Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Synthèse hydrothermale'
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Valero, Rémi. "Mécanismes de la synthèse hydrothermale du zircon." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0501.
Full textTraianidis, Maria. "Synthèse hydrothermale et caractérisation de poudres PZT." Valenciennes, 2000. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1ef79abf-c9fe-4d9b-9119-24913f296392.
Full textDa, Silva Laura. "Synthèse d'ARN en conditions prébiotiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS487.
Full textOne remaining crucial point in the early life history is to understand how evolution passed from complex prebiotic chemistry to simple biology. Current cellular facts allow us to follow the link from chemical to biochemical metabolites, from the ancient to the modern world. A substantial weight of evidence supports the “RNA world” hypothesis stipulating that the earliest forms of life passed through a phase in which RNA served both for the storage and transfer of genetic information and for the catalysis of biochemical reactions. In this thesis, we studied the non-enzymatic synthesis of RNA under simulated prebiotic conditions. These conditions simulated hydrothermal processes that commonly occur in volcanic hydrothermal fields today and were presumably ubiquitous on the primitive Earth. We then looked for optimal conditions allowing synthesis of long RNA-like polymers and showed that the presence of crystalline matrix significantly increases the yield and length of synthesized polymers. Finally, we investigated the stability of the synthesized polymers under hydrothermal conditions and compared the degradation by depurination of nucleotides and polymers in the presence of two organsing agents that promotes polymerisation, either phospholipids or salts crystals. We concluded that although decomposition of nucleotides occurs in these simulated conditions, purine nucleotides are still available to participate in polymers synthesis and the presence of phospholipids protects nucleotides against degradation
Aimable, Anne. "Synthèse hydrothermale en continu et en conditions supercritiques du matériau d’électrode positive des batteries Li-ion LiFePO4 : du matériau au procédé." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS070.
Full textLiFePO4 appears as the best candidate in order to be used as a positive electrode material for lithium batteries, especially since the pionnering works of Goodenough in 1997. In this study, the continuous hydrothermal synthesis of LiFePO4 in supercritical water was investigated. The first approach was based on an experimental design, in order to determine optimal conditions leading to a pure and crystalline material, with nanometric grain sizes, and interesting electrochemical properties. The higher capacity obtained is 75 mAh. G−1, which was also obtained from materials synthesized by other ways without any carbon, but below the expected value of 170 mAh. G−1. These low performances were explained by a large agglomeration, and a non optimized formulation of the electrode. In the second part of this study, a novel approach was engaged, based on an engineering aspect. The objective was to control the different steps of the synthesis : germination, growth and agglomeration. At first, heat transfer were studied inside the apparatus, and some changes were brought to improve its running. Then, CFD calculations were performed in the mixing device to model heat transfer and reactive flows in supercritical conditions
Pinceloup, Pascal. "Synthèse hydrothermale de poudres de titanate de baryum, réalisation et caractérisation des céramiques." Valenciennes, 1997. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1b50288d-7163-44fb-ab7c-2c0ab9187385.
Full textXin, Baowei. "De la chimie douce, au milieu hydrothermal étendu au domaine supercritique, du réacteur fermé au dispositif en continu : synthèse d'oxydes métalliques nanostructurés." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS015.
Full textNdiaye, Papa Amadou. "Synthèse hydrothermale et caractérisation de films minces PZT pour actionneurs." Valenciennes, 1999. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/4f5552b1-bc48-4fe6-a5fb-ec2deea3619c.
Full textSchlussel, Véronique. "Synthèse de stévensites en milieu acide et fluoré : mobilité des constituats métalliques." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0504.
Full textDougnier, François. "Synthèse et caractérisation de zéolithes du type FAU et EMT de rapports Si/Al supérieurs à trois : utilisation de molécules structurantes avec des fonctions éthoxy." Mulhouse, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MULH0289.
Full textBenamara, Lakhdar. "Conception d’éléments de toiture pour pays en développement." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0048.
Full textThe appropriate roofing materials are a great problem in developing countries. Materials like asbestos-cement, steel-sheets; or tiles set problems because of their price and a bad utilization by the majority of people. The aim of this work _is to prepare an economical material for tile production. A mixture of 50% laterite and 50% Portland cement is autoclaved during 24 hours at 130°C. This objective therefore obtained. If elements contain or not sisal fibres, the flexural strengths reach from 7 to 10 MPa. All lime produced by cement hydration is consumed by laterite to produce tobermorite and hydrogarnets; thus the capillary absorption and the permeability are very low. The absence of residual lime guarantees the tint stability
Shekarchi, Zadeh Mohammad. "Etude du comportement thermo-hydrique d'une paroi en béton a hautes performances : application au cas des enceintes de confinement en situations accidentelles." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0014.
Full textThe interest of use of High Performance Concrete in the construction of the containment wall of the nuclear power plant of Civaux (in France) has been confined by the satisfactory level of leak tightness integrity of this type of concrete under leakage test at 0. 5 MPa in dry air at room temperature. The aim of this work is to study the hygrothermal behaviour of the used concrete exposed to accidental conditions leading to high temperatures and high steam pressures (200°C and 15 bars). In order to obtain the representative measurements, during heat and mass transfer in the concrete under accidental conditions, the tests have been carried out in the cylindrical specimens having the same height as the thickness of containment wall of nuclear power plant (1. 3 m). The design and fabrication of test equipment allowing to accidental simulations were the first phases of this work. The temperature, pressure and moisture distributions have been measured and the leak tightness integrity of concrete has been analysed during testing. In order to obtain the moisture propagations in the concrete exposed to high temperature, it was necessary to design a moisture meter in autoclaved mortar, using a resistive electrical method. The main parameters affecting the hygrothennal behaviour of concrete under accidental situations have been identified and it is shown that the thickness of wall which is touched by accident (i. E. Temperature higher than 1 00°C, vapor water penetration and pressure induced) is about 25% of wall thickness. It is also observed that leak tightness integrity of wall has been improved during testing by the wetting due to vapor water penetration. Besides, the test results of mercury porosimetry of concrete confirms that accidental conditions by heating at high steam pressure (similar to autoclaving process), increase the density of pore network of testing concrete. That means, at least the microstructure of material is not damaged by testing. Numerical investigation consists in adapting a heat and mass transfer mode (TEMPOR. 2), to high performance concrete, which has been intended for ordinary concrete. To do so, the test results of concrete characterization obtained during this work have been employed. The analysis of numerical results shows that a modified model could be used in the case of high performance concrete. Finally, theoretical results associated with experimental obtained permit to describe more clearly the difference between concrete behaviour under heating (temperature) or under accidental conditions (temperature and steam pressure)
Lisnard, Laurent. "Synthèse de polyoxométallates possédant des propriétés en magnétisme moléculaire ou en conduction ionique : synthèse spécifique pour l'obtention de systèmes étendus." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0010.
