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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthèse des phases MAX'

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Published: 21 December 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Causarano, Federica. "L’Usine Duval de Le Corbusier à Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (1946-51) : nouvelles perspectives à travers les archives." LC. Revue de recherches sur Le Corbusier, no. 11 (May 29, 2025): 40–55. https://doi.org/10.4995/lc.2025.23330.

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Cet article présente une partie des résultats d’une recherche consacrée à l’Usine Duval, menée dans le cadre d’un projet financé par l'Université IUAV de Venise et la Fondation Le Corbusier. À travers une analyse archivistique approfondie, il met en lumière des documents et des phases du projet jusqu’alors méconnus ou mal interprétés. L'examen croisé des plans, de la correspondance et d'autres documents issus des archives de la FLC, des fonds privés de la famille Duval et des Archives départementales des Vosges a permis d’identifier des éléments inédits. En particulier, la découverte d’un avant-projet peu étudié éclaire les premières étapes de conception, le rôle de Wogenscky et l’implication directe de Duval. Des documents récemment retrouvés révèlent aussi des détails sur la révision intermédiaire du projet et les échanges entre Le Corbusier, ses collaborateurs et le client. Ces nouveaux éléments permettent de mieux comprendre les innovations du projet, qui intègre les recherches de Le Corbusier sur l’architecture industrielle et la synthèse des arts. L’Usine Duval apparaît ainsi comme une œuvre unique du début du Second Après-guerre, témoignant d’une collaboration exceptionnelle entre l’architecte et son commanditaire.

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Ferrié, Christian. "Max Adler entre Kant et Marx : une synthèse inédite." Austriaca 80, no. 1 (2015): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2015.5048.

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Intellectuel organique de l’aile gauche du Parti social-démocrate d’Autriche, Max Adler est un marxiste social-révolutionnaire qui s’est engagé contre la guerre et contre le réformisme. Refusant l’hégémonie de la référence hégélienne au sein du marxisme, ce membre du groupe austromarxiste propose au plan philosophique une synthèse originale et paradoxale de Marx et Kant. Avançant en effet que le point de départ apparemment individualiste dans la conscience présuppose une socialité transcendantale, Adler décèle chez Kant une pensée sociale dont les prémisses mènent au socialisme. Au plan politique, il soutient que l’idée kantienne de paix perpétuelle ne relève pas d’un idéalisme utopique du fait de la convergence entre les conceptions kantienne et marxienne de l’histoire : dépourvu de tout sens métaphysique, la causalité efficiente du processus historique engendre un but de l’histoire qui est un idéal à poursuivre consciemment.

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Low, It Meng, and Wei Kong Pang. "Thermal Stability of MAX Phases." Key Engineering Materials 617 (June 2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.617.153.

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The susceptibility of MAX phases to thermal dissociation at 1300-1550 °C in high vacuum has been studied using in-situ neutron diffraction. Above 1400 °C, MAX phases decomposed to binary carbide (e.g. TiCx) or binary nitride (e.g. TiNx), primarily through the sublimation of A-elements such as Al or Si, which results in a porous surface layer of MXx being formed. Positive activation energies were determined for decomposed MAX phases with coarse pores but a negative activation energy when the pore size was less than 1.0 μm. The insights for tailor-design of MAX phases with controlled thermal stability and intercalated MXenes for energy storage are addressed.

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Zhou, Aiguo, Yi Liu, Shibo Li, et al. "From structural ceramics to 2D materials with multi-applications: A review on the development from MAX phases to MXenes." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 10, no. 6 (2021): 1194–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0535-5.

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AbstractMAX phases (Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, V2AlC, Ti4AlN3, etc.) are layered ternary carbides/nitrides, which are generally processed and researched as structure ceramics. Selectively removing A layer from MAX phases, MXenes (Ti3C2, V2C, Mo2C, etc.) with two-dimensional (2D) structure can be prepared. The MXenes are electrically conductive and hydrophilic, which are promising as functional materials in many areas. This article reviews the milestones and the latest progress in the research of MAX phases and MXenes, from the perspective of ceramic science. Especially, this article focuses on the conversion from MAX phases to MXenes. First, we summarize the microstructure, preparation, properties, and applications of MAX phases. Among the various properties, the crack healing properties of MAX phase are highlighted. Thereafter, the critical issues on MXene research, including the preparation process, microstructure, MXene composites, and application of MXenes, are reviewed. Among the various applications, this review focuses on two selected applications: energy storage and electromagnetic interference shielding. Moreover, new research directions and future trends on MAX phases and MXenes are also discussed.

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IVANENKO, K. O., та A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS". Polymer journal 44, № 3 (2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.

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Crasemann, B. "Review/Synthèse Synchrotron radiation in atomic physics." Canadian Journal of Physics 76, no. 4 (1998): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p98-013.

