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Journal articles on the topic 'Synoptic meteorology'
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1
Pant, P. S. "Synoptic Meteorology in china." MAUSAM 42, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i3.4961.
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SAITO, Naosuke. "Synoptic Meteorology and Weather Forecasting." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 96, no. 7 (1988): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.96.7_415.
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Nielsen-Gammon, John W. "Midlatitude synoptic meteorology: Dynamics, analysis, and forecasting." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 43 (October 23, 2012): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo430010.
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Pope, R. J., N. H. Savage, M. P. Chipperfield, C. Ordóñez, and L. S. Neal. "The influence of synoptic weather regimes on UK air quality: regional model studies of tropospheric column NO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 13 (July 8, 2015): 18577–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-18577-2015.
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Abstract. Synoptic meteorology can have a significant influence on UK air quality. Cyclonic (anticyclonic) conditions lead to the dispersion (accumulation) of air pollutants away from (over) source regions. Meteorology also modifies atmospheric chemistry processes such as photolysis and wet deposition. Previous studies have shown a relationship between observed satellite tropospheric column NO2 and synoptic meteorology in different seasons. Here, we test whether the UK Met Office Air Quality in the Unified Model (AQUM) can reproduce these observations and then use the model to determine the controlling factors. We show that AQUM successfully captures the observed relationships, when sampled under the Lamb Weather Types, an objective classification of midday UK circulation patterns. By using a range of idealised NOx-like tracers with different e-folding lifetimes, we show that under different synoptic regimes the NO2 lifetime in AQUM is approximately 6 h in summer and 12 h in winter. The longer lifetime can explain why synoptic spatial column NO2 variations are more significant in winter compared to summer, due to less NO2 photochemical loss. We also show that cyclonic conditions have more seasonality in column NO2 than anticyclonic conditions as they result in more extreme spatial departures from the wintertime seasonal average. Within a season (summer or winter) under different synoptic regimes, a large proportion of the spatial pattern in the UK column NO2 field can be explained by the idealised model tracers, showing that transport is an important factor in governing the variability of UK air quality on seasonal synoptic timescales.
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Worthington, R. M. "Asymmetry of atmospheric microstructure over synoptic scales." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2001): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-921-2001.
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Abstract. Distortions are often seen in the angular distribution of echo-power from VHF wind-profiling radars, suggesting that thin stable layers, within the air flow, are distorted and tilted from horizontal. In vertical shear of the horizontal wind, the distribution of the layer tilt angles becomes skewed. A case study using six days of VHF radar data and synoptic charts above western Europe indicates that this asymmetry of atmospheric microstructure can exist throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, above and below the jet wind maximum, over horizontal scales of thousands of kilometres.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; synoptic-scale meteorology; turbulence).
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Pope, R. J., N. H. Savage, M. P. Chipperfield, C. Ordóñez, and L. S. Neal. "The influence of synoptic weather regimes on UK air quality: regional model studies of tropospheric column NO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 19 (October 8, 2015): 11201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11201-2015.
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Abstract. Synoptic meteorology can have a significant influence on UK air quality. Cyclonic conditions lead to the dispersion of air pollutants away from source regions, while anticyclonic conditions lead to their accumulation over source regions. Meteorology also modifies atmospheric chemistry processes such as photolysis and wet deposition. Previous studies have shown a relationship between observed satellite tropospheric column NO2 and synoptic meteorology in different seasons. Here, we test whether the UK Met Office Air Quality in the Unified Model (AQUM) can reproduce these observations and then use the model to explore the relative importance of various factors. We show that AQUM successfully captures the observed relationships when sampled under the Lamb weather types, an objective classification of midday UK circulation patterns. By using a range of idealized NOx-like tracers with different e-folding lifetimes, we show that under different synoptic regimes the NO2 lifetime in AQUM is approximately 6 h in summer and 12 h in winter. The longer lifetime can explain why synoptic spatial tropospheric column NO2 variations are more significant in winter compared to summer, due to less NO2 photochemical loss. We also show that cyclonic conditions have more seasonality in tropospheric column NO2 than anticyclonic conditions as they result in more extreme spatial departures from the wintertime seasonal average. Within a season (summer or winter) under different synoptic regimes, a large proportion of the spatial pattern in the UK tropospheric column NO2 field can be explained by the idealized model tracers, showing that transport is an important factor in governing the variability of UK air quality on seasonal synoptic timescales.
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Prieto, L., R. Garcia, J. Diaz, E. Hernandez, and T. del Teso. "NAO influence on extreme winter temperatures in Madrid (Spain)." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 12 (December 31, 2002): 2077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-2077-2002.
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Abstract. Extremely cold days (ECDs), with minimum temperatures lower than -4.6°C, have been analysed for Madrid. This threshold corresponds to the 5th percentile of the period 1963–1999. Adopting a case analysis approach, five synoptic patterns have been identified that produce these extremely low temperatures. Three of them are associated with cold air flows over the Iberian Peninsula, and the other two with a lack of significant circulation over the region. A nonlinear association with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been identified using log-linear models. The NAO positive phase leads to an increase in the winter frequency of those synoptic patterns associated with stagnant air flow over Iberia, while those characterised by cold, northern flows do not appear to be similarly influenced.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology; synoptic-scale meteorology; general or miscellaneous)
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Han, Han, Jane Liu, Lei Shu, Tijian Wang, and Huiling Yuan. "Local and synoptic meteorological influences on daily variability in summertime surface ozone in eastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-203-2020.
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Abstract. Ozone pollution in China is influenced by meteorological processes on multiple scales. Using regression analysis and weather classification, we statistically assess the impacts of local and synoptic meteorology on daily variability in surface ozone in eastern China in summer during 2013–2018. In this period, summertime surface ozone in eastern China (20–42∘ N, 110–130∘ E) is among the highest in the world, with regional means of 73.1 and 114.7 µg m−3, respectively, in daily mean and daily maximum 8 h average. Through developing a multiple linear regression (MLR) model driven by local and synoptic weather factors, we establish a quantitative linkage between the daily mean ozone concentrations and meteorology in the study region. The meteorology described by the MLR can explain ∼43 % of the daily variability in summertime surface ozone across eastern China. Among local meteorological factors, relative humidity is the most influential variable in the center and south of eastern China, including the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions, while temperature is the most influential variable in the north, covering the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. To further examine the synoptic influence of weather conditions explicitly, six predominant synoptic weather patterns (SWPs) over eastern China in summer are objectively identified using the self-organizing map clustering technique. The six SWPs are formed under the integral influence of the East Asian summer monsoon, the western Pacific subtropical high, the Meiyu front, and the typhoon activities. On average, regionally, two SWPs bring about positive ozone anomalies (1.1 µg m−3 or 1.7 % and 2.7 µg m−3 or 4.6 %), when eastern China is under a weak cyclone system or under the prevailing southerly wind. The impact of SWPs on the daily variability in surface ozone varies largely within eastern China. The maximum impact can reach ±8 µg m−3 or ±16 % of the daily mean in some areas. A combination of the regression and the clustering approaches suggests a strong performance of the MLR in predicting the sensitivity of surface ozone in eastern China to the variation of synoptic weather. Our assessment highlights the importance of meteorology in modulating ozone pollution over China.
