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Journal articles on the topic 'Synoptic climatology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Smithson, P. A. "Synoptic and dynamic climatology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 10, no. 1 (March 1986): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338601000106.

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2

Perry, A. H., and Brent Yarnal. "Synoptic Climatology in Environment Analysis." Geographical Journal 161, no. 3 (November 1995): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059843.

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3

El-Kadi, A. K. A., and P. A. Smithson. "Atmospheric classifications and synoptic climatology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 4 (December 1992): 432–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600403.

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Methods of classifying the atmospheric circulation into pressure patterns or types are reviewed. These classifications are divided into three main categories according to the system of classification used by climatologists. The advantages and limitations of each classification approach are discussed. The Kirchhofer classification scheme shows more advantages than the others, whilst the subjective schemes showed considerable limitations and difficulties in their formulation and in the evaluation of their climatic patterns. The multistage classification could have considerable utility and application in the future.
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4

Harman, Jay R., and Julie A. Winkler. "SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY: THEMES, APPLICATIONS, AND PROSPECTS." Physical Geography 12, no. 3 (July 1991): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1991.10642429.

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5

Smithson, P. A. "Developments in synoptic and dynamic climatology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100107.

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6

Alijani, Bohloul, and Jay R. Harman. "Synoptic Climatology of Precipitation in Iran." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, no. 3 (September 1985): 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1985.tb00075.x.

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7

Yarnal, Brent, Andrew C. Comrie, Brent Frakes, and David P. Brown. "Developments and prospects in synoptic climatology." International Journal of Climatology 21, no. 15 (December 2001): 1923–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.675.

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8

Lugauer, Matthias, and Peter Winkler. "Thermal circulation in South Bavaria climatology and synoptic aspects." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2005): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0014-0015.

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9

Sheridan, Scott C., and Cameron C. Lee. "Synoptic climatology and the general circulation model." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34, no. 1 (January 22, 2010): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309357012.

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One of the main research directions of synoptic climatology in recent years has been its application to the output of general circulation models. These applications have spanned the wide array of synoptic techniques, from traditional ones such as correlation-based maps to more recently developed ones such as self-organizing maps and fuzzy clusters. Here, we review the main themes of recent articles, including assessments of the ability of GCMs to replicate historical circulation pattern frequency, as well as the incorporation of synoptic methods to assess GCM capability in producing estimates of precipitation and the likelihood of extreme events. Results from these articles are quite heterogeneous, suggesting that the selection of the GCM, the variables that are used to drive the categorization, and the specific methodology chosen are all important in determining the efficacy of the research and application.
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10

Davis, Robert E., Thomas M. Stanmeyer, and Gregory V. Jones. "A SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF TORNADOES IN VIRGINIA." Physical Geography 18, no. 5 (September 1997): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1997.10642626.

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11

Hewitson, BC, and RG Crane. "Self-organizing maps: applications to synoptic climatology." Climate Research 22 (2002): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr022013.

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12

Colucci, Stephen J., and Thomas S. Ehrmann. "Synoptic–Dynamic Climatology of the Aleutian High." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0215.1.

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Abstract A climatology of the anticyclone that commonly appears over the Aleutian Islands in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere stratosphere is presented. Applying a geometric moments technique to a reanalysis dataset and updating a previously published definition, 68 Aleutian high (AH) events have been identified during 35 winter (October–March) seasons (1979/80–2013/14), or about 2 events per season. The events lasted an average of approximately 33 days. Thirteen of the 68 AH events each temporally and spatially coincided with tropospheric blocking identified with a wave-breaking definition, while 41 of the AH onsets each coincided with a persistently positive geopotential height anomaly in the troposphere. Also, 41 of the 68 AH events each coincided with or were followed by an objectively defined disturbance (split or displacement) to the stratospheric polar vortex. Finally, 47 of these disturbance events were each preceded by an AH onset, such that in almost all winters (33 out of 35), an early season AH was followed by a later-season polar vortex disturbance (PVD). Potential vorticity (PV) inversion revealed that the geopotential height rises associated with composite AH onset were forced primarily by anticyclonic PV increases in the stratosphere, with the troposphere providing a lesser contribution. Poleward eddy heat fluxes in the stratosphere preceded and especially followed composite AH onset, consistent with the findings that composite AH onset was forced primarily by anticyclonic PV increases in the stratosphere and that many AH onsets were each followed by a PVD onset.
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13

BUSINGER, STEVEN. "The synoptic climatology of polar low outbreaks." Tellus A 37A, no. 5 (October 1985): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00441.x.