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Much of present understanding of atomic and molecular structure and dynamicswas gained through studies of photon--atom interactions. In particular,observations of the emission, absorption, and scattering of X rays havecomplemented particle-collision experiments in elucidating the physics ofatomic inner shells. Grounded on Max von Laue's theoretical insight andthe invention of the Bragg spectrometer, the field's potential underwent astep function with the development of synchrotron-radiation sources. Notablycurrent third-generation sources have opened new horizons in atomicand molecular physics by producing radiation of wide tunability andexceedingly high intensity and polarization, narrow energy bandwidth, andsharp time structure. In this review, recent advances insynchrotron-radiation studies in atomic and molecular science are outlined.Some tempting opportunities are surveyed that arise for future studiesof atomic processes, including many-body effects, aspects offundamental photon--atominteractions, and relativistic and quantum-electrodynamic phenomena.PACS Nos.: 32.20J, 32.20R, and 07.65E

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Vassogne, Gaëlle. "La notion de Heimat chez Max Brod." Chroniques allemandes 13, no. 1 (2009): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/chral.2009.932.

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Placés entre deux groupes nationaux, les Juifs pragois se trouvent, au début du XXe siècle, face à la nécessité de redéfinir leur Heimat. Le sionisme pragois, dont Brod est l’un des principaux représentants, constitue une réponse à cette nécessité. Puisque la patrie allemande le rejette, Brod choisit de se tourner vers la terre des pères, Eretz Israël, Heimat mythique qui n’offre aucune solution concrète. Brod reste en effet à Prague jusqu’en 1939 et adopte la nationalité juive mais il continue à écrire en allemand, se définissant comme « écrivain juif de langue allemande ». Le parcours de Max Brod apparaît comme une tentative pour concilier une identité juive, des racines culturelles allemandes et populaires tchèques dans une Heimat spirituelle, personnelle, qui en constituerait une synthèse idéale.

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Zhang, Qiqiang, Yanchun Zhou, Xingyuan San, et al. "Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB: Two new MAB phase compounds with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structures." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 11 (2022): 1764–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-022-0646-7.

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AbstractThe ternary or quaternary layered compounds called MAB phases are frequently mentioned recently together with the well-known MAX phases. However, MAB phases are generally referred to layered transition metal borides, while MAX phases are layered transition metal carbides and nitrides with different types of crystal structure although they share the common nano-laminated structure characteristics. In order to prove that MAB phases can share the same type of crystal structure with MAX phases and extend the composition window of MAX phases from carbides and nitrides to borides, two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB with the Cr2AlC-type MAX phase (211 phase) crystal structure were discovered by a combination of first-principles calculations and experimental verification in this work. First-principles calculations predicted the stability and lattice parameters of the two new MAB phase compounds Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB. Then they were successfully synthesized by using a thermal explosion method in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) furnace. The crystal structures of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB were determined by a combination of the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lattice parameters of Zr2SeB and Hf2SeB are a = 3.64398 Å, c = 12.63223 Å and a = 3.52280 Å, c = 12.47804 Å, respectively. And the atomic positions are M at 4f (1/3, 2/3, 0.60288 [Zr] or 0.59889 [Hf]), Se at 2c (1/3, 2/3, 1/4), and B at 2a (0, 0, 0). And the atomic stacking sequences follow those of the Cr2AlC-type MAX phases. This work opens up the composition window for the MAB phases and MAX phases and will trigger the interests of material scientists and physicists to explore new compounds and properties in this new family of materials.

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Goviazin, G. G., D. A. Goldstein, B. Ratzker, O. Messer, M. Sokol, and D. Rittel. "MAX phases: Unexpected reactivity under impact." Applied Materials Today 40 (October 2024): 102389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102389.

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Hu, Chunfeng, Haibin Zhang, Fangzhi Li, Qing Huang, and Yiwang Bao. "New phases’ discovery in MAX family." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 36 (January 2013): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.10.011.

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Zhou, Ai Guo, and M. W. Barsoum. "Nonlinear Elastic Deformation of MAX Phases." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.149.

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MAX phases, include Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlC etc, are machinable ternary carbides or nitrides with excellent properties. These materials, however, have obvious nonlinear elastic deformation due to nano- layered crystal structure. The stress-strain curves of cyclically load-unload test have obvious hysteretic loops. Because of this mechanical hysteresis, the strain of MAX phases at one time is not determined only by the stress applied to the sample at this time. Here the influence of grain size, chemical composition and porosity on the nonlinear elastic strain was introduced. Because of two properties of this hysteresis: wiping out and congruency, the classic hysteretic mathematic model (Preisach-Mayergoyz model, P-M model) can be applied to calculate the strain of MAX phases after any complex deformation history.

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Jürgens, D., M. Uhrmacher, H. Hofsäss, et al. "First PAC experiments in MAX-phases." Hyperfine Interactions 178, no. 1-3 (2007): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10751-008-9651-7.

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Rai, Binod, Alex Bretana, Tucker Koenig, et al. "Novel Rare-Earth i-MAX Phases: From Synthesis to Magnetic Properties and Beyond toMXenes." Structural Dynamics 12, no. 2_Supplement (2025): A90. https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000399.