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Miao, Yucong, Huizheng Che, Xiaoye Zhang, and Shuhua Liu. "Integrated impacts of synoptic forcing and aerosol radiative effect on boundary layer and pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 5899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5899-2020.
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Abstract. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to deterioration of air quality in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region due to high loadings of PM2.5. Heavy aerosol pollution frequently occurs in winter, in close relation to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) meteorology. To unravel the physical processes that influence PBL structure and aerosol pollution in BTH, this study combined long-term observational data analyses, synoptic pattern classification, and meteorology–chemistry coupled simulations. During the winter of 2017 and 2018, Beijing and Tangshan often experienced heavy PM2.5 pollution simultaneously, accompanied by strong thermal inversion aloft. These concurrences of pollution in different cities were primarily regulated by the large-scale synoptic conditions. Using principal component analysis with geopotential height fields at the 850 hPa level during winter, two typical synoptic patterns associated with heavy pollution in BTH were identified. One pattern is characterized by a southeast-to-north pressure gradient across BTH, and the other is associated with high pressure in eastern China. Both synoptic types feature warmer air temperature at 1000 m a.g.l., which could suppress the development of the PBL. Under these unfavorable synoptic conditions, aerosols can modulate PBL structure through the radiative effect, which was examined using numerical simulations. The aerosol radiative effect can significantly lower the daytime boundary layer height through cooling the surface layer and heating the upper part of the PBL, leading to the deterioration of air quality. This PBL–aerosol feedback is sensitive to the aerosol vertical structure, which is more effective when the synoptic pattern can distribute more aerosols to the upper PBL.
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Кулібаба, М. О. "CONSTITUENTS OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD "SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY": LEXICOGRAPHICAL ASPECT." Opera in linguistica ukrainiana 1, no. 26 (October 16, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2414-0627.2019.26.180943.
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García, R., L. Prieto, J. Díaz, E. Hernández, and T. del Teso. "Synoptic conditions leading to extremely high temperatures in Madrid." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 2 (February 28, 2002): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-237-2002.
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Abstract. Extremely hot days (EHD) in Madrid have been analysed to determine the synoptic patterns that produce EHDs during the period of 1955–1998. An EHD is defined as a day with maximum temperature higher than 36.5°C, a value which is the threshold for the intense effects on mortatility and it coincides with the 95 percentile of the series. Two different situations have been detected as being responsible for an EHD occurrence, one more dynamical, produced by southern fluxes, and another associated with a stagnation situation over Iberia of a longer duration. Both account for 92% of the total number of days, thus providing an efficient classification framework. A circulation index has been derived to characterise and forecast an EHD occurrence. This paper shows that EHD occur in Madrid during short duration events, and no long heat waves, like those recorded in other cities, are present. Additionally, no clear pattern can be detected in the EHD frequency; the occurrence is tied to changes in the summer location of the Azores high.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Climatology; synoptic-scale meteorology; general or miscellaneous)
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Ghelli, Anna. "Midlatitude synoptic meteorology: Dynamics, analysis and forecasting - by Gary Lackmann." Meteorological Applications 19, no. 4 (December 2012): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1369.
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AHMED, F. K., and A. MOBASSHER. "An investigation of monthly mean maximum and absolute maximum temperatures of Bangladesh." MAUSAM 42, no. 4 (February 28, 2022): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i4.3267.
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Using synoptic and climatological data for 27 years (1951-1977) of 16 stations of Bangladesh, temporal and spatial variations of the ab3olute maximum temperature of Bangladesh have been studied. Empirical probabilities for the interval 35.loC-40.o0C and 40,1° -45.0°C of absolute maximum temperature have been examined. Some correlation characteristics between some pairs of station for some selected months have been analysed. An attempt has been made to explain the cause of temporal and spatial variations of maximum and absolute maximum temperatures from the point of view of synoptic meteorology.
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Sarmadi, Fahimeh, Yi Huang, Steven T. Siems, and Michael J. Manton. "Characteristics of Wintertime Daily Precipitation over the Australian Snowy Mountains." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2849–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0072.1.
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Abstract The relationship between orographic precipitation, low-level thermodynamic stability, and the synoptic meteorology is explored for the Snowy Mountains of southeast Australia. A 21-yr dataset (May–October, 1995–2015) of upper-air soundings from an upwind site is used to define synoptic indicators and the low-level stability. A K-means clustering algorithm was employed to classify the daily meteorology into four synoptic classes. The initial classification, based only on six synoptic indicators, distinctly defines both the surface precipitation and the low-level stability by class. Consistent with theory, the wet classes are found to have weak low-level stability, and the dry classes have strong low-level stability. By including low-level stability as an additional input variable to the clustering method, statistically significant correlations were found between the precipitation and the low-level stability within each of the four classes. An examination of the joint PDF reveals a highly nonlinear relationship; heavy rain was associated with very weak low-level stability, and conversely, strong low-level stability was associated with very little precipitation. Building on these historical relationships, model output statistics (MOS) from a moderate resolution (12-km spatial resolution) operational forecast were used to develop stepwise regression models designed to improve the 24-h forecast of precipitation over the Snowy Mountains. A single regression model for all days was found to reduce the RMSE by 7% and the bias by 75%. A class-based regression model was found to reduce the overall RMSE by 30% and the bias by 85%.
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Hakim, Gregory J., and Ryan D. Torn. "Ensemble Synoptic Analysis." Meteorological Monographs 55 (November 1, 2008): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/0065-9401-33.55.147.
