations”, which allows us to mine RDF data sets in various ways. Different configurations enable us to identify schema and value dependencies that in combination result in interesting use cases. To this end, we present rule-based approaches for auto-completion, data enrichment, ontology improvement, and query relaxation. Auto-completion remedies the problem of inconsistent ontology usage, providing an editing user with a sorted list of commonly used predicates. A combination of different configurations step extends this approach to create completely new facts for a knowledge base. We present two approaches for fact generation, a user-based approach where a user selects the entity to be amended with new facts and a data-driven approach where an algorithm discovers entities that have to be amended with missing facts.
As knowledge bases constantly grow and evolve, another approach to improve the usage of RDF data is to improve existing ontologies. Here, we present an association rule based approach to reconcile ontology and data. Interlacing different mining configurations, we infer an algorithm to discover synonymously used predicates. Those predicates can be used to expand query results and to support users during query formulation.
We provide a wide range of experiments on real world datasets for each use case. The experiments and evaluations show the added value of association rule mining for the integration and usability of RDF data and confirm the appropriateness of our mining configuration methodology.Linked Open Data (LOD) umfasst viele und oft sehr große öffentlichen Datensätze und Wissensbanken, die hauptsächlich in der RDF Triplestruktur bestehend aus Subjekt, Prädikat und Objekt vorkommen. Dabei repräsentiert jedes Triple einen Fakt. Unglücklicherweise erfordert die Heterogenität der verfügbaren öffentlichen Daten signifikante Integrationsschritte bevor die Daten in Anwendungen genutzt werden können. Meta-Daten wie ontologische Strukturen und Bereichsdefinitionen von Prädikaten sind zwar wünschenswert und idealerweise durch eine Wissensbank verfügbar. Jedoch sind Wissensbanken im Kontext von LOD oft unvollständig oder einfach nicht verfügbar. Deshalb ist es nützlich automatisch Meta-Informationen, wie ontologische Abhängigkeiten, Bereichs-und Domänendefinitionen und thematische Assoziationen von Ressourcen generieren zu können. Eine neue und vielversprechende Technik um solche Daten zu untersuchen basiert auf das entdecken von Assoziationsregeln, welche ursprünglich für Verkaufsanalysen in transaktionalen Datenbanken angewendet wurde. Wir haben eine Adaptierung dieser Technik auf RDF Daten entworfen und stellen das Konzept der Mining Konfigurationen vor, welches uns befähigt in RDF Daten auf unterschiedlichen Weisen Muster zu erkennen. Verschiedene Konfigurationen erlauben uns Schema- und Wertbeziehungen zu erkennen, die für interessante Anwendungen genutzt werden können. In dem Sinne, stellen wir assoziationsbasierte Verfahren für eine Prädikatvorschlagsverfahren, Datenvervollständigung, Ontologieverbesserung und Anfrageerleichterung vor. Das Vorschlagen von Prädikaten behandelt das Problem der inkonsistenten Verwendung von Ontologien, indem einem Benutzer, der einen neuen Fakt einem Rdf-Datensatz hinzufügen will, eine sortierte Liste von passenden Prädikaten vorgeschlagen wird. Eine Kombinierung von verschiedenen Konfigurationen erweitert dieses Verfahren sodass automatisch komplett neue Fakten für eine Wissensbank generiert werden. Hierbei stellen wir zwei Verfahren vor, einen nutzergesteuertenVerfahren, bei dem ein Nutzer die Entität aussucht die erweitert werden soll und einen datengesteuerten Ansatz, bei dem ein Algorithmus selbst die Entitäten aussucht, die mit fehlenden Fakten erweitert werden. Da Wissensbanken stetig wachsen und sich verändern, ist ein anderer Ansatz um die Verwendung von RDF Daten zu erleichtern die Verbesserung von Ontologien. Hierbei präsentieren wir ein Assoziationsregeln-basiertes Verfahren, der Daten und zugrundeliegende Ontologien zusammenführt. Durch die Verflechtung von unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen leiten wir einen neuen Algorithmus her, der gleichbedeutende Prädikate entdeckt. Diese Prädikate können benutzt werden um Ergebnisse einer Anfrage zu erweitern oder einen Nutzer während einer Anfrage zu unterstützen. Für jeden unserer vorgestellten Anwendungen präsentieren wir eine große Auswahl an Experimenten auf Realweltdatensätzen. Die Experimente und Evaluierungen zeigen den Mehrwert von Assoziationsregeln-Generierung für die Integration und Nutzbarkeit von RDF Daten und bestätigen die Angemessenheit unserer konfigurationsbasierten Methodologie um solche Regeln herzuleiten.