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The discovery of rare-earth i-MAX phases, denoted by the general formula (RE1/3 Mo2/3)2AlC offers a new class of materials that exhibit unique magnetic and structural properties. These materials showcase a unique combination of magnetic frustration and ordering attributed to their distinct, atomically layered, and ordered structure. Moreover, this phase is used as a precursor for the synthesis of two-dimensional MXenes materials, which offers exciting prospects for the development of new types of conductive, magnetic, or electrochemical materials at the nanoscale. These i-MAX phases were synthesized using the sintering technique. Recently, we have successfully synthesized several rare-earth i-MAX phases using the arc melter technique for the first time and have further synthesized MXenes using the i-MAX phases. Through comprehensive analyses, including powder X-ray diffraction, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility measurements, we have systematically characterized the structural and physical properties of these novel materials. This presentation will delve into the synthesis process, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of rare-earth i-MAX phases and their MXene derivatives, highlighting their significance and potential in advancing materials science and technology.

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Kawther M Musthafa, Azura Hamzah, Ooi Wei Ling, et al. "Synthesisation, Fabrication, and Incorporation Techniques of MAX Phase and MXene Saturable Absorber in Passively Q-switched and Mode-locked All-fibre Laser Cavities: A Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 32, no. 2 (2023): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.32.2.119141.

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MAX phases and MXene have been introduced in passively pulsed-laser generation for their viability as substitutes to unadventurous saturable absorbers such as saturable absorber mirror, multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotube, graphene, and transition metal dichalcogenides, contributing to both Q-switching and mode-locking tactics. Fundamental saturable-absorber features such as nonlinear saturable absorption, astonishing depth of modulation, flexibly tuneable bandgap, and high electron density around the Fermi level, establish MAX phases and MXene as formidable contenders with decent performance in the saturable absorber regime. Recent research works contributing to MAX Phases and MXene—particularly in nonlinear ultrafast optics—have shown an exponential increase, since MAX Phases and MXene are of the prime regime of 2D nanomaterials that offer vast combination options by the formation of metal nitride, metal carbide, or carbonitride clusters with a 2D layered structure, with special emphasis on fabrication and incorporation of saturable absorbers into laser cavities. This review critically summarises the advancement on the synthesis, fabrication, and incorporation of the MAX phases and MXene saturable absorbers, as well as the incorporation methodologies and techniques into all-fibre laser cavities configured either in linear or ring configuration, summing up the identified issues and challenges and discussing future perspectives of this novel material.

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Kirstein, Oliver, Jian F. Zhang, Erich H. Kisi, and D. P. Riley. "Ab Initio Phonon Dispersion Curves Used to Check Experimentally Determined Elastic Constants of the MAX Phase Ti₃SiC₂." Advanced Materials Research 275 (July 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.275.135.

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The ternary carbide Ti3SiC2 is the archetype of MAX phases. To date, MAX phases have proven difficult to synthesize as sufficiently large single crystals from which single crystal elastic constants might be obtained. Therefore, the elastic properties not only of Ti3SiC2 but other MAX phases are extensively studied by ab initio methods. Recently single crystal elastic constants were experimentally determined for the first time using neutron diffraction. The experiment revealed extreme shear stiffness which is not only quite rare in hexagonal materials but also strongly contradicts the predictions of all published MAX phase elastic constants from ab initio calculations. In the present paper we would like to show that such shear stiffness can possibly be supported by ab initio calculations and the calculated phonon dispersion along high symmetry directions.

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Luo, Jia, Fengjuan Zhang, Bo Wen, et al. "Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Synthesis of Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, Sb) Phases." Materials 17, no. 7 (2024): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071556.

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MAX phases have great research value and application prospects, but it is challenging to synthesize the MAX phases containing Cd and Sb for the time being. In this paper, we confirmed the existence of the 312 MAX phases of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2, both from theoretical calculations and experimental synthesis. The Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, Sb) phase was predicted by the first-principles calculations, and the two MAX phases were confirmed to meet the requests of thermal, thermodynamic, and mechanical stabilities using formation energy, phonon dispersion, and the Born–Huang criteria. Their theoretical mechanical properties were also systematically investigated. It was found that the elastic moduli of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 were 162.8 GPa and 164.3 GPa, respectively. Then, differences in the mechanical properties of Zr3AC2 (A = Cd, In, Sn, and Sb) were explained using bond layouts and charge transfers. The low theoretical Vickers hardness of the Zr3CdC2 (5.4 GPa) and Zr3SbC2 (4.3 GPa) phases exhibited excellent machinability. Subsequently, through spark plasma sintering, composites containing Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 phases were successfully synthesized at the temperatures of 850 °C and 1300 °C, respectively. The optimal molar ratio of Zr:Cd/Sb:C was determined as 3:1.5:1.5. SEM and the EDS results analysis confirmed the typical layered microstructure of Zr3CdC2 and Zr3SbC2 grains.

