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1
Gabrovšek, Dušan. "Connotation, Semantic Prosody, Syntagmatic Associative Meaning: Three Levels of Meaning?" ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 4, no. 1-2 (2007): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.4.1-2.9-28.
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The paper discusses associative meaning, i.e. one existing over and above the customary denotation, specifically the type arising from a text segment larger than a single word. The idea is of fairly recent origin, focuses on negative and positive semantic effects, and stems from corpus-based findings. Dictionaries are uneven in their treatment of this aspect of meaning. It is suggested that research on this complex phenomenon of associative meaning might be conducted on any of three levels: single-word items (connotation), multiword items (semantic prosody), and broader if vaguer co(n)text (syntagmatic meaning).
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Ponomaryova, Liliya. "Semantic Restrictions of Forming Derivative Nouns in the Class of the Process Verbs." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 70 (June 2016): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.70.37.
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Studying structural, phono-morphological, semantic, stylistic, word-forming and lexical conformities regulating syntagmatic connections in word-formation, requires studying system restrictions of the word-forming morphemes combinability, predetermined by the meaning of a word sign as well. The aim of the article is to identify semantic restrictions and those close to them in forming deverbative nouns from the process verbs. It was defined that such kinds of restrictions as semantic, semantic-pragmatic, semantic-stylistic, lexical and structural-morphological can counteract the possibility of the process verbs to take part in derivation processes. Semantic restrictions are located at the level of syntagmatic, differentiating semes and the abstract subcategoric seme “becoming”. Aspect semes don’t influence the possibility of the process verbs to take part in the word formation processes. Semantic restrictions can be predetermined both by the presence and by the absence of definite semes in a semantic structure of a word.
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Kuleshova, Lyudmila, and Nadiia Stepanenko. "Syntagmatic relations in gastronomisms semantics (on the material of Internet culinary sites)." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2022.257938.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the linguistic semantic characteristics of gastronomisms on the materials of culinary sites on the Internet. In the linguistic picture of the world, one of its most important parts is associated with food and human nutrition as a necessary and essential aspect of life. In the structure of this semantic field, a number of lexico-semantic groups can be distinguished. Among them, a special place is occupied by the names of culinary products, dishes used for food, which constitute the main content of the language of the culinary tradition. It is advisable to designate such names with the term «gastronomisms». The syntagmatic connections within them are of interest, that is, the compatibility of words within complex names of dishes. Purpose. The objective of the paper is to describe and systematize the ways of syntagmatic linking of words in the names of dishes on Internet culinary sites as the basis for their semantic characteristics. Results. The article shows that an important aspect of gastronomisms semantics is the syntagmatic relations in complex names, based on lexical and grammatical meanings of their components. The article identifies three types of compatibility of language units in gastronomisms: 1) by components of meanings; 2) by denotations, which are indicated by language units; 3) by grammatical meanings (syntactic positions). The components of meanings combine generic names of culinary products and names with additional food and non-food meanings, as well as generic names and proper names, which are foreign borrowings, toponyms and anthroponyms. By their denotations, the complex gastronomisms connect, as a rule, the denotative meanings of dishes and their food and non-food properties, dishes and their parts, as well as the ways and methods of their preparation, their purpose and functions. Finally, according to grammatical meanings, one can connect the grammatical subject and its attributes – simple and complex. The special kind of connections is that which contains the detailed subject, which is formed by the generic name of a dish and its proper name. Conclusion. The study gave grounds for the conclusion that an important aspect of the semantics of gastronomisms is syntagmatic relations in complex names based on the lexical and grammatical meanings of their components. Keywords: gastronomisms, culinary sites, semantics, syntagmatic relations, lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, denotation.
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Kudryavceva, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna. "Diary texts of V. D. Kasyanov in the aspect of diachronic study of word collocations." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 2 (2024): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240070.
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The research objective is to identify semantic shifts that occurred in word collocations, documented in the diaries of archpriest V. D. Kasyanov, and the nature of changes in collocability of certain prepositional-case forms. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying semantic changes that occurred over a century and a half and were not reflected in lexicographical sources, revealed through the analysis of word syntagmatic relationships. Additionally, for the first time, the collocational possibilities of some words and prepositional-case forms in the modern Russian language are compared with those in the 19th-century language. The study identified lexemes that have non-standard collocability according to contemporary Russian standards, indicating the presence of components in their meaning that were subsequently lost, corroborated by data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. For some words, semantic shifts lead to a complete loss of lexical-syntactic expression of semantic valency or show a tendency towards such loss. The analysis also revealed that modern case forms "по + Dative case" and "от + Genitive case" demonstrate a more limited collocability compared to the 19th-century language.
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Skliarenko, Olesia. "Semantic Structure of Concept «Macht» in German Cultural Studies: Psycholinguistic Aspect." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 24, no. 2 (2018): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-2-292-305.
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The article reveals some peculiarities of semantic structure of concept «MACHT» functioning in German cultural studies. The analyses of lexicographic objectification of the name of the concept «MACHT» has been done, which points to some peculiarities chain in conceptual way of thinking of the studied mental unit in German cultural studies. The given facts let us suggest, that the model of composites forming with derivative element– macht are productive for German lingual environment and point to their semantic actuality and high recurrence of the given mental unit in conceptual world picture. Lexical and semantic connections of concept verbalizator «MACHT» of the lexem «Macht», which were analyzed in the proposed article point to the polisemantic structure of the actual word. Collocational analyses has shown, that semantic peculiarities of function of concept «MACHT» are actually in the word, which is its name - «Macht» and are mostly used in connection with attributes and predicates. The collocation quantity with the lexemes proves that there are some actual language collocations, where the analyzed lexeme is used in communicative area. It was established, that among the main verbalizators of the concept «MACHT» phraseological units are rather wide spread. These phraseological units objectivize all maim concept slots, such as «Action», «Object of Power» and «Subject of Power». Besides we have come to conclusion that research of individual word meaning taking into consideration some association words gives the possibility not only to establish the fact of word meaning change but also to analyze the change of individual world picture of German speaking society and give some predictions about negative changes on German political stage.
 As a conclusion we may say, that the proposed study establishes, that through semantic, paradigmatic, syntagmatic and phraseological collocations of the concept lexeme «Macht» the whole chain of cognitive characteristics of the mental unit may be actualized. They point to the fact, that these mental units are relevant in German world picture and in the same way of the complete German nation.
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Золян, С. Т. "Слово как смыслопорождающая модель". Иностранные языки в высшей школе, № 4(71) (11 лютого 2025): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2024.71.4.001.
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В статье получает развитие положение о том, что источником смыслообразования является не лексикон, а обусловленное контекстом взаимодействие между контекстом и лексическим значением слова. Возникает вопрос: можно ли распространить это положение на так называемое бесконтекстное употребление слова? Соответственно, требуется уяснить, каков статус собственно лексического значения и что служит источником его порождения. Показано, что слово в силу своей семиотической гетерогенности воздействует на самого себя. Можно выделить такие аспекты, как: 1) слово-означающее; 2) слово в определенном значении; 3) собственно смысл слова или означаемое; 4) слово как операция соотнесения означающего со смыслом; 5) слово как модель его сочетаемостных связей — отношения к возможным контекстам. В зависимости от того, какой аспект слова считать от чего зависящим, можно задать различные соотношения, в том числе обратные функции, в результате чего порождаются и изолированное от контекста слово, и изолированный от слова смысл. Такие преобразования слова являются особыми конкретизациями задания лексического смысла как функции от текста и контекста, что соответствует различным аспектам: слово в системе языка, слово в контексте, словарное значение, слово как семантическая микросистема и т. д. Стабильным оказывается означающее, что создает возможность рассмотрения как самих операций, так и их операндов и операторов как лексико-семантического единства. We intend to develop the idea that the source of meaning-making is not a lexicon but the context-conditioned interaction between contexts and lexical meanings. Is it possible to extend this vision to the so-called contextless use of a word? Accordingly, it is necessary to clarify the status of a proper lexical meaning and the ground for its production. We have demonstrated that a word may interact with itself by its semiotic heterogeneity. It is possible to distinguish such aspects as: 1) word as a signifier; 2) a word with a specific meaning; 3) the general meaning of the word itself, or the signified; 4) a word as an operation of correlating the signifier with some meaning; 5) a word is a model of its syntagmatic connections, i.e., the relation to its possible contexts. Depending on which aspect of the word is to rely on what, it is possible to set various relations, including inverse functions, as a result of which both a word isolated from the context and a meaning isolated from the word may be generated. Such different inversions of a word are different concretizations of the definition of linguistic meaning as a function of the text and the context; this corresponds to various aspects: the word in the language system, the word in the context, the dictionary meaning, the word as a semantic microsystem, etc. The signifier turns out to be stable; this makes it possible to consider both the operations themselves and their operands and operators as a lexical-semantic unity.
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Alsonaidi, Mohammad. "The Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Dimensions in Abi Tammams Poem (A Allah Inee Khalidunn Ba d Khalidinn)." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Language Sciences and Literature, no. 33 (June 20, 2024): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ll27918368.