26
Gorbunova, Raisa. "L'étude des synonymes en Russie /." Lyon : Institut d'études slaves André Lirondelle, Université Jean Moulin, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37193596b.
Full text
27
Mehl, Stephan. "Synonyme bei der Erzeugung, Generierung und Produktion natürlicher Sprache." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2001. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-12132001-144033/.
Full textAbstract:
Varying words in natural language generation requires the use of syn-onyms. In traditional dictionaries, however, the formal representation of synonyms is difficult due to their dependence on context. In addition to that, not all synonyms enhance the readability and comprehensibility of a text equally well. It is proposed to take the context of synonyms into account by using a spreading activation mechanism in a semantic network. Several criteria are discussed to choose among the so-obtained alternatives.
28
Salomaa, Pauliina. "Tvärspråkliga synonymer hos finsk-svenska barn." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19886.
Full textAbstract:
Volterra och Taeschner (1978) menar att barn under 2 år inte använder tvärspråkliga synonymer eftersom orden från början är organiserat i ett språksystem, inte två. Syftet med studien är att jämföra sammansättningen av samtidigt tvåspråkiga barns ordförråd, speciellt med avseende på tvärspråkliga synonymer .19 föräldrar har deltagit i studien med barn som är 16-28 månader gamla. I studien har CDI formuläret använts på finska och svenska. De flesta av deltagarna var fortfarande hemma med föräldraledig förälder och de flesta av dessa var finskspråkiga. De som gick på förskola gick på finskspråkig förskola. Resultatet visade att barn tidigt använder tvärspråkliga synonymer och att tvärspråkliga synonymer är speciellt vanliga för substantiv.
29
Shao, Juan. "Synonymy and lexical priming : a cross-linguistic investigation of synonymy from corpus and psycholinguistic perspectives." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3021737/.
Full textAbstract:
With the development of computer technology and the availability of large corpora, recent linguistic studies have provided us with instances where looking at authentic language data has produced modifications of the way we think about language. A reconsideration of linguistic categories starts to emerge, with traditional terms being rejected or redefined. This research addresses the topic of synonymy from corpus and psycholinguistic perspectives both in English and Chinese to see whether we need to make modifications to the notion of synonymy. The research starts with a psycholinguistic experiment to explore the psychological reality of synonymy. A word association test is carried out and the results show that people often do not have a shared sense of synonymy. On the one hand, people may offer various words as candidate synonyms for different types of prompt words. The words provided by the participants may be considered on occasion to be co-hyponymous, metonymous, or meronymous and or to be in a metaphorical relationship with the prompt words. On the other hand, there was found to be a relationship between candidate synonyms provided and the personal profile of the participants, including age, gender and subject field. The result of the psycholinguistic experiment seems to suggest that in people’s minds the notion of synonymy exists but its boundaries with other semantic relations are sometimes unclear and synonymy is not a concept of clear-cut category. To test whether a corpus approach can elicit similar findings to those of the psycholinguistic experiment, a corpus-driven analysis of eleven English candidate synonyms is carried out to test the validity of the notion of synonymy. It finds that the concept of synonymy is still usable but needs modification. Using a scale of similarity, we can only say that words are highly synonymous or synonymous to a certain degree. It is therefore concluded that well-established semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, metonymy and meronymy are helpful in talking about how words may be related to each other, but that it is not always possible, when looking at corpus data, to allocate a pair of words to one of these relations rather than another. To test whether these findings for English are also true for Chinese, a case study comparing a pair of potential English synonyms with a pair of potential Chinese synonyms of equivalent meaning is first conducted to explore whether Chinese near-synonyms are primed differently in terms of their collocations, colligations, semantic associations and pragmatic associations. Then ten potentially synonymous words in Chinese are analysed. The results show that, as was found for English, the notion of synonymy is valid in discussions of Chinese lexis, but the boundary between synonymy and cohyponymy is sometimes blurred. The similarities and differences between candidate synonyms both in English and Chinese could be identified with the categories utilised in lexical priming and the strength of synonymy among candidate synonyms could be measured by these categories. Combining the findings of both the corpus analysis and the psycholinguistic experiment, the research shows that the notion of synonymy is more complex than we may think and that the ways people are primed may suggest possible explanations for the complexity of this linguistic phenomenon.