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14

Shahgedanova, M., T. P. Burt, and T. D. Davies. "Synoptic Climatology of Air Pollution in Moscow." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 61, no. 1-2 (November 4, 1998): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050054.

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15

Businger, Steven. "The synoptic climatology of polar low outbreaks." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 37, no. 5 (January 1985): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v37i5.11686.

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16

Davis, Robert E., Gregory Demme, and Robert Dolan. "Synoptic climatology of atlantic coast North-Easters." International Journal of Climatology 13, no. 2 (March 1993): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370130204.

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17

Perry, Allen. "Robert Ratcliffe's contribution to applied synoptic climatology." Weather 50, no. 12 (December 1995): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06064.x.

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18

Dixon, Richard W. "Differing approaches to regional climatology: Climates of the Continents by W. G. Kendrew and Climatology and the World’s Climates by G. R. Rumney." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 6 (September 10, 2020): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133320955086.

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The two major regional climatology textbooks at the dawn of the quantitative revolution took very different approaches to regionalization. Kendrew’s The Climates of the Continents follows a grand tour of the continents approach, whereas Rumney’s Climatology and the World’s Climates uses major plant associations to define regions. Each approach has advantages and their impact is still visible today, although neither remains current. Today, physical geography and general climatology textbooks have reverted to a modified Köppen Classification System for organizing their regional climatology chapters. Regional climatology as a subject has been mostly displaced by synoptic or dynamic analysis.
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19

Yarnal, B., and JD Draves. "A synoptic climatology of stream flow and acidity." Climate Research 2 (1993): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr002193.

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20

Leathers, Daniel J. "A SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES TORNADOES." Physical Geography 14, no. 2 (March 1993): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1993.10642475.

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21

Bentley, Mace L., and Thomas L. Mote. "A SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF COOL-SEASON DERECHO EVENTS." Physical Geography 21, no. 1 (January 2000): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2000.10642696.

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22

Benjamin, AE, and DJ Leathers. "Synoptic climatology of tornadoes in the northeast USA." Climate Research 72, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01444.

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23

Otkin, Jason A., and Jonathan E. Martin. "A Synoptic Climatology of the Subtropical Kona Storm." Monthly Weather Review 132, no. 6 (June 2004): 1502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1502:ascots>2.0.co;2.

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24

McGuirk, J. P., L. L. Anderson, and A. H. Thompson. "Satellite-derived synoptic climatology in data-sparse regions." Advances in Space Research 5, no. 6 (January 1985): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90297-2.

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25

Davis, Robert E., and Robert F. Rogers. "A Synoptic Climatology of Severe Storms in Virginia∗." Professional Geographer 44, no. 3 (August 1992): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1992.00319.x.

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26

Kimmel, David G., W. David Miller, Lawrence W. Harding, Edward D. Houde, and Michael R. Roman. "Estuarine Ecosystem Response Captured Using a Synoptic Climatology." Estuaries and Coasts 32, no. 3 (February 25, 2009): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-009-9147-y.

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27

Sheridan, Scott, and Cameron C. Lee. "Synoptic climatology and the analysis of atmospheric teleconnections." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 36, no. 4 (May 23, 2012): 548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312447935.

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28

YARNAL, BRENT, and BRENT FRAKES. "USING SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY TO DEFINE REPRESENTATIVE DISCHARGE EVENTS." International Journal of Climatology 17, no. 3 (March 15, 1997): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19970315)17:3<323::aid-joc121>3.0.co;2-x.

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29

Fiddes, Sonya Louise, Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, and Vaughan Barras. "Synoptic climatology of extreme precipitation in alpine Australia." International Journal of Climatology 35, no. 2 (March 14, 2014): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3970.

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30

Hornsteiner, Matthias. "Comments on "thermal circulation in South Bavaria climatology and synoptic aspects"." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 5 (October 27, 2008): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0287.

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31

Wiley, Jake, and Andrew Mercer. "Synoptic Climatology of Lake-Effect Snow Events off the Western Great Lakes." Climate 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9030043.

