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Journal articles on the topic 'SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Thoms, Gary. "Syntactic identity, Parallelism and accommodated antecedents." Lingua 166 (October 2015): 172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.04.005.

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Monassar, Hisham. "Parallelisms in Arabic." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 11 (2014): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss11.269.

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Parallelism in Arabic is investigated through data from three Arabic varieties: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Classical Arabic (CA), and (Yemeni) Adeni Arabic (AA). Parallelism in Arabic is examined at different linguistic levels: morphological and lexical, syntactic, and textual. Parallelism seems to be inherent and is more likely in writings that aim to convince or restate theses and topics. However, the occurrence of parallelisms is genre-specific, purpose-oriented, and situation/context-dependent. It is predictable in sermons, public speeches/addresses, and opinion writing. Apparently, parallelism, particularly beyond reduplication and lexical level, triggers resonance in the mind of the listener/reader, retaining the respective information in short term memory and thus marking it for emphasis.

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Clifton, Charles, and Adrian Staub. "Parallelism and Competition in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution." Language and Linguistics Compass 2, no. 2 (2008): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00055.x.

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Hsieh, Yufen, Julie E. Boland, Yaxu Zhang, and Ming Yan. "Limited syntactic parallelism in Chinese ambiguity resolution." Language and Cognitive Processes 24, no. 7-8 (2009): 1227–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960802050375.

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Yusupova, Orzubonu Sunnatovna. "People's oral creative work and syntactic parallelism." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 10, no. 3 (2021): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2021.00107.5.

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Gao, Yanmei, and Xiaohua Ren. "Syntactic parallelism and the co-production of syntactic units in Mandarin Chinese." Chinese Language and Discourse 12, no. 1 (2021): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.00036.gao.

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Abstract Cross-linguistic studies on co-production of syntactic units and compound sentence formats have found that the location of predicates affects the projectability of the language, in that languages like English allow early projections while languages like Japanese later projections. In Mandarin Chinese, we found that syntactic parallelism often occurs before co-constructions, impacting the projectability of syntactic structures in one way or another. Based on the theories of dialogic syntax (Du Bois 2007, 2014) and the principles of interactional linguistics, this study explores the relationship between syntactic parallelism and co-production of syntactic structures across turns. The co-production of four syntactic and sentential structures were closely examined, namely, Copula V + Complement, (be) Adjectival Predicate, the conditional IF X THEN Y construction (如果 ruguo……就/会 jiu/hui……), and compound sentences with to-clause of purpose. Also observed is the emergent new sequence as interactionally relevant syntax. Upon inspection, we found that turn units with parallel syntactic structures may help narrow down the category of the projected final component, thus inspiring the second speaker to come in early and jointly complete the syntax-in-progress. Apart from co-producing syntax-in-progress, co-produced structures can also develop into interactionally relevant sequences with independent internal structures, thereby executing new social actions.

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Palymbetov, Kamalbay. "PARALLELISM USE IN DASTAN "KOBLAN"(On the example of the Karakalpak version)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 6, no. 3 (2020): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-6-30.

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The article studies the use of the parallelism method of one of the artistic means in the composition and plot content of the Karakalpak folk dastan “Koblan”. The place and role of parallelisms in enhancing the poetic artistry of the dastan has been scientifically proven. Examples are given from thematic-psychological, rhythmic-syntactic, lexical-morphological, into national types of parallelisms, which are one of the stylistic figures, their role in ensuring the artistry of the dastan is noted.

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Dubey, Amit, Frank Keller, and Patrick Sturt. "A probabilistic corpus-based model of syntactic parallelism." Cognition 109, no. 3 (2008): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.09.006.

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Omar Osama Nashaat, Riyadh T. K. Al-Ameedi,. "Parallelism in Hemingway’s Old Man and the Sea: Syntactic and Semantic Study." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (2021): 4348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1512.

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Parallelism are linked to the style of Ernest Hemingway’s writings. They have an origin in the natural creativity of the writer. Through parallelism, writer’s emotions, feelings, style, use, are manifested with a kind of vividness. The current paper attempts to identify stylistic elements in Ernest Hemingway’s ‘The Old Man and The Sea’. The paper attempts to focus on the syntactic and lexical elements, analyse them and figure out the writer’s purposes behind using such elements in this kind of literary text. The paper consists of two parts: an introduction on stylistics and parallelism. The latter is the analysis of Hemingway’s novel Old Man and The Sea and tackles the prominent parallel elements syntactically and semantically in an attempt to find out the purpose behind using such devices.

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Sturt, Patrick, Frank Keller, and Amit Dubey. "Syntactic priming in comprehension: Parallelism effects with and without coordination." Journal of Memory and Language 62, no. 4 (2010): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.01.001.

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Thwala, J. J. "The Syntactic and Semantic Parallelism in Selected C.T. Msimang’s Poetry." Journal of Social Sciences 52, no. 1-3 (2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2017.1335134.

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Burgess, C., and J. Skodis. "Lexical Representation and Morpho-Syntactic Parallelism in the Left Hemisphere." Brain and Language 44, no. 2 (1993): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1993.1008.

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Fang, Yu, and Haitao Liu. "Predicting syntactic choice in Mandarin Chinese: a corpus-based analysis of ba sentences and SVO sentences." Cognitive Linguistics 32, no. 2 (2021): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2020-0005.