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Alruqi, Adel Bandar. "Engineering the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Ti3AlC2, Hf3AlC2, Hf3GaC2, (ZrHf)3AlC2, and (ZrHf)4AlN3 MAX Phases via the Ab Initio Method." Crystals 15, no. 1 (2025): 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15010087.

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When combined with ceramics, ternary carbides, nitrides, and borides form a class of materials known as MAX phases. These materials exhibit a multilayer hexagonal structure and are very strong, damage tolerant, and thermally stable. Further, they have a low thermal expansion and exhibit outstanding resistance to corrosion and oxidation. However, despite the numerous MAX phases that have been identified, the search for better MAX phases is ongoing, including the recently discovered Zr3InC2 and Hf3InC2. The properties of MAX phases are still being tailored in order to lower their ductility. This study investigated Ti3AlC2 alloyed with nitrogen, gallium, hafnium, and zirconium with the aim of achieving better mechanical and thermal performances. Density functional theory within Quantum Espresso module was used in the computations. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalised gradient approximation functionals were utilised. (ZrHf)4AlN3 exhibited an enhanced bulk and Young’s moduli, entropy, specific heat, and melting temperature. The best thermal conductivity was observed in the case of (ZrHf)3AlC2. Further, Ti3AlC2 exhibited the highest shear modulus, Debye temperature, and electrical conductivity. These samples can thus form part of the group of MAX phases that are used in areas wherein the above properties are crucial. These include structural components in aerospace and automotive engineering applications, turbine blades, and heat exchanges. However, the samples need to be synthesised and their properties require verification.

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Ivanov, Yu F., A. A. Klopotov, E. A. Petrikova, E. V. Kozlov, V. E. Gromov, and E. A. Budovskikh. "MAX phases in titanium and aluminum alloys." Steel in Translation 43, no. 6 (2013): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091213060090.

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Sanna, Michela, Siowwoon Ng, Jayraj V. Vaghasiya, and Martin Pumera. "Fluorinated MAX Phases for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 10, no. 8 (2022): 2793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c08133.

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Filippatos, P. P., M. A. Hadi, S. R. G. Christopoulos, et al. "312 MAX Phases: Elastic Properties and Lithiation." Materials 12, no. 24 (2019): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244098.

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Interest in the Mn+1AXn phases (M = early transition metal; A = group 13–16 elements, and X = C or N) is driven by their ceramic and metallic properties, which make them attractive candidates for numerous applications. In the present study, we use the density functional theory to calculate the elastic properties and the incorporation of lithium atoms in the 312 MAX phases. It is shown that the energy to incorporate one Li atom in Mo3SiC2, Hf3AlC2, Zr3AlC2, and Zr3SiC2 is particularly low, and thus, theoretically, these materials should be considered for battery applications.

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LUO, W., C. M. FANG, and R. AHUJA. "NANOLAYERED MAX PHASES FROM ab initio CALCULATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 25n26 (2008): 4495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050243.

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The advancement in new materials processing and fabrication techniques has made it possible to better control the atomistic level of structures in a way, which was not feasible only a decade ago. If one can couple this atomic control with a good understanding of the relationship between structure and properties, this will in the future lead to a significant contribution to the synthesizing of tailor-made materials. In this paper we have focused on, the structurally related nanolayered ternary compounds M N+1 AX N, (MAX) where N = 1, 2 or 3, M is an early transition metal, A is an A-group (mostly IIIA and IVA) element, and X is either C and/or N, which has attracted increasing interest owing to their unique properties. The general relations between the electronic structure and materials properties of MAX phases have been elaborated based on ab initio calculations.

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Garkas, W., Christoph Leyens, and A. Flores-Renteria. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ti₂AlC and Ti₂AlN MAX Phase Coatings Manufactured in an Industrial-Size Coater." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.208.

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Due to a nanolaminate structure, MAX phases are materials with an interesting set of properties. The present paper is focussed on the synthesis and characterization of Ti2AlC and Ti2AlN MAX phase coatings. They were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering from single elemental Ti, Al, and C targets (Ti-Al-C system); in addition to Ti and Al, nitrogen was used for the Ti-Al-N system. XRD analysis revealed the growth of cubic Ti3AlC and Ti3AlN perovskite phases in the coatings deposited at 540°C. After coating deposition an annealing treatment at 800, 1000 and 1200°C was carried out. The results indicate that annealing for 1 h in vacuum at 800°C enhances crystallization of the Ti2AlN and Ti2AlC MAX phases. It was also observed that annealing at temperatures higher than 1000°C enhances the decomposition of both phases, Ti2AlC and Ti2AlN, and gives rise to the formation of the carbide and nitride phases TiCx and TiNx, respectively.

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Geoffrey Arusei, Nicholus Makau, George Amolo, and Chepkoech Mirriam. "The Mechanical and Elastic Properties of Selected 211 MAX Phases." Kabarak Journal of Research & Innovation 13, no. 4 (2023): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/kjri.v13i4.370.