30
Venant, Fabienne. "Représentation et calcul dynamique du sens : exploration du lexique adjectival du français." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00067902.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de thèse présente un modèle de construction du sens d'un genre nouveau, défini dans le cadre des mathématiques du continu. Le langage y est vu comme un système morphodynamique, obéissant aux principes de base de la Gestalttheorie. Les unités linguistiques découpent leur sens dans un espace sémantique possédant une structure de variété différentiable. Nous avons implémenté ce modèle et l'avons testé sur le lexique adjectival français. Une méthode de construction automatique des espaces sémantiques, reposant sur l'analyse d'un graphe de synonymie, permet d'explorer le lexique adjectival dans son ensemble, ou de construire des espaces locaux. Les espaces sémantiques locaux servent de base à une méthode dynamique de calcul du sens, permettant de prendre en compte les différents facteurs de polysémie adjectivale. L'utilisation des espaces sémantiques globaux ouvre de belles perspectives, tant dans le domaine du calcul du sens que celui de l'exploration de graphes petit monde.
31
Gotoh, Tomohisa, Ayako Kuno, Eiji Hirao, Takeshi Furuhashi, Tomohiro Yoshikawa, and Yasushi Kawai. "Detection of synonyms in specification documents." IEEE, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20855.
Full textAbstract:
2012 Joint 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS) (SCIS-ISIS 2012). November 20-24, 2012, Kobe, Japan
32
Keskisärkkä, Robin. "Automatic Text Simplification via Synonym Replacement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84637.
Full textAbstract:
In this study automatic lexical simplification via synonym replacement in Swedish was investigated using three different strategies for choosing alternative synonyms: based on word frequency, based on word length, and based on level of synonymy. These strategies were evaluated in terms of standardized readability metrics for Swedish, average word length, proportion of long words, and in relation to the ratio of errors (type A) and number of replacements. The effect of replacements on different genres of texts was also examined. The results show that replacement based on word frequency and word length can improve readability in terms of established metrics for Swedish texts for all genres but that the risk of introducing errors is high. Attempts were made at identifying criteria thresholds that would decrease the ratio of errors but no general thresholds could be identified. In a final experiment word frequency and level of synonymy were combined using predefined thresholds. When more than one word passed the thresholds word frequency or level of synonymy was prioritized. The strategy was significantly better than word frequency alone when looking at all texts and prioritizing level of synonymy. Both prioritizing frequency and level of synonymy were significantly better for the newspaper texts. The results indicate that synonym replacement on a one-to-one word level is very likely to produce errors. Automatic lexical simplification should therefore not be regarded a trivial task, which is too often the case in research literature. In order to evaluate the true quality of the texts it would be valuable to take into account the specific reader. A simplified text that contains some errors but which fails to appreciate subtle differences in terminology can still be very useful if the original text is too difficult to comprehend to the unassisted reader.
33
Sabourin, Laura L. "The interaction of suffixation with synonymy and antonymy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0008/MQ34411.pdf.
Full text
34
Tran, Manh Dat. "Contribution à l'étude contrastive de l'antonymie en français et en vietnamien." Besançon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BESA1011.
Full text
35
Svensson, Cassandra. "An eye-tracking study on synonym replacement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119380.
Full textAbstract:
As the amount of information increase, the need for automatic textsimplication also increase. There are some strategies for doing thatand this thesis has studied two basic synonym replacement strategies.The rst one is called word length and is about always choosinga shorter synonym if it is possible. The second one is called wordfrequency and is about always choosing a more frequent synonym if itis possible. Three dierent versions of them were tried. The rst onewas about just choosing the shortest or most frequent synonym. Thesecond was about only choosing a synonym if it was extremely shorteror more frequent. The last was about only choosing a synonym if itmet the requirements for being replaced and was on synonym level 5.Statistical analysis of the data revealed no signicant dierence. Butsmall trends showed that always choosing a more frequent synonymthat is of level 5 seemed to make the text a bit easier.