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As the mesoscale dynamics of lake-effect snow (LES) are becoming better understood, recent and ongoing research is beginning to focus on the large-scale environments conducive to LES. Synoptic-scale composites are constructed for Lake Michigan and Lake Superior LES events by employing an LES case repository for these regions within the U.S. North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data for each LES event were used to construct synoptic maps of dominant LES patterns for each lake. These maps were formulated using a previously implemented composite technique that blends principal component analysis with a k-means cluster analysis. A sample case from each resulting cluster was also selected and simulated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecast model to obtain an example mesoscale depiction of the LES environment. The study revealed four synoptic setups for Lake Michigan and three for Lake Superior whose primary differences were discrepancies in a surface pressure dipole structure previously linked with Great Lakes LES. These subtle synoptic-scale differences suggested that while overall LES impacts were driven more by the mesoscale conditions for these lakes, synoptic-scale conditions still provided important insight into the character of LES forcing mechanisms, primarily the steering flow and air–lake thermodynamics.
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32

Coleman, Jill S. M., and Jeffrey C. Rogers. "A Synoptic Climatology of the Central United States and Associations with Pacific Teleconnection Pattern Frequency." Journal of Climate 20, no. 14 (July 15, 2007): 3485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4201.1.

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Abstract A synoptic climatological weather classification scheme incorporating both surface and upper-air data is developed for the central United States based on an automated two-step cluster analysis. It employs daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data over all seasons of 57 yr (1948–2004) in creating synoptic types from surface and upper-air (925, 850, 700, and 500 hPa) temperature and humidity data as well as sea level pressure, geopotential heights, and winds aloft. The cluster analysis creates 10 synoptic types exhibiting distinct seasonal preferences, with three each that occur primarily in summer and winter, and four that occur primarily in winter and the transition seasons, particularly spring. The typing scheme generates synoptic patterns largely characterized by distinctive surface circulations, baroclinic vertical structure, and thermal advection. Interannual variations occur in the frequencies of the synoptic types, some of which are out of phase with each other. The annual frequencies of two winter synoptic types, associated respectively with strong zonal and meridional flow, are highly correlated (r ≫ 0.63–0.73) to the phase of the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern, while Niño-3.4 equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures are linked to a synoptic type producing low pressure around the Gulf Coast.
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33

Wang, Chung-Chieh, Chu-Ying Kung, Cheng-Shang Lee, and George Tai-Jen Chen. "Development and Evaluation of Mei-Yu Season Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts in Taiwan River Basins Based on a Conceptual Climatology Model." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 586–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00098.1.

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Abstract Using rain gauge data during 134 mei-yu frontal cases in May–June 1991–2006, a rainfall climatology in relation to the positions of fronts every 0.5° in Taiwan is obtained, showing widespread precipitation with maxima over windward mountain slopes associated with frontal passages. For six major river basins, rainfall characteristics and synoptic factors are further analyzed to build a conceptual climatology model for short-term quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs). The four basins in central–southern Taiwan exhibit increased heavy-rainfall frequencies (&gt;25%) roughly from 2° south to 1° north of the front, while the two basins in northern Taiwan have lower frequencies with different characteristics mainly due to the differences in their topography. The synoptic factors in the checklist employed by the Central Weather Bureau and important to heavy rainfall are identified for each of the six basins through statistical tests and their threat score (TS). These factors include those related to mei-yu fronts, low-level jets and moisture, upper-level divergence–diffluence, and short-wave troughs. A conceptual climatology model that uses both synoptic and probability forecasting guidance is developed, and in practice the average rainfall climatology is replaced by one obtained for heavy-rainfall periods if either of the two guidance schemes indicates heavy-rainfall possibility. This model for 0–6- and 0–12-h QPFs is also evaluated for its usefulness using cases during the 2007–08 seasons. With typical TSs of 0.2–0.3 (for heavy rainfall), this approach outperforms simple climatology in all six basins especially toward higher thresholds (about 20–50 mm) and for 12-h events, where it also shows advantages over model QPFs in southern Taiwan. Thus, the model can provide useful information for operational use.
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34

Nigro, Melissa A., John J. Cassano, and Mark W. Seefeldt. "A Weather-Pattern-Based Approach to Evaluate the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) Forecasts: Comparison to Automatic Weather Station Observations." Weather and Forecasting 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222444.1.

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Abstract Typical model evaluation strategies evaluate models over large periods of time (months, seasons, years, etc.) or for single case studies such as severe storms or other events of interest. The weather-pattern-based model evaluation technique described in this paper uses self-organizing maps to create a synoptic climatology of the weather patterns present over a region of interest, the Ross Ice Shelf for this analysis. Using the synoptic climatology, the performance of the model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model run within the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System, is evaluated for each of the objectively identified weather patterns. The evaluation process involves classifying each model forecast as matching one of the weather patterns from the climatology. Subsequently, statistics such as model bias, root-mean-square error, and correlation are calculated for each weather pattern. This allows for the determination of model errors as a function of weather pattern and can highlight if certain errors occur under some weather regimes and not others. The results presented in this paper highlight the potential benefits of this new weather-pattern-based model evaluation technique.
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35

Nolan, M., E. N. Cassano, and J. J. Cassano. "Synoptic climatology and recent climate trends at Lake El'gygytgyn." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (June 19, 2013): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1271-2013.