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The syntagmatic dimension of speech is based on the speaker selecting a unit from a list of available units, thereby preferring one over the others and uttering it. In Abi Tammam Al-Dalia's poem, where he lamented Khaled Al-Shaibani, he chose words that are synonymous or share the intended meaning. He used words of destruction: death and killing, and words of illumination: the lamp, the star, and the crescent. He selected the snake and the lion from attacking animals and the sword and the spear from weapons. It appeared that the attributes controlling the animals also controlled the weapons. Collocation influenced word choice. The initiation in the syntagmatic dimension was organized around the name of the lamented (Khaled), which the poet passed on to the one who was immortalized after him. He established rhymes, and these rhymes have a morphological outcome; the end of the plural and the subject's noun had an abundant share. In the poem, the rhyme connects with one of the units of the line of poetry, as if it foretells its place before its arrival. This connection tends towards aspects of sound, meaning, or previous juxtaposition, and it has been acknowledged in criticism and rhetoric. The two close elements from the poem's era with the arts of these connections are: counterpart observance, export, contrast, and connections.
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Artemova, Vera, and Mariya Dmitrieva. "The Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic of the Adjective in Swiss German." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (56) (January 26, 2022): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-56-4-155-162.
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This paper examines mechanisms found in verbal fixation of the national specifics of the Swiss German language based on a categorical-grammatical group of adjectives related to a wide association of signified words. The objects of the analysis are adjectives collected from lexicographic sources as well as
 journalistic and artistic texts by the continuous sampling method.
 The main attention is paid to the features of the qualitative composition and semantic valence compatibility of segmental root and non-root derivational morphemes within the two main word-formation models of adjectives that are
 characteristic of the modern German language in its synchronous state, they are derivatives and composites. The functioning of adjectives in phraseological units
 is also analyzed. This group consists mainly of single-morpheme root lexemes. Phraseological units used as a research material allows us to more fully represent the functional potential of adjectives in the linguistic and cultural aspect.
 The study concludes that in Swiss German, compared to the German language, root morphemes and postfixes more widely realize their potential of mutual compatibility, which leads to an enrichment of paradigmatic meanings and reveals additional discursive and pragmatic adjective values of Swiss German.
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Zhalmakhanov, Sh Sh, and G. K. Zhilkibaу. "Etymological Studies of Common Turkic Etymons «bad», «kob»." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 124, no. 2 (2022): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-2/2664-0686.01.
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Many lexical units of the language and their meanings need etymological analysis in relation to the origin and history of certain words. Etymology as a branch of lexicology explores the theoretical foundations and methodological improvement of the analysis. In order to find out the purpose of determining the origin and history of a certain word or words, it is necessary to find out: the primary meaning of some words, and in other words secondary, i.e. derived meanings, in third lexemes, the meaning of lexical phraseological phrases, in winged expressions, sayings and proverbs, as a result of collecting and analyzing materials and draw certain conclusions. The setting of such goals and objectives has existed since the formation of the science of language. Because the origin and history of words and their meanings interested the population for practical purposes, and scientists for scientific purposes. The main object of the research is the history of the semantics of words, so the article uses such techniques and methods as diachrony-synchrony, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, component and complex analysis of the retrospective method. The article takes into account all lexical, stylistic and grammatical meanings, grammatical forms in the form of root and derived morphemes, as well as semantics in the composition of lexical and stable word combinations of the common Turkic root words «hob», «bad». The analyses werecarried out and covered the linguistic materials of the Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. Etymological analyses of the etymons «hob», «bad» are theoretically based on the 5 principles of etymological theory developed by us: word semantics – semantic derivation – derivational process – types of reconstruction and semantic reconstruction – comparative bases of word etymology. Etymological analysis of the words «hob», «bad» is carried out at the phonemic, morphemic, lexemic and syntagmatic levels, i.e. it is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. As a result of comprehensive consideration of the Turkic etymon «ot» in aspects of the semantics of root words, derived words semantics and the semantics of the complex words we can conclude that archiseme of the etymon «hob» – value is «hollow, convex», that archisemes of the etymon «bad»: in the Turkic languages «face», in Arabic «desert, thirst», in persian «bad».
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Kostryba, Olha. "Word-forming semantics of nouns in denumerative word formation." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philology", no. 91 (December 30, 2022): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-1864-2022-91-11.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the need to take into account the principle aspect in the analysis of the the word-forming system of the modern Ukrainian language. Scientific works testify that the derivatives motivated by noun-, adjective-, and verb-forming bases, which represent the core parts of the language, are considered for the most part. The purpose of the article is to establish the word-forming semantics of denumeratives – derived nouns grouped according to the nesting principle with vertex numerals belonging to the periphery of the forming base, find out the types of derivation and models of creation. The analysis was carried out using the structural-semantic method in combination with the use of lexical-semantic transformations. The onomasiological aspect involves the interaction of a simple motivational base, which is represented by adjectives, nouns, numerals, and verbs, and word-forming means; hence, thirteen word-forming meanings have been established, the carriers of which are simple substantives. The word-forming semantics of compound two- and three-base nouns, motivated by word combinations with subordinating and singly consecutive types of connection, have been determined; the number of word-forming meanings of complex formations is six. The nature of the correlation of the semantics of the formed word with the word-forming means was analyzed, particularly in syntagmatic word-forming meanings complicated by subcategorization and recategorization content, thus the types of derivation of word-forming meanings were established – mutational, modificational, and transpositional. Within each of the nineteen semantic positions of derivative substantives, one hundred and twenty-nine word-forming models were identified, presented in a descending order of their performance. The interpretation of the noun as a part of speech block in denumerative word formation contributes to the identification of the derivational capacity of the numerals of the modern Ukrainian language, complements the achievements of the principle derivation.
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Vorobyev, Yuriy Alekseevich. "National specificity of the lexical-phraseological field Brot in the German language (linguistic-cultural aspect)." Ethnic Culture 7, no. 1 (2025): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.31483/r-126570.
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This article is devoted to the linguistic-cultural analysis of the background word "Brot" in comparison with its Russian conceptual equivalent хлеб in order to identify common and nationally specific differences due to the presence of cultural components on the semantic periphery of both lexemes. The lexical background of the word "Brot" is presented in the form of a lexico-phraseological field, which includes culturally marked lexical units combining both linguistic and non-linguistic content, which allowed us to interpret the background uniqueness of the lexeme in a culturally meaningful way. The relevance of the research is conditioned by the necessity of further study of the background lexicon taking into account the complex character of its non-conceptual part of meaning, possessing implicit denotative and connotative national originality, the elimination of which can have a negative impact on the act of intercultural communication. In the course of the study, we also used the methods of descriptive, comparative and component analysis, the method of critical analysis of the dictionary and dictionary definitions, which allowed us to conclude that the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of the word "Brot" are highly culturally unique, and revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in thematically related secondary nominations. The main material of the study is represented by culturally marked lexical units of the mentioned topics, identified by means of a continuous sampling from German explanatory, encyclopedic, phraseological and linguistic-cultural dictionaries, as well as German-Russian dictionaries.
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Vorobeva, Irina A. "EXISTENTIAL MEANING OF THE CONCEPT “ANGUISH” IN RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD." HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE FAR EAST 19, no. 4 (2022): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2022-19-4-158-166.
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This study is devoted to one of the most important concepts of Russian culture, which reveals the characteristic features of the Russian mentality. The relevance of the appeal to the concept “anguish” is due to its significance in Russian culture and the interest aroused by the study of the spiritual dominants of Russian culture in the aspect of intercultural communication. The author describes in detail the etymology of the word “anguish”. Based on the analysis of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the definition of anguish is given, its internal form is considered, paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections are revealed. Folklore and literature are a deep reflection of the psychological meaning of the concept “anguish” in the linguistic picture of the world. A study of the subjective semantics of anguish in the works of A.S. Pushkin, A.P. Platonov, I.F. Annensky, M.I. Tsvetaeva, V.S. Vysotsky, etc. was conducted. The system of meanings that a person receives from previous generations, including those which were got through literature, not only organizes the perception and memory of a person, not only ensures the process of assimilation of human experience, but also creates conditions for the perception of the world and the picture of the world.
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ZHUIKOVA, Marharyta, та Olena KOTYS. "THE NUCLEAR ZONE OF ASSOCIATIVE FIELDS FOR THE COLOUR TERM ЧОРНИЙ / ЧОРНЫ / CZARNY / ЧЕРЕН / BLACK: A COMPARATIVE ASPECT". Folia Philologica, № 8 (2024): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2024/8/6.