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Abstract: MAX Phases are a class of ternary materials that have continued to play a greater role in the field of materials science due to their unique properties that bridge the gap between metals and ceramics which have uses in a wide range of applications. The studies done so far have proven that MAX phase materials are indeed a promising class of materials in a wide range of applications. However, in spite of this progress, there are still a lot of open questions and properties that needs to be understood. The Mechanical and elastic properties of (Nine) MAX phase materials, namely, Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, Ti2GaC, Ti2GaN, Ti2PbC, Ti2CdC, Ti2SiC, Ti2GeC and Ti2SnC have been investigated using the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximations as expressed in Quantum Espresso and VASP codes. The values of elastic anisotropy, Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio and shear modulus revealed that the compounds were indeed stable and ductile. Out of all the nine MAX Phase materials, Ti2PbC and Ti2CdC are more stable than the other considered compounds. The findings of this study suggest that the nine MAX phases considered in this study are potential candidates in various industrial applications requiring hard materials

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Rashmi, Choube, Sapkale Suvarna, and Nagulkar Jaywant. "Effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiorespiratory fitness (vo2max) and physical fitness index in physiotherapy students age group between 18 to 25 years." VIMS JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY 6, no. 2 (2024): 33–38. https://doi.org/10.46858/vimsjpt.6205.

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AIM-To study the effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max) and physical fitness index in physiotherapy students age group between 18 to 25 years . RELEVANCE OF STUDY– This study is necessary to determine the changes in the cardiorespiratory system in the women during different phases.The VO2 max is important to calculate because it represents how much oxygen body uses during exercise at a maximum effort and physical fitness index will measure the cardiovascular efficiency. This study will help to find effect on VO2 max and PFI in different phases of menstrual cycle in young females between age group of 18 to 25 years. METHODOLOGY- In this cross-sectional study 41female participants were selected according to inclusion & exclusion criteria. VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake) was directly assessed by Bruce treadmill test method and PFI (Physical fitness index) was assessed by Harvard step test during all three phases of menstrual cycle RESULTS-VO2 max in menstrual phase (20.653±2.052)and in follicular phase VO2 max is (22.283±2.184) and in luteal phase (22.437±2.250).PFI (physical fitness index) in menstrual phase is (89.406±5.281)and in follicular phase is (92.018±3.762) and in luteal phase (94.471±4.761) after applying repeated measures of ANOVA the P value is 0.0001 which is less than 0.5this indicate that there is extremely significant difference between three phase of menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION - The study conclude that there is extremely significant difference in cardiorespiratory fitness level VO2max and PFI (Harvard step test) during three different phases of menstrual cycle

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Ding, Haoming, Youbing Li, Mian Li, et al. "Chemical scissor–mediated structural editing of layered transition metal carbides." Science 379, no. 6637 (2023): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add5901.

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Intercalated layered materials offer distinctive properties and serve as precursors for important two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, intercalation of non–van der Waals structures, which can expand the family of 2D materials, is difficult. We report a structural editing protocol for layered carbides (MAX phases) and their 2D derivatives (MXenes). Gap-opening and species-intercalating stages were respectively mediated by chemical scissors and intercalants, which created a large family of MAX phases with unconventional elements and structures, as well as MXenes with versatile terminals. The removal of terminals in MXenes with metal scissors and then the stitching of 2D carbide nanosheets with atom intercalation leads to the reconstruction of MAX phases and a family of metal-intercalated 2D carbides, both of which may drive advances in fields ranging from energy to printed electronics.

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Dolz, Daniel, Ángel Morales-García, Francesc Viñes, and Francesc Illas. "Exfoliation Energy as a Descriptor of MXenes Synthesizability and Surface Chemical Activity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010127.

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MXenes are two-dimensional nanomaterials isolated from MAX phases by selective extraction of the A component—a p-block element. The MAX exfoliation energy, Eexf, is considered a chemical descriptor of the MXene synthesizability. Here, we show, by density functional theory (DFT) estimations of Eexf values for 486 different MAX phases, that Eexf decreases (i) when MAX is a nitride, (ii) when going along a metal M component d series, (iii) when going down a p-block A element group, and (iv) when having thicker MXenes. Furthermore, Eexf is found to bias, even to govern, the surface chemical activity, evaluated here on the CO2 adsorption strength, so that more unstable MXenes, displaying larger Eexf values, display a stronger attachment of species upon.

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Aydinyan, Sofiya. "Combustion Synthesis of MAX Phases: Microstructure and Properties Inherited from the Processing Pathway." Crystals 13, no. 7 (2023): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071143.