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Abstract Synoptic and mesoscale meteorology underwent a revolution in the 1940s and 1950s with the widespread deployment of novel weather observations, such as the radiosonde network and the advent of weather radar. These observations provoked a rapid increase in our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere by pioneering analysts such as Fred Sanders. The authors argue that we may be approaching an analogous revolution in our ability to study the structure and dynamics of atmospheric phenomena with the advent of probabilistic objective analyses. These probabilistic analyses provide not only best estimates of the state of the atmosphere (e.g., the expected value) and the uncertainty about this state (e.g., the variance), but also the relationships between all locations and all variables at that instant in time. Up until now, these relationships have been determined by sampling in time by, for example, case studies, composites, and time-series analysis. Here the authors propose a new approach, ensemble synoptic analysis, which exploits the information contained in probabilistic samples of analyses at one or more instants in time. One source of probabilistic analyses is ensemble-based state-estimation methods, such as ensemble-based Kalman filters. Analyses from such a filter may be used to study atmospheric phenomena and the relationships between fields and locations at one or more instants in time. After a brief overview of a research-based ensemble Kalman filter, illustrative examples of ensemble synoptic analysis are given for an extratropical cyclone, including relationships between the cyclone minimum sea level pressure and other synoptic features, statistically determined operators for potential-vorticity inversion, and ensemble-based sensitivity analysis.
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Loikith, Paul C., and J. David Neelin. "Non-Gaussian Cold-Side Temperature Distribution Tails and Associated Synoptic Meteorology." Journal of Climate 32, no. 23 (November 14, 2019): 8399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0344.1.
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Abstract Non-Gaussian cold side temperature distribution tails occur in spatially coherent patterns in winter and summer across the globe. Under such conditions, future changes in extreme cold temperature exceedances may be manifested in more complex ways than if the underlying distribution were Gaussian. For example, under a uniform warm shift, locations with shorter- or longer-than-Gaussian cold side tails would experience a more or less rapid decrease in the number of extreme cold threshold exceedances, respectively, compared to if the tail were Gaussian. In many places in the mid- to high latitudes, shorter-than-Gaussian cold tails occur where there is a climatological limit on the magnitude of cold air to be transported by synoptic flow. For example, some high-latitude regions are already among the coldest in the hemisphere, thus limiting the availability of extremely cold air, in an anomalous sense, that can be transported to the region. In other short tail regions, anomalously cold air originates from or travels over large water bodies, which limits the magnitude of the cold anomaly. Long tails are often present when the cold source region is downstream of the climatological flow, requiring a highly anomalous circulation pattern to transport the cold air. The synoptic evolution of extreme cold days at several short- and long-tailed weather stations are presented to help diagnose the mechanisms behind extreme cold temperatures under conditions of non-Gaussianity. This provides a mechanistic view of how extreme cold occurs at each location, as well as an explanation for the notable deviations from Gaussianity.
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Nogueira, R., and E. M. Cutrim. "Applications of "Integrated Data Viewer'' (IDV) in the classroom." Advances in Geosciences 8 (June 6, 2006): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-8-63-2006.
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Abstract. Conventionally, weather products utilized in synoptic meteorology reduce phenomena occurring in four dimensions to a 2-dimensional form. This constitutes a road-block for non-atmospheric-science majors who need to take meteorology as a non-mathematical and complementary course to their major programs. This research examines the use of Integrated Data Viewer-IDV as a teaching tool, as it allows a 4-dimensional representation of weather products. IDV was tested in the teaching of synoptic meteorology, weather analysis, and weather map interpretation to non-science students in the laboratory sessions of an introductory meteorology class at Western Michigan University. Comparison of student exam scores according to the laboratory teaching techniques, i.e., traditional lab manual and IDV was performed for short- and long-term learning. Results of the statistical analysis show that the Fall 2004 students in the IDV-based lab session retained learning. However, in the Spring 2005 the exam scores did not reflect retention in learning when compared with IDV-based and MANUAL-based lab scores (short term learning, i.e., exam taken one week after the lab exercise). Testing the long-term learning, seven weeks between the two exams in the Spring 2005, show no statistically significant difference between IDV-based group scores and MANUAL-based group scores. However, the IDV group obtained exam score average slightly higher than the MANUAL group. Statistical testing of the principal hypothesis in this study, leads to the conclusion that the IDV-based method did not prove to be a better teaching tool than the traditional paper-based method. Future studies could potentially find significant differences in the effectiveness of both manual and IDV methods if the conditions had been more controlled. That is, students in the control group should not be exposed to the weather analysis using IDV during lecture.
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Schultz, David M., Hans Volkert, Bogdan Antonescu, and Huw C. Davies. "Defender and Expositor of the Bergen Methods of Synoptic Analysis: Significance, History, and Translation of Bergeron’s (1928) “Three-Dimensionally Combining Synoptic Analysis”." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): E2078—E2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0021.1.
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AbstractTor Bergeron was a key member of the Bergen School of Meteorology that developed some of the most influential contributions to synoptic analysis in the twentieth century: airmass analysis, polar-front theory, and the Norwegian cyclone model. However, the eventual success of these so-called Bergen methods of synoptic analysis was not guaranteed. Concerns and criticisms of the methods—in part from the lack of referencing to prior studies, overly simplified conceptual models, and lack of real data in papers by J. Bjerknes and Solberg—were inhibiting worldwide adoption. Bergeron’s research output in the 1920s was aimed at addressing these concerns. His doctoral thesis, written in German, was published as a journal article in Geofysiske Publikasjoner in 1928. Here, an accessible and annotated English translation is provided along with a succinct overview of this seminal study. Major interlaced themes of Bergeron’s study were the first comprehensive description of the Bergen methods: a vigorous defense of cyclogenesis as primarily a lower-tropospheric process as opposed to an upper-tropospheric–lower-stratospheric one; a nuanced explanation of the assertion that meteorology constituted a distinct and special scientific discipline; and, very understandably, a thorough account of Bergeron’s own contributions to the Bergen School. His contributions included identifying how deformation results in frontogenesis and frontolysis, classifying the influence of aerosols on visibility, and explaining the role of the ambient conditions in the onset of drizzle as opposed to rain showers—a distinction that led the formulation of the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process.
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PURDOM, JAMES F. W. "Local severe storm monitoring and prediction using satellite data." MAUSAM 54, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v54i1.1498.
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This paper addresses using satellite data for nowcasting severe storms and their intensity in the 0-6 hour time frame. Weather, and weather related phenomena extend across a broad range of scales. In meteorology the link between the synoptic scale and the mesoscale is many times a key factor in controlling the intensity of local weather. The only observing tool capable of monitoring weather across those scales (and those scales interactions) is the geostationary satellite! Just as imagery from polar orbiting satellites helped advance understanding of synoptic scale phenomena, imagery from geostationary satellites is advancing our understanding of the mesoscale. A number of important discoveries using geostationary satellite imagery have had a dramatic impact on mesoscale meteorology and, in turn, our ability to provide short term forecasts and warnings for disaster related weather events, including: areas of incipient squall line development; location of regions with high probability of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms; mesoscale convective complexes; and, areas with heavy convective rainfall. As exciting as current capabilities are, satellite systems that will come into being during the next several years will provide capabilities well beyond the present ones.