36
Edmonds, Philip Glenny. "Semantic representations of near-synonyms for automatic lexical choice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/NQ45664.pdf.
Full text
37
Wargärde, Nicko. "Using WordNet Synonyms and Hypernyms in Automatic Topic Detection." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97745.
Full textAbstract:
Detecting topics by extracting keywords from written text using TF-IDF has been studied and successfully used in many applications. Adding a semantic layer to TF-IDF-based topic detection using WordNet synonyms and hypernyms has been explored in document clustering by assigning concepts that describe texts or by adding all synonyms and hypernyms that occurring words have to a list of keywords. A new method where TF-IDF scores are calculated and WordNet synset members’ TF-IDFscores are added together to all occurring synonyms and/or hypernyms is explored in this paper. Here, such an approach is evaluated by comparing extracted keywords using TF-IDF and the new proposed method, SynPlusTF-IDF, against manually assigned keywords in a database of scientific abstracts. As topic detection is widely used in many contexts and applications, improving current methods is of great value as the methods can become more accurate at extracting correct and relevant keywords from written text. An experiment was conducted comparing the two methods and their accuracy measured using precision and recall and by calculating F1-scores.The F1-scores ranged from 0.11131 to 0.14264 for different variables and the results show that SynPlusTF-IDF is not better at topic detection compared to TF-IDF and both methods performed poorly at topic detection with the chosen dataset.
38
Охріменко, А. П. "Роль синонімів у позначенні семантики алонімів." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67204.
Full textAbstract:
Літературознавчий словник-довідник визначає синоніми як
«слова, відмінні за звучанням, але однакові чи близькі за змістом» [1].
Проте слід пам’ятати, що такі слова різняться між собою відтінками
лексичного значення, стилістичним забарвленням та сполучуваністю з
іншими словами. А оскільки у теорії мови є чимало мета метазнаків,
традиційно вивчається саме така група лексики як синоніми.
39
Sparks, Jonathan William. "The Impact of Image Synonyms in Graphical-Based Authentication Systems." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/33.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional text-based passwords used for authentication in information systems have several known issues in the areas of usability and security. Research has shown that when users generate passwords for systems, they tend to create passwords that are subject to compromise more so than those created randomly by the computer. Research has also shown that users have difficulty remembering highly secure, randomly created, text-based passwords.
Graphical-based passwords have been shown to be highly memorable for users when applied to system authentication. However, graphical-based authentication systems require additional cognitive load to recognize and enter a password compared to traditional text-based authentication that is more muscle-memory. This increase in cognitive load causes an increased security risk of shoulder-surfing created from the longer amount of time needed to input a password.
Graphical-based authentication systems use the same images for each possible input value. This makes these authentication systems vulnerable to attackers. The attackers use their ability to remember visual information to compromise a graphical-based password.
This study conducted research into a graphical-based authentication scheme that implemented pictorial synonyms. The goal is to decrease security risk of graphical-based authentication systems while maintaining (or even increasing) the usability of these systems. To accomplish this goal, a study to evaluate the impact on the cognitive load required using an image synonym authentication system compared to traditional graphical-based authentication schemes.
The research found that there was not a significant difference in the areas of user cognitive load, shoulder-surfing threat, and user effectiveness. The research evaluated users' accuracy, cognitive load, and time to authenticate and found to have significant impact of pictorial synonyms on graphical-based authentication systems. The research shows that the accuracy of pictorial synonyms was greater than word password. This appears to due to people's ability to recall pictorial information over text information. Future research should look at the impact of pictorial synonyms on shoulder-surfing attackers and different ages.
40
Gaudinskaitė, Danguolė. "Vietų pavadinimų darybiniai sinonimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050606_160314-58797.
Full textAbstract:
Derivative synonyms of the names of places
Summary
Master‘s work object: derivative synonyms of the names of places, their rows formed from derivatives from the Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian published in 2000. Derivative synonyms of the names of places are the kind of synonyms which have the same root, different derivational affixes and very similar or identical lexical meaning (524 derivatives, 220 rows). The place is named according its things, qualities or actions.
The theme is relevant because derivative synonyms had not been explored in Lithuania so far.