Full textThe reactivity of lacunary silicotungstate [SiW9O34]10- together with cobalt(II) has allowed the synthesis of unprecedented tetra and octanuclear cobalt-based clusters bearing acetate, azide or carbonate ligands. The divacant anion [SiW10O36]8- has lead to sandwich type polyoxometalates incorporating trinuclear cobalt(II) clusters. Magnetic measurements on these clusters reveal a ferromagnetic behaviour. More than ten multidimensional hybrid polyoxotungstates have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reaction starting from [WO4]2-, copper(II) or vanadium(IV) and polyamines. Addition of phosphate or silicate and tuning of the medium pH have yielded various structures like copper(II) or vanadium(IV/V)-based phosphometallic clusters which have been studied in magnetism. Also, this method has allowed the characterization of the first three-dimensional hybrid isopolyoxotungstate. Finally, the [MoV2O4(H2O)6]2+ cation reacts with [O3PCH2PO3]4- ligand and some inorganic templating ligands to yield hexa and octanuclear anionic wheels isolated as ammonium, sodium or lithium salts. This study has shown that the anionic structure is strictly correlated to the nature of the counter-cation. The different salts have been studied in solution by 31P NMR and in the solid state by ionic conduction measurements
Lebre, Cédric. "Elaboration et caractérisation de talcs synthétiques pour l'amélioration des propriétés physiques des matériaux composites industriels." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/223/.
Full textThe hydrothermal synthesis of clays (150°C - 550°C) is a technical way to obtain mineral phases of high purity with controlled chemistry. Pressures in reactors and product costs forbid fabrication at industrial scale. Hydrothermal processes developed in this study have shown possibility to obtain mineral phases of clay, with a granulometric size from nanometric to submicronic. These sizes are unrivalled to natural talc's one which is at least micronic. Octahedral magnesium has been substitute by nickel and cobalt, which give coloration of products as well as solid solution Mg-Ni, Mg-Co and Ni-Co. Pressure, temperature, and synthesis duration are parameters which control size of particle and mineralogy
Demes, Thomas. "Croissance, assemblage et intégration collective de nanofils de ZnO : application à la biodétection." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI008/document.
Full textTwo-dimensional randomly oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) networks, or nanonets, represent innovative and promising nanostructures for numerous applications. The objective of this thesis is to develop ZnO nanonets for the detection of biological or gaseous molecules, in particular DNA, by using a low cost and scalable procedure. To this end, it is essential to control the different elaboration steps which are: (i) the deposition of ZnO seed layer films on silicon substrates by sol-gel approach, (ii) the growth of ZnO NWs on these seed layer films by hydrothermal synthesis, and (iii) the assembly of these NWs into ZnO nanonets by vacuum filtration. In-depth studies of each of these processes were thus carried out. This work enabled to elaborate reproducible and homogenous ZnO thin films, NWs and nanonets whose morphological properties are precisely controlled over a wide range. Two DNA biofunctionnalization protocols were then developed for the nanonets and led to encouraging results which need however to be further optimized. The nanonets were also integrated into functional devices and the first electrical characterizations provided promising results. In the longer term, this work opens the way to the collective integration of ZnO NWs which would enable the development of a new generation of portable, fast and ultra-sensitive (bio- or gas-) sensors
Ouammou, Mohamed. "Synthèse hydrothermale de AlPO4 en milieux acides mixtes, HCl-H2SO4-H3PO4." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20150.
Full textCharissou, Isabelle. "Synthèse hydrothermale d'oxyde et d'hydroxyde nanométriques : zircone (ZrO2) et boehmite (AlOOH)." Limoges, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIMO0022.
Full textGrange, Bernard. "Synthèse hydrothermale d'hexaferrite de baryum en grains fins pour l'enregistrement magnétique." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPG0040.
Full textGarrido-Hernandez, Aristeo. "Synthesis by hydrothermal process of lanthanide orthophosphates for optical applications." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22564/document.
Full textRare earth (Re) doped lanthanide orthophosphates (LnPO4) are considered like promising phosphors for optical applications. Phosphors are luminescent materials which convert certain types of energy (X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared) mainly into visible light. In this research Eu3+ (europium), Ce3+ (cerium), Tb3+ (terbium), Er3+ (erbium), Tm3+ (thulium) and/or Yb3+ (ytterbium) doped LuPO4 (lutetium orthophosphate), YPO4 (yttrium orthophosphate), GdPO4 (gadolinium orthophosphate) and/or GdxY1-xPO4 (yttrium-gadolinium orthophosphate) were synthesized by solvothermal process. By varying the synthesis conditions, the crystalline phase, particle size and morphology were controlled by the synthesis conditions these parameters affect the photoluminescent properties. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (emission and excitation spectra, quantum yields and fluorescence decay times). In particular, nanowires and nanoparticles nanowires and nanoparticles of GdPO4:Eu3+, GdPO4:Tb3+ have been developed, as well as powders of YPO4:Tb3+ powders with monoclinic, hexagonal or tetragonal phases. It has been demonstrated a significant influence of the crystalline structure and morphology phosphors on their optical properties. Powders with different morphology were used as fillers for preparing luminescent composite polymer/phosphors films. By adjusting the orthophosphates formulation and dopant nature of ions, phosphors providing near perfect white light under UV excitation could be obtained. All of this work clearly shows the potential applications of these materials in devices based on a plasma excitation source or light emitting diode technology
Seive, Alain. "Synthèse et caractérisation de gallosilicates de type MFI en présence d'ions fluorure." Mulhouse, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MULH0128.
