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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthesis and antioxidant activity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Nagarajan, Subhalakshmi, Ramaswamy Nagarajan, Jayant Kumar, et al. "Antioxidant Activity of Synthetic Polymers of Phenolic Compounds." Polymers 12, no. 8 (2020): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081646.

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In recent years, developing potent antioxidants has been a very active area of research. In this context, phenolic compounds have been evaluated for their antioxidant activity. However, the use of phenolic compounds has also been limited by poor antioxidant activity in several in vivo studies. Polymeric phenols have received much attention owing to their potent antioxidant properties and increased stability in aqueous systems. To be truly effective in biological applications, it is important that these polymers be synthesized using benign methods. In this context, enzyme catalyzed synthesis of polymeric phenols has been explored as an environmentally friendly and safer approach. This review summarizes work in enzymatic syntheses of polymers of phenols. Several assays have been developed to determine the antioxidant potency of these polymeric phenols. These assays are discussed in detail along with structure-property relationships. A deeper understanding of factors affecting antioxidant activity would provide an opportunity for the design of versatile, high performing polymers with enhanced antioxidant activity.

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2

Manojkumar, Parameswaran, Thengungal Ravi, and Gopalakrishnan Subbuchettiar. "Synthesis of coumarin heterocyclic derivatives with antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic activity against tumour cells." Acta Pharmaceutica 59, no. 2 (2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-009-0018-7.

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Synthesis of coumarin heterocyclic derivatives with antioxidant activity andin vitrocytotoxic activity against tumour cellsThe aim of the present work was to synthesise coumarinyl heterocycles and to elucidate the potential role of these compounds as antioxidants and cytotoxic agents against Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumour cells (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC). The synthesis of coumarin derivatives containing pyrazole, pyrazolone, thiazolidin-4-one, 5-carboxymethyl-4-thiazolidinone and 3-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole ring is reported. 4-Methylcoumarinyl-7-oxyacetic acid hydrazide (1) reacted with arylazopropanes or hydrazono-3-oxobutyrate derivatives to form pyrazole (3a-c) and pyrazolone derivatives (5a-c). Heterocyclisation of Schiff's bases of 1 with thioglycolic acid, thiomalic acid or acetic anhydride afforded novel heterocyclic derivatives 4-thiazolidinones (7a-c), 5-carboxymethyl-4-thiazolidinones (8a-c) and oxadiazoles (9a-c), respectively. Some of the compounds showed promising antioxidant activityin vitroand cytotoxic activity against DLA cells and EAC cells.

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3

Cen Xiang, Cen Xiang, Xiangshun Kong Xiangshun Kong, Feng Gao Feng Gao, Yufan Zhao Yufan Zhao, Jiang Liu Jiang Liu, and Yuan Yuan and Yuou Teng Yuan Yuan and Yuou Teng. "Design, Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Chalcone Derivative CMZ-3-5." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 5 (2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000600/jcsp/43.05.2021.

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Excessive accumulation of free radicals can cause a variety of diseases. According to reports, chalcone has the activity of scavenging free radicals. In this study, we synthesized a chalcone derivative CZM-3-5 and evaluated its antioxidant activity using a chemical assessment method (2,2and#39;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) assay and total reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay) and a cell model of oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The chemical evaluation results show that the compound CZM-3-5 has good antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging ability. MTT analysis showed that the compound has cytoprotective activity in H2O2-induced PC12 cells, and the mechanism may be related to the cytoprotective substance superoxide dismutase (SOD) is related to the level of glutathione (GSH). Overall, our findings indicate that compound CZM-3-5 has potential antioxidant activity in vitro.

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4

Cen Xiang, Cen Xiang, Xiangshun Kong Xiangshun Kong, Feng Gao Feng Gao, Yufan Zhao Yufan Zhao, Jiang Liu Jiang Liu, and Yuan Yuan and Yuou Teng Yuan Yuan and Yuou Teng. "Design, Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Chalcone Derivative CMZ-3-5." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 5 (2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000600.

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Excessive accumulation of free radicals can cause a variety of diseases. According to reports, chalcone has the activity of scavenging free radicals. In this study, we synthesized a chalcone derivative CZM-3-5 and evaluated its antioxidant activity using a chemical assessment method (2,2and#39;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) assay and total reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay) and a cell model of oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The chemical evaluation results show that the compound CZM-3-5 has good antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging ability. MTT analysis showed that the compound has cytoprotective activity in H2O2-induced PC12 cells, and the mechanism may be related to the cytoprotective substance superoxide dismutase (SOD) is related to the level of glutathione (GSH). Overall, our findings indicate that compound CZM-3-5 has potential antioxidant activity in vitro.

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5

Pombal, Sofia, Alejandro M. Roncero, Ignacio E. Tobal, et al. "Antioxidant Activity of New Carvone Derivatives." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 2 (2020): 1934578X2090808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20908081.

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Carvone is one of the most versatile synthons in organic synthesis. It has been used as starting material for a huge number of organic syntheses of natural products with interesting biological activities. This manuscript communicates the antioxidant activity against superoxide of carvone and several derivatives.

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6

Yuanita, Emmy, Harno Dwi Pranowo, Dwi Siswanta, et al. "One-Pot Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity Evaluation of Some Hydroxyxanthones." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (2018): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.03.290.