In this work theoretical aspects of derivative synonyms are discussed on the basis of concreat material – derivative synonyms of the names of places: concept of derivative synonyms, the relation of variants of derivative synonyms and words, derivative synonyms and style. Also synonymical derivatives of the names of places are analysed (ways of derivation, means and various combinations, synonymical derivatives of different suffixes, inflections, prefixes and compound words).
The main purpose of this work is to show that there are semantically and stylistically similar or identical derivative synonyms in the category of derivation of the names of places.
Objectives: to show the difference between derivative synonyms of the names of places and variants of the names of places; to discuss derivative synonyms of the names of places in point of polysemy; to show stylistic variety of derivative synonyms; to show variety and... [to full text]
41
Elofsson, Emma. "Effekten av avståndsoperatorer samt expansion med synonymer med avseende på återvinningseffektiviteten." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18283.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the effects of proximity operators and query expansion with synonyms on retrieval performance. The queries were expanded with synonyms and structured with proximity operators where the permitted distance between terms varied from 1 to 3. The expansion terms were selected from the online lexical reference system WordNet. Initial query terms were selected from 28 topics that contained compound words and were chosen on the basis of their expandibility. The English morphological analyser ENGTWOL was used for normalization of query terms. Queries were executed in the Interactive Query Performance Analyser, QPA, containing the InQuery system. The test collection used was TREC-UTA containing documents, topics and a set of relevant documents per given topic. The measures used in the study were average precision, precision at 10 retrieved documents and recall at 200 retrieved documents. The results of the study show that query expansion with synonyms did not improve retrieval performance and neither did query structuring with proximity operators. This result was in a way surprising since earlier studies have obtained improvements when queries were expanded and structured. Further investigation on phrases using proximity operators was also suggested.Uppsatsnivå: D
42
Elewa, Abdel-Hamid. "Collocation and synonymy in Classical Arabic : a corpus-based study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488171.
Full text
43
Masevičienė, Egidija. "Darybiniai sinonimai leksinių sinonimų eilėse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_125204-78736.
Full textAbstract:
Leksiniai sinonimai – skirtingai skambantys, tos pačios ar artimos reikšmės žodžiai, kurie skiriasi semantinėmis, emocinėmis, stilistinėmis ypatybėmis. Darybiniais sinonimais laikomi skirtingų darybos afiksų bendrašakniai dariniai, turintys tapačią arba artimą leksinę ir darybinę reikšmę. Į leksinių sinonimų eiles dažnai įeina ir darybinių sinonimų eilės. Antano Lyberio Sinonimų žodyne (2002) pateiktose leksinių sinonimų eilėse rastas 4471 daiktavardžių, būdvardžių, veiksmažodžių darinys, iš kurių sudarytos 1836 darybinių sinonimų eilės. Bendrašakniai dariniai, kaip ir leksiniai sinonimai, gali sutapti ar skirtis stilistinėmis ypatybėmis. Daugumas sinonimiškai santykiaujančių darinių yra artimos semantikos žodžiai. Analizuojant darybinius sinonimus leksinių sinonimų eilėse pastebėta, kad ne visi žodžiai, esantys Lietuvių kalbos žodyne ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, yra įtraukti į A. Lyberio Sinonimų žodyną. Remiantis šių žodynų medžiaga, į Sinonimų žodyną siūloma įtraukti 800 žodžių ir pratęsti 82 leksinių sinonimų eiles. Iš į Sinonimų žodyną neįtrauktų darinių sudarytos 123 naujos darybinių sinonimų eilės: į 94 eilių sudėtį įeina Sinonimų žodyne fiksuotas darinys, 29 darybinių sinonimų eilės sudarytos vien iš naujų darinių. Sinonimų žodyne rasta žodžių, kurie nefiksuojami nei Lietuvių kalbos žodyne, nei Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, todėl nėra aišku, kokiu kriterijumi remiantis jie buvo įtraukti į žodyną.Lexical synonyms are differently sounding words of the same or close meaning that are different by semantic, emotional or stylistic features. Derivative synonyms are structures of different affix with identical or close lexical and derivation meaning. Lexical synonyms rows often included derivative synonyms rows. Dictionary of Synonyms (Sinonimų žodynas, 2002) by Antanas Lyberis submitted lexical synonyms rows were found 4471 noun, adjective and verb derivatives, which were made 1836 derivative synonyms rows. Conjugate structures, as well as lexical synonyms, may be the same or vary by stylistic features. Most of the derivatives, having synonymous relationships, are close semantic words. Analysis of derivative synonyms in lexical synonym rows noted that not all the words in Lithuanian Language Dictionary (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas), Current Lithuanian Dictionary (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) are included in Dictionary of Synonyms by Antanas Lyberis. According to these dictionaries material, it is proposed to include 800 words extend 82 lexical synonym rows in Dictionary of Synonyms. Were made 123 new derivative synonym rows from the words that were not included into Dictionary of Synonyms: 94 rows containing fixed derivatives of Dictionary of Synonyms, 29 derivative synonym rows consisting entirely of new structures. In Dictionary of Synonyms were found words not included into Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Current Lithuanian Dictionary, so it is not clear by which... [to full text]
44
Holland, Cynthia Rose. "Does synonym priming exist on a word completion task?" Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1056121526.