Full textGross-Lorgouillux, Marion. "Zéolithisation de cendres volantes de charbon dans des conditions douces de température et de pression." Mulhouse, 2007. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/opac/resource/zeolithisation-de-cendres-volantes-de-charbon-dans-des-conditions-douces-de-temperature-et-de-pressi/BUS4101683.
Full textThe amount of fly ashes (FAs) produced by the coal combustion in thermal power stations is huge, and even if part of these FAs is reused, their applications have a low-added-value. As the FAs are rich in Si and Al, they can be seen as potential sources for the synthesis of zeolites. These aluminosilicate materials are microporous and display a high added value. Recently, many studies have been devoted to the conversion of FAs into various zeolites. Generally, the FA transformation is performed by a hydrothermal synthesis close or above 100 °C and at autogeneous pressure. The originality of this study is the development of a cost-saving process allowing the FA transformation into zeolite by a hydrothermal reaction at low temperature (below 50 °C) and at atmospheric pressure. The FAs were first characterised by different techniques, the most important objective being the determination of their mineralogical composition (quartz, mullite and amorphous phase) but also of their reactivity. Then, the synthesis consists simply in the addition of a NaOH solution to the FAs. The needed NaOH and water amounts were optimised in order to form an X-type faujasite, the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio (x) of the synthesis medium being fixed by the chemical composition of the FAs. Using this composition (1SiO2: xAl2O3: 3,8NaOH: 73,5H2O), the transformation kinetics of the FAs were studied at 30 and 50 °C by different methods (XRD, nitrogen adsorption, solid state NMR, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and SEM), and a transformation mechanism is proposed. Whatever the temperature and the synthesis time, the solid obtained is a mixture of faujasite, and residual quartz, mullite and amorphous phase from the FAs, but it contains also traces of two other zeolites, namely NaP1 zeolite and chabazite. The temperature increase from 30 to 50 °C speeds up the reaction, but finally, the maximal conversion rates reached at both temperatures are close: about 25 to 30 %. Other experiments were performed in order to increase the conversion yield, i. E. The addition of silica to the synthesis medium or an indirect synthesis method consisting in an acid treatment (HCl) of the FAs prior to the classic hydrothermal reaction. These experiments allowed increasing the conversion rate which is, in the most favourable case, above 50 % offaujasite in the final dried product of the synthesis
Motuzas, Julius. "Intérêt des micro-ondes pour la synthèse de germes et de membranes zéolithiques." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20064.
Full textSalmaoui, Samiha. "Elaboration d'oxydes de tungstène nanostructurés, caractérisation et étude de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077198.
Full textHexagonal WO3 nanorods, hexagonal WO3. 1/3H2O nanofibers and orthohombic WO3. 1/3H2O three-dimensional hierarchical architectures have been synthesized by hydrothermal process using structure-directing templates. The structure, the morphology and the composition of the materials have been examined by different physico-chemical techniques. The effects of experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, reaction time and organic templates have been studied. Cyclic voltammetric characterization of thin films of as-prepared nanomaterials has revealed reversible lithium intercalation/deintercalation into the crystal lattice of nanocristalline tungstene oxides. A correlation between structural, morphological and electrochimical properties has been investigated. Moreover, the Hexagonal WO3 nanorods can be applied as active support for the catalytic bi-metallic Pt-Ru nanoparticles during electro-oxidation of ethanol in acid medium
Alby, Delhia. "Matériaux innovants pour la rétention sélective de césium et de strontium à partir de solutions aqueuses multi-composants : synthèse, optimisation et évaluation des performances." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT168.
Full textThis work focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new nanostructured materials that can be potentially proposed as alternatives in the field of nuclear decontamination. The first part is devoted to the state of the art on the use of inorganic materials for decontamination purposes, with the emphasis placed on their sorption capacity and selectivity. The layer materials are considered as offering potential for such applications. In consequence, the main efforts in this work have been focused on manganate and vanadate nanostructures.Solvothermal synthesis of these materials was developed on the basis of micro-wave oven procedures to control the materials structuring, thus leading to vanadate nanotubes and manganate nanoflowers. The optimization of vanadates was carried out by taking into account the effect of various factors (e.g., duration of maturation and heating stages, nature and mass of the template) on both the structural and textural properties of the resulting substrates. It was demonstrated that the scrolling of the layers was strongly influenced by the amount of amine and its chemical structure. Indeed, only the amine templates possessing long chains allowed homogeneous nanotubes to be achieved. More information about the structuring process was inferred when coupling experimental and simulation approaches.The sorption performance of the resulting solid materials in terms of sorption capacity and selectivity was assessed in model and simulated systems obtained by using either ultrapure or river water with an adequate composition as solvent to prepare aqueous solutions of strontium or/and cesium. The results of sorption experiments clearly indicated strong selectivity of the vanadate structures toward Cs+ and that of the manganate ones toward Sr2+, even under conditions of competition among various ionic species.Direct calorimetry measurements of heat effects accompanying sorption were correlated with the results of molecular simulation studies to shed more light on the origin of the improved sorption selectivity
Estevenon, Paul. "Synthèse et caractérisation de silicates MSiO4 (M = Ce, Th, U, Np, Pu)." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0013/document.