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7

FARMANZADEH, DAVOOD, and MEYSAM NAJAFI. "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AMINOTHIAZOL HYDROXYCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 06 (2013): 1350058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633613500582.

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In this work, the antioxidant properties of the series of 10 aminothiazol hydroxyl coumarin derivatives have been investigated with DFT/B3LYP method. For these antioxidants all reaction enthalpies related to HAT, SPLET, SET-PT mechanisms were calculated in the gas phase and polar solvents. Based on calculated reaction enthalpies (BDE, IP and PA values) the derivations 2, 3 and 4 have the highest antioxidant activity among the studied compounds. Calculated results show that derivations 7, 5 and 6 have the lowest antioxidant activity. The observed theoretical trends for antioxidant activities of studied compounds were similar to trends of previous experimental studies that OH50, TAC50, IC50, CE50 values have been used as a benchmark for measuring the antioxidant properties of these compounds. These results can be useful in synthesis of novel aminothiazol hydroxycoumarin derivatives with high antioxidant activity. Calculated results show that BDE, PA and IP values of studied derivations have linear dependence with structure parameters such as R( O – H ), q( O ) and E HOMO . These observed linear dependences can be useful in synthesis of novel aminothiazol hydroxyl coumarin derivatives with high antioxidant activity. For studied compounds, results indicated that the SPLET and HAT mechanisms represent the thermodynamically preferred mechanism both, in solvent and the gas phase.

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8

Gümrükçüoğlu, Nurhan, and Bahar Bilgin Sökmen. "Synthesis of oxadiazole substituted new carbazole derivatives as antioxidant and antiurease agent." European Journal of Biological Research 12, no. 2 (2022): 181–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6612440.

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Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen together with an oxygen atom in their structures are an important class of medicinal chemistry compounds due to their interesting diverse biological applications. Some compounds including carbazole ring, which are aromatic organic compounds in tricyclic structure, show biological activity in a wide spectrum. Oxadiazole compounds attract the attention of many chemists thanks to their antibacterial, antitumor, anticancer, anti-viral, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, antituberculosis and antioxidant properties. In this study, new oxadiazole substituted carbazole derivatives were synthesized and their antioxidant, antiurease activities were investigated. 9H-carbazole is a good starting material for the synthesis of carbazole derivatives. The antioxidant and antiurease activities of synthesized oxadiazole substituted new carbazole derivatives were investigated. Antioxidant activity methods such as DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activities and iron reducing power capacities were used to determine antioxidant activity of the compounds. All synthesized carbazole compounds showed antioxidant and antiurease activity. While compound 4 shows the strongest enzyme inhibition activity, the least active compound was found 5. All tested compounds showed higher enzyme inhibition activity than thiourea. The highest and the lowest antioxidant activities were observed as compounds 3 and 6, respectively.

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9

Suliasih, Babay Asih, Setia Budi, and Haliza Katas. "Synthesis and application of gold nanoparticles as antioxidants." Pharmacia 71 (May 23, 2024): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e112322.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and premature aging, caused by free radicals, have spurred a demand for extensive research into finding effective antioxidants. Currently, there is an abundance of both natural and synthetic antioxidants, including metal nanoparticles with high antioxidant activity. Among these, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out as favoured antioxidants because of their minimal toxicity, simple synthesis, and detectability. The antioxidant properties of AuNPs enhance its wide-ranging potential for use in healthcare including applications as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing agents, as well as treatment for various diseases. This review highlights recent progress in the synthesis of AuNPs as antioxidants and method for assessing their antioxidant capacity as well as delves into their mechanism of action and explores their potential health applications. In conclusion, considering the physicochemical and biological properties, along with the benefits and potential challenges for future development, AuNPs are deemed promising and effective antioxidants suitable for clinical applications.

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10

Flieger, Jolanta, Wojciech Flieger, Jacek Baj, and Ryszard Maciejewski. "Antioxidants: Classification, Natural Sources, Activity/Capacity Measurements, and Usefulness for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154135.

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Natural extracts are the source of many antioxidant substances. They have proven useful not only as supplements preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress and food additives preventing oxidation but also as system components for the production of metallic nanoparticles by the so-called green synthesis. This is important given the drastically increased demand for nanomaterials in biomedical fields. The source of ecological technology for producing nanoparticles can be plants or microorganisms (yeast, algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria). This review presents recently published research on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. The conditions of biosynthesis and possible mechanisms of nanoparticle formation with the participation of bacteria are presented. The potential of natural extracts for biogenic synthesis depends on the content of reducing substances. The assessment of the antioxidant activity of extracts as multicomponent mixtures is still a challenge for analytical chemistry. There is still no universal test for measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC). There are many in vitro chemical tests that quantify the antioxidant scavenging activity of free radicals and their ability to chelate metals and that reduce free radical damage. This paper presents the classification of antioxidants and non-enzymatic methods of testing antioxidant capacity in vitro, with particular emphasis on methods based on nanoparticles. Examples of recent studies on the antioxidant activity of natural extracts obtained from different species such as plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, lichens, actinomycetes were collected, giving evaluation methods, reference antioxidants, and details on the preparation of extracts.