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Abstract This paper investigates the effects of 10 factors on the choice between alternative ba sentences and SVO sentences in Mandarin Chinese. These factors are givenness, definiteness, animacy and pronominality of NP2s, NP2 length, VP length, verb sense, syntactic parallelism, dependency distance, and surprisal. Using corpus data and mixed-effects logistic regression modeling, we find that on the one hand, givenness, syntactic parallelism, and the log-transformed ratio of NP2 length and VP length are significant predictors of the choice between ba sentences and SVO sentences. A new NP2, a large length ratio and a parallel construction predict an SVO sentence rather than a ba sentence. On the other hand, dependency distance and surprisal estimated by the trigram model are effective in predicting the choice between naturally occurring ba/SVO sentences and their alternatives. Naturally occurring sentences are more likely to have shorter dependency distances and smaller surprisal values than the converted sentences. The effects of these five factors on syntactic choice are congruent with results of previous studies, which suggests that some determinants of syntactic choice are shared among languages.

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Kobayashi, Ryoichiro. "Is it syntactic or pragmatic?" Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 18, no. 2 (2017): 228–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.18.2.03kob.

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Abstract The main aim of this study is to reconsider Tomioka’s (2007) pragmatic account of the lf-intervention effects (IE), and to claim that Polarity Sensitive Items (psis) are genuine syntactic interveners. I will examine the parallelism among psis in IE configurations, which is distinct from other interveners, and further claim that the study of IE should not be monolithic, but hybrid: Syntactic lf-interveners (psis), blocking scopal interactions/Pragmatic interveners, causing illegal information structures. The predictions will be borne out that psis actually cause IE in other contexts as well, which pragmatic accounts cannot explain (Funakoshi & Takahashi 2014). Such hybrid perspectives bring back enormous findings on IE (e.g. lf wh-movement) to the field of syntax, without relegating all of them to pragmatics.

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Clifton, Charles, and Lyn Frazier. "Focus in Corrective Exchanges: Effects of Pitch Accent and Syntactic Form." Language and Speech 59, no. 4 (2016): 544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830915623578.

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A dialog consisting of an utterance by one speaker and another speaker’s correction of its content seems intuitively to be made more acceptable when the new information is pitch accented or otherwise focused, and when the utterance and correction have the same syntactic form. Three acceptability judgment studies, one written and two auditory, investigated the interaction of focus (manipulated by sentence position and, in Experiments 2 and 3, pitch accent) and syntactic parallelism. Experiment 1 indicated that syntactic parallelism interacted with position of the new (contrastive) term: nonparallel forms were relatively acceptable when the new term appeared in object position, a position that commonly contains new information (a ‘default focus’ position). Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that presence of a pitch accent and placement in a default focus position had additive effects on acceptability. Surprisingly, spoken dialogs in which the new term appeared in object position were acceptable even when given information carried the most prominent pitch accent. The present studies, and earlier work, suggest that corrected information can be focused either by prosody or position even in spoken English–a language often thought to express focus through pitch accent, not syntactic position.

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Amir, Amihood, and Carl H. Smith. "The Syntax of Parallelism." Fundamenta Informaticae 19, no. 3-4 (1993): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1993-193-409.

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One of the problems associated with the introduction of parallel processors is the so called “dusty deck” problem. A solution entails the development of optimizing compilers that transform programs previously written for a conventional serial processor into functionally equivalent programs that exploit the parallel processing capabilities of the new multiprocessor machines. We introduce a function Composition Model that models parallel architectures as a hierarchy of syntactic function definitions. Position in the hierarchy is equivalent to parallel time complexity in the modelled architecture. Other parallel concepts such as global vs. local communications, concurrency or exclusivity of read and write, and the number of processors used in a computation, are modelled as well. We rigorously prove that a compiler that optimizes a program for parallelism on a CREW PRAM is not effectively computable, even if it is also given an optimal serial program for the same task and a time bounding function. It turns out that the function composition model is similar to some traditional models, such as the Grzegorczyk Hierarchy. Our parallel interpretation of the Grzegorczyk Hierarchy offers new insights and admits a new cleaner and more elegant definition of the hierarchy with a single base class, as opposed to Grzegorczyk’s three.

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Торжок та Albina Torzhok. "Pragmatic Сharacter of Explication Connection". Modern Communication Studies 4, № 3 (2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11529.

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The article considers explication connection pragmatics as one of the language syntactical system resources of effecting the communicants within a complex syntactic whole. The first and foremost basis for such consideration is semantic identity of the sentences – components of complex wholes united by interpredicate correlations. Such semantic identity is reflected in the grammatical parallelism of the correlating predicate forms, expressing specification or generalization in accordance with the pro- or retroposition of the verb of wide semantics to do and any related verb in the syntactic whole. The opposition of grammatical forms reveals additional expressive meanings. Pragmatics of explication connection as a means of effecting communicants depends on the author’s personal position to choose certain linguistic means for expressing his communicative intentions.

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Tagiyeva, O. A. "SEMANTIC CHANGES IN IMPERSONAL VERBS IN THE CASE OF SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM." RUDN Journal of Language Education and Translingual Practices 14, no. 4 (2017): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8011-2017-14-4-571-580.