Full textActinides, and mainly plutonium, are the main contributors to the long-term radiotoxicity of spent nuclear fuel. In conditions representative for geological repository, the interactions between such radioelements and silicate species could influence the mobility of the actinides in the environment and thus, could affect the safety of the storage facilities. Especially, the formation of actinide silicate, AnSiO4, has to be considered carefully, since thorium and uranium silicate are ubiquitous in environmental silicate rich media and under reductive conditions. Because the chemistry of AnSiO4 is poorly known, their preparation is a prerequisite in order to determine thermodynamic data associated to their formation and to evaluate their stability under geological repository conditions.The first part of this work consisted in the preparation, under hydrothermal conditions, of ThSiO4, USiO4 and CeSiO4 as surrogates of PuSiO4. This study allowed us to determine the preponderant parameters which impact the formation of silicate phases, to establish optimized conditions for their synthesis as pure phases and then to propose potential mechanisms of formation. For all of these syntheses, the competition between the complexation of metal cations by silicate ions and their hydrolysis played a predominant role. Three different and efficient strategies have been identified for the formation of actinide silicates. The first one was characterized by the use of weakly acid reactive media to limit the hydrolysis of actinide in solution. The second involved the use of strong ligands to maintain the actinide in solution in weakly basic media. The third was developed with element oxidation states that also protected it against hydrolysis. The transposition of these strategies to the preparation of PuSiO4 allowed to determine the suitable synthesis conditions to form PuSiO4 and then to identify the differences in terms of reactivity between Pu(IV) and surrogate elements
Bekhti, Widad. "Synthèse par voie hydrothermale et caractérisation des micro/nanostructures d’Oxyde de Zinc." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10015.
Full textZinc oxide (ZnO) is a material that belongs to the family of transparent conducting oxides (TCO) materials. Because of its important physical and chemical properties, ZnO is widely studied since the elaboration to application. It is considered as semiconductor material which has very interesting features such as a direct gap 3.37 eV at room temperature, a strong exciton energy (60 meV at room temperature) assigned to a character piezoelectric. ZnO thin films are elaborated using different techniques including physical and chemical methods. For our part, we are interested in studying the growth of micro / nanostructures of ZnO, especially one-dimensional (1D) using hydrothermal synthesis. This method allowed us to achieve ZnO nanostructures with very good crystalline qualities under controlled pressure (< 15 bar) and low temperature (<250 ° C). These preparation conditions have the advantage to limit the energy consumption. On the other hand, we have used water as solvent in the preparation of solutions which has a positive effect on the environment (eco-design or “green chemistry”). In the first part of this work, we have studied the influence of some experimental parameters such as time, the amount of base, temperature… on the growth of nanorods in order to determine the optimal conditions of the growth of the nanorods forms and their distributions. In the second part, we are interested to study the influence of the cations present in the solution on the morphology of the micro / nanostructures of ZnO. Finally, the obtained samples were characterized by XRD and SEM for the structure and the morphology and by Raman for optical properties. The different analysis of the results obtained from different techniques show a good compromise
Abdelli, Marwen. "Élaboration et caractérisations des cellules photovoltaïques organiques nano-architecturées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI040.
Full textThanks to the development of new materials and innovative concepts, the photovoltaic research field constantly growing. This thesis aims at developing solar cells based on architecture close to interpenetrating structure, which combine synthetized ZnO nanowires and an active layer composed of a volume heterojunction donor/acceptor. We developed an efficient experimental protocol to synthetize via hydrothermal growing in mastered and reproducible manner ZnO nanowires on ITO substrate. An optimal morphology on ZnO nanowires with length close to 200 nm and diameter close to 30nm, required for photovoltaic application, was targeted and successfully obtained. After the optimization of solar cells assembly and their characterizations, short-circuit current density of 22 mA/cm² (2 times better than the 2D cells) and power conversion efficiency of 7.7% (1.4 times better than the 2D cells) were obtained for solar cells based on ZnO nanowires architecture. This result validates the efficiency of the concept of nanotexturing of substrates, the method of solar cells assembly, the chosen morphological characteristics of the nanotexture and the selected materials
Harbuzaru, Bogdan. "PREPARATION DE STRUCTURANTS ORGANIQUES ET LEURENGAGEMENT EN SYNTHESE HYDROTHERMALE DEZEOLITHES." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00139055.
Full textNguyen, Thi Le Anh. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères de coordination présentant des propriétés redox." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0050.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the synthesis and characterization (structures and physicochemical properties) of novel crystalline coordination polymers (also called MOFs), either porous or not, which possess redox properties. Two approaches have been developed in order to obtain such materials. The first one is based on the use of redox-active ligand (TetraThiaFulvalene TetraCarboxylic acid or (TTF-TC)H4), the other on the use of an active metallic cation (titanium). Conventional hydro- or solvo-thermal synthesis allowed the preparation of few solids, in which the redox centers adopt their classical oxidation state (TTF0, TiIV). Their structures, as well as their thermal and structural properties have been studied. Their redox properties have been exploited by means of post-synthesis processes (photoreduction or use as electrodes for lithium ion batteries). Using coupled electro-hydrothermal conditions, another solid was produced, this time based on the oxidized form of TTF-TC. The properties of this solid, among which its electronic conductivity, have been evaluated
Le, Bras Solène. "Etude de catalyseurs Pt-Pd supportés sur spinelle MgAl2O4 pour la dépollution automobile : synthèse, stabilité hydrothermale et perfomances catalytiques." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0053/document.