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de Foy, B., L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina. "Satellite-derived land surface parameters for mesoscale modelling of the Mexico City basin." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 5 (April 25, 2006): 1315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1315-2006.
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Abstract. Mesoscale meteorological modelling is an important tool to help understand air pollution and heat island effects in urban areas. Accurate wind simulations are difficult to obtain in areas of weak synoptic forcing. Local factors have a dominant role in the circulation and include land surface parameters and their interaction with the atmosphere. This paper examines an episode during the MCMA-2003 field campaign held in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) in April of 2003. Because the episode has weak synoptic forcing, there is the potential for the surface heat budget to influence the local meteorology. High resolution satellite observations are used to specify the land use, vegetation fraction, albedo and surface temperature in the MM5 model. Making use of these readily available data leads to improved meteorological simulations in the MCMA, both for the wind circulation patterns and the urban heat island. Replacing values previously obtained from land-use tables with actual measurements removes the number of unknowns in the model and increases the accuracy of the energy budget. In addition to improving the understanding of local meteorology, this sets the stage for the use of advanced urban modules.
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Lenouo, A., F. Nkankam Kamga, and E. Yepdjuo. "Weak interaction in the African Easterly Jet." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 5 (July 28, 2005): 1637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1637-2005.
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Abstract. Low-frequency, African Easterlies Waves (AEW) are examined as disturbances embedded in the mid-tropospheric easterly jet of the African low troposphere. The solution to the nonlinear vorticity equation relevant to the description of waves is sought in the form of triplet waves. The latest suggest a unified method to determine their kinetics characteristic and to explain the mechanism of energy exchange between their different modes. The period of energy interaction between different modes of the global wave is equal to 3.5 days when the wave packet is moving with a group velocity dependent on the mean basic flow. The effects of nonlinearity are also identified, and it is noted that the horizontal shears of mean flow, as well as the temporal variation of the amplitude wave functions, are the controlling factors. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Synoptic-scale meteorology; Tropical meteorology; Waves and tides)
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Finizio, M., and S. Palmieri. "Non-linear modelling of monthly mean vorticity time changes: an application to the western Mediterranean." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 1 (January 31, 1998): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0116-0.
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Abstract. Starting from a number of observables in the form of time-series of meteorological elements in various areas of the northern hemisphere, a model capable of fitting past records and predicting monthly vorticity time changes in the western Mediterranean is implemented. A new powerful statistical methodology is introduced (MARS) in order to capture the non-linear dynamics of time-series representing the available 40-year history of the hemispheric circulation. The developed model is tested on a suitable independent data set. An ensemble forecast exercise is also carried out to check model stability in reference to the uncertainty of input quantities.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics · General circulation ocean-atmosphere interactions · Synoptic-scale meteorology
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James, P. M., and D. Peters. "The Lagrangian structure of ozone mini-holes and potential vorticity anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 6 (June 30, 2002): 835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-835-2002.
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Abstract. An ozone mini-hole is a synoptic-scale area of strongly reduced column total ozone, which undergoes a growth-decay cycle in association with baroclinic weather systems. The tracks of mini-hole events recorded during the TOMS observation period over the Northern Hemisphere provide a database for building anomaly fields of various meteorological parameters, following each mini-hole center in a Lagrangian sense. The resulting fields provide, for the first time, a complete mean Lagrangian picture of the three-dimensional structure of typical ozone mini-holes in the Northern Hemisphere. Mini-holes are shown to be associated with anomalous warm anticyclonic flow in the upper troposphere and cold cyclonic anomalies in the middle stratosphere. Ascending air columns occur upstream and descent downstream of the mini-hole centers. Band-pass filtering is used to reveal the transient synoptic nature of mini-holes embedded within larger scale circulation anomalies. Significant correlations between ozone and Ertel’s potential vorticity on isentropes (IPV) both near the tropopause and in the middle stratosphere are shown and then utilized by reconstructing the Lagrangian analysis to follow local IPV anomalies instead of ozone minima. By using IPV as a proxy for ozone, the geopotential anomaly dipolar structure in the vertical characteristic of mini-holes is shown to result from a superposition of two largely independent dynamical components, stratospheric and tropospheric, typically operating on different time scales. Hence, ozone mini-holes may be viewed primarily as phenomena of coincidence.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; synoptic-scale meteorology)
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Enell, C. F., Å. Steen, T. Wagner, U. Frieß, K. Pfeilsticker, U. Platt, and K. H. Fricke. "Occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds at Kiruna." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 11 (November 30, 1999): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1457-7.
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Abstract. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are often observed in the Kiruna region in northern Sweden, east of the Scandinavian mountain range, during wintertime. PSC occurrence can be detected by ground-based optical instruments. Most of these require clear tropospheric weather. By applying the zenith-sky colour index technique, which works under most weather conditions, the data availability can be extended. The observations suggest that PSC events, especially of type II (water PSCs) may indeed more common than predicted by synoptic models, which is expected because of the frequent presence of mountain-induced leewaves. However, it will be of importance to increase the density of independent observations.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles · cloud physics and chemistry) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)
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Lüdecke, Cornelia. "Neumayer’s impact on meteorology in Germany." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11035.
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When Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) had a practical training with Johann von Lamont (1805-1879) at the observatory at Bogenhausen (today part of Munich), he learnt not only about astronomical observations and the construction of instruments, but also about magnetic and meteorological measurements, as well as the organisation of networks of stations and the importance of publication of measured data and their analysis. When he became first Director of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Maritime Observatory) in Hamburg (1876–1903) he subsequently introduced weather telegraphy and synoptic meteorology and installed a workshop for the development and calibration of meteorological and magnetic instruments and compasses. He also initiated the establishment of a weather service in Bavaria and the aerological (kite) station at Groß Borstel close to Hamburg (1903). Under his guidance the Deutsche Seewarte soon took over a leading role in Germany, which was confirmed in Neumayer’s membership in the International Meteorological Committee (1879–1888). Finally he became the founding President of the Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft (German Meteorological Society) in 1883. This can be regarded as a further important step for the institutionalisation of meteorology as a discipline in Germany.
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Krupa, S., and M. Nosal. "Rainfall composition in Minnesota: integrating the chemistry, synoptic meteorology and numerical modelling." Environmental Pollution 104, no. 3 (March 1999): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00148-1.
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Homar, V., C. Ramis, and S. Alonso. "A deep cyclone of African origin over the Western Mediterranean: diagnosis and numerical simulation." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2002): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-93-2002.