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Du Bois, John W. "Towards a dialogic syntax." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 3 (2014): 359–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0024.

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AbstractThis paper argues for the need to recognize a new order of syntactic phenomena, and for a theory of syntax capable of addressing it. Dialogic syntax encompasses the linguistic, cognitive, and interactional processes involved when speakers selectively reproduce aspects of prior utterances, and when recipients recognize the resulting parallelisms and draw inferences from them. Its most visible reflex occurs when one speaker constructs an utterance based on the immediately co-present utterance of a dialogic partner. Words, structures, and other linguistic resources invoked by the first speaker are selectively reproduced by the second. The alignment of utterances yields a pairing of patterns at varying levels of abstraction, ranging from identity of words and affixes, to parallelism of syntactic structures, to equivalence of grammatical categories and abstract features of form, meaning, and function. This mapping generates dialogic resonance, defined as the catalytic activation of affinities across utterances. The key unit of analysis is the diagraph, recognized as a higher-order, supra-sentential syntactic structure that emerges from the structural coupling of two or more utterances. Dialogic syntax goes beyond traditional linear syntax to recognize as integral to the task of syntactic analysis a new kind of structural relation that arises between otherwise independent sentences.

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Devos, Anastasiia. "STILISTIC FEATURES OF FRENCH SOCIAL ADVERTISING." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (2020): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-153-155.

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The article is devoted to the study of social advertising as a special kind of French advertising discourse, namely to identify the basic stylistic means inherent in advertising discourse. Particular attention was paid to identifying characteristic stylistic figures and defining their functions in social advertising. It is worth noting that the discourse of French social advertising is most characterized by the use of such rhetorical figures as syntactic parallelism, antithesis, repetition, play of words, rhetorical questions and rhyme. Among all the above stylistic figures, the most common in social advertising is syntactic parallelism, which is simultaneously accompanied by different types of repetitions. Another stylistic tool that is also quite common in French social advertising texts is the antithesis. As has been demonstrated in the previous examples, antithesis is usually accompanied by syntactic parallelism, which is built on contrasts and oppositions of certain concepts. Another stylistic technique that is very characteristic of the discourse of French social advertising is the play of words. Advertisers often refer to this rhetorical tool because the use of wordplay renders the advertisement more original, gives it luminance and sometimes even ironic sound. We would like to emphasise that through a system of artistic imagery, linguistic and stylistic means, advertising posters highlight what excites contemporary society and offer ways to solve pressing societal problems.

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Ullah, Irfan, Liaqat Iqbal, and Ayaz Ahmad. "Pakistani Identity and Kamila Shamsies Novels: An Analysis in Stylistics (Thematic Parallelism)." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (2019): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-ii).32.

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This paper explored thematic parallelism in Kamila five of Shamsies novels i.e. Salt and Saffron, Cartography, Broken Verses, Burnt Shadows, and Home Fire. The paper identify here conflicts, depressions, identity fluctuations and a relentless machination of transformations by the powerful and resisting quarters of the region. The repetitive rule of military in Pakistan, the negative fallouts of engagement in Afghanistans resistance against the Soviets, the alienation of Muhajirs, the national and international catastrophe of 9/11 emerge as the strings that reflect the dilemma of the nomadism of modern times. The tyranny of destructive forces is amply reflected in the parallel desolation of places, characters and cultures. Karachi in its violence is parallel to Tokyo and New York. These parallels sublimate each other in conveying the poignancy of uprootedness and loss of identity. The lexical and syntactic parallels identifiable through corpus tools helped in identifying such parallels.

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Duffield, Nigel G., and Ayumi Matsuo. "NATIVE SPEAKERS’ VERSUS L2 LEARNERS’ SENSITIVITY TO PARALLELISM IN VP-ELLIPSIS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31, no. 1 (2009): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263109090044.

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This article examines sensitivity to structural parallelism in verb phrase ellipsis constructions in English native speakers as well as in three groups of advanced second language (L2) learners. The results of a set of experiments, based on those of Tanenhaus and Carlson (1990), reveal subtle but reliable differences among the various learner groups. These differences are interpreted as showing that some L2 learners can acquire sensitivity to parallelism in the absence of surface transfer. Furthermore, the results cast doubt on two conventional theoretical claims: that the parallelism effect has a syntactic basis and that it is uniquely linked to instances of surface anaphora (Hankamer & Sag, 1976).

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Clifton Jr, Charles, and Adrian Staub. "Teaching and Learning Guide for: Parallelism and Competition in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution." Language and Linguistics Compass 4, no. 1 (2009): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00177.x.

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Piot, Mireille. "Les conjonctions doubles." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (2000): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.03pio.

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We present a syntactic analysis of the French “double conjunctions” class, which contains ninety one items: some of them are subordinating items, and in majority coordinating items. We analyse their specific syntactic properties by means of the “parallelism constraints” (see Z. S. Harris (1968)), related to the specific nature and order of these items and their sentences. Study of restrictions in their positions and combinations reveals complete independancy between “double conjunctions” and some homonymous “simple” ones, excluding any analyse of the last ones from the first ones.

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SERAKU, Tohru, Min-Young PARK, and Sayaka SAKAGUCHI. "A grammatical description of the placeholder are in spontaneous Japanese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 50, no. 1 (2021): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-bja10012.