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The article analyses associative field data of the stimulus lexeme ЧОРНИЙ / ЧОРНЫ / CZARNY / ЧЕРЕН / BLACK obtained from the speakers of Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Bulgarian, and English within the framework of eleven free associative experiments. The choice of this adjective’s associative field is determined by both its significant linguistic status and the cultural significance of represented concept. The direct object of comparison has made the central zone of the respective associative fields, which included only those reactions that accounted for at least 5 percent of the total field. The aim of the study is to determine the degree of invariance (stability) of the core reactions, found for all fields, and the nature of the relations core reactions have to the stimulus word. It was found that the number of associates in the central zone of the researched fields varies from one (for the English-speaking British respondents) to five (for the Belarusian speakers). In general, the nine most frequent units are represented in the fields: 'white', 'colour', 'cat', 'night', 'dark', 'negro', 'raven', 'death', and 'day'. Reactions 'white' and 'colour' appear most frequently in the central zone (they were obtained within the framework of eight out of eleven experiments). In six experiments with the Slavic language speakers, the reaction 'cat' appeared in the central zone. Nuclear reactions 'night', 'dark', 'negro', 'raven', 'death', and 'day' are characterized by a lower degree of invariance (especially 'day', which is present as a core association only for the Belarusian language speakers). Virtually all of our identified central associates are related to the colour meaning of the stimulus word rather than its secondary meanings. The reactions obtained in the central zone enter into various types of relations with the stimulus word. The connection between the stimulus 'black' and the reaction 'white' seems the most straightforward, a typical manifestation of antonymic paradigmatic relationships. More complex, in our opinion, is the connection between the adjective 'black' and the reaction to it, manifest in the noun 'colour'. On the one hand, this relationship is a manifestation of syntagmatic grammatical relationships (especially in the languages inflected for gender). However, the associative experiments data suggest that speakers of the Slavic languages react to this stimulus as the name of a concept, ignoring its gender. Therefore, it is appropriate to see this fact as a manifestation of the relation between the name of the basic-level category and the superordinate-level category in the speakers’ mind. The connection between the stimulus 'black' and the reaction 'cat' is the most complex. This connection is undoubtedly based on syntagmatic relationships, but its high frequency is influenced by the factors that go beyond strictly linguistic factors. The appearance of the combination 'black cat' in the central zone of associative fields is influenced by the elements of traditional worldview, where mythologem of the 'CAT' (with the highly relevant subconcept 'BLACK CAT') is endowed with evaluative meanings. The negative assessment of black cats, in particular, has led to the formation of verbal nomination, which became firmly rooted in the linguistic memory of the community as a carrier of cultural and semiotic significance.
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Agawu, V. Kofi. "Tone and tune: the evidence for Northern Ewe music." Africa 58, no. 2 (1988): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160658.
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Opening ParagraphOne of the most intriguing features of most African languages is that of tone, by which variations in speech tone generate different meanings (Pike, 1948, offers a valuable introduction to this subject and includes an extensive bibliography; Fromkin, 1972, is a comprehensive evaluation of specialised studies). In the Ewe language, for example, the word to [H] pronounced with a high tone means ‘ear’, as in To le venye (HLMM), ‘I have an earache.’ To can also mean ‘through’, Meto akonta me [MHLHML], ‘I have gone through the accounts.’ But as soon as the high tone is replaced by a low one the meaning of the word changes drastically: to [L] means ‘thick’ as in Dzogbo la to [LHHL], ‘The porridge is thick’. Similarly, mi [H] is a pronoun for the first person plural (Mieto adegbe, ‘We are on the way to the hunt’). The same word refers to ‘faeces’ as in [HL], ‘goat's faeces’. A shift of tone from high to low results in a change of meaning. Mi [L] is a pronoun for the second person plural (Mile tsi [LLM], ‘You (should) take a bath’); it also means ‘swallow’ (mi amatsi, ‘swallow [or take] the medicine’). The phenomenon is not restricted to monosyllables. Kuku [HH] refers to a ‘hat’ (Meɖe kuku na wo, ‘I remove your hat,’ which is a figurative way of saying ‘I beg you’). Kuku [LH] on the other hand refers to ‘death’. Asi [LH] is the word for ‘hand’, while asi [LM] denotes ‘market’. Tone is operative on a number of levels within the syntagmatic chain: on the level of syllable, word, phrase and sentence. Furthermore, a number of constraints—syntactic, international or natural factors—influence the disposition of speech tones (consult Ansre, 1961, for information about Ewe tone and Dakubu, 1988, for the most recent study of this and other aspects of Ghanaian languages).
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Haest, Ilse, and Anne Vermeer. "Brede en Diepe Woordkennis, Vaktaal en Tekstbegrip." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 74 (January 1, 2005): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.74.05hae.
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In this article various aspects of word knowledge and their relations to the text comprehension skills have been investigated for 197 monolingual and bilingual children in grade 5. All children performed three different vocabulary tasks, measuring breadth (quantitative knowledge: 'how many words do they know?'), depth (qualitative knowledge: 'how well do they know (paradigmatic and decontextualized, syntagmatic) relationships between words?'), and words used in school texts (scientific jargon: 'do they know the science-specific meaning of words?'). Besides this, a text comprehension task was administered investigate the relative importance of these different aspects of word knowledge to text comprehension. The analyses showed that bilingual children performed significantly lower on all tasks as compared to their monolingual peers. The highest differences were found on breadth of vocabulary, the lowest on the depth task. Besides this, the breadth task showed the highest correlations with text comprehension, and the depth task the lowest. These conclusions hold for both monolinguals and bilinguals. Finally, a (stepwise) multiple regression analysis revealed that the breadth task explained 38% of the variance of the scores on the text comprehension task. The depth task adjusts to that only 2%. Analyses for monolingual and bilingual children separately yielded comparable outcomes. From this, we conclude that for both monolingual and bilingual children text comprehension is determined by breadth of vocabulary.
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Kost, Anna Myroslavivna, and Zoryana Fedorivna Piskozub. "METADISCURSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ANIMAL WORLD IN THE PROVERBS (COMPARATIVE FRENCH-UKRAINIAN APPROACH)." Studia Linguistica, no. 24 (2024): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2024.24.56-76.
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The topic chosen for this study is intended to provoke reflection on proverbs, the structure of which contains the name of an animal. This choice is not random and is justified by the anthropological interest of the study. The article determines to what extent proverbs belonging to different language communities represent similar or divergent lexical-semantic and syntactic combinations, expressing identical meaning. Configurations specific to the French and Ukrainian languages, which generate lexical, syntagmatic and perceptual variations, are also taken into account. Another aspect of our research is devoted to the interpretation of the expressiveness of proverbs using stylistic and syntactic means. The research conducted in this particularly rich sector of proverbs requires the integration of multidimensional analysis methods, starting from
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Jarošová, Alexandra. "Pohľad Na Pomenovanie Cez Prizmu Teoretických Rámcov A Slovníkového Hesla." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (2018): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0011.
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Abstract The first part of this paper outlines the relevant aspects of functional structuralism serving lexicographers as a departure point for building a model of lexical meaning useable in the Dictionary of Contemporary Slovak Language. This section also points to some aspects of Klára Buzássyová’s research on lexis and wordformation that have enriched the functionalstructuralist paradigm. The second section shows other theoretical and methodological frameworks, such as linguistic pragmatics, cognitive linguistics and corpus linguistics (all of them departing in some respect from the structuralism and, in other aspects, being complementary with it) that can enhance the structuralist basis of the model. The third section outlines an extended model of lexical meaning that represents a synthesis of all those theoretical frameworks and, at the same time, represents a reflection of three language constituents: 1. The social constituent is present in consideration of communicative functions of utterances, naming functions of lexical units, functional styles and registers, language norms, and situational contexts; 2. The psychological component takes the form of consideration of the prototype effect, the abolition of boundaries between linguistic meaning and other parts of cognition; 3. Thanks to the structural/systematic component, a description of paradigmatic and syntagmatic behaviour of words can be performed, and an inventory of formalcontent units and categories (lexemes, lexies, wordforming and grammatical structures) can be provided. In our dictionary practice, the abovementioned model is reflected in the methodological procedures as follows: 1. Systemization of repetitive (regular, standardized) phenomena; 2. Prototypicalization of meaning description; 3. Contextualization/encyclopedization of meaning description; 4. Pragmatization of meaning description; 5. Continualized presentation of language phenomena, i.e., introduction of numerous phenomena of transient and indeterminate nature and indicating the existence of a semanticpragmatic and lexicalgrammatical continuum; 6. “Discretization” of combinatorial continuum, i.e., identification and description of entrenched word combinations with naming functions.
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Cotlău, Maria, and Ion Guțu. "LATIN PHRASEOLOGISMS IN DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE. THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN FRENCH AND ROMANIAN LANGUAGES." Moldoscopie 1 (January 15, 2020): 26–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3921843.