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Abstract. From 19 to 22 December 1979, a deep cyclone evolved over the Western Mediterranean. Gusty winds of more than 30 m/s, as well as a strong pressure decrease to about 990 hPa were recorded in Palma de Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). ECMWF analyses are used for a diagnosis and numerical study of the case. Sensitivity experiments using the HIRLAM model are performed to assess the role of the surface sensible heat flux, latent heat release and orography on the genesis and evolution of the cyclone. At synoptic scale, the situation is governed by the instability of an upper-level short wave. The cyclone developed within a notable baroclinic environment, which resulted from a cold advection from the northwest towards North Africa. The baroclinicity at first stages of the cyclogenesis is quantified by means of the Eady model. At latter stages, the evolution of the potential vorticity structures at high levels reveals a wide tropopause fold over the cyclone, as well as the presence of a strong anomaly associated with the low-level system. Sensitivity experiments reveal a notable cyclogenetic role of the latent heat release throughout the atmosphere in the deepening of the low, whereas no significant effect of the surface sensible heat flux is obtained for the simulation interval. On the other hand, an unusual cyclolytic role can be attributed to the northern ranges of the Mediterranean basin. Effectively, the low enlargement and deepening is constrained by a "wall effect", which is a consequence of the interaction of the cyclonic flow and those northern mountainous systems.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (synoptic-scale meteorology, Mesoscale meteorology)
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Pérez, Isidro A., Mª Ángeles García, Mª Luisa Sánchez, Nuria Pardo, and Beatriz Fernández-Duque. "Key Points in Air Pollution Meteorology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 8349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228349.
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Although emissions have a direct impact on air pollution, meteorological processes may influence inmission concentration, with the only way to control air pollution being through the rates emitted. This paper presents the close relationship between air pollution and meteorology following the scales of atmospheric motion. In macroscale, this review focuses on the synoptic pattern, since certain weather types are related to pollution episodes, with the determination of these weather types being the key point of these studies. The contrasting contribution of cold fronts is also presented, whilst mathematical models are seen to increase the analysis possibilities of pollution transport. In mesoscale, land–sea and mountain–valley breezes may reinforce certain pollution episodes, and recirculation processes are sometimes favoured by orographic features. The urban heat island is also considered, since the formation of mesovortices determines the entry of pollutants into the city. At the microscale, the influence of the boundary layer height and its evolution are evaluated; in particular, the contribution of the low-level jet to pollutant transport and dispersion. Local meteorological variables have a major influence on calculations with the Gaussian plume model, whilst some eddies are features exclusive to urban environments. Finally, the impact of air pollution on meteorology is briefly commented on.
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Alroe, Joel, Luke T. Cravigan, Branka Miljevic, Graham R. Johnson, Paul Selleck, Ruhi S. Humphries, Melita D. Keywood, Scott D. Chambers, Alastair G. Williams, and Zoran D. Ristovski. "Marine productivity and synoptic meteorology drive summer-time variability in Southern Ocean aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 13 (July 10, 2020): 8047–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8047-2020.
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Abstract. Cloud–radiation interactions over the Southern Ocean are not well constrained in climate models, in part due to uncertainties in the sources, concentrations, and cloud-forming potential of aerosol in this region. To date, most studies in this region have reported measurements from fixed terrestrial stations or a limited set of instrumentation and often present findings as broad seasonal or latitudinal trends. Here, we present an extensive set of aerosol and meteorological observations obtained during an austral summer cruise across the full width of the Southern Ocean south of Australia. Three episodes of continental-influenced air masses were identified, including an apparent transition between the Ferrel atmospheric cell and the polar cell at approximately 64∘ S, and accompanied by the highest median cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, at 252 cm−3. During the other two episodes, synoptic-scale weather patterns diverted air masses across distances greater than 1000 km from the Australian and Antarctic coastlines, respectively, indicating that a large proportion of the Southern Ocean may be periodically influenced by continental air masses. In all three cases, a highly cloud-active accumulation mode dominated the size distribution, with up to 93 % of the total number concentration activating as CCN. Frequent cyclonic weather conditions were observed at high latitudes and the associated strong wind speeds led to predictions of high concentrations of sea spray aerosol. However, these modelled concentrations were not achieved due to increased aerosol scavenging rates from precipitation and convective transport into the free troposphere, which decoupled the air mass from the sea spray flux at the ocean surface. CCN concentrations were more strongly impacted by high concentrations of large-diameter Aitken mode aerosol in air masses which passed over regions of elevated marine biological productivity, potentially contributing up to 56 % of the cloud condensation nuclei concentration. Weather systems were vital for aerosol growth in biologically influenced air masses and in their absence ultrafine aerosol diameters were less than 30 nm. These results demonstrate that air mass meteorological history must be considered when modelling sea spray concentrations and highlight the potential importance of sub-grid-scale variability when modelling atmospheric conditions in the remote Southern Ocean.
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Saha, Auromeet, K. Krishna Moorthy, and K. Niranjan. "Interannual Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth over Coastal India: Relation to Synoptic Meteorology." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1066–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2256.1.
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Abstract Interannual variations in spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD) were examined using the data obtained from a chain of ground-based multiwavelength solar radiometers from various locations of the Indian peninsula during the dry winter season (January–March) of 1996–2001. All of the stations revealed significant interannual variations, even though the spatial pattern of the variations differed over the years. These interannual variations were found to be significantly influenced by the extent of the southward excursion of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The years in which the southward excursion of the ITCZ was less (i.e., the years when the wintertime ITCZ was closer to the equator) showed higher AODs than the years in which the ITCZ moved far southward. The spatial variation was found to be influenced by large-scale vertical descent of an air mass over peninsular India, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal.
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Merrill, John T., and Jennie L. Moody. "Synoptic meteorology and transport during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) intensive: Overview." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, no. D22 (December 1, 1996): 28903–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jd00097.
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Meng, Zhiyong, Fuqing Zhang, Dehai Luo, Zhemin Tan, Juan Fang, Jianhua Sun, Xueshun Shen, et al. "Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Synoptic meteorology." Science China Earth Sciences 62, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 1946–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9534-6.
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Roulstone, I. "Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Mid-latitudes. Volume I: Principles of Kinematics and Dynamics." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 56, no. 11 (September 1994): 1529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)90120-1.
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Kazalarska, Zornitza. "Am Fenster, in der „Küche des Wetters“: Überlegungen zu einer Poetik des Synoptischen." Poetica 53, no. 3-4 (December 23, 2022): 290–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890530-05301012.