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Abstract When a speaker encounters a word-formulation problem in interaction, she may use a placeholder to saturate the syntactic slot of the target expression in the unfolding sentence. Japanese exhibits the placeholder are, which is assumed to derive from the demonstrative are ‘that.’ Despite rich studies on placeholders, no serious attention has been paid to grammatical parallelism and differences between a placeholder and its original lexical counterpart. In this paper, we focus on the nominal placeholder are (and its predicative variants) and the demonstrative are ‘that,’ and propose the set of criteria which capture their parallelism and differences in non-discrete terms.

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Dreeva, Dzhanetta, Elena Karsanova, Madina Kulchieva, and Dzerassa Tolparova. "Poetic syntax as a form of representation of the author’s worldview (on the materials of poetic works by K.L. Khetagurov and B.M. Gurdzhibekov)." SHS Web of Conferences 101 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110101009.

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The paper attempts to analyse the structural and syntactic means of organising a poetic text in relation to psychological abilities and worldviews of the artists of the word on the materials of the poetic works of the Ossetian poets of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Kosta Khetagurov and Blashka Gurdzhibekov. The subject of the research is ellipsis and syntactic parallelism, considered as the key elements of the poets’ individual styles that reflect the features of their worldviews and, accordingly, represent personal psychological characteristics of the poets. Based on the revealed tendency to use ellipsis together with the repeated syntactic constructions a conclusion has been drawn about the originality of the poets’ individual styles and the possibility to syntactically reflect the specificity of their worldviews, which are determined by their psychological types.

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Tsolin, Dmytro. "Some Syntactic Aspects of the Verse Structure in the Targum Onqelos." Aramaic Studies 12, no. 1 (2014): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01201002.

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Targum Onqelos adopts a sequential approach to rendering of biblical poetry: even the passages that have been completely paraphrased imitate the parallelism membrorum structure, and supplementary words and clauses are well-fitted into the parallel verse scheme. Only a small number of passages may be defined as quasi-poetical forms which combine poetry with prosaic elements. On the other hand, the targumic parallel verse structure differs from its biblical counterpart in some syntactic details. This type of modified verse structure is inherent in the targums only, and may be considered as a specific kind of poetry in Aramaic.

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Hajiyeva, T. "COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE AZERBAIJAN CLASSIC ASHUK POETRY)." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 3, no. 43 (2019): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2019.43.3.30.

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Song, Jina, and Elsi Kaiser. "Effects of discourse factors on the interpretation of Korean null pronouns in subject and object position." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4751.

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The present study investigates whether interpretation of null pronouns in Korean is best captured by a heuristics-based approach, focusing on subjecthood and syntactic parallelism, or a discourse-based coherence-relation approach, which regards pronoun resolution as a side-effect of general inferencing processes during discourse comprehension. We report two experiments where we investigated whether and how the interpretation of null pronouns in subject and object position in Korean is influenced by (i) the nature of the connective between the preceding clause and the pronoun-containing clause (kuliko “and” or waynyahamyen “because”), (ii) the presence/absence of the additive marker -to “also” in the pronoun-containing clause, and (iii) the presence/absence of the topic marker -(n)un on the subject of the preceding clause. As a whole, our results support the coherence-relation approach. We find that when a cue indicating a resemblance relation (either the connective and or the additive marker also) is present, null pronouns in both subject and object position tend to be interpreted as referring to an antecedent in a parallel syntactic position (subject and object respectively). This parallelism bias strengthens when a resemblance relation is signaled by both and and also. In contrast, when the two clauses are linked with because (indicating an explanation relation), null pronouns show no significant preference for either the subject or object antecedent. Topic-marking has no effect, possibly due to lack of context. Our study provides new evidence that both subject- and object-position null pronouns are sensitive to both syntactic and discourse-level factors.

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Zhao, Mingzhu. "The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis of Woolfian Parallelism in «To the Lighthouse»." International Journal of English Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2012/2/161741.

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This study has a two-fold objective: 1) to examine the density and variety of parallelism in Virginia Woolf’s landmark novel <em>To the Lighthouse</em> through a sample-based comparison between this novel and other representative modernist novels; 2) to discuss the specific lexical and syntactic structures that characterize Woolf’s parallelism. The results are extracted from a corpus-assisted reading and sampled textual analysis of her work. It shows that Woolfian parallelism is defined by an abundance of antithetical and synonymous lexical bundles, juxtaposed propositional phrases, -ing participles and appositional structures. Those structures constitute her special sentential development which is marked by the rhetoric of opposition, the rhetoric of simultaneity and progression, and the rhetoric of specificity. It is concluded that in <em>To the Lighthouse</em>, Woolf manipulates the above-mentioned linguistic resources to strike an artistic balance between poetry and prose, order and chaos, the physical reality and the mental world, and finally achieves what she calls “a feminine sentence”.

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Nesterenko, N. M., and C. V. Lyssenko. "Specificity of Repetition as a Rhetoric Device in public speech." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 36 (2019): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.36.05.