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Abstract. We developed a synoptic climatology for Lake El'gygytgyn, Chukotka Russia, and explored modern climate trends affecting air temperatures there to aid in paleoclimate reconstructions of a 3.6 million-year-old sediment core taken from the lake. Our self-organized mapping (SOM) approach identified 35 synoptic weather patterns, based on sea level pressure, that span the range of synoptic patterns influencing the study domain over the 1961–2009 NCEP/NCAR analysis period. We found strong seasonality in modern weather patterns, with summer weather primarily characterized by weak low pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean or Siberia and winter weather primarily characterized by strong high pressure over the Arctic Ocean and strong low pressure in the Pacific Ocean. In general, the primary source of variation in air temperatures came from the dominant patterns in each season, which we identify in the text, and nearly all of the dominant weather patterns here have shown increasing temperatures. We found that nearly all of the warming in mean annual temperature over the past 50 yr (about 3 °C) occurred during sub-freezing conditions on either side of summer (that is, spring and fall). Here we found that the most summer-like weather patterns (low pressures to the north) in the shoulder seasons were responsible for much of the change. Finally, we compared the warmest 15 yr of the record (1995–2009) to the coolest (1961–1975) and found that changes in thermodynamics of weather were about 3 to 300 times more important than changes in frequency of weather patterns in controlling temperature variations during spring and fall, respectively. That is, in the modern record, general warming (local or advected) is more important by orders of magnitude than changes in storm tracks in controlling air temperature at Lake El'gygytgyn. We conclude with a discussion of how these results may be relevant to the paleoclimate reconstruction efforts and how this relevancy could be tested further.
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36

Chen, Shou-Jun, Ying-Hwa Kuo, Pei-Zhong Zhang, and Qi-Feng Bai. "Synoptic Climatology of Cyclogenesis over East Asia, 1958-1987." Monthly Weather Review 119, no. 6 (June 1991): 1407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1407:scocoe>2.0.co;2.

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37

Nolan, M., E. Cassano, and J. Cassano. "Synoptic climatology and recent climate trends at Lake El'gygytgyn." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2012): 1485–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1485-2012.

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Abstract. We developed a synoptic climatology for Lake El'gygytgyn, Chukotka Russia, and explored modern climate trends affecting air temperatures there to aid in paleoclimate reconstructions of a 3.6 million year old sediment core taken from the lake. Our self-organized mapping (SOM) approach identified 35 synoptic weather patterns, based on sea level pressure, that span the range of synoptic patterns that influence the study domain over the 1961–2009 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis period. We found strong seasonality in modern weather patterns, with summer weather primarily characterized by weak low pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean or Siberia and winter weather primarily characterized by strong high pressures over the Arctic Ocean with strong low pressures in the Pacific Ocean. In general the primary source of variation in air temperatures came from the dominant patterns in each season, which we identify in the text, and nearly all of the dominant weather patterns here have shown increasing temperatures. We found that nearly all of the warming in mean annual temperature over the past 50 years (about 3 °C) occurred during sub-freezing conditions on either side of summer (that is, spring and fall). Here we found that the most summer-like weather patterns (low pressures to the North) in the shoulder seasons were responsible for much of the change. Finally we compared the warmest 15 years of the record (1995–2009) to the coolest (1961–1975) and found that changes in thermodynamics of weather were about 3 to 300 times more important than changes in frequency of weather patterns in controlling temperature variations during spring and fall, respectively. That is, in the modern record, general warming (local or imported) is more important by orders of magnitude than changes in storm tracks in controlling air temperature at Lake El'gygtgyn, and we conclude with a discussion of how these results may be relevant to the paleoclimate reconstruction efforts.
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38

WINTELS, WERNER, and JOHN R. GYAKUM. "Synoptic climatology of Northern Hemisphere available potential energy collapses." Tellus A 52, no. 4 (August 2000): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2000.00103.x.

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39

Leighton, R. M., and E. Spark. "Relationship between synoptic climatology and pollution events in Sydney." International Journal of Biometeorology 41, no. 2 (November 26, 1997): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050057.