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Phraseological units, set expressions with specialised non-literal meaning of the whole clearly represent the syntagmatic specificity of languages. Named cliches and ready-made expressions, these communicative units are easily recognized and decoded by people who have studied Latin, either in high school or university, but for students who encounter for the first time in the foreign language text (French, English) from the field of diplomacy and political science, the Latin phraseological units present one of the most difficult aspects of the discourse. Many authors give common current classifications to facilitate the consultation, the correct understanding and the proper use of the Latin expressions, especially in the works of practical character. Thus, in the small Latin-Romanian dictionary of commonly used expressions, authors discriminate among: commonly used words (alter ego – alternative self); word combinations (amor patriae – love of one’s country); aphorisms (festina lente – make haste slowly); proverbs, sayings of wide circulation (bis dat, qui cito dat – he gives twice who gives promptly). The classifications and definitions of the phraseological units are very different, depending on the aspect that one researcher or another emphasizes and the criteria according to which the classification is made. In the present article we intend to make a classification of the Latin phraseology according to the frequency of their appearance in the university textbooks and according to the difficulty of comprehension for the students studying the specialized foreign language. Keywords: phraseology, set expressions, maxims, adages, aphorisms, proverbs, equivalences, phraseological analogies.
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Hyryn, O. "DETERMINING THE MORPHOLOGICAL CLASS OF A WORD DURING THE AUTOMATIC NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 1(99) (April 12, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.1(99).2023.75-82.
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The article considers a mandatory component of the linguistic provision of any system of automatic natural language processing, i.e. automatic morphological analysis, the tasks of which include: determining for each text unit its place in the morphological system of the corresponding language; identification of word forms of the lexeme. As a result of automatic morphological analysis, each word form of the text is assigned a tag for the part of speech and the meaning of the grammatical categories (gender, number, case, aspect, tense, person, etc.). The nature of this information, its volume, and the methods used to establish morphological information depend on the purpose of the research, within which automatic analysis is carried out with the focus on the nature of the analyzed texts. Morphological analysis is present at all stages of text analysis, because neither morphemic, nor syntactic, nor semantic analysis can be performed without parts-of-speech tagging. With automatic syntactic analysis, only if lexical-grammatical and grammatical information is available for each word form, it is possible to syntactically bind word forms in a sentence. Morphological features of text units further become a tool for researching the relationship between vocabulary and grammar and the use in speech; between paradigmatics (in the aspect of consideration of case forms of declinable words) and syntagmatics (in the aspect of linear relationships of words, text coherence).
 The article examines the difficulties that prevent unifying the process of tagging text units, namely lexical-grammatical homonymy, ambiguity of grammatical forms, polysemy. The study considers approaches to resolving morphological ambiguity based on the context analysis of the ambiguous word, which can be divided into statistical and rule-based. Rules can be compiled manually or derived from marked-up corpora. Statistical methods are based on quantitative indicators in large labelled corpora. Morphological ambiguity resolution methods are usually applied after primary tagging, which is usually done using dictionaries.
 The article also provides a morphemic analysis algorithm for automatic morphological analysis.
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Ghozali, Mahbub. "Symbols of Servitude and Purification in the Qur’an: Orientation of Ibn ‘Arabī’s Waḥdah al-Wujūd in al-Futuḥāt al-Makkiyah". Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an 18, № 2 (2022): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jsq.018.2.04.
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The complexity of the concept waḥdah al-wujūd in Ibn ‘Arabī understanding used in interpretation impacts the ignoring of his interpretation results leading to the essence of servitude and purification of God. The purpose of this study is the form of understanding that accentuates the meaning of the symbols depicted in verse. Tracing of Sufistic narratives in interpreting Ibn ‘Arabi was carried out in this study using qualitative methods with content analysis as a data analysis technique. The content analysis model analyzes the data by looking for conceptual relations in al-Futuḥāt al-Makkiyah by Ibn ‘Arabi about the Sufistic model of understanding. The semiotic theory of sacred texts aids this analysis process to see language phenomena in the scriptures presented through special symbols. This study found that the Sufistic interpretation of Ibn ‘Arabi is wrapped in symbolic form. The dressing of symbols in the process of understanding emphasizes the identification of Sufistic models with the diversion of meanings. This identity obscures Ibn ‘Arabī’s method of interpretation. The symbolic form is explained by analysis of the constitutional significance of the word writing and the function of his syntagmatic. The implications of this concept emphasize the relationship between God and servant (‘abd) implicit in each verse of the Qur’an. The result of the manifested interpretation underlines the totality of servitude and divinity, culminating in the level of the union of existence to God (waḥdah al-wujūd). Ibn ‘Arabī embodies the symbolic aspect represented in the Qur’an as a result of the decline of the language of God into the language of man.
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GAPCHENKO, Olena. "Psycholinguistic aspects of honomymy." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 74 (2) (2023): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2023.2.11.
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This article is devoted to an experimental study of assimilation, storage and functioning features of homonyms in the Ukrainian speaker’s lexicon. One of the effective methods of researching homonymy is an unbound nonrestrictive associative experiment which allows to deepen the knowledge about the assimilation, interpretation, compatibility, functionality and use, including false ones, of homonyms in speech. The main object of analysis was the speakers’ associative reactions to homonymous stimuli obtained during a unbound associative experiment. The content and structure of the associative meaning of lexical homonyms, the types of verbal associative connections of stimuli-homonyms and words-reactions are studied. The analysis outcome of the obtained associative reactions establishes that the number and nature of associative reactions are determined by the degree of relevance of homonymous stimuli for informants. Homonymous stimuli evoke more paradigmatic associative reactions than syntagmatic ones in informants for whom this language is native. There have been identified the factors affecting the actualization (manifestation in the informants’ reactions) of a certain component of the homonymous group. The informant’s age and knowledge of different languages significantly influence the association process. The most frequent were attributive reactions caused by characteristic features of the object such as quality, property, function, significant detail for the speaker, etc., and situational ones where reactions associated with a certain situation or its component. Subjective-definitive reactions containing an explanation of the stimulus word, were also numerous. The strategies of associating homonymous stimuli caused by the influence of age, gender and other informants’ characteristics are analyzed. Due to experimental studies, the homonymy phenomenon receives a more extended interpretation than presented in lexicographic sources.
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Zorina, Anastasia. "Semantic Modeling of Ways to Verbalize Emotions in the Political Discourse of Germany." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4(64) (April 3, 2024): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-64-4-156-170.
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The article deals with methods of verbalization of various emotions, considered on the material of authentic texts related to the political discourse of Germany.
 There is a predominance of the emotional component over the rational one in modern political communication, therefore there is a need for a comprehensive study of the technique of nominating various emotional states. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the features of the semantic aspect of the linguistic representation of emotions
 in German-language political texts.
 This study is carried out using the method of semantic modelling according to five parameters reflecting the main types of syntagmatic relations between the meanings of words within one speech segment (a word combination or a sentence):
 «signs of emotion», «activity of emotion», «manifestation of emotion», «carrier of emotion», «cause of emotion».
 The following conclusions were obtained in the course of this study: the parameters «signs of emotion» and «activity of emotion» are the most productive within the framework of German political discourse; within the parameters mentioned
 above, the phenomenon of metaphorization is noted, which can also be considered as one of the productive means of verbalization of emotions; according to the type of
 evaluation sign, the predominance of negative emotions is observed in the political discourse of Germany.
 The results of the research conducted in this article can be used in research and teaching activities related to the study of the features of the emotional aspect of
 modern communication from a linguistic point of view.
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Закутня, А. Ю. "Printed advertising of the end of the 19th — the first half of the 20th centuries in the context of a search of a source basis for a detailed description of the Ukrainian urban koine of this period." Studia Philologica, no. 10 (2018): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.10.6.
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The city as a peculiar form of social organization is interesting for the representatives of many trends of scientific research: economists, sociologists, culturologists, historians, linguists. The subject of our interest is the functioning of the Ukrainian language in the cities of Bukovyna and Galicia at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, in the urban environment of the Ukrainian diaspora settlement. Historical and socio-political conditions of the formation of the Ukrainian city koinй as one of the preconditions for the development of Ukrainian literature (particularly in the territory of Western Ukraine) — are still one of largely unexplored problems of Ukrainian linguistics — in both theoretical and practical aspects, which predetermines the relevance of the topic of our study. The aim of this article is the analysis of Ukrainian advertising texts at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century and identification of such lexical and syntagmatic units that can be classified as elements of the city koine. To perform linguistic analysis we have involved over 80 language units (words, nominative word combinations, word variants) used for the nomination of over 30 items of commodity circulation belonging to the following lexical-semantic groups: names of clothing, footwear and other details of the wardrobe; names of household items of urban dwellers (personal use items). For every word of the aforementioned lexical-semantic groups we have provided illustrating contexts, commentaries concerning the meaning, use, origin, their record in different kinds of dictionaries, sometimes giving information from Polish lexicography, Polish and German electronic corpora. We have analyzed the names of urban life items, documented in the Ukrainian advertisement at the end of the 19thcentury — the first half of the 20th century, that certify that the majority of such names are borrowings adapted on the Ukrainian language background: from German, Polish, French, Italian, Spanish, etc. Mainly Polish and German played an intermediary role in the assimilation of these words. We believe that lexical units and nominative word combinations recorded in the advertising texts of the 19th century — the first half of the 20thcentury, may serve as a basis for the register of lexicographic works of a specialized type, for instance, the Dictionary of Ukrainian Advertisement; the Dictionary of Western Ukrainian Variants of Literary Language of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, etc.