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The MAX phases exhibit outstanding combination of strength and ductility which are unique features of both metals and ceramics. The preparation of pure MAX phases has been challenging due to the thermodynamic auspiciousness of intermetallic formation in the ternary systems. This review demonstrates the power of the self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis method, delivers the main findings of the combustion synthesis optimization of the MAX phases, and reveals the influence of the combustion wave on the microstructure features thereof. The possibility of using elements and binary compounds as precursors, oxidizers, and diluents to control the exothermicity was comparatively analyzed from the point of view of the final composition and microstructure in the following systems: Ti-Al-C, Ti-V-Al-C, Cr-V-Al-C, Ti-Cr-Al-C, Ti-Nb-Al-C, Ti-Al-Si-C, Ti-Al-Sn-C, Ti-Al-N, Ti-Al-C-N, Ti-Al-B, Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C, Nb-Al-C, Cr-Al-C, Cr-Mn-Al-C, V-Al-C, Cr-V-Al-C, Ta-Al-C, Zr-S-C, Cr-Ga-C, Zr-Al-C, and Mo-Al-C, respectively. The influence of sample preparation (including the processes of preheating, mechanical activation, and microwave heating, sample geometry, porosity, and cold pressing) accompanied with the heating and cooling rates and the ambient gas pressure on the combustion parameters was deduced. The combustion preparation of the MAX phases was then summarized in chronological order. Further improvements of the synthesis conditions, along with recommendations for the products quality and microstructure control were given. The comparison of the mechanical properties of the MAX phases prepared by different approaches was illustrated wherever relevant.

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Li, Youbing, Jun Lu, Mian Li, et al. "Multielemental single–atom-thick A layers in nanolaminated V2(Sn, A) C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) for tailoring magnetic properties." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (2019): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916256117.

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Tailoring of individual single–atom-thick layers in nanolaminated materials offers atomic-level control over material properties. Nonetheless, multielement alloying in individual atomic layers in nanolaminates is largely unexplored. Here, we report 15 inherently nanolaminated V2(AxSn1-x)C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and combinations thereof, with x ∼ 1/3) MAX phases synthesized by an alloy-guided reaction. The simultaneous occupancy of the 4 magnetic elements and Sn in the individual single–atom-thick A layers constitutes high-entropy MAX phase in which multielemental alloying exclusively occurs in the 2-dimensional (2D) A layers. V2(AxSn1-x)C exhibit distinct ferromagnetic behavior that can be compositionally tailored from the multielement A-layer alloying. Density functional theory and phase diagram calculations are performed to understand the structure stability of these MAX phases. This 2D multielemental alloying approach provides a structural design route to discover nanolaminated materials and expand their chemical and physical properties. In fact, the magnetic behavior of these multielemental MAX phases shows strong dependency on the combination of various elements.

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Qureshi, Muhammad Waqas, Xinxin Ma, Guangze Tang, and Ramesh Paudel. "Structural Stability, Electronic, Mechanical, Phonon, and Thermodynamic Properties of the M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) MAX Phase: An ab Initio Calculation." Materials 13, no. 22 (2020): 5148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225148.

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The novel ternary carbides and nitrides, known as MAX phase materials with remarkable combined metallic and ceramic properties, offer various engineering and technological applications. Using ab initio calculations based on generalized gradient approximation (GGA), local density approximation (LDA), and the quasiharmonic Debye model; the electronic, structural, elastic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of the M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) MAX phase were investigated. The optimized lattice parameters give the first reference to the upcoming theocratical and experimental studies, while the calculated elastic constants are in excellent agreement with the available data. Moreover, obtained elastic constants revealed that both the Zr2GaC and Hf2GaC MAX phases are brittle. The band structure and density of states analysis showed that these MAX phases are electrical conductors, having strong directional bonding between M-C (M = Zr, Hf) atoms due to M-d and C-p hybridization. Formation and cohesive energies, and phonon calculations showed that Zr2GaC and Hf2GaC MAX phases’ compounds are thermodynamically and dynamically stable and can be synthesized experimentally. Finally, the effect of temperature and pressure on volume, heat capacity, Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, and thermal expansion coefficient of M2GaC (M = Zr, Hf) are evaluated using the quasiharmonic Debye model from the nonequilibrium Gibbs function in the temperature and pressure range 0–1600 K and 0–50 GPa respectively.

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Chirica, Iuliana M., Anca G. Mirea, Ştefan Neaţu, Mihaela Florea, Michel W. Barsoum, and Florentina Neaţu. "Applications of MAX phases and MXenes as catalysts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 35 (2021): 19589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta04097a.

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Tesař, Jan, Jose Muñoz, and Martin Pumera. "Limitations and Benefits of MAX Phases in Electroanalysis." Electroanalysis 34, no. 1 (2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.202100473.

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Gonzalez‐Julian, Jesus. "Processing of MAX phases: From synthesis to applications." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 104, no. 2 (2020): 659–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.17544.

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Douglas, A., A. F. Sheehan, and R. C. Stewart. "On the onset ofPPand other mini-max phases." Geophysical Journal International 108, no. 1 (1992): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1992.tb00867.x.

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Barsoum, Michel W., and Miladin Radovic. "Elastic and Mechanical Properties of the MAX Phases." Annual Review of Materials Research 41, no. 1 (2011): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100448.