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11

P., J. Jainey, and Ishwar Bhat K. "Synthesis, antitumor and antioxidant activity studies of cyanopyridones." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, Jun 2015 (2015): 945–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5674233.

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Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE University, Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575 018, Karnataka, India <em>E-mail</em> : jaineyjames@gmail.com Cyanopyridone derivatives are generated by both microwave assisted and conventional methods. The condensation of chalcones with ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium acetate in ethanol leads to cyanopyridones. In microwave synthesis, the reactions are considerably faster and the yields are significantly higher compared to conventionally heated reactions. All compounds were tested for antitumor and antioxidant activities and structures were confirmed by spectral analysis.

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12

AlNeyadi, Shaikha S., Naheed Amer, Tony G. Thomas, Ruba Al Ajeil, Priya Breitener, and N. Munawar. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Some 2-Methoxyphenols derivatives." Heterocyclic Communications 26, no. 1 (2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hc-2020-0112.

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AbstractOxidative stress is a causative factor in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic antioxidants are promising candidates for preventing and treating conditions in which oxidative stress is a contributing factor. In this study, we report the design, synthesis and antioxidant activity of six compounds containing the 2-methoxyphenol moiety core structure. The synthesized derivatives were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and elemental analysis spectroscopy. The antioxidant properties of the compounds were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. New phenolic acid-derived compounds with antioxidant activity were identified.

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13

Ihnatova, Tetiana, Andriy Kaplaushenko, Yuliia Frolova, and Evheniy Pryhlo. "Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some new 5-phenethyl-3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles." Pharmacia 68, no. (1) (2021): 129–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e53320.

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Novel derivatives of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized. The proposed approaches and developed synthetic protocols provided the possibility to design 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols and their derivatives have been shown. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II). When compared with existing antioxidants, some of our compounds were found to be more potent.

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14

Pramod, Kumar Sahu, Kumar Sahu Praveen, and Dayal Agarwa Dau. "Design, synthesis and synergistic antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activity of nitrogen heterocycles." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, Feb 2015 (2015): 169–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5602614.

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School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474 011, Madhya Pradesh, India  Department of Industrial Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474 011, Madhya Pradesh, India <em>E-mail</em> : profdd.agarwal@gmail.com <em>Manuscript received 31 October 2014, accepted 31 December 2014</em> A convenient, facile and efficiently catalyzed synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles using aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole/urea/thiourea/2-amino benzothiazole in the presence of L-proline at 65–70<sup>o</sup>C under solvent free conditions is being described. Results clearly demonstrated that the effect of these heterocycles have quinazolines, quinazolinones and 4<em>H</em>-pyrimido[2,1-<em>b</em>]benzothiazole especially <em>para</em> and <em>ortho</em> hydroxyl substituted derivatives being more pronounced for antioxidant activity. Results suggested that derivative 1c, 1d, 2b, 3a, 3b and 4 exhibited good inhibitory effect against tested bacterial species and derivatives 1c, 1d and 2b showed the good spectrum for fungal activity.

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15

Gyrdymova, Yu V., M. Ya Demakova, O. G. Shevchenko, et al. "Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Myrtanylthiotriazoles." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 53, no. 5 (2017): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-017-2150-9.

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16

Lamani, Devappa S., Debasish Bhowmick, and Govindasamy Mugesh. "Spirodiazaselenuranes: synthesis, structure and antioxidant activity." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 10, no. 39 (2012): 7933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob26156a.

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17

Kumar, M., Kshitija Sharma, R. M. Samarth, and A. Kumar. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of quinolinobenzothiazinones." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45, no. 10 (2010): 4467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.006.

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18

Magomedova, E. F., V. V. Pinyaskin, and A. Sh Aminova. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of azomethines." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 41, no. 9 (2007): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-007-0104-4.

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19

Abdul Manaf, Abdul Manaf, Momin Khan Momin Khan, Khair Zaman Khair Zaman, Mahboob Ali Mahboob Ali, Faima Alam Faima Alam, and Khalid Mohammed Khan and Basharat Ali Khalid Mohammed Khan and Basharat Ali. "Synthesis, Characterization and antioxidant activities of Semicarbazide and Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 4 (2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000592/jcsp/43.04.2021.

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In this research work Semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide derivatives 3 to 25 were synthesized by conventional methods with high percentage yield and reaction rate. 1H-NMR and EIMS spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate the structure of the synthesized compounds. The effect of thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide derivatives as an antioxidant agents were studied by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing, ferrous ion chelating assays. Higher DDPH radical scavenging activity exhibited by most of the compounds as compared to standard vitamin C. Excellent ferric ion reducing activity was indicated by compounds of theseriesas compared to standard vitamin C. However most of the compounds generally showed average ferrous ion chelating activity than standard EDTA.

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20

Abdul Manaf, Abdul Manaf, Momin Khan Momin Khan, Khair Zaman Khair Zaman, Mahboob Ali Mahboob Ali, Faima Alam Faima Alam, and Khalid Mohammed Khan and Basharat Ali Khalid Mohammed Khan and Basharat Ali. "Synthesis, Characterization and antioxidant activities of Semicarbazide and Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 4 (2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000592.