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KOCHAN, Iryna. "The colourful world of poetry by Anatolii Moisiienko." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 54 (2024): 121–40. https://doi.org/10.17721/um/54(2024).121-140.
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Background. The colourful world of A. Moisiienko’s poetry is analyzed in the article. The author clearly outlines the linguistic picture of the writer’s world, his inner perception of the environment through the colour. The analysis is carried out in the lexical and semantic aspect, taking into account the grammatical and word-formation expression of colour designations, which allows to outline the mental consciousness of the writer, and his artistic personality, which is an integral part of the author’s poems, shapes the mood of the work, its uniqueness. The use of colours is essential in the writer’s idiostyle, which defines the creative image of the author, manifested in his views on the phenomena of nature and human life. Methods. Descriptive, contextual, transformational-stylistic. Results. In A. Moisiienko’s poetry, colours denote natural phenomena, serve as means of depicting landscapes, portraits, and phenomena of the surrounding world, convey the mood of the lyrical hero, and depict both abstract concepts and concrete objects. All these colourful images have absorbed the depth of national culture, folk psychology, and the individual worldview. The author’s arsenal includes both achromatic and chromatic colours. Colourful lexemes are expressed by different parts of speech: adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs, which have different structures, convey different colour saturation, and are characterized by different syntagmatic patterns with different associative fields. Conclusion. The colourful world of Anatolii Moisiienko’s poetry is his life, environment, native land, and people around him, that is, a bright, diverse national and cultural time-space in which the lyrical hero of the author’s poems lives. The colouristic paradigm of the artist’s poetic works covers the widest layer of semantic designations of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, portrait and inner emotional characteristics. In addition to its primary meaning, the colourful word in the poetry of A. Moisiienko performs an important associative and figurative, symbolic function, becomes an individual marker of the poetic text. Each colour can vary in colour tone, saturation, and clarity, which allows one to define the surrounding world and the lyrical hero in it quite accurately and at the same time figuratively.
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И., И. Степанченко. "ОСНОВНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЯЗЫКА В ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРАДИГМЕ". Російська філологія. Вісник Харківського національного педагогічного університету імені Г.С. Сковороди, № 3(59) (8 листопада 2016): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.165452.
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The relationships between the mental system and language one are not considered to be the relationships of the sign representation in the terms of the functional linguistic paradigm. The language system is the system that operates verbal images in the act of communication, the mental system is the system that operates "substantive" images, i.e., non-linguistic reality images of phenomena. These systems are relatively autonomous and at the same time closely linked. Changing the initial methodological assumptions initiates to redefine the content of basic vocabulary, grammar and word categories. Some aspects of language studies that should be reviewed because of the interaction of language and mental systems are defined in the article. In the field of lexis the functional definition of lexical meaning is ungrammatical rules of word operating in the communicative act. It makes to renew the vision of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations system, interdependence of lexical systems, rethink synonyms antonyms categories etc. In the field of morphology, in particular, the studies of the so-called lexical and grammatical categories in terms of the interdependence of mental and language ties in their content are seemed to be rather perspective.The interaction of language and thought determines the operation specifics of such syntactic units as homogeneous members, asyndetic complex sentences, etc.In the text theory the functional approach allows to describe a text substantial structure in the new terms, develop a text typology to determine the degree of variability of text content, basing on the features of the language and non-language levels connection in its content, etc.Changing the methodological approach to the linguistic units’ analysis is determined by the inclusion of linguistics in the human sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of the methodological aspects of functional linguistics allows to build a more adequate model of language, not taking into account individual features of the simulated object, but the specificity of the whole object.
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Litus, Elena V. "The Project of a Contrastive Dictionary of the Kuban Cossacks’ Folk Songs." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/4.
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The aim of the article is to justify the concept of a contrastive dictionary of the language of Kuban Cossacks’ folk song culture. This dictionary should demonstrate the bilingual nature of the Kuban Cossacks’ song folklore in the context of Russian and Ukrainian folk speech traditions, and become the basis for identifying the ethnolinguistic and ethnopsychological features of the Kuban Cossacks – a subethnos that has formed its own special traditional culture for over three centuries. The contrastive analysis of each culturally significant lexeme is organized in two blocks depending on the research base: Russian-language songs (songs of the Kuban Line Cossacks and Russian folk songs), Ukrainian-language songs (songs of the Kuban Black Sea Cossacks and Ukrainian folk songs). The article presents the concept of contrastive dictionary of the Kuban Cossacks’ folk songs; its originality is determined by the peculiar forming conditions of the Kuban folklore language caused by the settlement history of the Kuban territory. The existing experience of compiling contrastive dictionaries cannot be fully applied to the language of Kuban folklore, in which Russian and Ukrainian language folk traditions are mixed in a complex way. The dictionary is based on the ideographic principle. The thematic approach fully reflects a particular fragment of the linguistic world-image and provides great opportunities to study the place of separate language units in this fragment. Due to the significance of the task, attention is focused on one thematic group – “Man’s World”. The structure of the dictionary entry of the developed dictionary reflects linguistic features of lexemes: it gives an idea of the lexical and morphological paradigmatics, family of words (within the analyzed lexicon), their co-occurrence properties (syntagmatic aspect), and the originality of use (functional aspect). Such a structure of the dictionary entry allows not only describing the linguistic features of the analyzed lexeme, noting the presence of qualitative (cultural, conceptual) asymmetry in equivalent lexemes, but also identifying the deep implicit meanings reflected in the co-occurrence properties of the word and understanding the concept verbalized by the analyzed lexeme. The justified concept of the contrastive dictionary of Kuban folk songs should contribute to the solution of many problems of modern lexicography – studies of the possibilities of using contrastive dictionaries in folklore and author’s (writer’s) lexicography, lexicography of a multicultural region.
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ANGELOV, ANGEL. "SPEECH ACTS, VERBS AND THE PARADIGMATIC VS. SYNTAGMATIC MEANING REVISITED." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, PR (2022): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.pr.07.
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This paper re-examines some classical theories of the meaning and the embedding of verbs (words for acts) both outside and within context. F. de Saussure’s dichotomy concerning paradigmatic/syntagmatic aspects of meaning finds its further interpretation in various theoretical models, especially in the field of pragmatics and the philosophy of language. Among them the works of M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hassan, as well as of P. Ricoeur could serve as a point of departure in explaining some newer and sophisticated cases of grammaticalization. The paper focuses on examples of the exchange of mental patterns, clichés and frozen expressions due to contemporary language contacts. Keywords: verb semantics, clause predicate semantics, paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic meaning, lexical taxonomies, cross-lingual exchange of conceptualizations and grammaticalization patterns
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فتحیه, فتاحی زاده, та امینی فریده. "تحليل مولفه هاي معنايي «امام» درآيه 12 سوره مبارکه يس با بهره گيري از روابط هم نشيني و جانشيني". زبانشناختی قرآن 6, № 1 (2017): 227–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3746408.
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Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships, as the linguists such as Roman Jacobson pointed out from the beginning, make the foundation of language. Hence through identifying the semantic components of a particular word and examining the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships, the word uses can be extensively determined. In this way, the syntagmatic and paradigmatic items of the word are determined. On the basis of the semantic components of the word “Imam”, one of the most important words in the Holy Quran, the occurrence frequency of which is 12, is used in sign 12 of Surah “Yasin”. Regarding the investigations, it can be said that what is established in the meaning of “Imam” is the rank of God’s science which is related to the divine action and want. It is kept in the hidden world. The presence of Imam makes God’s words join together. It is a comprehensive version of the divine names. Imam is the perfect sign of God. The denotative meaning of such a great sign is nothing but obtaining monotheism. For the same reason, knowing Imam is considered the complement of God’s monotheism
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Wahyu Hanafi, Nafi'ah,. "TEORI MEDAN MAKNA DAN KONTEKSTUALITAS HUKUM ISLAM KONTEMPORER: REINTERPRETASI HADIS-HADIS ETIKA EKONOMI ISLAM DALAM WACANA SEMANTIK." AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 1, no. 1 (2019): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v1i1.111.
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This study aims to describe the actualization of semantic field theory in the reinterpretation of the hadiths of Islamic economic ethics. This research uses descriptive interpretive method. Actualization of semantic field theory can be explained when want to know the meaning of a word then must know the meaning of the word associated with the previous word. If viewed from the nature of the semantic relationship, then the words are grouped into a semantic field divided into 1). sintagmatic 2). set field (paradigmatic). The results of this study explain 1). Hadiths about Islamic economic ethics narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud with the word focus "syafā'at". contains the meaning of "mediator of goodness". The meaning of this "intermediary of goodness" is obtained through the formulation of the syntagmatic field, namely to comprehend a series of semantically interconnected words such as "double and rescue" meaning. Semantically terminology, the meaning of the word hadith is "Whosoever intercedes for a good to his brother, then he is rewarded and received, then he has come to a great door of the doors of usury. 2). Hadith about Islamic economic ethics narrated by Muslims. The word focus of the hadith is the word "gharar" which is semantically interpreted by "deception". The meaning of "deception" is obtained through the formulation of the syntagmatic field, namely by understanding the meaning of words that are still relevant to the word "deception", such as the word "unclear, and syubhat". In semantic terms, the meaning of the hadith is "Rasulullah Saw forbade buying by throwing stones and buying fraud. 3). Hadiths about Islamic economic ethics that Bukhori maintains. The focus word of the hadith is "Najsyi" which is semantically interpreted as "deceiving". The meaning of "deceiving" is derived from the paradigmatic field formulation, ie by understanding the relationship between elements at a certain level and other language elements such as "unclean, dirty, and disease" meaning. In semantic terms, the meaning of the hadith is "That the Messenger of Allah forbade buying by way of deceiving".