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Abstract At the Window, in the “Kitchen of the Weather”: Reflections on the Poetics of the Synoptic. The focus of this article is on the interplay between phenomenology and meteorology and its poetics in Czech and Slovak art and literature. The first part of the paper explores the possibilities of the interaction between non-meteorological and meteorological atmospheres in the interwar prose of Ivan Horváth and Milena Jesenská, using the figure of the window scene as an example. The second part of the analysis is devoted to Zdeněk Košeks autodidactic art and the “notational iconicity” (S. Krämer) of his diagrammatic archive of observations on everyday life and the weather in the 1990s. As methodological instruments for the exploration of the poetics of synoptic perception serve rhythmanalytical (H. Lefebvre), meteopoetological (M. Gamper, U. Büttner / I. Theilen) and atmosphere-oriented (G. Böhme, H.U. Gumbrecht, B. Meyer-Sickendiek) approaches.
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Panahifar, Hossein, and Hamid Reza Khalesifard. "Observation of Long-Range Dust Transport from Mesopotamia and Arabian Peninsula Toward Tehran, Iran." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199902006.
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Continuous vertically resolved aerosol measurements using lidar were performed in Tehran, Iran. Lidar results has been used in combination with particulate matter monitoring, synoptic meteorology observa- tion as well as satellite-based measurements. The aerosol types are classified by their optical properties. The volume linear depolarization ratio (VLDR) at 532 nm lies mostly between 0:05-0:10. These results show that mostly urban pollution mixed with particles are present in the atmosphere above Tehran. During dust events, the VLDR at 532 nm lies between 0:20-0:35.
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Réchou, A., V. Barabash, P. Chilson, S. Kirkwood, T. Savitskaya, and K. Stebel. "Mountain wave motions determined by the Esrange MST radar." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 7 (July 31, 1999): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0957-9.
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Abstract. A European campaign of ground-based radar, lidar and optical measurements was carried out during the winter of 1996/1997 (28 December-2 February) to study lee waves in the northern part of Scandinavia. The participants operated ozone lidars, backscatter lidars and MST radars at ALOMAR/Andoya and Esrange/Kiruna, and an ALIS imaging system in Kiruna. The Andoya site was generally windward of the Scandinavian mountains, the Kiruna site on the leeward side. The goal of the experiment was to examine the influence of lee waves on the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). This paper studies the radar data from MST-radar ESRAD located at Esrange [68.°N, 21.°E], i.e. in the lee of the mountains. We present three cases where strong lee waves were observed: in one case they propagated upwards to the lower stratosphere and in the other two cases they were trapped or absorbed in the troposphere. We examine the local waves and the direction and strength of the local wind using the radar, the synoptic meteorological situation using weather maps (European Meteorological Bulletin) and the synoptic stratospheric temperatures using ECMWF data. We observed that waves propagate up to the stratosphere during frontal passages. When anticyclonic ridges are present, the propagation to the stratosphere is very weak. This is due to trapping of the waves at or below the tropopause. We also show that the radar data alone can be used to characterise the different weather conditions for the three cases studied (through the variation of the height of the tropopause). The synoptic stratospheric temperatures in the three cases were similar, and were above the expected threshold for PSC formation. Lidar and visual observation of PSCs and nacreous clouds, respectively, showed that these were present only in the case when the lee waves propagated up to the lower stratosphere.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) · Electromagnetic (wave propa- gation) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)
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Fochesatto, G. J. "Methodology for determining multilayered temperature inversions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2014): 10559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-10559-2014.
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Abstract. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) exhibit multilayered thermal structure especially in polar atmosphere during extreme winters. These thermal inversions are originated based on the combined forcing of local and large scale synoptic meteorology. At the local scale the thermal inversion layer forms near the surface and plays a central role in controlling the surface radiative cooling; however, depending upon the large scale synoptic meteorological forcing, an upper level thermal inversion can also exist topping the local ABL. In this article a numerical methodology is developed to determine all-thermal inversion layers present in a given temperature profile and deduce some of their thermodynamic properties. The algorithm extract from the temperature profile the most important temperature variations defining thermal layers. This is accomplished by a inear interpolation function of variable length that minimizes an error function. The algorithm functionality is demonstrated on actual radiosonde profiles to deduce all-present inversion layers with an error fraction set independently.
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Madhusudanacharyulu, A. S., K. Samatha, K. Sailesh Kumar, K. Jagadeesh, and Suneetha Rani. "Satellite Derived Aerosol Optical Depth Climatology over Tropical Coastal Station Machilipatnam, India." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 2015): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.50.188.
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Climatological aerosol optical depths (AOD) over Tropical coastal city Machilipatnam, India have been examined to bring out the temporal heterogeneity in columnar aerosol characteristics. AOD values at 388 nm derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor EOS-AURA satellite, for the period of 2005–2013 have been analyzed for the purpose. AOD trends exhibited seasonal annual mean variations. Frequency distributions of the AOD values are examined to infer the monthly mean values. Monthly and seasonal variations of AOD are investigated in the light of regional synoptic meteorology. AODs>0.6 showed maximum occurrence in monsoon months. The mean AOD values increased towards summer reaching ~0.69 ± 0.34 and attained peak in monsoon season with a value of ~0.74 ± 0.33 and decreased during post-monsoon reaching as low as ~0.73 ± 0.3. Positive slope ~0.016 observed for inter annual distribution trend line. Factors like synoptic scale circulation patterns which are causing modulations of AOD apart from local sources were discussed.
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Madhusudanacharyulu, A. S., K. Samatha, K. Sailesh Kumar, K. Jagadeesh, and Suneetha Rani. "Satellite Derived Aerosol Optical Depth Climatology over Tropical Coastal Station Machilipatnam, India." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 3, 2015): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-bz0ohp.
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Climatological aerosol optical depths (AOD) over Tropical coastal city Machilipatnam, India have been examined to bring out the temporal heterogeneity in columnar aerosol characteristics. AOD values at 388 nm derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor EOS-AURA satellite, for the period of 2005–2013 have been analyzed for the purpose. AOD trends exhibited seasonal annual mean variations. Frequency distributions of the AOD values are examined to infer the monthly mean values. Monthly and seasonal variations of AOD are investigated in the light of regional synoptic meteorology. AODs>0.6 showed maximum occurrence in monsoon months. The mean AOD values increased towards summer reaching ~0.69 ± 0.34 and attained peak in monsoon season with a value of ~0.74 ± 0.33 and decreased during post-monsoon reaching as low as ~0.73 ± 0.3. Positive slope ~0.016 observed for inter annual distribution trend line. Factors like synoptic scale circulation patterns which are causing modulations of AOD apart from local sources were discussed.
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Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, M. Furger, S. Nyeki, A. S. H. Prévôt, M. Steinbacher, and U. Baltensperger. "Planetary boundary influence at the Jungfraujoch analyzed by aerosol cycles and synoptic weather types." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 985–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-985-2011.