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In this research work Semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide derivatives 3 to 25 were synthesized by conventional methods with high percentage yield and reaction rate. 1H-NMR and EIMS spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate the structure of the synthesized compounds. The effect of thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide derivatives as an antioxidant agents were studied by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing, ferrous ion chelating assays. Higher DDPH radical scavenging activity exhibited by most of the compounds as compared to standard vitamin C. Excellent ferric ion reducing activity was indicated by compounds of theseriesas compared to standard vitamin C. However most of the compounds generally showed average ferrous ion chelating activity than standard EDTA.

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21

Shinde, Achut R., and Dyanoba B. Muley. "Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Spirochromones Derivatives." Anti-Infective Agents 18, no. 4 (2021): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352518666200117095346.

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Background: Plethora of literature reported hitherto, depicts impending biological activities for spirochromones. This fact encouraged us for the exploration of the synthesis of new substituted spirochromones and their evaluation of their bioactivities. Objective: To synthesize different substituted spirochromones derivatives from a spirochromones salt using (R)-pyroglutamic acid as catalyst and their evaluation for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods: Herein, Aldol cascade method was used for the syntheses of spirochromone derivatives from its salt. A mild protocol is developed for the syntheses of spirochromones derivatives by using (R)-pyroglutamic acid as catalyst. Further, the derivatives and its precursor salt were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potentials of the synthesized compounds were checked by DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. Consequently, in vitro antimicrobial activities were performed by well diffusion assay against gram negative bacterium (E. coli) and gram positive bacterium (S. aureus). Results: In the present work, 10 synthesized derivatives are obtained in harmonious yield from a precursor spirochromones salt using (R)-pyroglutamic acid as catalyst. Amongst the studied compounds, 6a depicted maximum antimicrobial activity against the screened microorganisms along with maximum antioxidant activity. Albeit, the synthesized motifs showed moderate to good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Conclusion: A mild protocol was developed for the synthesis of spirochromone derivatives from their precursor spirochromones salt by using (R)-pyroglutamic acid as catalyst, which showed moderate to good antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

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22

Chaban, Taras, Volodymyr Ogurtsov, Ihor Chaban, Iryna Myrko, Stefan Harkov, and Maryan Lelyukh. "Synthesis of some new 4-iminothiazolidine-2-ones as possible antioxidants agents." Pharmacia 66, no. (1) (2019): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35131.

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Novel N<sup>3</sup> substituted derivatives of 4-iminothiazolidine-2-one were synthesised under the reactions of [2+3]cyclocondensation, thionation and aminolysis. The functionalisation of 3-phenyl-4-imino-thiazolydine-2-one was carried out in its C<sup>5</sup> position under condensation Knoevenagel and nitrosation reactions. The antioxidant activity of the synthesised compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of their scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. When compared with existing antioxidants, some of our compounds were found to be more potent.

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23

Suliasih, Babay Asih, Setia Budi, and Haliza Katas. "Synthesis and application of gold nanoparticles as antioxidants." Pharmacia 71 (May 23, 2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e112322.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and premature aging, caused by free radicals, have spurred a demand for extensive research into finding effective antioxidants. Currently, there is an abundance of both natural and synthetic antioxidants, including metal nanoparticles with high antioxidant activity. Among these, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out as favoured antioxidants because of their minimal toxicity, simple synthesis, and detectability. The antioxidant properties of AuNPs enhance its wide-ranging potential for use in healthcare including applications as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing agents, as well as treatment for various diseases. This review highlights recent progress in the synthesis of AuNPs as antioxidants and method for assessing their antioxidant capacity as well as delves into their mechanism of action and explores their potential health applications. In conclusion, considering the physicochemical and biological properties, along with the benefits and potential challenges for future development, AuNPs are deemed promising and effective antioxidants suitable for clinical applications.

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24

Abd Aziz, Azri Farhanah, and Babay Asih Suliasih. "Morphology-Dependent Antioxidant Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Electrolyte Concentrations." Chemistry and Materials 4, no. 1 (2025): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.56425/cma.v4i1.93.

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Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. The synthesis of antioxidant-active materials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), offers significant advantages due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, AuNPs were successfully synthesized using the electrodeposition method on indium-tin oxide substrates, with varying Na₂SO₄ electrolyte concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the synthesized AuNPs exhibited a round to slightly irregular morphology, with an average particle size ranging from 48 to 65 nm. X-ray diffractometer characterization revealed that the nanoparticles possessed a face-centered cubic crystal structure, confirming their high purity. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, where AuNPs synthesized with 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition of 72.39%. This enhanced antioxidant performance is attributed to the smaller particle size, which increases the available surface area for free radical neutralization. These findings highlight the potential of electrodeposited AuNPs as effective antioxidants and provide valuable insights into optimizing nanoparticle synthesis for biomedical and nanotechnological applications.

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25

Zandanova, Tuyana. "Studying the vitamin-synthesis and antioxidant activity of the microbial consortium." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 1 (May 13, 2024): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-1-183-188.