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Sa'dudin, Ihsan, Eka Safitri, Muhammad Dedad Bisa Raguna Akastangga, Nur Huda, and Elsayed Mohamed Salem Alawadi. "Bahrain Meaning in the Story of Musa and Khidr." Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 14, no. 1 (2022): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v14i1.11580.
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In surah Al-Kahf verses 60-82, the term bahrain has a deeper connotation than its lexical sense. It is because the passage is linked to the story of Musa and Khidr. The two prophets reflect the several types of knowledge that the term bahrain encompasses. This research aims to examine and uncover the meaning of the word bahrain. This study employed a semiotic approach and a qualitative descriptive research method. The stages in analyzing the data are isytiqaq kabir, syntagmatic-paradigmatic, and semiotics analysis. Isytiqaq kabir was adopted to determine the denotative meaning of the Bahrain word. Syntagmatic-paradigmatic analysis was employed to explain the valence of the bahraini. Semiotics was adopted to analyze the signs in the verses that build meaning. Based on the isytiqaq kabir analysis, the term bahr signifies sea, honor, a prominent position, knowledge, benefit, and being generous. Meanwhile the result of syntagmatic-paradigmatic analysis, bahrain has two seas of knowledge: rational and intuitive knowledge. After going through three stages of linguistic analysis, Allah instructs Musa to learn from Khidr so that he can be wiser in dealing with his people. This research contributes to the treasures of new interpretations of the Qur'anic verses using linguistic concepts and theories.
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Tawakkal MS, Moch Iqbal, Ainur Rhain, and Yeti Dahliana. "Meaning Of Words A ̅lu in Al-Qur'an: Toshihiko Izutsu's Semantic Analysis." Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Komunikasi 3, no. 01 (2024): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.58471/ju-sosak.v3i01.590.
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The word ālu in the Qur'an indicates the meaning of people who have a close relationship or family (Qarabah). The term ālu is mentioned 31 times in the Qur'an. Each verse contained in various surahs certainly has a different meaning, so it requires in-depth understanding. The disclosure of the meaning of ālu will be analyzed by the author using the Qur'anic semantic approach developed by Toshihiko Izutsu. According to Izutsu, Qur'anic semantics is an attempt to reveal the Qur'anic worldview (weltanschauung) through semantic analysis of key vocabulary or terms in the Qur'an. This research process involves investigating the basic meaning and relational meaning of the word ālu using syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis.
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Rolak, Irene. "On the Peculiarities of Terminological Word Group with Meaning “Value-Based Pricing” and the Problem of Their Equivalence in Translation." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (2014): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.19.
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The paper presents a semantic analysis of a range of selected terms along with contrastive characteristics of their syntagmatic and paradigmatic peculiarities. “Price”, “cost” and “value” are the basic notions of market economy and, correspondingly, the lexemes denoting them. As a result, the paper focuses on the information these lexemes transmit along with their equivalents in the Polish and Russian languages. Probable variants of their translation are also shown. The problem of evaluation of their linguistic volume refers to the functioning of these words in economic discourse as general notions (hyperonyms) that involve a range of particular ones. The author takes into consideration the factors, which have the impact on translation of the Polish and Russian terminological phrases (word groups) that are often calques of English terms. An adequate translation is influenced by the following: understanding of terminological and non-terminological nature of a phrase being translated, acquaintance with idiomatic expressions used at translation of English terminological lexis, taking into account the regularities of syntagmatic collocation of a word. On the basis of use of phrases from the Russian and Polish economic discourses, the author shows the characteristics of use for selected terms and gives some adequate variants of their translation. The analysis of relations within the terminological group under study has shown that in the process of translation and choice for synonyms terminological and non-terminological meaning of a word, use of idiomatic expressions in both target languages that are calques from English, a tradition in realization of syntagmatic collocation of a word should be taken into consideration.
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Gatkowska, Izabela, and Javier Arias. "The function of syntagmatic connections in an experimental lexical network on the example of the street lexeme." REVISTA CUHSO 32, no. 1 (2022): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/cuhso-v32n1-art2864.
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This article presents an experimental lexical network, which was created as a result of a cyclically-conducted the basis of free word associations for the Polish. Meaning in a network of this kind is represented by the connections between the defined lexeme and the defining lexeme. Using the lexeme ‘street’ (in Polish: ulica) as an example, we show how dependencies build meaning and which function is performed by syntagmatic relations.
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Gochev, Gocho, and Sijka Gocheva. "Semantic-syntagmatic characteristics of prepositions in Bulgarian double-preposition constructions." Bulgarski Ezik i Literatura-Bulgarian Language and Literature 65, no. 6 (2023): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/bel2023-6-2g.
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The semantic-syntagmatic analysis of Bulgarian double-preposition constructions reveals that they are formed through two main mechanisms - semantic (linguistic) and notional (non-linguistic). Semantic constructions are characterised by combinations of prepositions in synonymous relations, while notional constructions arise when a broad-meaning preposition is combined with a prepositional phrase. The synonymous semantic relation of the two prepositions turns them into a single unit with a single meaning. In notional constructions, prepositions do not form a single semantic whole, but rather function as markers of relevance and are involved in the organization of the utterance / sentence as meaning-forming elements. The word order in double-preposition constructions depends on the semantic content of the meanings of the prepositions: in case of relatively similar content, word order is free, while in the presence of a preposition with a broad semantic content, it is fixed, i.e. the preposition with the broader content appears in initial position. The identification of semantic and notional varieties not only helps to systematize double-preposition constructions, but can also serve to distinguish them from prepositions co-occurring for some other reason.
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STEPANENKO, Mykola. "Lexeme vaccine – word of 2021: semantic, word-forming, syntagmatic analysis." Culture of the Word, no. 96 (2022): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x.2022.96.7.
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The article focuses on the systemic lexical-semantic, word-building, syntagmatic, cognitive and functional analysis of the lexeme вакцина, which is the word of the year in our country and in other countries all over the world. It singles out the criteria (popularity and importance) and the algorithm of how the word of the year is chosen, which means automatic selection and professionals’ coordinated work. The study helps identify the place of the American company Merriam-Webster in this process as well as home (the online dictionary of modern Ukrainian neologisms and slang «Мислово») and foreign (British dictionaries – Collins and Oxford Language, etc.) lexicographic resources. The influence of the extra-lingual reasons is characterized (mainly, the Coronavirus pandemic). The article presents a description of the etymology of the analysed substantive and its meaning structure considering the invariant semantics and the newest specifications of its semes, the appearance of which is explained by the Coronavirus disease COVID-19, its prevention and mass vaccination around the world. It has been proved that the noun вакцина is lexico-semantically related to other words (імунізація, імунітет, локдаун, бустерна доза, чіпування, штам «Дельта», «Омікрон», etc.) that are frequently used. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of 1) nouns, adjectives, verbs (participles) derived from the lexeme вакцина (вакцинувати, вакцинація, ревакцинація, вакцинатори, вакцинаторство, вакцинований) where deep semasiological analysis serves the basis and means of identification of hypo-hyperonymic markers of their spotting, 2) compound words with the component вакцина- that belong to different word classes and are iso-functional to noun-adjective constructions with the component вакцинний. The selected material allowed showing the syntagmatic resource of the substantive lexeme вакцина projected to the syntactic level, in particular, to such nominative units as syntactically free, half-free and compound phrases and appositive constructions. In these constructions, the studied noun functions as the determined and determining member, often with iso-functional abilities. It has been proved that under the influence of extra-lingual factors the lexeme вакцина spread beyond the medical sphere and rooted in publicist-political discourse where it performs important text creating functions.
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Ismail, Ahmad. "The Meaning of Kutiba in the Ramadan Fasting Verse: Semantic Approach." Alfaz (Arabic Literatures for Academic Zealots) 10, no. 1 (2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alfaz.vol10.iss1.8224.