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The article deals with the peculiarities of the intonation design of certain elements of such rhetorical reception as a repetition on the material of audio recordings of Shakespeare's plays in chronology, namely rhetorical questions related to expressions of a peculiar interogative modality. The article deals with the results of the study of the invariant features of the prosody of the interrogative sentences in dramatic discourse inchronological terms. Repetition as a means of emotional enhancement is considered. In public speaking, repetition serves as a means of expressing a specific function of information - convincing which adds a rich emotional and intonational content. Through repetition, the speaker deepens the semantic side of speech and heightens emotional impact. Syntactic concurrency, which is realized in the combination of repetitions of syntactic constructions and various intensifiers, has been analyzed, which is perceived as rhythmicality. The syntactical parallelism of identical questions or sentences is amplified and correlated with the identical prosodic contour of intonation groups. To achieve an emotional effect, when presenting syntactically parallel interrogative constructions of the second and third questions, actors can violate the rule of normative intonation of a question, using a gradually ascending scale. Or, on the contrary, to adhere to the normative intonation contours, and design them according to the canonical rule.

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Nestereko, Natalia, and Catherine Lyssenko. "Prosodic Peculiarities of Repetition as a Rhetorical Device in Public Speech." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.03.

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The article deals with the peculiarities of the intonation design of certain elements of such rhetorical reception as a repetition on the material of audio recordings of Shakespeare's plays in chronology, namely rhetorical questions related to expressions of a peculiar interogative modality. The article deals with the results of the study of the invariant features of the prosody of the interrogative sentences in dramatic discourse in chronological terms. Repetition as a means of emotional enhancementis considered. In public speaking, repetition serves as a means of expressing a specific function of information -convincing which adds a rich emotional and intonational content. Through repetition, the speaker deepens the semantic side of speech and heightens emotional impact. Syntactic concurrency, which is realized in the combination of repetitions of syntactic constructions and various intensifiers, has been analyzed, which is perceived as rhythmicality. The syntactical parallelism of identical questions or sentences is amplified and correlated with the identical prosodic contour of intonation groups. To achieve an emotional effect, when presentingsyntactically parallel interrogative constructions of the second and third questions, actors can violate the rule of normative intonation of a question, using a gradually ascending scale. Or, on the contrary, to adhere to the normative intonation contours, and design them according to the canonical rule.

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Borisov, Y. P. "Universals of Epic Formulas in the Yakut Olonkho and Shor Epic: Comparative Aspect." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 30, 2020): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-5-255-271.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of epic formulas from the Shor epic with similar constructions from the Yakut olonkho formed on the basis of rhythmic and syntactic parallelism. The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify the degree of interconnection between the Yakut olonkho and the Shor epic at the level of epic formulas, which still remains outside the field of view of researchers. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that when sampling material from the Yakut epic, the author is not limited to examples from the same olonkho text, but uses a more varied approach and involves formulas from several texts. In the analysis of epic formulas, the main focus is on keywords, as well as on the general context of the peripheral components of stable constructions. As a result of the study, it is established that the analyzed examples are universals in which the uniformity of the structure and the commonality of the content are viewed. According to the author of the article, these universals are the result of a common origin and culture of peoples. It is concluded that the patterns of rhythmic-syntactic parallelism are preserved due to the stability of epic formulas and indicate a genetic relationship between the Yakut olonkho and the Shor epic.

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Piot, Mireille. "Conjonctions de subordination et adverbes conjonctifs « focalisateurs »." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 26, no. 2 (2004): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.26.2.10pio.

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SummaryIn this paper, we present a unified hypothesis about «focusing» conjunctional adverbs and subordinating conjunctions in French. A similar hypothesis is to be taken to hold at all romance languages as we argue after Piot (2003) mentioned above. At first, differences are to be observed between this case (with “focus”) and another case in which the same conjunctional items are purely conjunctions (coordinating or subordinating, but without “focus”). Then, we point out which are the common semantic and syntactic properties of the global “focus” operation related to all these items (parallelism between sentences and nominal phrases correlated by these conjunctional items, inclusion or union semantic relations between nominal phrases in some respects ensembles theory relations alike: the addition of syntactic-semantic specific items shares this inclusion or union relation). In particular, this study highlights, as a result, the role of the subject nature of the conjoined first sentence and the syntactic-semantic nature of the verb-phrase in the second sentence. Another study (to appear) will present the results about distinctions in this operation according to the particular significance of each different item.

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Quaid, Ethan Douglas. "Output Register Parallelism in an Identical Direct and Semi-Direct Speaking Test." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 8, no. 2 (2018): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2018040105.

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The present trend in developing and using semi-direct speaking tests has been supported by test developers and researchers' claim of their increased practicality, higher reliability and concurrent validity with test scores in direct oral proficiency interviews. However, it is universally agreed within the language testing and assessment community that interchangeability must be investigated from multiple perspectives. This study compared test taker output from a computer-based Aptis General speaking test and a purposively developed identical face-to-face direct oral proficiency interview using a counterbalanced research design. Within subject analyses of salient output features identified in prior related research were completed. Results showed that test taker output in the computer-based test was less contextualised, with minimally higher lexical density and syntactic complexity. Given these findings, the indicated slight register shift in output may be viewed as non-consequential, or even as advantageous, for semi-direct speaking tests.

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Bacic, Milica. "THE SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PROMOTIONAL LANGUAGE IN BOOK BLURBS." Nasledje Kragujevac 18, no. 48 (2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2148.117b.