Full textThe improvement of air quality is a major issue for the health and the environment. The challenge for the manufacturers of catalytic converters for automotive depollution is to optimize their formulation to meet the standards regulating the polluting emissions hardening, while making a profitable use of the precious metals whose resources are becoming exhausted. In this thesis, a new, mesoporous, MgAl2O4, catalytic support was synthesized by atomization of an aqueous sol containing a tri-block copolymer. The MgAl2O4 nanocristallites in point contact enable to reach higher dispersion rates of the Pt-Pd active phase than those of a commercialized DOC taken as reference by Renault. The active phase of the 2,5%m.PtPd(3:2)[450°C]/MgAl2O4[900°C] catalyst presents similar hydrothermal stability to that of the reference DOC thanks to chemical anchoring (epitaxial growth, solid solutions) and mechanical anchoring (atomic steps, pores). Although the totality of the precious metal content is not accessible (insertion, encapsulation) for CO, HC and NO oxidation, the catalytic performances reached by this catalyst during hydrothermal aging are comparable with that of the reference DOC. The conversion of the HC is similar to that of the reference DOC and depends on the local concentration of the active sites. The CO conversion rate is slightly penalized since the particles are too smalls and in an oxidized state. Lastly, this catalyst does not reduce NOx but ensures a more important oxidation of NO in NO2 after a hydrothermal aging than the reference DOC and also the storage of NO2 which have a positive impact on the proper functioning of the downstream diesel particulate filter
Hemon, Annie. "Cristallogenèse et étude structurale dans les systèmes fluorés ternaires AF-MF2-M'F3. (A=Na,K;M=Ca,Sr,Ba,Cd;M'=Al et éléments 3d)." Le Mans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LEMA1001.
Full textBen, Ali Amor. "Les systèmes Na2CO3-(YbF3 ou YF3)-H2O : synthèse hydrothermale, études structurales et spectroscopiques." Le Mans, 2003. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2003/2003LEMA1008.pdf.
Full textTwo hydrothermal systems, Na2CO3-MF3-H20 (M = Yb, Y), are investigated by mierowave assisted synthesis in large concentration domains at 190'C. Three unknown phases are evidenced in each system: Yb(CO3)(OH,F). H20, Na2Yb(CO3)2F, Na3Yb(CO3)2F2; Na2Y(CO3)2F, Na3y(CO3)2F2. Na4Y(CO3)2F3. H20. At higher température, Na3y(CO3)3-6H20, Na5Y(CO3)4 and Nay2(CO3)3F appear. With Li2CO3, one cubic phase Na2LiLn(CO3)3 exists for both systems and for Ln = Eu- Lu. Na -1 /Ln 3+ disorder affects three of the mentioned phases: Na3M(CO3)2F2, (M = Yb, Y) and the famdy Na2LiLn(CO3)3- hi Na2LiY(CO3)3, NMR spectroscopy indicates that Li+ is only submitted to fast thennal motion in its coordination polyhedron. The comparison of 3Q-NIAS NMR results for Na+ in Na5Y(CO3)4 and Na2LiY(CO3)3 suggests a coordination number close to six for Na+ in Na2LiY(CO3)3- Electron microscopy indicates that the structures of Na3M(CO3)2F2 (M = Yb, Y) present a modulation related to the stacking of the [NaM(CO3)9F2],,,, (M = Yb or Y) layers
Serpaggi, Fabien. "Composés de terres rares à charpente ouverte : synthèse hydrothermale, structure et propriétés optiques." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998VERS0018.
Full textGeorgieva, Veselina. "Synthèse de nano zéolithes sans utilisation d'agent structurant organique : optimisation de la synthèse et applications avancées." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2026.
Full textThe reduction of zeolite particle size from the micrometer to the nanometer scale leads to substantial changes in the properties and thus impacts their performance in traditional areas of application. Zeolite nanoparticles with diverse pore architecture, high external surface area, defined particle size and morphology can provide high quality crystals for fundamental and applied studies. They can be used for the preparation of colloidal suspensions, optical quality thin films, membranes and self-supported constructs. In this work, special attention is paid on the synthesis mechanism of zeolite nanocrystals from organic template free precursor suspensions and their further use for advanced applications. Besides, the gel precursor – crystals properties relationship is studied. The initial gel particles and intermediates of the synthesis of nanosized EMT type zeolite are investigated. Moreover, ion-exchanged nanosized zeolites with iron and their potential as contract agents for medical applications are studied. Finally, inkjet printing and patterning strategies have been developed for fabrication of hybrid holographic sensors using zeolite nanocrystals on glass-supported photopolymers. Fabrication and characterization of two types of holographic sensors is demonstrated. The set of experimental data opens an avenue to more wide use of nanosized zeolitic materials
Guth, Françoise. "Synthèse et caractérisation de solides microporeux cristallisés contenant Al, P et Si." Mulhouse, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MULH0122.
Full textSchreyeck, Laurence. "Synthèse et caractérisation d'aluminosilicates et d'aluminophosphates microporeux cristallisés : influence des caractéristiques du structurant organique et rôle de l'anion fluorure." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0502.
Full textRobert, Hadrien. "Optical heating of gold nanoparticles and thermal microscopy : applications in hydrothermal chemistry and single cell biology." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0131/document.
Full textNowadays, thermal experiments at the microscopic scale remain challenging to conduct due to the lack of reliable temperature measurment techniques. To solve these problems, a label-free temperature measurement technique called TIQSI has been developed in the Institut Fresnel.With the objective to study new thermal-induced effects on the microscale using TIQSI, I built a microscope aimed to control heat diffusion on the microscale using nanoparticle. Thus, I could study different phenomena in chemistry and biology.Hydrothermal methods in chemical synthesis rely on the use of superheated liquid water as a solvent. It has been shown that gold nanoparticles can be used superheated water in a metastable state. I managed to conduct hydrothermal chemistry experiments using thermoplasmonics without autoclave which represents a new paradigm in chemistry.A living cell can be damaged by a heat stress which can misfold its proteins. To response to this stress, the HSP synthesis enables the reparation of misfolded proteins. I could study the heat stress response of HSP at short time scale which allowed me to illustrate the interest of using TIQSI and a local heat.As an application mixing superheating water and biology, I studied organisms that are able to live at high temperature (80-110°C) namely hyperthermophiles. Motion of these organisms has been studied without autoclave which paves the way to more sophisticated experiments such as the interaction between hyperthermophiles
Compain, Jean-Daniel. "Synthèse de polyoxométallates fonctionnalisés à propriétés optiques ou magnétiques." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0021.