Full textAbstract:
The word kutiba in the Qur'an which means obligation is used 4 times. One of them is the obligation to carry out fasting. The purpose of this study is to describe the meaning of the word kutiba contained in QS 2: 183-185. This type of research is qualitative research using the Descriptive method of analysis. The instruments used in this research are the researchers themselves and are assisted by documentation studies. The source of data in this study is QS 2, 183-185. Data analysis is carried out in the following way. First, syntagmatic analysis and paradigmatic analysis. Second, interpret the results of syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis. Third, find weltanschaung. The results showed the following. (1) In Q.S 2:183, the word kutiba means obligation (furidha). (2) The word kutiba which means obligation has a characteristic, namely an obligation or duty that is not liked and the obligation is delivered in a loud tone. (3) QS 2:184 and 185 were revealed not to inform that believers may not fast if they are sick or travel long distances. However, the verse was revealed as an affirmation of the importance of the obligation to fast in Ramadan, so the sentence is repeated twice in succession. (4) Wa an taṣụmụ khairul lakum ing kuntum ta'lamụn (2:184) means and fasting is better for you if you know. So it can be concluded that the obligation to fast in Ramadan is an obligation that must be done by believers under any circumstances. Fasting in Ramadan is better if you understand it.
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Syaifullah, Syaifullah. "Term Khalifah Dalam Al-Qur’an: Analisis Sintagmatik-Paradigmatik Ferdinann De Sausurre." Jurnal Ulunnuha 10, no. 1 (2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/ju.v10i1.2430.
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This article reinterprets the word caliph with a modern linguistic approach initiated by Ferdinand de Sausurre, namely the syntagmatic-paradigmatic analysis approach. This paper uses a qualitative method by grouping words and analyzing words in the Qur'an. In this paper, it is explained that caliph does not have a single and narrow meaning but is a living word when it is related to the lexemes that surround it. Syntagmatically the caliph has a relationship with the word; Rabb, Angel, qaum and 'ard. While in a paradigmatic relation with the word; Imam, ulu al-amri, ulul al-bab, ulama', auliya' and humans.
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Tresnasari, Ningrum. "Dajare Dalam Nama Produk Iklan Makanan Dan Minuman Jepang." IZUMI 8, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.8.1.1-8.
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(Title: Dajare Analysis in Advertising Product Name Japanese Food and Drink) Dajare is one of the language phenomena found in Japan. Dajare can be defined as one type of humor that is widely used to create a new sentence with identical phrases or the same words from the previous sentence. This study aims to find out how the form and meaning contained in dajare contained in the name of a Japanese food or beverage ads. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Dajare formation is generally done by utilizing the sound similarity of a word to another word so as to form a new word that has a certain meaning. In this study, dajare was divided into two types, namely paradigmatic dajare and syntagmatic dajare. These types are formed based on three classifications, namely dajare homophones, dajare almost homophones and dajare inserts. The meaning that appears also varies, there are related meanings between word references and target words, there are also unrelated meanings between word references and word targets.
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Petrova, Galyna. "Features of Syntagmatic Associations for Stimuli-names of Food Products in Ukrainian and Modern Greek Languages." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics (2017) 4, no. 1 (2017): 150–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.831533.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>Abstract</strong><strong>.</strong> 500 respondents who are Ukrainian native speakers and 100 Modern Greek speakers participated in free word association test held in March and July, 2015 in Kyiv, Ukraine, and in Athens, Greece. The data were calculated as to the frequency of responses and composed a field of associations for each stimulus. The classification of associations to the word-stimuli “food products” was based on existing classifications and on the specific of the test material. In this paper, the authors discuss the syntagmatic type of associations expressed by adjectives that represent the objective characteristics of the product and form a phrase with a word-stimulus (Terekhova, 2000). They can be roughly divided into 2 groups of associating directions: features of product attributes (52 % of all syntagmatic associations in Ukrainian language (<em>hereinafter – UL</em>) and 41% in Modern Greek (<em>hereinafter – MGL</em>)) and feautures of stages that the product passes (UL – 41%, MGL – 48 %). Some differences in quantitative and qualitative aspects were found during the determination of associating directions within the syntagmatic type of associations: different percentage of responses in associating directions in quantitative aspect. As to the quality, the differences lay in determination of feature directions in the languages. Thus for the associative field of Modern Greek language, the reactions that characterize the form of the product have not been found at this stage yet.
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Xu, Xiujuan, and Irina Nikolaevna Tokarchuk. "The main types of usage of a multifunctional word "literally" in modern Russian." Litera, no. 8 (August 2022): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.8.38594.
Full textAbstract:
The object of this study is a polyfunctional word "literally". The subject of the study is the semantic and syntactic features of this lexeme, which determine its multifunctional character. The relevance of the research is due to its inclusion in the problems of studying the phenomenon of polyfunctionality in modern Russian. The purpose of the work is to establish the main types of use of the word literally, their morphological, syntactic, semantic qualification. From the point of view of pragmatics, the authors describe in detail the multifunctional lexeme literally, taking into account three grammatical implementations. The article comprehensively examines the syntagmatic characteristics of this unit using examples selected from the National Corpus of the Russian language. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents for the first time all grammatical implementations of the word literally and their semantic and syntactic variants. It is established that the lexeme literally in modern Russian has three grammatical implementations: a short adjective of the neuter gender, an adverb and a particle, which differ based on syntactic properties and functions, but have an invariant semantic component ‘exact correspondence to words / the meaning of words’. It is proved that the main types of use of this word are an adverb and a particle connected by an intraverbial antonymy. The specificity of the types of adverb usage is determined up to the expansion of its syntagmatic and semantic possibilities. The revealed differences between the two types of particle use are syntagmatic and pragmatic. The results of the study can be used both in the study of other multifunctional units and in lexicographic practice.
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Najamuddin, M. Hilmi. "Uncovering the Meaning of Yad in the Qur'an from a Semantic Perspective Toshihiko Izutsu." Journal al Irfani: Ilmu al Qur'an dan Tafsir 5, no. 1 (2024): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51700/irfani.v5i1.618.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the semantic meaning of the word yad in the Qur'an. The author uses a semantic approach, namely an analytical study of the key terms of a language with a view that ultimately arrives at a conceptual understanding or world view. This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive analytical discussion method with a type of library research. The word yad in the Qur'an is repeated 113 times, and is found in 103 verses, with various forms, namely mufrad (singular) 16 times, mutsanna (double) 33 times, and plural (compound) 64 times. Based on Toshihiko Izutsu's semantics, the author concludes that the basic meaning of the word yad is the hand, part of the human body, while the relational meaning from the syntagmatic analysis of the word yad is kudrah, strength, in front and gift. Among the paradigmatic relational meanings are Al Kaff and Al Dzira. In the pre-Qur'anic period, the word yad meant hands, part of the human body. In the Qur'anic period, the hand can shift to meanings that have spiritual value (bakhil, benefactor). Meanwhile, in the post-Quranic period, the word yad did not experience a significant change in meaning. From several analyzes that have been carried out above, it can be seen that the waltanschauung or worldview of the word yad, namely the hand, is materially part of the human body and also yad which has a shift in meaning in the spiritual realm such as generosity, piety, grace and strength.
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AS. FM, D. Zahra, Apri Wardana Ritonga, Nisa Afrinauly Nabila, and Sheni Nursopa. "THE MEANING OF KHALAQA IN THE QUR’AN." Tanzil: Jurnal Studi Al-Quran 6, no. 1 (2023): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20871/tjsq.v6i1.299.
Full textAbstract:
The word in the Qur'an that shows the meaning of creation is khalaqa. Even though these words refer to the meaning of creation, there are different meanings and uses contained in these words. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The type of research used is library research. This research was conducted using data collection methods from the library, either in the form of books, journals, documents, magazines and so on. The data collection method in this study uses documentation. The analysis technique used is the semantic analysis approach developed by Toshihiko Izutsu. The purpose of this study is to reveal the meaning contained in the word khalaqa and reveal the world view of the Qur'an (weltanschauung) on that word. The process carried out in this study is to analyze the basic meaning of the word, then examine the relational meaning of the word khlaqa using syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, and then examine the use of the vocabulary of khalaq in the pre-Qur'anic, Qur'anic and post-Qur'anic periods by looking at the interpretations of the classical, medieval and modern periods. The results of the research show that the basic meaning of khalaqa in the Qur'an is to create. Semantically, the word khalaqa is closely related to other words in the Qur’an, such as the words Allah, al-arḍ and sama‘; al-insān; al-mawt and al-ḥayāt; azwaja, male and female, animals, jin, and kulla shay’in. The words that are synonymous with the word khalaqa in the Qur'an are ja‘ala, faṭara, bada‘a, shana‘a, and ṣawara. While the antonyms are the words ahlaka, dammara, amāta, azāla and afna. Second, the word khalaqa after analyzing its synchronic and diachronic meanings refers to creation in which Allah is the object.
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Gabitov, A. I. "Semantics of the English preposition “over” in the syntagmatic aspect based on publicist texts." Philology and Culture, no. 4 (December 28, 2024): 40–47. https://doi.org/10.26907/2782-4756-2024-78-4-40-47.