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The purpose of research is to study the dynamics of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity during the fermentation of cow's milk by a microbial consortium. A study of the dynamics of ascorbic acid was carried out during the fermentation of milk by a microbial consortium and antioxidant activity during the ripening of the resulting product. The original combined starter (kefir starter + L. acidophilus + L. bulgaricus + L. helveticus in the ratio 1: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5, respectively) was used as control samples. To determine the vitamin C content, a titrimetric method was used, based on the interaction of ascorbic acid with sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate. The antioxidant activity of the samples was assessed by the amperometric method using a Tsvet Yaruza-01-AA liquid chromatograph. Skim cow's milk was pre-pasteurized at 86 ± 2 °C for 10 min and cooled to a fermentation temperature of 30 ± 2 °C. 5 % starter was added to the prepared milk. In milk fermented by a microbial consortium, the accumulation of ascorbic acid continued during 24 hours of cultivation. In control samples, vitamin synthesizing activity decreased after 8 hours of cultivation. The study of antioxidant activity was carried out at a temperature of 30 ± 2 °C for 3 days of ripening. In the sample with the microbial consortium, an increase in antioxidant activity was observed within 72 hours against the background of its decrease in the control samples (kefir starter and combined initial starter). The pronounced antioxidant activity is probably due to the fact that the method of obtaining a microbial consortium develops mechanisms for maintaining a balance between the production of antioxidants and the development of oxidative processes that are independent of changes in cultivation temperature.

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26

El Bakkali, Mustapha, Lhassane Ismaili, Isabelle Tomassoli, Laurence Nicod, Marc Pudlo, and Bernard Refouvelet. "Pharmacophore Modelling and Synthesis of Quinoline-3-Carbohydrazide as Antioxidants." International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2011 (March 28, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/592879.

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From well-known antioxidants agents, we developed a first pharmacophore model containing four common chemical features: one aromatic ring and three hydrogen bond acceptors. This model served as a template in virtual screening of Maybridge and NCI databases that resulted in selection of sixteen compounds. The selected compounds showed a good antioxidant activity measured by three chemical tests: DPPH radical, OH∘ radical, and superoxide radical scavenging. New synthetic compounds with a good correlation with the model were prepared, and some of them presented a good antioxidant activity.

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27

Yadav, Hanuman Singh, and Saba Gani. "Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydride." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 1 (2017): 310–15. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd5847.

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One pot synthesis of acid esters by Stobbe condensation of alkylidene arylidene succinates and aldehydes or ketones, their subsequent hydrolysis to diacids hasreported. TheStobbe condensation of various aromatic aldehydes or ketones with dimethyl succinate gives different types of cyclized productsthrough green approach. The improved yields of Fulgenic acid and its anhydridehave observed by the green approach method as compared with other classical methods employed so far.The antioxidant activity of anhydride compounds have done by using DPPH. Yadav Hanuman Singh | Gani Saba "Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5847.pdf

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28

Bohdan, Anna, Yanina Romanenko, Mikhail Zavhorodnii, et al. "Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of the 4-Thioquinoline Derivative." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 4 (2023): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.04.774.

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One of the promising areas in the creation of bioregulators is the modeling of compounds that combine several pharmacophores. The design of new highly efficient and low-toxic cytoprotectors is largely based on the derivatives of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and quinoline plays a significant role among these compounds. The researchers evaluated the toxicity of the tested compounds in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, which allowed determiningseveral factors that affect the level of toxic action of 4-thioquinoline derivatives and the direction of non-toxic substances in this sequence. The studied 4-thioquinolines showed a moderate antiradical action in the experiment, inferior to the reference antioxidant Acetylcysteine. The most active compounds are 7-chloro-4-thioquinoline derivatives with propanoic acid residues in the 4th position. 2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylthio)propanoic acid and sodium salt of 2-amino-3-((7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)thio)propanoic acid showed the most promising results and their antioxidant action was higher than Tiotriazolin (the comparator) by 27 % and 41 %, respectively. The studied compounds showed a protective effect under H2O2-induced oxidative stress against male sperm according to the main indicators of sperm fertility. It was found that the compounds withresidues of succinic acid, cysteamine, or cysteine in the molecule structure are not inferior to reference drugs. On average, 2-((7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)thio)succinic acid and 2-((quinolin-4-yl)thio)ethanaminedihydrochloride exceeded the comparison drug Acetylcysteine and were on a par with the effect of Ascorbic acid.

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Sudarikov, Denis V., Yulia V. Krymskaya, Anatoliy K. Melekhin, Oksana G. Shevchenko, and Svetlana A. Rubtsova. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of monoterpene nitrobenzylidenesulfenimines." Chemical Papers 75, no. 6 (2021): 2957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01362-4.

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Marsillam Siregar, Tagor, Emil Budianto, Herry Cahyana, and Widajanti Wibowo. "SYNTHESIS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PRENYLATED RESVERATROL." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2018): 1765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2018.1143051.

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Bozic, Aleksandra, Nenad Filipovic, Irena Novakovic, et al. "Synthesis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of carbohydrazones." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 5 (2017): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc161220045b.

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Fourteen mono- and bis-carbohydrazone ligands have been synthesized and characterized. Antioxidant activity of the substances was investigated together with possible (E)/(Z) isomerization, and explained on the most active antioxidant compound 4 in various dimethyl sulphoxide?water mixtures. The addition of water to the system was involved in the formation of hydrated molecules which was confirmed in NMR after the addition of D2O. The ligands were tested in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, and their activity was discussed in relation to the structure of investigated carbohydrazone.