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The paper presents a comparative analysis of the syntactic level of promotional language in fiction and academic book blurbs. The overall research objective was to identify salient syntactic features and investigate the similarities and diﬀerences in the realization of this text-in-ternal aspect of thriller, romance, and linguistics blurbs in English. The analysis shows that their formulaic language exhibits genre-specific patterns and form-function correlations in its syntactic complexity. In order to provide a positive description of a book, blurb writers regularly employ structural parallelism, ellipsis, complex phrases with multiple modification, phrasal and clausal embedding, coordination, and other means of structural reduction. However, individual instantiations also display systematic variability in text-length values and frequency of salient features, with fiction blurbs mainly replicating the conciseness of spoken language and academic blurbs closely resembling formal written language. We conclude that the generic integrity of these texts involves a degree of controlled flexibility at the syntactic level depending on the book type/genre as the defining variable. Additionally, the research confirms that the study of linguistic profiles of genres is funda- mentally important for the study of language use, both from a theoretical and applied perspective. The increasing ‘generification’ of contemporary language, and particularly English as the global lingua franca, requires the adoption of a multidimensional genre-based framework in investigating the complex linguistic realities of the 21st century.

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Hukari, Thomas E., and Robert D. Levine. "Adjunct extraction." Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 2 (1995): 195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015590.

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In current linguistic theory, the theoretical status of adjunct extractions, as in for example How often do you think Robin sees Kim? is, somewhat surprisingly, an unresolved issue, with some investigators arguing that only arguments extract syntactically, entailing analyses of adverbial gaps via fundamentally different mechanisms from those posited for argument extraction. We adduce extensive evidence against such positions from a number of languages which exhibit morphological or syntactic phenomena which are sensitive to binding (extraction) domains and where this morphosyntactic flagging is present in instances of adjunct extraction as well as argument extraction. We also present language-internal arguments for the syntactic nature of adjunct extraction in English, including the coextensiveness of adjunct and argument extraction and their parallelism with respect to strong/weak crossover effects. Finally, we discuss the challenge which binding domain effects pose for accounts of adjunct extraction in various frameworks.

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BISTARELLI, STEFANO, MAURIZIO GABBRIELLI, MARIA CHIARA MEO, and FRANCESCO SANTINI. "Timed soft concurrent constraint programs: An interleaved and a parallel approach." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 15, no. 6 (2014): 743–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068414000106.

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AbstractWe propose a timed and soft extension of Concurrent Constraint Programming. The time extension is based on the hypothesis ofbounded asynchrony: The computation takes a bounded period of time and is measured by a discrete global clock. Action prefixing is then considered as the syntactic marker that distinguishes a time instant from the next one. Supported by soft constraints instead of crisp ones,tellandaskagents are now equipped with a preference (or consistency) threshold, which is used to determine their success or suspension. In this paper, we provide a language to describe the agents' behavior, together with its operational and denotational semantics, for which we also prove the compositionality and correctness properties. After presenting a semantics using maximal parallelism of actions, we also describe a version for their interleaving on a single processor (with maximal parallelism for time elapsing). Coordinating agents that need to take decisions on both preference values and time events may benefit from this language.

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BAHGAT, REEM, OSAMA MOSTAFA, and GEORGE A. PAPADOPOULOS. "CONCURRENT ABDUCTIVE LOGIC PROGRAMMING IN PANDORA." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 10, no. 03 (2001): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821300100057x.

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The extension of logic programming with abduction (ALP) allows a form of hypothetical reasoning. The advantages of abduction lie in the ability to reason with incomplete information and the enhancement of the declarative representation of problems. On the other hand, concurrent logic programming is a framework which explores AND-parallelism and/or OR-parallelism in logic programs in order to efficiently execute them on multi-processor / distributed machines. The aim of our work is to study a way to model abduction within the framework of concurrent logic programming, thus taking advantage of the latter's potential for parallel and/or distributed execution. In particular, we describe Abductive Pandora, a syntactic sugar on top of the concurrent logic programming language Pandora, which provides the user with an abductive behavior for a concurrent logic program. Abductive Pandora programs are then transformed into Pandora programs which support the concurrent abductive behavior through a simple programming technique while at the same time taking advantage of the underlying Pandora machine infrastructure.

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Duffield, Nigel, Ayumi Matsuo, and Leah Roberts. "Factoring out the parallelism effect in VP-ellipsis: English vs. Dutch contrasts." Second Language Research 25, no. 4 (2009): 427–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658309349425.

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Previous studies, including Duffield and Matsuo (2001; 2002; 2009), have demonstrated second language learners’ overall sensitivity to a parallelism constraint governing English VP-ellipsis constructions: like native speakers (NS), advanced Dutch, Spanish and Japanese learners of English reliably prefer ellipsis clauses with structurally parallel antecedents over those with non-parallel antecedents. However, these studies also suggest that, in contrast to English native speakers, L2 learners’ sensitivity to parallelism is strongly influenced by other non-syntactic formal factors, such that the constraint applies in a comparatively restricted range of construction-specific contexts. This article reports a set of follow-up experiments — from both computer-based as well as more traditional acceptability judgement tasks — that systematically manipulates these other factors. Convergent results from these tasks confirm a qualitative difference in the judgement patterns of the two groups, as well as important differences between theoreticians’ judgements and those of typical native speakers. We consider the implications of these findings for theories of ultimate attainment in second language acquisition (SLA), as well as for current theoretical accounts of ellipsis.