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Abstract. Fourteen years of meteorological parameters, aerosol variables (absorption and scattering coefficients, aerosol number concentration) and trace gases (CO, NOx, SO2) measured at the Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580 m a.s.l.) have been analyzed as a function of different synoptic weather types. The Alpine Weather Statistics (AWS) classification was used to define the synoptic meteorology over the whole Swiss region. The seasonal contribution of each synoptic weather type to the aerosol concentration was deduced from the aerosol annual cycles while the planetary boundary layer (PBL) influence was estimated by means of the diurnal cycles. Since aerosols are scavenged by precipitation, the diurnal cycle of the CO concentration was also used to identify polluted air masses. SO2 and NOx concentrations were used as precursor tracers for new particle formation and growth. This study confirms the consensus view that the JFJ is mainly influenced by the free troposphere during winter and by injection of air parcels from the PBL during summer. A more detailed picture is, however, drawn where the JFJ is completely influenced by free tropospheric air masses in winter during advective weather types and largely influenced by the PBL also during the night in summer during the subsidence weather type. Between these two extreme situations, the PBL influence at the JFJ depends on both the time of year and the synoptic weather type. The fraction of PBL air transported to the JFJ was estimated by the relative increase of the specific humidity and CO.
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Hansson, Hans-Christen, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Nikos Kalivitis, Tabea Hennig, Giorgos Maneas, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos. "The Atmospheric Aerosol over Western Greece-Six Years of Aerosol Observations at the Navarino Environmental Observatory." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040445.
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The Eastern Mediterranean is a highly populated area with air quality problems. It is also where climate change is already noticed by higher temperatures and s changing precipitation pattern. The anthropogenic aerosol affects health and changing concentrations and properties of the atmospheric aerosol affect radiation balance and clouds. Continuous long-term observations are essential in assessing the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on climate and health. We present six years of observations from Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO), a new station located at the south west tip of Peloponnese, Greece. The two sites at NEO, were evaluated to show the influence of the local meteorology and to assess the general background aerosol possible. It was found that the background aerosol was originated from aged European aerosols and was strongly influenced by biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and industry. When subsiding into the boundary layer, local sources contributed in the air masses moving south. Mesoscale meteorology determined the diurnal variation of aerosol properties such as mass and number by means of typical sea breeze circulation, giving rise to pronounced morning and evening peaks in pollutant levels. While synoptic scale meteorology, mainly large-scale air mass transport and precipitation, strongly influenced the seasonality of the aerosol properties.
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Hart, Neil C. G., Chris J. C. Reason, and Nicolas Fauchereau. "Building a Tropical–Extratropical Cloud Band Metbot." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 4005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00127.1.
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Abstract An automated cloud band identification procedure is developed that captures the meteorology of such events over southern Africa. This “metbot” is built upon a connected component labeling method that enables blob detection in various atmospheric fields. Outgoing longwave radiation is used to flag candidate cloud band days by thresholding the data and requiring detected blobs to have sufficient latitudinal extent and exhibit positive tilt. The Laplacian operator is used on gridded reanalysis variables to highlight other features of meteorological interest. The ability of this methodology to capture the significant meteorology and rainfall of these synoptic systems is tested in a case study. Usefulness of the metbot in understanding event-to-event similarities of meteorological features is demonstrated, highlighting features previous studies have noted as key ingredients to cloud band development in the region. Moreover, this allows the presentation of a composite cloud band life cycle for southern Africa events. The potential of metbot to study multiscale interactions is discussed, emphasizing its key strength: the ability to retain details of extreme and infrequent events. It automatically builds a database that is ideal for research questions focused on the influence of intraseasonal to interannual variability processes on synoptic events. Application of the method to convergence zone studies and atmospheric river descriptions is suggested. In conclusion, a relation-building metbot can retain details that are often lost with object-based methods but are crucial in case studies. Capturing and summarizing these details may be necessary to develop a deeper process-level understanding of multiscale interactions.
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Smith, Andrea, Richard Clark, and Richard Jeffries. "Synoptic Meteorology in a Blended Online Environment: Results from UCAR and Member University Collaboration." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2053–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00024.1.
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Pender, Judith. "Migration of the brown planthopper,nilaparvata lugens(stal.) with special reference to synoptic meteorology." Grana 33, no. 2 (April 1994): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173139409427843.
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Davies, T. "Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Mid-latitudes. Volume II: Observations and Theory of Weather Systems." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 56, no. 11 (September 1994): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)90121-x.
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Cao, Liying, Bao Zhang, Junyu Li, Yibin Yao, Lilong Liu, Qishun Ran, and Zhaohui Xiong. "A Regional Model for Predicting Tropospheric Delay and Weighted Mean Temperature in China Based on GRAPES_MESO Forecasting Products." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132644.
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Accurate tropospheric delay (TD) and weighted mean temperature (Tm) are important for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and GNSS meteorology. For this purpose, plenty of empirical models have been built to provide estimates of TD and Tm. However, these models cannot resolve TD and Tm variations at synoptic timescales since they only model the average annual, semi-annual, and/or daily variations. As a result, the existed empirical models cannot perform well under extreme weather conditions. To address this limitation, we propose to estimate Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD), Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD), and Tm directly from the stratified numerical weather forecasting products of the mesoscale version of the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (GRAPES_MESO) of China. The GRAPES_MESO forecasting data has a temporal resolution of 3 h, which provides the opportunity to resolve the synoptic variation. However, it is found that the estimated ZWD and Tm exhibit apparent systematic deviation from in situ observation-based estimates, which is due to the inherent biases in the GRAPES_MESO data. To solve this problem, we propose to correct these biases using a linear model and a spherical cap harmonic model. The estimates after correction are termed as the “CTropGrid” products. When validated by the radiosonde data, the CTropGrid product has biases of 1.5 mm, −0.7 mm, and −0.1 K, and Root Mean Square (RMS) error of 8.9 mm, 20.2 mm, and 1.5 K for ZHD, ZWD, and Tm. Compared to the widely used GPT2w model, the CTropGrid products have improved the accuracies of ZHD, ZWD, and Tm by 11.9%, 55.6%, and 60.5% in terms of RMS. When validating the Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) products (the sum of ZHD and ZWD) using the IGS ZTD data, the CTropGrid ZTD has a bias of −0.7 mm and an RMS of 35.8 mm, which is 22.7% better than the GPT2w model in terms of RMS. Besides the accuracy improvements, the CTropGrid products well model the synoptic-scale variations of ZHD, ZWD, and Tm. Compared to the existing empirical models that only capture the tidal (seasonal and/or diurnal) variations, the CTropGrid products capture well the non-tidal variations of ZHD, ZWD, and Tm, which enhances the tropospheric delay corrections and GNSS water vapor monitoring at synoptic timescales. Therefore, the CTropGrid product is an important progress in GNSS positioning and GNSS meteorology.