Full textSeveral sandwich-type polyoxotungstates have been synthesized either at atmospheric pressure or under hydrothermal conditions. Amongst them a new chromium complex has enlarged the so far underdeveloped family of polyanions incorporating this metal, while several iron complexes have proved remarkable for their magnetic properties, some behaving as single-molecule magnets. Besides, various salts combining a polyanion and a cationic chromophore like a stilbazolium or a spiropyran have been crystallized. Their properties in photochromism, electrochromism or non-linear optics have been studied. Eventually, the reaction of molybenum(V) or molybdenum(VI) precursors with functionalized bisphosphonates has led to unprecedented architectures. Their behaviour in solution, their application towards the synthesis of nanoparticles and, concerning molybdenum(VI) compounds, their photochromic properties, have been investigated
Jouffret, Laurent. "Synthèse hydrothermale d’uranyle-vanadates et d’uranyle-phosphates : influence des amines et dimensionnalité des arrangements inorganiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10065.
Full textSolid state chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic compounds containing uranium has been enriched recently by a multiplication of papers dealing with two and three dimensional inorganic materials. This work deals with hydrothermal synthesis of compounds in the uranyl-phosphate-amine and uranyl-vanadate-amine systems. Determination of their structure was done by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Their thermal stability was also studied. According to the pH of the initial solutions, and nature of the amine used, different families of compounds appear. With a basic pH, the obtained compounds are two dimensional with the layers corresponding to those found in naturally occurring phases, such as carnotite type layer for the uranyl-vanadate system and autunite for the uranyl-phosphate system. With an acidic pH, compounds with three dimensional frameworks are stabilized by the presence of the amines. The frameworks result from uranophane type uranyl-vanadate or uranyl-phosphate layers connected by uranyl pillars. They display different U/V or U/P ratios depending on the geometric isomer of the uranophane layer. Identification of new geometric isomers has led to a simple classification of the isomers which helps to their comparison and to the understanding of their formation. Finally, using ethylene diamine in the uranyl-phosphate system reduces in situ uranium (VI) into uranium (IV) and forms a uranium (IV) phosphate in which the uranium-phosphate layers alternate with diprotonated ethylene diamine layers
Jouffret, Laurent. "Synthèse hydrothermale d’uranyle-vanadates et d’uranyle-phosphates : influence des amines et dimensionnalité des arrangements inorganiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10065/document.
Full textSolid state chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic compounds containing uranium has been enriched recently by a multiplication of papers dealing with two and three dimensional inorganic materials. This work deals with hydrothermal synthesis of compounds in the uranyl-phosphate-amine and uranyl-vanadate-amine systems. Determination of their structure was done by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Their thermal stability was also studied. According to the pH of the initial solutions, and nature of the amine used, different families of compounds appear. With a basic pH, the obtained compounds are two dimensional with the layers corresponding to those found in naturally occurring phases, such as carnotite type layer for the uranyl-vanadate system and autunite for the uranyl-phosphate system. With an acidic pH, compounds with three dimensional frameworks are stabilized by the presence of the amines. The frameworks result from uranophane type uranyl-vanadate or uranyl-phosphate layers connected by uranyl pillars. They display different U/V or U/P ratios depending on the geometric isomer of the uranophane layer. Identification of new geometric isomers has led to a simple classification of the isomers which helps to their comparison and to the understanding of their formation. Finally, using ethylene diamine in the uranyl-phosphate system reduces in situ uranium (VI) into uranium (IV) and forms a uranium (IV) phosphate in which the uranium-phosphate layers alternate with diprotonated ethylene diamine layers
Braghiroli, Flavia Lega. "Polyphénols végétaux traités par voie humide : synthèse de carbones biosourcés hautement poreux et applications." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0249/document.
Full textRenewable resources are considered as sustainable, and sometimes cheaper, alternatives to substitute raw materials of petrochemical origin. We used tannins extracted from Mimosa barks. Tannin is an attractive precursor to synthesize new organic porous materials due to the presence of highly reactive phenolic molecules. The synthesis of these new carbon materials from tannin comprises a two-step process: the first step is a hydrothermal carbonization at moderate temperatures, 180-200°C, which allows obtaining a hydrochar, richer in carbon, and fixing other heteroatoms. These hydrochars present different morphologies as powder or gel. The second step is a carbonization at higher temperature (900°C), which allows increasing surface area (SBET), porosity as well as improving conductivity. The preparation of a porous carbon presenting mesopores perfectly defined in size and in their organization was realized by associating tannin, as carbon precursor, with a surfactant for porosity templating, the copolymer Pluronic F127. These new carbon materials were tested as electrodes of supercapacitor
Kim, Kyung-Bae. "Synthèse hydrothermale du niobate de lithium : comparaison avec les autres méthodes et caractérisation des produits obtenus." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0313.
Full textAdhel, Erika. "Nouvelles stratégies d' inhibition de Chlamydia trachomatis par la synthèse de nano-objets ou de composés organiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6252&f=56616.