Full text
45
Bourja, Yahya. "Sémantique de l'antonymie en arabe classique." Strasbourg 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR20009.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherché est consacrée aux antonymes dans la langue arabe classique, puisque nous avons produit une étude sémantique qui regroupe les antonymes sous deux catégories : 1- Les antonymes. 2- antonymes Les antithétiques (les ad?dâd). Comme l'antonymie antithétique requiert l'attention des anciens philologues et grammairiens arabes, nous avons réalisé une liste des ad?dâd afin de localiser le champ sémantique des antonymes antithétiques et faciliter leurs analyses.
46
Choko, Maude. "La liberté d'association au Canada et la liberté syndicale à l'OIT : synonymes?" Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111565.
Full textAbstract:
On June 8, 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada [SCC] overruled its jurisprudence of the past twenty years on freedom of association. The majority of the judges agreed that section 2d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to the process to collective bargaining. In doing so, the SCC rejected the ratio of the majority enunciated in the 1987 trilogy and, at last, gave place to international labour law, in particular to freedom of association principles elaborated by the International Labour Organization's supervisory bodies. The analysis of these principles, focused on three related rights, i.e. the right to collective bargaining, the right to strike and the right not to associate, allows the author to conclude that for the first time, Canada is showing greater respect for its international obligations. What the SCC will decide for the right to strike remains to be seen.
47
Elfassi, Jacques. "Les Synonyma d'Isidore de Séville : édition critique et histoire du texte." Paris, EPHE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPHE4036.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse offre la première édition critique des Synonyma d'Isidore de Séville. Sont d'abord répertoriés tous les manuscrits des Synonyma, soit 491 copies du VIIe au XVIe siècle, puis les manuscrits comportant des extraits de l'œuvre (112). La comparaison des manuscrits les plus anciens permet de distinguer deux recensions: ces deux versions semblent authentiques et issues d'un même modèle qu'Isidore aurait corrigé de manière indépendante. Après l'établissement du stemma de chaque recension, 19 manuscrits sont retenus pour l'édition critique: celle-ci tient compte des deux rédactions et l'apparat des sources montre l'importance des emprunts faits par Isidore. L'édition est suivie d'une traduction française. L'étude de la tradition manuscrite est complétée par une étude littéraire: date de composition, étude des sources, de la langue et du style synonymique. Enfin, une part importante de la thèse est consacrée à l'histoire de la transmission manuscrite et à la réception de l'œuvre par les lecteurs du Moyen--âge: étude des titres et prologues, œuvres avec lesquelles les Synonyma sont souvent associés dans les manuscrits, liste des inventaires anciens mentionnant l'ouvrage, étude des centons, de la postérité littéraire et de toutes les éditions. Il apparaît que l'œuvre fut un des "best-sellers" du Moyen-âge et qu'elle fut surtout lue comme un traité moral.