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Prasad, Mutyala Veera Venkata Vara, Radha Hunasenahalli Raghavendra Rao, Vadde Veeranna, Venkata Suryanarayana Chennupalli, and Byrappa Sathish. "Novel Quinolone Derivatives: Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 91, no. 12 (2021): 2522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363221120239.

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Zheng, Qu-Tong, Ze-Hua Yang, Liu-Ying Yu, et al. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of curcumin analogs." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 19, no. 5 (2016): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2016.1235562.

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Lehuédé, Jacques, Bernard Fauconneau, Laurence Barrier, Marina Ourakow, Alain Piriou, and Jean-Michel Vierfond. "Synthesis and antioxidant activity of new tetraarylpyrroles." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 34, no. 11 (1999): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0223-5234(99)00111-7.

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Karimova, E. R., L. A. Baltina, L. V. Spirikhin, R. M. Kondratenko, R. R. Farkhutdinov, and I. V. Petrova. "Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin Ethers." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 51, no. 5 (2015): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-015-1432-3.

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Klochkov, S. G., M. E. Neganova, S. V. Afanas’eva, and E. F. Shevtsova. "Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Securinine Derivatives." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 48, no. 1 (2014): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-014-1035-5.

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Popova, S. A., I. Yu Chukicheva, Yu R. Aleksandrova, and M. E. Neganova. "New coumestans: synthesis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity." Russian Chemical Bulletin 73, no. 12 (2024): 3756–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-024-4485-2.

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N, Rao Jyothi, and Sujatha K. "Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Pyrimidinone Derivatives." Der Pharma Chemica 13, no. 3 (2021): 4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11071226.

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Three component Biginelli reactions is carried out using aromatic aldehydes, aliphatic amides and 1, 3-dicarbonyl compound to afford corresponding dihydropyrimidinones in the presence of MgBr2 as an efficient catalyst. The advantage of this method includes high yield, environment friendly, reduced reaction time and operational simplicity. Representative compounds of the synthesized products were tested and evaluated as antioxidant agents. Most of the synthesised compounds have potent antioxidant activity.

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Jin, Li Ming, Ning Geng, Chun Shan Quan, and Sheng Di Fan. "Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Selenium." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2100.

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The objective of this study was to synthesize a new organic selenium compound, carboxymethyl chitosan-selenium (CMCTS-Se), and evaluate its antioxidant abilities on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. Sodium selenite and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) were used to prepare CMCTS-Se. It was characterized by ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) techniques. The results proved the successful synthesis of CMCTS-Se. The yield was 44.78% and the content of selenium (Se) was 20.50mg/g determined by colorimetry at 420nm using 3.3-diaminobenzidine as color-produced reagent. The antioxidant activities on hydroxyl radicals and super oxide radicals of CMCTS-Se were investigated. The results showed that antioxidant activities were concentration related in the setting concentration range and the antioxidant effects of CMCTS-Se were totally better than that of CMCTS. The scavenging rates on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals of 2.0mg/mL CMCTS-Se were 68.25% and 62.15%, respectively. VC, a well-known antioxidant, as a standard in our assay, showed a little higher antioxidant activity than CMCTS-Se. This research provides a possible application of CMCTS-Se as a low toxic and effective organic Se-enriched healthy product.

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Nagaraju, Kerru, Venkata H. S. S. Bhaskaruni, Ravada Kishore, Suresh Maddila, Parvesh Singh, and Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda. "Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of a New Class of Thienopyrimidine-rhodanine Hybrids." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 15, no. 2 (2018): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180814666170710161844.

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Background: Antioxidants are proficient of stabilizing agents in the target cells and biological systems. The homeostatic equilibrium between the reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants is important in maintaining healthy tissues. As some antioxidant agent’s show improved resistance, it is necessary to design the new heterocyclic molecules to form potent antioxidant agents with promising pharmacological applications. Moreover, thienopyrimidine derivatives has been the subject of much research due to their significance in different applications and their extensive potential pharmacological and medicinal activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and antimalarial properties. Although, recently rhodanine was reported as privileged hybrid in drug discovery and exhibited pharmacological activities such as anti-malarial, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic agents. Hence, the development of new molecules within the scope of synthetic procedure of thienopyrimidine scaffold for heterocyclic synthesis would be worthy and well desired. Methods: All the target thienopyrimidine-rhodanine derivatives (5a-l) prepared from the Knoevenagel condensation with different substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of glacial acetic acid and 3-(thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (4). Although, all the synthesized compounds tested for their anti-oxidant activity investigated using DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) and ABTS activity. Results: All the thienopyrimidine-rhodanine derivatives (5a-l) were evaluated for their in vitro anti-oxidant activity. In fact, (Z)-5-(4-methylbenzylidene)-3-(thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-2- thioxothiazolidin-4-one (5c) with IC50 value 17.64 ± 0.06 µg/mL and (Z)-5-(2-nitrobenzylidene)-3- (thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (5j) with IC50 value 17.54 ± 0.23µg/mL showed excellent antioxidant activity nearly similar to the standard drug as an ascorbic acid (IC50 = 17.45 ± 0.03µg/mL). Conclusion: The objective of the present work was to design, synthesis and screened for their antioxidant activities of novel thienopyrimidine containing rhodanine derivatives with the hope of discovering new structure leads as the most potent antioxidant agents. Our aim has been achieved by the synthesis of thienopyrimidines with diver functionalities by exploiting 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one chemistry and tested for antioxidant activity. The compounds 5c and 5j were found most potent activity compare to the standard ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the electron withdrawing groups at position-4 in benzene ring enhanced the activity, whereas the compounds 5d, 5f, 5i and 5l showed good activity all the three radical scavenging methods.