Full textMy thesis is a multidisciplinary study focusing on two innovative strategies for inhibiting the pathogenic bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The first is a nanochemical strategy involving the synthesis of particles (Ps) never described for the treatment of this infection. We focused on carbon dots (C dots). C dots offer numerous physicochemical advantages and can be obtained from organic molecules. In this work, we were particularly interested in folic acid C dots (CDsAF), because their interaction with the folic acid receptor (AF-R) enables bio-imaging of cells overexpressing AF-R on their surface. This is the case of cells infected by this bacterium. We therefore proposed the first physicochemical study of the interaction between CDsAF and AF-R to complement the available biological data. Folate binding protein (FBP), a soluble form of AF-R that binds AF with high affinity, was used to verify this interaction. Indeed, spectrofluorimetric and calorimetric studies revealed a high affinity and selectivity of CDsAF for FBP, explaining their ability to image cells overexpressing AF-R in cellulo. However, these CDsAF have no intrinsic antibacterial activity, but they do have hydrophilic functions on their surface, enabling them to be functionalized by an antibiotic for the delivery of a targeted drug. At the same time, the new possibility of inhibiting C. trachomatis by obtaining intrinsically antibacterial Ps derived from antibiotics also attracted our attention. Indeed, since the transformation of antibiotics into Ps is supposed to concentrate the antibacterial substance in the infected cell, Ps derived from the hydrothermal synthesis of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin or gentamycin were obtained. The ability of these luminescent Ps to inhibit certain bacteria, including C. trachomatis, was evaluated. For the first time, Ps obtained from ciprofloxacin (Ps-Cip) showed an effect against C. trachomatis. This effect was equivalent to the effect of the parent antibiotic one's, as a minimum bactericidal concentration of 2.5-5 µg/mL was measured for both Ps-Cip and the antibiotic. Moreover, the antibacterial action mode of Ps-Cip is identical to the parent antibiotic's mode. Finally, an organic chemistry strategy involved the synthesis of new anti-chlamydial compounds. This work is a continuation of the work carried out in my group on fluoroquinolones, a class of antibiotics. I have synthesized such compounds that are potentially active against C. trachomatis. One of these compounds shows a very interesting biological activity at the sub-micronomolar range. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that new strategies for combating this pathogenic bacterium remain accessible, necessary and relevant
Borissenko, Elena. "Étude structurale par diffraction, absorption des rayons X et simulations Monte-Carlo de matériaux zéolithiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10074/document.
Full textThe organic-inorganic composites with zeolite as host matrix are mostly studied to produce performing materials for non-linear optics, optoelectronics, optical/magnetic memories. The performances of these new materials are driven by the coupling between the guest and host properties, in particular, by the molecularframework, molecular-cation interactions. Actually, only few accurate crystallographic structures of such composite are available in literature, so the guest-host interactions are still little known. In this work, I’m interested in the crystallographic structures of two composites: temperature induced spin crossover Co2+(bpy)3-zeolite X and dmpNA-mordenite that have to produce the Second Harmonic Generation signal. In the case of magnetic composite, I have particularly studied the composite precursor, zeolite Na,Co-X, in the different hydration states in order to follow an insight on structural modifications induced by water molecules desorption. Because of desorder, the structural studies are difficult. Nevertheless, the complementarities of the experimental (X-ray Diffraction and Absorption) and simulations (Monte-Carlo) approaches were fruitful to obtain the accurate partially/completely hydrated and dehydrated structures. These structures clearly show the cell volume contraction and cation migrations over dehydration that where caused by the strong cobalt –framework interactions. The crystal structure of dmpNA-mordenite has been determined from high resolution synchrotron powder diffraction and showed that zeolite straight channels are completely loaded with dmpNA molecules with a moderate tilt angle relative to the channel axe which is favourable to frequency doubling signal
Claverie, Marie. "Synthèse en mode continu de phyllosilicates synthétiques en milieu solvothermal sous- et supercritique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0167.
Full textThis thesis project was carried out to develop a continuous process for supercritical fluid synthesis of phyllominerals (especially using water as solvent) to fit synthesis time with industrial requirements: about ten seconds only. This innovative route provides synthetic talc with properties such as high mineralogical and chemical purity, large surface area (several hundred m²/g) and hydrophilic nature resulting in the formulation of the first liquid talc mineral (its natural counterpart being hydrophobic). Moreover, supercritical CO2 drying process implementation allows the obtention of very high specific surface area solid material easily rehydratable to prepare stable synthetic talc gel. This process allows synthetic talc functionalization, thus widening the fields of application for this new liquid mineral. Supercritical route appears as the optimal route to develop industrial scale mineral synthesis preparation (phyllosilicates, silicates and others). Environmental impact study of this new process further identifies possible optimization trails to make this route as sustainable as possible
Sallem, Fadoua. "Synthèses optimisées et caractérisations avancées de nanotubes de titanate et de leurs fonctionnalisations : vers l'élaboration de nanovecteurs de molécules thérapeutiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK030/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD thesis is to develop new nanohybrids based on titanate nanotubes (TiONts) in order to use them as nanocarrier of a therapeutic molecule: a stilbene phenol, 4'-hydroxy-4-(3-aminopropoxy)-trans-stilbene (HAPtS), which is a transresveratrol derivative.TiONts are synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment from a precursor of rutile titanium dioxide. Two methods of hydrothermal synthesis have been studied (the static and dynamic ones): the second approach uses an original hydrothermal device which provides a vigorous mechanical stirring during the hydrothermal process with controllable stirring time par hour. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effect of reaction time, temperature and stirring time during the hydrothermal treatment on the morphology of the obtained products. It has been proved that the mechanical stirring has a great accelerating effect on the kinetics of the TiONts formation during the dynamic hydrothermal synthesis. After optimization of the experimental parameters of the dynamic hydrothermal treatment, it was possible to reduce the time of TiONts synthesis to only 2 hours, instead of 48 hours obtained by the static method. Discussions about the crystal structure of TiONts, about their formation mechanism and their transformation into nanoribbons have been also developed based on different characterization techniques (XRD, TEM, TGA, XPS, UV visible, IR and Raman spectroscopies). Their special hollow morphology (10 nm in outer diameter, inner diameter of 4 nm, average length of about 190 nm) and multilayered structure (3 to 5 layers) impart them a high specific surface area (>200 m²/g). Different prefunctionalizations of TiONts by biocompatible organic ligands have been carried out to improve their colloidal stability and to graft reactive functional groups on their surface. The studied ligands are: two catechols (DHCA and L-DOPA), citric acid and two organosilanes (APTES and CPTES). Optimal grafting parameters were determined and the presence of covalent bonds between these ligands and TiONts was highlighted especially by XPS and IR. After prefunctionalization with CPTES, the stilbenic phenol (HAPtS) was successfully grafted onto TiONts-CPTES surface using a condensation reaction between HAPtS and CPTES through nucleophilic substitution. The resulting grafting rate was of about 20 mg/g of TiONts. Finally, one of the originalities of this work was the improvement of TiONts biocompatibility by surface modification with a natural polymer, chitosan (CT). The latter was grafted by two different approaches via covalent bonds (step by step grafting using APTES then glutaraldehyde as two intermediate molecules) or via electrostatic interactions (adsorption). After comparing the two elaborated nanohybrids, obtained by the two grafting approaches, the first cytotoxicity assessment tests were carried out, in vitro (RNA synthesis test and neutral red test) and in vivo (zebrafish test), and the obtained results confirmed the biocompatibility of these nanohybrids towards biological systems. A colloidal stability study of TiONts-CT in various mimicked biological media was also carried out.Keywords: Titanate nanotubes, dynamic hydrothermal synthesis, nanocarriers, nanohybrids, colloidal stability, functionalization, grafting, organic ligands, catechols, organosilanes, stilbenic phenol, chitosan, biocompatibility
Galmiche, Marion. "Matériaux hybrides pour de potentielles applications thermoélectriques." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2005.
Full textNew lamellar hybrid materials, potentially usable in thermoelectric applications at room temperature, were synthesized from substituted phosphonic acids and were characterised. The intercalation of conductive polymers was also tested. The hybrid materials were synthesized by hydrothermal process by mixing a zinc or a cobalt inorganic salt and an organic molecule made of a thiophene aromatic ring with a phosphonic acid function grafted in position 2 or 3: 2-thienylphosphonic acid or 3-thiernylphosphonic acid. X-Ray diffraction on single crystal allowed the determination of the lamellar structure of these compounds. It is composed of alternating organic and inorganic layers. For the compounds obtained with the 2 thienylphosphonic acid, incommensurate structures were obtained. The compounds did not present any intrinsic electrical conductivity. Therefore, to induce the electrical conductivity within the organic layer, two strategies were chosen: i) the intercalation of pyrrole or thiophene monomers in the organic layer followed by an in-situ polymerization in order to obtain a conductive polymer; ii) the direct in-situ polymerization of the thiophene involved in the organic layer of the material to form a conductive polymer
Ali, Ahmad Haçan. "Propriétés de sorption des nanocristaux de zéolithe assemblées en films." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2043.
Full textZeolites (microporous aluminosilicates) in particular with nanosized dimensions have potential applications in electronic devices, host-guest systems, drug delivery, optical coatings, sensors, photovoltaic, medicine etc. In addition to the small particle size, nanosized zeolites exhibit large external surface area, defined porosity, controllable surface properties, short diffusion pathway, and high stability in colloidal suspensions. The main goal of this PhD thesis was to prepare zeolites with nanosized dimensions (crystal diameter of less than 100 nm), to optimize the synthesis procedures and to demonstrate their performance as chemical sensors and selective sorbents. Furthermore, the toxicity of the nanosized zeolites was investigated; the non-toxic natures of zeolite nanoparticles synthesized free of organic templates opens the doors for new applications including in biomedicine, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products fabrication. In this study, three types of nanosized zeolites were synthesized. Additionally the syntheses procedures for nanozeolites were modified by in-situ incorporation of Ni originated from natural fibers, and by post-synthesis incorporation of Li. Firstly, the work was mainly focused on the optimization of synthesis procedure to obtain nanocrystals with well-developed microporosity, diverse hydrophilicity and high stability in colloidal suspensions. Secondly, the immobilization of zeolite nanocrystals in films via spin-coating approach was performed. Then the use of these zeolite films for selective adsorption of (i) o- and p-cresol, (ii) water and methanol, and (iii) nitric dioxide was demonstrated. Finally, the toxicity of the zeolite nanoparticles was probed, as well as the selective adsorption toward fibrinogen is demonstrated
Balencie, Jérémy. "Synthèse de nanoparticules photocatalytiques activables par rayons X pour la mise au point d'une nouvelle thérapie anti-cancéreuse par voie physique." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP1513.
Full textCar, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Synthèses, études cristallographiques et magnétiques de borates de vanadium obtenus par voie hydrothermale et leur utilisation comme « building unit »." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S074.
Full textThis present work reports the hydrothermal synthesis, crystallographic studies, magnetic studies of polyoxovanadoborates and their use as building blocks for a high dimensionnal design. A new family of compounds has been isolated. At low temperatures ferrimagnetic interactions occur which have not been explained due to the lack of information on the localisation of the magnetic centres within the anion. Magnetic studies of V₁₀ and V₆ compounds showed strong and soft interactions. With the cristallographic study, we have applied magnetic models to explain the magnetic behaviour. Strong antiferromagnetic coupling have been showed for the V₁₀ compound and soft antiferromagnetic coupling have been showed for the V₆ compound. Five new compounds have been isolated during this PhD course. We have used ours polyoxoaniond as a building-unit, and five compounds with different dimensions have been obtained. One is without dimension, two are 1-D, and two are 2-D
Iriarte, Lecumberri Pedro Ignacio. "Synthèse de minéraux argileux dans le système SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Na2O-H2O entre 150 et 225°C." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2252.
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