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Sokol, Maxim, Varun Natu, Sankalp Kota, and Michel W. Barsoum. "On the Chemical Diversity of the MAX Phases." Trends in Chemistry 1, no. 2 (2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.016.

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Xu, Jianguang, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Yuchen Wang, et al. "Demonstration of Li-Ion Capacity of MAX Phases." ACS Energy Letters 1, no. 6 (2016): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00488.

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Bhattacharya, Riddhiman, and Nakhiah C. Goulbourne. "Heterogeneous strain evolution in representative polycrystalline MAX phases." International Journal of Solids and Structures 81 (March 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.10.002.

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Tallman, Darin J., Elizabeth N. Hoffman, El’ad N. Caspi, et al. "Effect of neutron irradiation on select MAX phases." Acta Materialia 85 (February 2015): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.068.

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Chlubny, L., J. Lis, K. Chabior, P. Chachlowska, and C. Kapusta. "Processing And Properties Of MAX Phases – Based Materials Using SHS Technique." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (2015): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0219.

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Abstract Authors present results of works on the interesting new group of advanced ceramics called MAX phases – Ti-based ternary carbides and nitrides. They have an original layered structure involved highly anisotropic properties laying between ceramics and metals, with high elastic modulus, low hardness, very high fracture toughness and high electrical and heat conductivity. Using Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) in the combustion regime it is possible to prepare MAX phases-rich powders that can be used as the precursors for preparation of dense MAX polycrystals by presureless sintering or hot-pressing. Different novel Ti-based phases with layered structures, namely: Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC have been synthesized in a combustion regime. The possibility of controlling of combustion phenomena for obtaining near single-phase products is discussed in details as well as some of properties of the materials tested as structure and functional ceramics.

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Gurin, Mikhail S., Dmitry S. Shtarev, Alexander V. Syuy, Gleb I. Tselikov, Oleg O. Shichalin, and Victor V. Krishtop. "FEATURES OF THE SYNTHESIS OF MAX-PHASES TixAlC1-x BY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 3, no. 3/2023 (2023): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.3.017.

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The results of the synthesis of MAX-phases TixAlC1-x by the method of spark plasma sintering are presented. It is shown that the purity of the synthesized composition depends on the regime of spark plasma sintering. The purity of the MAX phase was 84 %. The material was characterized by XRD. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of the MAX phase 211 were determined.

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Després, Jean-Philippe. "Processus d’apprentissage et de création des improvisateurs experts en musique classique." Revue musicale OICRM 4, no. 1 (2017): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040300ar.

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Cet article présente une synthèse des principales contributions de mon projet de recherche doctorale qui porte sur l’improvisation musicale classique.Plus précisément, un devis de recherche en trois phases a été élaboré afin de documenter le parcours d’apprentissage, les stratégies de performances, ainsi que les approches d’enseignement-apprentissage d’instrumentistes et de pédagogues experts en improvisation musicale classique. Dans un premier temps, les résultats les plus significatifs de chacune des phases de la recherche sont présentés.Ensuite, les dimensions transversales aux trois phases sont discutées, avant de contextualiser les résultats par rapport au corpus de recherches théoriques et empiriques portant sur l’improvisation musicale. L’article se termine sur les principales implications pédagogiques de la recherche, celles qui ont émergé spécifiquement de chacune de ses phases, puis celles qui ressortent de l’analyse de l’ensemble des données.

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Latroche, Mustapha, Toufiq Guedira, Slahidine Elyoubi, and Jean-Luc Rehspringer. "Synthèse et caractérisation de quelques phases du système ternaire Bi2O3-P2O5-B2O3." Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux 30, no. 1 (2005): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/acsm.30.27-35.

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Fedorova, Natalja A., Alena V. Kovaleva, Julia S. Olshevskaya, et al. "Substitution Effects in Spin-Polarized (Cr4-xFex)0.5AC (A = Ge, Si, Al) MAX Phases." Magnetochemistry 9, no. 6 (2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9060147.

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The use of spintronic devices with a tunable magnetic order on small scales is highly important for novel applications. The MAX phases containing transition metals and/or magnetic ion-substituted lattices attract a lot of attention. In this study, the magnetic and electronic properties of (Cr4-xFex)0.5AC (A = Ge, Si, Al) compounds were predicted and investigated within the density functional theory. It was established that single-substituted (Cr3Fe1)0.5AC (A = Ge, Si, Al) lattices are favorable in terms of energy. An analysis of the magnetic states of the MAX phases demonstrated that their spin order changes upon substitution of iron atoms for chromium ones. It was found that mostly the (Cr4-xFex)0.5GeC and (Cr4-xFex)0.5AlC lattices acquire a ferrimagnetic state in contrast to (Cr4-xFex)0.5SiC for which the ferromagnetic spin order dominates. It was pointed out that the atomic substitution could be an efficient way to tune the magnetic properties of proposed (Cr4-xFex)0.5AC (A = Ge, Si, Al) MAX phases.