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Mukhamedova, Fatyma Khamzaevna, and Fatima Abdulovna Alieva. "On the technique of artistic parallelism in Dargin quatrains." Litera, no. 8 (August 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.8.35286.

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The subject of this research is the quatrains &ndash; a variety of lyrical songs, one of widespread and popular poetic genres in the folklore of the peoples of Dagestan. The object of this research is the method of artistic parallelism in Dargin quatrains, which plays an important compositional role within the text structure, which is reflected in juxtaposition of images from the natural world and the psychological affections of the lyrical hero. The goal of this article lies in demonstrating the functional peculiarities of artistic parallelism technique in each particular case; as well as in determining the basic principle of juxtaposition of the images of nature with the world of human feelings and degree of their convergence, which reveals the emotional state of a person. The research methods of comparative-historical and philological analysis of the lyrical songs are based on the ideas advanced by V. G. Belinsky, A. N. Veselovsky, A. M. Novikova, S. G. Lazutin, Y. M. Sokolov, and others. The method of analysis allows determining the role of artistic parallelism in conveying the emotional state of the heroes. The novelty[WU1]&nbsp; of this research consists in comprehensive analysis of the structure and content of texts that are structured on the technique artistic parallelism; identification of the peculiarities of its application on the material of Dargin song lyrics, which have not been previously introduced into the scientific discourse. The author demonstrates that the technique of artistic parallelism carries a vast ideological meaning, performs an important compositional function in disclosure of the content of the song, contributing to a vivid and imagery expression of thoughts and feelings of the hero. The article is first to explore the commonly used in Dargin folklore technique of artistic parallelism, when a single principle of syntactic construction is characteristic for two quatrains of the same theme. It is established that the idea laid down in the first quatrain is being further developed, enriching its content and acquiring new details that enhance the emotional perception of the poetic expression. &nbsp;[WU1]

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Liu, Feng-hsi. "Syntactic Sources of Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 37, no. 1 (2016): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scl-2016-0002.

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AbstractCinque (2010, 2014) shows that in English and Italian, adjectives have two syntactic sources, each with different interpretive properties; one source corresponding to predicative adjectives; the other to non-predicative adjectives. This study examines adjectives in Mandarin Chinese with the goal of finding out whether Chinese displays the same pattern. The data shows that Chinese behaves similarly to English and Italian; adjectives that are derived from relative clauses are semantically different from those that directly modify nouns. In addition, Chinese displays the correspondence that predicative adjectives are derived from reduced RC, while nonpredicative adjectives participate in direct modification. However, this parallelism is only possible if we modify the line drawn between “predicative” and “nonpredicative” assumed by Chinese grammarians.提要Cinque (2010, 2014) 認為作定語的形容詞有兩個句法來源，並為英語和義大利語提供證據指出不同來源之形容詞帶有不同的語義，句法來源的不同最終歸究於形容詞是否用作謂語。本文探討漢語形容詞的句法來源，證據顯示漢語形容詞同樣有兩個來源：直接修飾以及關係小句，前者與後者顯現不同語義。形容詞是否用作謂語在漢語也發揮同樣作用，對形容詞的句法來源有決定性因素。但漢語和英語，義大利語的相似之處只有在以下情況才能呈現出來：漢語“謂語性形容詞”與“非謂語性形容詞”的區分必須重新規劃，所有不加“的”的形名詞組中的形容詞皆應納入非謂語性形容詞中。

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Putri, Natassa, and Rugaiyah Rugaiyah. "Exploring Trends in Teaching Stylistic Analysis: Syntactical Features in Selected British Fashion Magazine “Harper’s Bazaar”." Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education 3, no. 1 (2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v3i1.6103.

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Teaching English Stylistic to language students in Universitas Islam Riau has always been part of language or foreign language education. It is a study of linguistics about how someone expresses his or her ideas depend on the purpose of it. An advertisement is good example to study to see how the advertisers use a language to persuade the readers to buy their product or use their service. This research attempted to know the style of language on advertisement, namely syntactical feature in stylistic teaching-learning frameworks. This research used descriptive qualitative as the research design and textual analysis was used to analyse the data. There were 28 data from two editions of Harper’s Bazaar UK magazine. Based on the data obtained, it is found that there were 46 long-noun phrases, 16 short sentences in the form of present tense, 13 imperative and ellipsis, 3 incomplete sentences and association, 1 for simple and colloquial, ambiguity, syntactic parallelism. Students are required to have literary competence as they are exposed to extracts from literary works while studying English.

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Mikhalcheva, A. V. "On the issue of the features of the use of syntactic parallelism in the English-language media text." Pyatigorsk State University Bulletin, no. 1 (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53531/25420747_2021_1_48.

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Heyd, Theresa. "Dude, Alter!" Pragmatics and Society 5, no. 2 (2014): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.5.2.05hey.