48
Al-Sowaidi, Belqes Saif Abdulelah. "Textuality in near-synonyms translations of the Holy Qurʾān into English." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2628.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe Holy Qurʾān, like the Bible, is an acknowledged literary masterpiece. Its linguistic and aesthetic vivacity with an amalgam of religious beliefs, moral values, religious social orthodoxy and historical backgrounds pose a great challenge to any translator and make the task overwhelmingly arduous, if not unattainable. The study aims at examining the problems the Qurʾān translators encounter while translating near-synonyms from Arabic into English. It is based on the translations of two professional translators namely, Yusuf Ali and T.B. Irving. The translations provide an empirical basis for the discussion of the problems while translating Qurʾānnic texts into English. The corpus for the present study includes the translations of four near-synonymous pairs namely, ghayth and maṭar, al-ḥilf and al-qasm, bakhīl and shaḥīḥ and ʿāqir and ʿaqīm in their Qurʾānic context. The two translated texts are compared to determine to which extent the translations reflect the referential and the connotative meaning of the original Qurʾānic text as well as to which extent they maintain the textuality standards such as cohesion, coherence, informativity, situationality and acceptability, intentionality and intertextuality. In short, the study sets out to identify the roblematic areas in the translated Qurʾānic texts at the lexical and textual levels with a view to determining what makes one translation better than the other, or what brings one translation closer to the original text than the other.The study is an intersection between Qurʾānic exegeses (tafsīr) and applied linguistics. The researcher consults different books on translation theories as well as of Qurʾānic exegeses (tafsīr) to facilitate the process of analyzing the near-synonyms in their Qurʾānic context. The researcher opts for eclecticism, instead of confining to a particular rigid model or approach, which is a combination of text-analysis translation-oriented approaches of De Beaugrande & Dressler(1981); Neubert & Shreve(1992); Halliday (1994) and Hatim & Mason (1990). In addition, the study draws upon the multiple and theoretical implications of Nida's dynamic equivalence, Beekman & Callow's (1974) historical and dynamic fidelity and Gutt's (1991) relevance theory and the emphasis on communication as mainly context-dependent. These models are closely related and reliable in the process of analyzing and evaluating the problems encountered in Arabic-English translation of the Qurʾānic near-synonyms. Furthermore, the researcher suggests an outline approach for the process of analyzing the Qurʾānic near-synonyms translations in a systemic and organized way thereby ensuring maximum and effective communication of the Qurʾānic message. The study concludes that the Qurʾān translator, compared to other literary genres, faces many difficulties in translating the Qurʾānic ST message. The selected translations of the Holy Qurʾān have failed to measure up to the depth of the Qurʾānic message, its originality and the connotative shades of meanings of the original expression. The study attributes these problems to contextual, socio-cultural, theological and historical factors which create differences that lead to gaps or absence of lexicalization in the TT. Furthermore, the reliance on dictionary meaning rather than the meaning of the lexical item in context, the negligence of context culture as well as the context of situation (the reason for the revelation of the verses) affect the “periodicity” of the text as indicated by Martin & Rose (2007, p.187), that is, the information flow of the whole text. Accordingly, this affects maintaining the standards of textuality and the fidelity which a religious text should meet. The complexity of the Qurʾān as genre is a great challenge to the translator at both the lexical and Qurʾān textual levels, which dilutes the authenticity of the holy text and misrepresents its true message. The conclusion of the study which contains recommendations based on experience may prove helpful to the future novice and professional translators to improve the quality of translation in general and religious translation in particular. The study is a contribution towards a greater understanding of the subtle differences between the near-synonymous pairs in their Qurʾānic context through Arabic-English translation. It is a novel addition to the world of religious translation, Qurʾān translation, ḥadīth and in English. It also contributes to some extent to modern exegeses of the Qurʾān. It is hoped that the work will encourage further studies in the field of translation to employ a context-based linguistic approach to translating different genres and sacred texts in particular, integrating insights from applicable translation and linguistic approaches.
South Africa
49
Barnes, Tyler. "Determining Cutoffs for the Psychometric Synonym Analysis to Detect IER." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1535364525682746.
Full text
50
Abakumova, Olga. "The use of the prepositions to and with after the verb to talk in British and American English : A corpus-based study." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1376.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is a study of the use of the prepositions to/with after the verb to talk in British and American English. The research is based on the material from the COBUILDDirect corpus, Longman American Spoken Corpus and New York Times CD-ROM. The common and different features of the use of talk to/with in different genres of American and British English as well as in written and spoken English were studied; special attention was paid to the factors which influence the choice of the prepositions. The research has shown that generally talk with is used much less than talk to and probably is undergoing the process of narrowing of meaning. With after talk seems to be used most often to refer to two-way communication while talk to is used to refer to both one- and two-way communication and is, therefore, more universal than talk with.