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Arlashkin, I. E., S. N. Perevislov, and V. L. Stolyarova. "Synthesis and study of dense materials in the Zr–Al–C system." Журнал общей химии 93, no. 4 (2023): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044460x23040145.

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The initial powders Zr, Al, C and Zr, Al, Sc were used for the synthesis of MAX phases of the composition Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2. The highest content (50.4 vol%) of the MAX phase Zr3AlC2 was obtained using the initial powders Zr/Al/Zr in the ratio of components 1:1.5:2 with the addition of 5 vol% Al. The optimal temperature for the synthesis of a material based on the MAX phase Zr2AlC is 1525° C, a material based on Zr3AlC2 is 1575°C. The structure of the synthesized MAX materials obtained includes elongated grains of the composition Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2, which determines their high strength. Zirconium carbide, as an intermediate phase, is always present in the final products. Due to the large evaporation of aluminum, the ZrO2 phase is also present in the synthesis products. Excess aluminum contributes to the greatest formation of Zr2AlC and Zr3AlC2 phases during synthesis.

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Szutkowska, Magdalena, Daniel Toboła, Lucyna Jaworska, and Marcin Rozmus. "New diamond composite tools and their impact on AISI 4140 alloy steel surface after slide burnishing." Mechanik 92, no. 10 (2019): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2019.10.78.

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Working parts of slide burnishing tools were made from two new diamond composites with ceramic bonding: MAX Ti3GeC2 and TiB2nano phases, respectively. Microstructure and micro composition were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Vickers hardness HV1 values were 36 and 46 GPa, Young’s moduli 490 and 560 GPa, tensile strengths 400 and 560 MPa, fracture toughness 8.4 and 11.0 MPa·m1/2 and friction coefficient values 0.63 and 0.56, respectively for the composites with MAX Ti3GeC2 and TiB2nano phases. The tools were tested by slide burnishing on previously turned AISI 4140 alloy steel bar. Improvement in the surface geometric structure was demonstrated for both materials, more so in the case of TiB2nano phase, as compared to burnishing bycomposites with MAX Ti3GeC2 phase.

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Dahlqvist, Martin, and Johanna Rosen. "Predictive theoretical screening of phase stability for chemical order and disorder in quaternary 312 and 413 MAX phases." Nanoscale 12, no. 2 (2020): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08675g.

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Nou, Changwan, Byeong Geun Kim, Soo-Young Suk, and Soon-Mok Choi. "Biomass-derived nano-laminated Ti₃SiC₂ MAX phase." RSC Advances 12, no. 50 (2022): 32552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06078g.

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Gurin, Mikhail S., Dmitry S. Shtarev, Ilya A. Zavidovskiy, et al. "Spark Plasma Sintering of Pristine and Transition Metal-Doped Ti2AlC MAX Phases." Materials 18, no. 9 (2025): 1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18091957.

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We study the synthesis of Ti2AlC MAX-phase ceramics via spark plasma sintering (SPS), focusing on the effects of temperature, precursor composition, and transition metal doping (Mo, Ta, Hf, W, Y, and Mn). Optimized sintering parameters were established, defining the precursor ratios necessary for the formation of Ti2AlC with >90% yield. Structural and compositional analyses revealed that select transition metals—Ta, Hf, W, and Y—could be incorporated into the Ti2AlC lattice, which resulted in >90% yield for each transition metal-doped MAX phase. In contrast, Mo and Mn predominantly formed separate phases. These findings provide insights into the controlled synthesis of MAX-phase materials with tunable properties for high-performance applications.

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Manresa-Rocamora, Agustín, Laura Fuertes-Kenneally, Carles Blasco-Peris, Noemí Sempere-Ruiz, José Manuel Sarabia, and Vicente Climent-Paya. "Is the Verification Phase a Suitable Criterion for the Determination of Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction? A Validation Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (2023): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042764.

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The verification phase (VP) has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional criteria used for the determination of the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in several populations. Nonetheless, its validity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse whether the VP is a safe and suitable method to determine the VO2 max in patients with HFrEF. Adult male and female patients with HFrEF performed a ramp-incremental phase (IP), followed by a submaximal constant VP (i.e., 95% of the maximal workload during the IP) on a cycle ergometer. A 5-min active recovery period (i.e., 10 W) was performed between the two exercise phases. Group (i.e., median values) and individual comparisons were performed. VO2 max was confirmed when there was a difference of ≤ 3% in peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) values between the two exercise phases. Twenty-one patients (13 males) were finally included. There were no adverse events during the VP. Group comparisons showed no differences in the absolute and relative VO2 peak values between both exercise phases (p = 0.557 and p = 0.400, respectively). The results did not change when only male or female patients were included. In contrast, individual comparisons showed that the VO2 max was confirmed in 11 patients (52.4%) and not confirmed in 10 (47.6%). The submaximal VP is a safe and suitable method for the determination of the VO2 max in patients with HFrEF. In addition, an individual approach should be used because group comparisons could mask individual differences.

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