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This paper takes a cross-linguistic look at two notorious examples of contemporary slang: American English dude and German Alter. Both have received considerable attention in the media and some initial sociolinguistic inquiry. It is shown here that both items share a number of properties, some quite obvious, others subtler and possibly less stable. This includes features from all levels of linguistic analysis and covers both formal and functional aspects. The seminal similarity between dude and Alter is of a syntactic nature: while both NPs can occur within argument structure, their default is in vocative position. Based on this structural parallelism, other domains are analyzed, including semantics and bleaching effects, phonological and orthographic variation. Particular attention is given to the sociocultural and sociopragmatic potential of dude and Alter, including their role as indexicals for certain youth groups and their subsequent stereotypization. This paper tracks both the similarities and the subtle differences in the usage and function of dude and Alter. It is argued that this lexical parallelism, albeit coincidental, highlights the role of vocative forms in the discursive makeup of both English and German.

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Hanks, William F. "The Language of the Canek Manuscript." Ancient Mesoamerica 3, no. 2 (1992): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000699.

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AbstractThe Canek manuscript is written in a distinctive linguistic style, probably a local variant of Spanish influenced by Yucatec Maya and archaic forms of Spanish. It also reflects a curiously ambivalent perspective on the Itza king Canek, at once aligning him with the pagan Indians and suggesting an affinity with Saint Francis. Like many other colonial texts, the four extant folia of this manuscript show a blending of verbal genres. This paper presents a discourse analysis of the manuscript, demonstrating that it is organized according to a systematic rhetorical structure based on syntactic foregrounding, poetic parallelism and thematic development. Placed in the context of other colonial documents, this one displays the cultural and linguistic ambivalence of its author.

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Pulenko, I., and T. Sazykina. "EXPRESSIVE PECULIARITIES OF SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM IN PUBLIC POLITICAL SPEECHES (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE ENGLISH, FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 1, no. 45 (2020): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2020.45-1.26.

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Wayan Arka (SCOPUS ID: 8955319100), I. "THE CORE-OBLIQUE DISTINCTION IN SOME AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA AND BEYOND." Linguistik Indonesia 35, no. 2 (2019): 101–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v35i2.66.

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This paper explores the nature of core-oblique distinctions in some Austronesian languages of Indonesia, focusing on the intermediate status between core and oblique categories. It proposes a core index, a novel method to determine the core status of an argument. Core index evidence shows that there is a cline running from syntactically core to non-core (oblique), and that the degree of coreness in Indonesian and Balinese shows striking parallelism. The proposed core-index-based analysis allows us to claim syntactic transitivity with confidence and to resolve successfully the controversial transitivity problem of the Indonesian bare verb construction. The analysis advances our understanding of the nature of semi-core arguments, syntactic transitivity, symmetricality of voice system, and alternative argument realisations, not only in Indonesian and Balinese, but also in other typologically different Austronesian languages of central and eastern Indonesia and beyond. Importantly, the core-index study also provides a means for cross-linguistic comparative analysis of the unusual alternative pattern of applicativisation whereby no core promotion is involved. The paper also discusses how the gradient nature of the core-oblique distinction, particularly semi-coreness of arguments, poses a challenge for any theory that posits discrete classes of relations.

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Salaxiddinovich, Ismailov Turgun. "Linguistic Picture Of The World Of The American Presidential Discourse And Its Representation In Uzbeklanguage." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 01 (2021): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue01-45.

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This article is devoted to the study of the linguistic nature of the presidential discourse, which reflects elements of the socio-political life and culture of the country, as well as common and national specific cultural values. The article notes that the first speech of the presidents has a special place in the genre structure of the presidential discourse, is strongly connected to a particular political event, is recorded in the plan of time and space; In order to emotionally influence the minds of the people, to strengthen the pragmatics of speech, the linguistic means used in this speech, such as axiological lexicon, metaphor, phraseology, syntactic parallelism, rhetorical question, exhortation and appeal, are systematized and focused on their translation into Uzbek.

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Vavilova, Kseniya Yur'evna. "Symbolism in the Russian folk art (on the example of romantic ballads)." Филология: научные исследования, no. 11 (November 2020): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34242.

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The subject of this research is the symbols characteristic to the genre of folk ballade. The object of this research is lyrics of the Russian folk ballads. The following compilations of ballads served as the material for this research: &ldquo;Russian Ballad&rdquo; (edited By V. I. Chernyshev, N. p. Andreev, 1936), &ldquo;Folk Ballads&rdquo; (edited by D. M. Balashov, A. M. Astakhova, 1963), &ldquo;Russian Folk Ballad&rdquo; (edited by D. M. Balashov, 1983), &ldquo;Ballads&rdquo; (edited by B. P. Kirdan, 2001), &ldquo;Epics. Historical Song. Ballads&rdquo; (edited by A. V. Kulagina, V. A. Kovpaka, 2008). The author carefully examines the peculiarities of ballad symbolism and its functions. In the course of research, the following conclusions were formulated: consistency of the genre order depends on the presence of the system of artistic visual means; central in the poetics of ballad belongs to symbolism, parallelism, antithesis, epithets, and metaphors; symbolism in the romantic ballads is presented quite extensively; often a symbolic situation becomes a part of psychological parallelism presented in many ballad concepts; syntactic parallelism can be placed in any thematic link and amplifies by antithesis. In certain instances, antithesis appears an important technique for creating a tragic effect. Ballad poetics is subordinated to explication of the overall genre trend, including the reflection of fundamental universals and principles. The novelty of this work consists in the attempt of textual analysis of the major compilations of ballads, as well as in selection of the symbols for their further analysis within the framework of implementation of genre characteristics.

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