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Prabhat, Kumar Upadhyay, and Mishra Pradeep. "Microwave assisted synthesis and evaluation of some substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as free radical scavenger." Journal of India Chemical Society Vol. 95, Jun 2018 (2018): 661–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5643010.

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Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17, Km stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura-281 406, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail: pkutanu@gmail.com Fax: 91-5662-241218 <em>Manuscript received 21 August 2017, revised 17 February 2018, accepted 31 May 2018</em> A series of 5-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (4a-h) were prepared from 4-substituted benzoic acid hydrazides (3a-h). Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of IR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, Mass spectral methods and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for antioxidant activities using hydrogen peroxide scavenging method comparing with ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant. The results reveal that the compounds possess significant free radical scavenging activities. It is recommended that these compounds might be used in future to generate derivatives for emerging free radical scavenger.

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Poppy, Das, and Himaja M. "Synthesis of linear tetrapeptide : Ile-Ala-Leu-Leu with potent anthelmintic activity." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, Jun 2015 (2015): 929–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5637769.

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Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu, India <em>E-mail </em>: drmhimaja@gmail.com Amino acids are biologically active organic compounds that combine together to form peptides and proteins. Peptides can have various important functions such as antioxidant, antihelmintic, antiinsecticidal activity etc. A novel linear tetrapeptide <sub>L</sub>-(Ile-Ala-Leu-Leu) was synthesized using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) by solution phase peptide synthesis. The compound was characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR. The compound was tested for different biological activities i.e. antioxidant and anthelmintic activity. The tetrapeptide showed poor antioxidant activity compared to standard ascorbic acid and potent antihelmintic activity compared to standard Mebendazole tablets.

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Saputri, Yosephine Liliana Intan Danar, Antonius Herry Cahyana, and Rika Tri Yunarti. "Synthesis of Isatin-based Chalcone Derivatives and Their Activity as Antioxidants." Reaktor 23, no. 2 (2023): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.23.2.62-70.

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The body needs antioxidants to combat free radicals and guard against their damaging effects on healthy cells that might result in degenerative disorders. Several degenerative diseases include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer. The human body can deal with free radical attacks caused by radiation, stress, cigarette smoke, and environmental pollution, so it requires additional external antioxidants to protect against free radical attacks. Chalcone is a compound that has an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system, which makes chalcone compounds have biological activity. Chalcone compounds may be used in pharmacology as antioxidants, antifungals, antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, and for other biological activities. This study aims to synthesize a chalcone derivative, namely 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one and 5-chloro-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one containing a chloro substituent, as well as test the potential of these compounds as antioxidants. The reflux method of claisen-schmidt condensation of isatin and acetophenone was used to create chalcone derivatives. Spectroscopy was used to characterize the produced chemicals (UV-VIS, IR, and LCMS) and their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. This study showed that the antioxidant activity of 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one and 5-chloro-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one compounds is very weak at low concentrations.

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Dovbnya, Dmitro V., Andriy H. Kaplaushenko, Yuliia S. Frolova, and Evheniy S. Pruglo. "Synthesis and antioxidant properties of new (2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazoles." Pharmacia 69, no. (1) (2022): 135–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e74107.

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The purpose of the work is to develop preparative methods for the synthesis of ((5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)aceto(propano-, butano-, benzo)nitriles, to investigate the reaction of acid hydrolysis, to receive the physical-chemical properties of the synthesized compounds, and to study antioxidant activity of new compounds. Preparative methods for the synthesis of (5-(2,4- and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)aceto(propano-, butano-, benzo)nitriles have been developed for which studied the reaction of acid hydrolysis, resulting in the production of carboxylic acids. The structure of the obtained substances was confirmed by modern physical-chemical methods. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II).

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Kurup, Shilpa S., and Rakesh Kumar Jat. "Synthesis, Characterisation, Invitro anticancer activity of Diazo Derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 10 (2023): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i10.5984.

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This study delves into the comprehensive evaluation of newly synthesized Diazo Derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds, including Aniline, Ortho nitro aniline, Meta nitro aniline, Ortho anisidine, Meta anisidine, 3-chloro aniline, 2,6-dimethyl aniline, 2,5- dicloro aniline, and 3,5- dichloro aniline, aiming to unravel their potential as antioxidants and anticancer agents. The assessment of antioxidant potential involved the utilization of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was assessed against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay. Morphological assessments using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. Results were expressed as IC50 values, with 2,5-dichloro aniline and 3-chloro aniline demonstrating remarkable antioxidant activity, each with an IC50 value of 62.5 µg/mL. Several other compounds also exhibited significant antioxidant properties, albeit with slightly higher IC50 values. Notably, Ortho anisidine and Ortho nitro aniline displayed no substantial inhibitory activity against oxidative stress. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was assessed against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay, with IC50 values ranging from 62.5 to 1000 µg/mL. 2,5-dichloro aniline and 3-chloro aniline emerged as potent inhibitors, both achieving an IC50 value of 62.5 µg/mL. Aniline, Meta nitro aniline, Meta anisidine, 2,6-dimethyl aniline, and 3,5-dichloro aniline exhibited intermediate inhibitory activity, while Ortho anisidine and Ortho nitro aniline showed no significant inhibition. Morphological assessments using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed diverse cellular responses induced by 2,5-dichloro aniline and 3-chloro aniline treatment. These changes align with well-established apoptotic processes observed in therapeutically treated cell lines. This research contributes valuable insights into the antioxidant and anticancer potential of Diazo Derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds, with 2,5-dichloro aniline and 3-chloro aniline emerging as promising candidates for further exploration in combatting oxidative stress and breast cancer. These findings underscore the importance of antioxidants in cancer prevention and the potential therapeutic applications of these compounds. Keywords: Diazo Derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,5-dichloro aniline, 3-chloro aniline, DPPH, MTT assay, MCF-7