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This research aims at studying the semantics of the English preposition “over” in English journalistic texts. Existing scientific theories, describing the principles of conveying the meaning of movement in an English sentence, indicate the important role of the interaction between the verb, preposition and other elements of the sentence. Their relationships fall within the scope of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. We determined the semantic connections of the preposition “over” in terms of conveying the meaning of movement and path. The terms “trajectory”, “landmark” and “path”, introduced by researcher R. Langacker, were used as the basis for constructing a pattern of interaction between prepositions and verbs in a sentence from the point of view of semantics. The analysis of the semantic component is carried out using image-schemes. The semantic field, created by the preposition “over”, was studied separately and in-connection with verbs of motion, including the trajectory of motion, the meaning conveying motion, the interaction of the trajectory with the reference point and the horizontal extension. We have provided examples of sentences containing the preposition under study and their semantic analysis.
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Xu, Xiujuan, and Irina Nikolaevna Tokarchuk. "On the Question of Particularization in Russian: the adjective "literal"." Филология: научные исследования, no. 8 (August 2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.8.38597.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship of particles as a grammatical and functional class with words of other parts of speech. The relevance of the research is determined by its involvement in the problems of studying the phenomenon of transitivity between grammatical classes of words, in particular, the process of particularization in modern Russian. The object of the study is the adjective "literal". The subject of the study is the syntagmatic, semantic and pragmatic features of this lexeme. The purpose of the work is to establish the types of use of the word literal, their syntagmatic and semantic qualifications. The paper uses a descriptive method, as well as elements of comparative and quantitative analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the range of meanings of the adjective literal is determined on the basis of the material of the NKRR and the specificity of its use in the function of the particle is revealed. It is established that the "literal" lexeme in modern Russian appears both in characteristic compatibility (with nouns with the meaning of speech or mental activity or its result) and in less or uncharacteristic compatibility (with words whose meaning is not related to speech activity). The features of the use of the adjective as a communicative-pragmatic unit functioning literally by the type of particle are determined: the presence of the pragmatic meaning ‘not real’, ‘similar’ while preserving the morphological and syntactic properties of the significant word. The main conclusion concerns the qualification of the word literal in such cases as a particle-like unit with hybrid properties. The results of the study can be used both in the study of other adjectival units involved in the process of particularization, and in lexicographic practice.
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Yusupova, Dildora Yunusovna. "ARTISTIC SPEECH AND POLYSEMINATION." International journal of word art 5, no. 4 (2022): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6777019.
Full textAbstract:
Language is a unique complex system and at the same time a creative being. We know that the emergence and realization of language occurs mainly through speech. Speech is also a device with endless creativity that demonstrates the power of language in a way that fits the context of the word. Mutually associative nature is not exactly the same in language and speech. Linguistic units, such as lexemes, always have paradigmatic (similarity) and syntagmatic (adjacency) relationships that point to and resemble each other. An ambiguous word forms a separate circle with each meaning. They are lexemes and placed in separate paradigms of the language
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Veniard, Marie. "Referring to parents in child protection reporting." Pragmatics and Society 2, no. 2 (2011): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.2.2.09ven.
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This paper considers the terms used for designating parents in reports dealing with child protection, and explores the pragmatic impact of the reports’ extremely cautious choice of words. I test the hypothesis that, even if words are not argumentative in themselves, they can become argumentative in the context of a particular discourse. To this end, this paper develops a two-pronged analysis, combining lexical description (both from a paradigmatic and from a syntagmatic perspective) with quantitative as well as qualitative methodologies. The findings suggest that lexis is argumentative not only because of its paradigmatic dimension (a word’s meaning), but also because of its syntagmatic dimension (through the lexical co-occurrence and syntactic patterns within which a word is embedded). The results may find a practical application when training social workers in how to write their reports.
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Sheptukhina, E. M., and I. Yu Uvarova. "VERB IN THE LEXICAL STRUCTURE OF HAGIOGRAPHIC TEXT: SYNTAGMATIC ASPECT." VESTNIK IKBFU PHILOLOGY PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY, no. 4 (2023): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/pikbfu-2023-4-4.
Full textAbstract:
Using a comprehensive approach to the analysis of linguistic facts, a fragment of the lexical structure of hagiographic text formed by verbal units is characterized. The material for the study consists of hagiographic lives of saints and martyrs from the Synodal edition, which are part of the May cycle of the Menaion Reader. The authors focus on the syntagmatic aspect of the lexical structure of the hagiographic text, manifested in the distribution of lexical units and their collocations. As a result, a quantitative dynamics of verbal units is identified, reflected in the increase in the proportion of verbs in the part of the hagiography describing the saint’s journey to righteousness. The distribution of verbs throughout the text of different lexical-semantic groups is determined by the type of monastic or martyric asceticism of the saint and the content of the compositional part embodying various hagiographic topoi. The role of lexical repetition in expressing the content of the text is demonstrated. The specificity of hagiographic lives is established, characterized by the use of verbal units whose meaning has evolved through semantic derivation, reflecting the metaphorical reinterpretation of a specific action in a spiritual plane.
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Franczak, Grzegorz. "„Ogumienie mózgu” w „słabym świetle postępu”." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 27, no. 2 (52) (2021): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.27.2021.52.02.
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The “Brain’s Tyre” in a “Faint Light of Progress”: The Pitfalls of Syntagmatic and Indirect Translation on the Example of the Italian Version of Bieguni (Flights) by Olga Tokarczuk
 This paper is devoted to the Italian translation of Bieguni by Olga Tokarczuk, entitled I Vagabondi. As the author argues, it is a kind of patchwork translation, partly translated from the original language, partly from the novel’s English version (Flights). The Italian translation of both source texts, Polish and English, contains a full range of typical syntagmatic translation errors, consisting in mechanically reproducing the structures of the source language (word-for-word translation) without delving into the meaning of the translated text. The author analyses at first, on selected examples, translation errors from the Polish source text, distinguishing between lexical errors and dictionary equivalents, including those impeding the fluidity of the target text, false friends, calques, misinterpretation errors as well as omissions and additions. He focuses next on analogous errors produced in the indirect translation from English, sorting separately the lexical and interpretative errors resulting already in the English intermediate text and reproduced in the Italian translation.
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Prihatini, Arti. "SEMANTIC NETWORK OF THE WORD ASSOCIATION IN THE FIELD OF LAW." LITERA 18, no. 3 (2019): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v18i3.26513.
Full textAbstract:
Word association can be utilized for identifying semantic network and describing point of view and prior knowledge of someone. This study aims to discuss two focuses, (1) the categorization of response word and (2) language factors that form semantic networks from the response words of word association in the field of law. This research uses a qualitative approach which is a type of descriptive case study research. Data collection held by using a word association questionaire. Based on the word categorization, the results showed that the stimulus words in the form of nouns were the most responded by nouns, verbs were the most responded by nouns, while the adjectives were responded more by an adjectives. Overall, responses in the form of nouns are 64.71%, verbs are 17.70%, adjectives are 17.58%. The responses in the form of nouns are related to the semantic relations of argument and predication, while the adjective response tends to be related to other adjectives in the unity of the semantic network. The response words form semantic network based on language factors, namely (1) lexical factors that consist of meaning relationship, connotation of meaning, concreteness and abstractness and (2) grammatical factors that consist of syntagmatic-paradigmatic and predication-argument relationship. Keywords: semantic network, word association, mental lexicon
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Матюшина and V. Matyushina. "Psycholinguistic Understanding of the Connotative Aspect of a Word." Modern Communication Studies 4, no. 6 (2015): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16552.
Full textAbstract:
The problem under consideration in the article regards the interrelation between
 the concept of connotation if we speak in terms of traditional linguistics
 and the so called personal meaning – a term which is referred to
 the conceptual framework of psycholinguistics. Though a special stress is
 made on the fact that while comparing both concepts, there is a lot in common
 between them in their interpretation and understanding. Connotation
 is understood as a personal judgement of the meaning containing a special
 evaluative part. The emotional impression of a word generates a certain
 perception of it by an individual. The emotional effect from the perception of
 an object is embodied in the meaning as a personal attitude to it. Personal
 meaning is considered to be a personal attitude of an individual to a real
 thing and this very personal emotionally coloured attitude assigns a specific
 meaning to the thing. Any general word meaning adopted by an individual
 undergoing the influence of his or her system of values, prescriptions and
 interests acquires that very personal meaning which determines the attitude
 of an individual to reality. The essence of the fundamental psychological
 theory of word meaning created by A.N.Leontiev is revealed. Leontiev understood
 human conscience as a certain system consisting of the following
 parts: meaning, personal meaning and sensitive substance. The meaning
 is perceived as an integrated reflection of reality and personal meaning defines
 and shows the attitude of an individual to reality. Personal meaning
 is manifested itself in the emotional marking and evaluating of this or that
 object. An attempt is made to prove, that connotation and personal meaning
 are different terms for one and the same concept which is known as the
 emotional evaluation of a real thing produced by human conscience. In the
 course of the latter process an additional gradation to the meaning of a word
 is introduced. One of the basic methods of psycholinguistics is described
 – that of the method of semantic differential which gives an opportunity to
 measure the connotative aspect of a word meaning.