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Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, M. Furger, S. Nyeki, A. S. H. Prévôt, M. Steinbacher, and U. Baltensperger. "Aerosol climatology and planetary boundary influence at the Jungfraujoch analyzed by synoptic weather types." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 12 (June 23, 2011): 5931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5931-2011.
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Abstract. Fourteen years of meteorological parameters, aerosol variables (absorption and scattering coefficients, aerosol number concentration) and trace gases (CO, NOx, SO2) measured at the Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580 m a.s.l.) have been analyzed as a function of different synoptic weather types. The Schüepp synoptic weather type of the Alps (SYNALP) classification from the Alpine Weather Statistics (AWS) was used to define the synoptic meteorology over the whole Swiss region. The seasonal contribution of each synoptic weather type to the aerosol concentration was deduced from the aerosol annual cycles while the planetary boundary layer (PBL) influence was estimated by means of the diurnal cycles. Since aerosols are scavenged by precipitation, the diurnal cycle of the CO concentration was also used to identify polluted air masses. SO2 and NOx concentrations were used as precursor tracers for new particle formation and growth, respectively. The aerosol optical parameters and number concentration show elevated loadings during advective weather types during the December–March period and for the convective anticyclonic and convective indifferent weather types during the April–September period. This study confirms the consensus view that the JFJ is mainly influenced by the free troposphere during winter and by injection of air parcels from the PBL during summer. A more detailed picture is, however, drawn where the JFJ is completely influenced by free tropospheric air masses in winter during advective weather types and largely influenced by the PBL also during the night in summer during the subsidence weather type. Between these two extreme situations, the PBL influence at the JFJ depends on both the time of year and the synoptic weather type. The fraction of PBL air transported to the JFJ was estimated by the relative increase of the specific humidity and CO.
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Jiang, Ningbo, Matthew L. Riley, Merched Azzi, Giovanni Di Virgilio, Hiep Nguyen Duc, and Praveen Puppala. "Visualising Daily PM10 Pollution in an Open-Cut Mining Valley of New South Wales, Australia—Part II: Classification of Synoptic Circulation Types and Local Meteorological Patterns and Their Relation to Elevated Air Pollution in Spring and Summer." Atmosphere 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2024): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060682.
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Abstract: The Upper Hunter Valley is a major coal mining area in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Due to the ongoing increase in mining activities, PM10 (air-borne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometres) pollution has become a major air quality concern in local communities. The present study was initiated to quantitatively examine the spatial and temporal variability of PM10 pollution in the region. An earlier paper of this study identified two air quality subregions in the valley. This paper aims to provide a holistic summarisation of the relationships between elevated PM10 pollution in two subregions and the local- and synoptic-scale meteorological conditions for spring and summer, when PM10 pollution is relatively high. A catalogue of twelve synoptic types and a set of six local meteorological patterns were quantitatively derived and linked to each other using the self-organising map (SOM) technique. The complex meteorology–air pollution relationships were visualised and interpreted on the SOM planes for two representative locations. It was found that the influence of local meteorological patterns differed significantly for mean PM10 levels vs. the occurrence of elevated pollution events and between air quality subregions. In contrast, synoptic types showed generally similar relationships with mean vs. elevated PM10 pollution in the valley. Two local meteorological patterns, the hot–dry–northwesterly wind conditions and the hot–dry–calm conditions, were found to be the most PM10 pollution conducive in the valley when combined with a set of synoptic counterparts. These synoptic types are featured with the influence of an eastward migrating continental high-pressure system and westerly troughs, or a ridge extending northwest towards coastal northern NSW or southern Queensland from the Tasman Sea. The method and results can be used in air quality research for other locations of NSW, or similar regions elsewhere.
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Toniazzo, T., S. J. Abel, R. Wood, C. R. Mechoso, G. Allen, and L. C. Shaffrey. "Large-scale and synoptic meteorology in the south-east Pacific during the observations campaign VOCALS-REx in austral Spring 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 10 (May 27, 2011): 4977–5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4977-2011.
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Abstract. We present a descriptive overview of the meteorology in the south eastern subtropical Pacific (SEP) during the VOCALS-REx intensive observations campaign which was carried out between October and November 2008. Mainly based on data from operational analyses, forecasts, reanalysis, and satellite observations, we focus on spatio-temporal scales from synoptic to planetary. A climatological context is given within which the specific conditions observed during the campaign are placed, with particular reference to the relationships between the large-scale and the regional circulations. The mean circulations associated with the diurnal breeze systems are also discussed. We then provide a summary of the day-to-day synoptic-scale circulation, air-parcel trajectories, and cloud cover in the SEP during VOCALS-REx. Three meteorologically distinct periods of time are identified and the large-scale causes for their different character are discussed. The first period was characterised by significant variability associated with synoptic-scale systems interesting the SEP; while the two subsequent phases were affected by planetary-scale disturbances with a slower evolution. The changes between initial and later periods can be partly explained from the regular march of the annual cycle, but contributions from subseasonal variability and its teleconnections were important. Across the whole of the two months under consideration we find a significant correlation between the depth of the inversion-capped marine boundary layer (MBL) and the amount of low cloud in the area of study. We discuss this correlation and argue that at least as a crude approximation a typical scaling may be applied relating MBL and cloud properties with the large-scale parameters of SSTs and tropospheric temperatures. These results are consistent with previously found empirical relationships involving lower-tropospheric stability.
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Bergman, James. "Knowing Their Place: The Blue Hill Observatory and the Value of Local Knowledge in an Era of Synoptic Weather Forecasting, 1884–1894." Science in Context 29, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 305–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889716000090.
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ArgumentThe history of meteorology has focused a great deal on the “scaling up” of knowledge infrastructures through the development of national and global observation networks. This article argues that such efforts to scale up were paralleled by efforts to define a place for local knowledge. By examining efforts of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, near Boston, Massachusetts, to issuelocalweather forecasts that competed with the centralized forecasts of the U.S. Signal Service, this article finds that Blue Hill, as a user of the Signal Service's observation network, developed a new understanding of local knowledge by combining local observations of the weather with the synoptic maps afforded by the nationwide telegraph network of the U.S. Signal Service. Blue Hill used these forecasts not only as a service, but also as evidence of the superiority of its model of local forecasting over the Signal Service's model, and in the process opened up larger questions about the value of a weather forecast and the value of different kinds of knowledge in meteorology.