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40

Wintels, Werner, and John R. Gyakum. "Synoptic climatology of Northern Hemisphere available potential energy collapses." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 52, no. 4 (January 2000): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v52i4.12273.

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41

Brewer, Matthew C., Clifford F. Mass, and Brian E. Potter. "The West Coast Thermal Trough: Climatology and Synoptic Evolution." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 3820–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00078.1.

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Abstract Although the West Coast thermal trough (WCTT) is the most important mesoscale feature over the U.S. west coast during the warm season, its initiation, evolution, and structure are not well understood. Originating in the southwest United States, this inverted trough can extend northward into Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with large impacts on temperature, wind, humidity, and air quality. Using NCEP’s North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), annual and diurnal climatologies of WCTTs reaching the northwest United States were constructed. For the entire year, WCTTs are most frequent along the coast near the California–Oregon border, with weaker maxima west of the Cascade and coastal mountains. Over the coastal region, they occur most often during autumn, while east of the Cascade Mountains, the highest frequency is during summer. There is strong diurnal variability in WCTT frequency during the summer, with little diurnal variation in winter. Though compositing revealed important seasonal differences in WCTT evolution, some common features emerged. An upper-level ridge moves over the northwest United States and associated high pressure builds in the lower troposphere over southwest Canada, resulting in the development of near-surface easterlies and downslope flow over the western slopes of major terrain barriers of the region. Simultaneously, the WCTT extends northward from California into the Pacific Northwest. As the synoptic configuration changes, the WCTT either moves eastward and merges with the larger thermal low over the Great Basin region, which is most common in summer, or it recedes back into California and dissipates, as often happens in winter.
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42

Crawford, Alex D., Karen E. Alley, Anna M. Cooke, and Mark C. Serreze. "Synoptic Climatology of Rain-on-Snow Events in Alaska." Monthly Weather Review 148, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 1275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0311.1.

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Abstract Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can have adverse impacts on high-latitude ungulate populations when rain freezes in the snowpack, forming ice layers that block access to winter forage. In extreme cases, ROS events have led to mass die-offs. ROS events are linked to advection of warm and moist air, associated with extratropical cyclones. However, these conditions are common to many winter precipitation events, challenging our understanding of the particular conditions under which ROS events occur. This study uses the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) to differentiate ROS events in Alaska from precipitation events in which only snow falls on a preexisting snowpack [snow-on-snow (SOS)]. Over the North Slope and Kotzebue Sound, no clear difference exists between the tracks of ROS-producing and SOS-producing storms. However, in the interior, southwest, and Anchorage, tracks of ROS-producing storms tend to be farther north and west than for SOS-producing storms. The northwest shift of ROS-producing storms is linked to the position of upper-tropospheric anticyclones in the eastern Gulf of Alaska during ROS events. ROS-producing storms are no more intense than SOS-producing storms, but their association with atmospheric blocking leads to stronger pressure gradients on the east side of storms and thereby stronger advection of positive anomalies in temperature and precipitable water. For several sites, sea level pressure in the eastern Gulf of Alaska is also significantly higher a few days prior to ROS events than prior to SOS events, further implicating atmospheric blocking as a facilitator and potential predictor of ROS events.
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43

Fitzharris, B. B., and S. Bakkehøi. "A synoptic climatology of major avalanche winters in Norway." Journal of Climatology 6, no. 4 (1986): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370060408.

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44

Ribeiro, Bruno Zanetti, Marcelo Enrique Seluchi, and Sin Chan Chou. "Synoptic climatology of warm fronts in Southeastern South America." International Journal of Climatology 36, no. 2 (May 13, 2015): 644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4373.

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45

Quinting, Julian F., Jennifer L. Catto, and Michael J. Reeder. "Synoptic climatology of hybrid cyclones in the Australian region." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 145, no. 718 (January 2019): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3431.

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46

Colacino, M., and M. Conte. "Heat waves in the central Mediterranean. A synoptic climatology." Il Nuovo Cimento C 18, no. 3 (May 1995): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02508561.

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47

Dixon, Richard W., and Jonathan Herbert. "Glenn T. Trewartha’s The Earth’s Problem Climates (1961)." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317734713.