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Bettencourt, Ana P., Marián Castro, João P. Silva, et al. "Phenolic Imidazole Derivatives with Dual Antioxidant/Antifungal Activity: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship." Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 4 (2019): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406414666181005143431.

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Background: Previous publications show that the addition of a phenolic antioxidant to an antifungal agent, considerably enhances the antifungal activity. Objective: Synthesis of novel compounds combining phenolic units with linear or cyclic nitrogencontaining organic molecules with antioxidant/antifungal activity using methodologies previously developed in the group. Methods: Several N- [1,2-dicyano-2- (arylidenamino) vinyl]-O-alkylformamidoximes 3 were synthesized and cyclized to 4,5-dicyano-N- (N´-alcoxyformimidoyl)-2-arylimidazoles 4 upon reflux in DMF, in the presence of manganese dioxide or to 6-cyano-8-arylpurines 5 when the reagent was refluxed in acetonitrile with an excess of triethylamine. These compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity by cyclic voltammetry, DPPH radical (DPPH•) assay and deoxyribose degradation assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all compounds was evaluated against two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, and against bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). Their cytotoxicity was evaluated in fibroblasts. Results: Among the synthetised compounds, five presented higher antioxidant activity than reference antioxidant Trolox and from these compounds, four presented antifungal activity without toxic effects in fibroblasts and bacteria. Conclusion: Four novel compounds presented dual antioxidant/antifungal activity at concentrations that are not toxic to bacteria and fibroblasts. The active molecules can be used as an inspiration for further studies in this area.

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Arnold Bisi Mulula, Abdel Djalil Bouzina, Hugues Bisi Mambu, et al. "Synthesis, In-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of chalcone derivatives." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 3 (2022): 021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.3.0413.

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In the face of the emergence of bacteria resistant to common antibacterials and excessive accumulation of free radicals that can cause several diseases, it is important to look for new antibacterials and antioxidants. The goal of this work was to synthesize three chalcones derivatives by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation and then evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The structure of these 3 compounds has been determined by NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The in vitro antibacterial activity assessed by Microdilution methods, was tested against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at different concentrations ranging from 7.82 to 1000 µg/mL. All three synthesized chalcones showed good antibacterial activity against gram positive and negative bacteria used with a range of MIC ranging from 62.50 to 1000 µg/mL. However, the (E)-3-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one showed excellent activity against Bacillus subtilis with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 62.5 µg/mL which is similar to that of the standard (Ampicillin) against the same bacterial strain. Antioxidant activity evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl2-picryl- hydrazyle ( DPPH) revealed that all the synthesized chalcones showed an antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.22; 6.89 and 3.39 µg/mL for (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one, (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-3-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one, respectively. These values are closer to that of ascorbic acid used as a standard. The results suggest that the synthesized chalcones, especially the (E)-3-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one could be used, after in vivo and clinical tests, like antibacterial and antioxidant supplement or even replace current drug therapies.

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Gilava, V. P., P. K. Patel, H. K. Ram, and J. H. Chauhan. "DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF TRIAZOLOPYRIMIDINES." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 04 (2020): 2249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2020.1346072.

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Takahashi, Hironobu, Masamiti Kosaka, Yasutoshi Watanabe, Kousuke Nakade, and Yoshiyasu Fukuyama. "Synthesis and neuroprotective activity of bergenin derivatives with antioxidant activity." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 8 (2003): 1781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00666-1.

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Shao, Jin, Tong Zhao, Hui-Ping Ma, Zheng-Ping Jia, and Lin-Lin Jing. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of 8-Hydroxygenistein." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 1 (2020): 1934578X2090139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20901399.

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It was reported that 8-hydroxygenistein (8-OHG) was synthesized by methylation, bromination, methoxylation, and demethylation using cheap and readily available biochanin A as raw material. All synthesized products were structurally confirmed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C-NMR. In addition, we examined the antioxidant capacity of 8-OHG using 6 different methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical (ABTS) scavenging, nitric oxide radical (NO) scavenging, superoxide radical (O2 −•) scavenging, reducing power assay, and total antioxidant activity using ascorbic acid (VC) as a positive control. Compared with VC, 8-OHG exhibited higher total antioxidant activity and stronger scavenging activity on ABTS, NO, and O2 −•. These results indicate that 8-OHG is an excellent antioxidant agent and may be effective in preventing damage induced by free radical.

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