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The Earth’s Problem Climates used the ideas of dynamic and synoptic climatology to attempt to explain why certain areas of the world failed to conform to the classical paradigm of regional climatology. Anomalous areas of temperature and precipitation were cataloged and explained in terms of local variations in the landscape or circulation. Over four printings, the book was never thoroughly revised and as such failed to keep up to date to changes in the atmospheric sciences. Despite this failing, The Earth’s Problem Climates is an important bridge between classical regional climatology texts and the process focused texts of today.
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48

Schuenemann, Keah C., John J. Cassano, and Joel Finnis. "Synoptic Forcing of Precipitation over Greenland: Climatology for 1961–99." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1014.1.

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Abstract Analysis of the synoptic climatology and precipitation patterns over the North Atlantic region allows for a better understanding of the atmospheric input to the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. The self-organizing map (SOM) technique was applied to the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) daily sea level pressure (SLP) data from 1961 to 1999 to objectively identify synoptic SLP patterns over the North Atlantic region. A total of 35 different SLP patterns were identified. Patterns common to the winter season are characterized by deep low pressure systems that approach Greenland through an active North Atlantic storm track, whereas patterns most common to the summer months are generally weaker and approach the ice sheet from the west through Baffin Bay. The blocking, splitting, and intensification of cyclones by the high elevations of the Greenland ice sheet were identified in this analysis. Analysis of ERA-40 precipitation associated with each SLP pattern revealed that the largest precipitation events were associated with passing cyclones that created onshore flow, allowing the air to be lifted orographically by the steep margins of the ice sheet. The ERA-40 annual mean precipitation over Greenland from 1961 to 1999 was 35.8 cm yr−1. Greenland was divided into five subregions, and the preferred synoptic patterns for receiving precipitation in each region include cyclones positioned to allow dynamic and orographic lift in each region. Annual precipitation contributions from each SLP pattern were isolated to reveal that half of the annual mean precipitation over Greenland comes from only 11 of the 35 identified synoptic patterns (31.4%), highlighting the importance of studying Greenland precipitation on an event-by-event basis on a daily time scale.
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Bechis, Hernán, Paola Salio, and Juan José Ruiz. "Drylines in Argentina: Synoptic Climatology and Processes Leading to Their Genesis." Monthly Weather Review 148, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0050.1.

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Abstract Drylines have been identified as relevant synoptic-scale phenomena that frequently occur in several regions around the world. Despite previous works and the experience of local forecasters that recognizes the occurrence of drylines in Argentina and suggests its possible association with convection initiation, knowledge about the mechanisms leading to the genesis of these features is poor. This paper presents the first synoptic climatology of these drylines as well as a first approach to the understanding of the processes leading to their formation. The climatology is based on an automated algorithm for dryline identification applied to reanalysis data. We found that drylines are more frequent between the northern Patagonia plateau and the central Argentinean plains. A composite analysis is performed to analyze the processes leading to the formation of synoptic-scale drylines within this region. It was found that these drylines form in the confluence between a warm and moist air mass driven by a northwesterly flow and drier air flowing east over the northern Patagonia plateau. The dry air originates on top of the Pacific maritime boundary layer and experiences lee subsidence after crossing the Andes range creating an area of dry and warm air that is advected to the east by the westerly synoptic-scale flow, and transported downward during the day due to strong boundary layer turbulence. At the same time, surface heating over the plateau leads to substantial warming of the originally colder dry air behind the dryline, thus reversing the horizontal temperature gradient across the dryline.
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Thompson, Callum F., David M. Schultz, and Geraint Vaughan. "A Global Climatology of Tropospheric Inertial Instability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 805–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0062.1.

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Abstract A climatology of tropospheric inertial instability is constructed using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) at 250, 500, and 850 hPa. For each level, two criteria are used. The first criterion is the traditional criterion of absolute vorticity that is opposite in sign to the local Coriolis parameter. The second criterion, referred to as the gradient criterion, is the traditional criterion with an added term incorporating flow curvature. Both criteria show that instability, on all pressure levels, occurs most frequently in the tropics and decreases toward the poles. Compared to the traditional criterion, the gradient criterion diagnoses instability much more frequently outside the tropics and less frequently near the equator. The global distribution of inertial instability also shows many local maxima in the occurrence of instability. A sample of these local maxima is investigated further by constructing composites of the synoptic-scale flow associated with instability. The composites show that instability occurs in association with cross-equatorial flow in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Somali jet, tip jets off northern Madagascar, the western Pacific subtropical high, gap winds across Central America, upper-level ridging over western North America, and the North Atlantic polar jet. Furthermore, relatively long-lived synoptic-scale regions of instability are found within the midlatitude jet streams.
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