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1

Bevilacqua, Laura, Alex Charney, Charlotte R. Pierce, et al. "Role of nitric oxide signaling in the antidepressant mechanism of action of ketamine: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 2 (2021): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120985147.

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Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with rapid antidepressant effects. Studies suggest that inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis plays a role in the mechanism of action of ketamine. This randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated whether co-administration of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, compared to placebo, would attenuate the antidepressant and dissociative effects of ketamine. Sixteen ketamine responders were randomized to a double-blind infusion of ketamine co-administered with placebo or sodium nitroprusside. Our findings show no difference between
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2

Malhi, Gin S., Yulisha Byrow, Frederick Cassidy, et al. "Ketamine: stimulating antidepressant treatment?" BJPsych Open 2, no. 3 (2016): e5-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.002923.

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SummaryThe appeal of ketamine – in promptly ameliorating depressive symptoms even in those with non-response – has led to a dramatic increase in its off-label use. Initial promising results await robust corroboration and key questions remain, particularly concerning its long-term administration. It is, therefore, timely to review the opinions of mood disorder experts worldwide pertaining to ketamine's potential as an option for treating depression and provide a synthesis of perspectives – derived from evidence and clinical experience – and to consider strategies for future investigations.
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Camargo, Anderson, and Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues. "Novel Targets for Fast Antidepressant Responses: Possible Role of Endogenous Neuromodulators." Chronic Stress 3 (January 2019): 247054701985808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547019858083.

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The available medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder have limitations, particularly their limited efficacy, delayed therapeutic effects, and the side effects associated with treatment. These issues highlight the need for better therapeutic agents that provide more efficacious and faster effects for the management of this disorder. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is the prototype for novel glutamate-based antidepressants that has been shown to cause a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect even in severe refractory depressive patients. Considering t
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4

Blum, Kenneth, Todd C. Pappas, Bryan Clifton, et al. "Rapid Anti-Depressant Relief by Ketamine: Exploring A Complex Mechanism of Action." Current Psychopharmacology 8, no. 2 (2019): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211556008666190827150018.

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Background: Suicide rates and narcotic overdose have doubled since 2000. At least 30 percent of people with major depression are Treatment-Resistant (TR) and require novel therapeutics. ketamine at low doses has been shown in clinical trials to induce a rapid, short-lived anti-suicide and anti-depressant effect. Objective: To review the potential mechanism of action of ketamines’ alleviation of depressive symptoms from both animal and available human literature. Methods: This is a synthesis of information from papers listed in PUBMED Central. Although not exhaustive, this review highlights the
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5

Martin, D. C., A. M. Carr, R. R. Livingston, and C. A. Watkins. "Effects of ketamine and fentanyl on lung metabolism in perfused rat lungs." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 3 (1989): E379—E384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.3.e379.

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The effects of ketamine and fentanyl on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and protein synthesis (PS) were investigated in an isolated lung model. Rat lungs were perfused in situ with a blood-free physiological salt solution. The pulmonary vasculature was exposed to ketamine (0.005-2.1 mM) or fentanyl (1.8-4.5 microM) for up to 2 h. After 1 h, accumulation of 5-[14C]hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by the lung was monitored as an index of 5-HT metabolism. ACE activity was estimated from hydrolysis of [3H]benzoylphenylalanyl-alanyl-proline, a
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6

McQueen, Angela L., and Steven A. Baroletti. "Adjuvant Ketamine Analgesia for the Management of Cancer Pain." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 10 (2002): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a256.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical literature evaluating the utilization of intravenous ketamine for the management of cancer-related pain, to summarize the data that suggest ketamine is an appropriate adjuvant method of providing analgesia and to report a case of successful pain management using ketamine in a patient with recurrent testicular cancer at our institution. DATA SOURCES: Primary literature was identified through a MEDLINE search (1966–March 2002), and additional information was obtained through secondary and tertiary sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: The available data suggest that suppleme
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7

Sulake, Rohidas S., Chinpiao Chen, Huei-Ru Lin, and Ahai-Chang Lua. "Synthesis of deuterium labeled ketamine metabolite dehydronorketamine-d4." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21, no. 19 (2011): 5719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.021.

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8

Chen, Lu, Yong Gong, and Rhys Salter. "Synthesis of carbon-14 labeled ketamine and norketamine." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 61, no. 11 (2018): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3669.

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9

Gohari, Seyed Jamaladdin, Abdollah Javidan, Abolghasem Moghimi, Mohammad Javad Taghizadeh, and Maryam Iman. "Novel enantioselective synthesis of (S)-ketamine using chiral auxiliary and precursor Mannich base." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 5 (2019): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0731.

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Ketamine has been extensively used as an anesthetic drug. Chiral auxiliaries such as tert-butanesulfinamide (TBSA) can be used for the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ketamine. Condensation of TBSA with ketones provides tert-butanesulfinylimines in consistently high yields. The tert-butanesulfinyl group actuates the imine for nucleophilic addition, is a potent chiral directing group, and after nucleophilic addition is easily dissociated by intervention with acid solution. To prepare 2-(N-piperidinomethyl)-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (1), we started with the cyclohexanone and using Mannich reaction ach
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10

Lai, Isaac, Suk-Chang Hong, and John N. Davisson. "Ketamine Metabolism: Identification and Synthesis of a Deaminated Product." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74, no. 4 (1985): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600740425.

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11

Loeb, A. L., I. Godeny, and D. E. Longnecker. "Anesthetics alter relative contributions of NO and EDHF in rat cremaster muscle microcirculation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 2 (1997): H618—H627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.2.h618.

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The contributions of the vasodilators nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) were investigated in the rat cremaster muscle microcirculation during halothane, isoflurane, or ketamine anesthesia. After inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin, changes in diameter of fourth-order arterioles to acetylcholine (ACh) or bradykinin (BK) were studied in the presence or absence of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, and/or 20 mM K+, an inhibitor of EDHF action. L-NMMA inhibited ACh- and BK-induced vasodilation during isoflurane
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12

Duman, Ronald S., and Nanxin Li. "A neurotrophic hypothesis of depression: role of synaptogenesis in the actions of NMDA receptor antagonists." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1601 (2012): 2475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0357.

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Molecular and cellular studies have demonstrated opposing actions of stress and antidepressant treatment on the expression of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in limbic structures of the brain. These changes in neurotrophic factor expression and function result in structural alterations, including regulation of neurogenesis, dendrite length and spine density in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The deleterious effects of stress could contribute to the reduced volume of these brain regions in depressed patients. Conversely, the actions of antidepressa
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13

Whitley, Gregory Adam, and Richard Pilbery. "Pre-hospital intranasal analgesia for children suffering pain: a rapid evidence review." British Paramedic Journal 4, no. 3 (2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29045/14784726.2019.12.4.3.24.

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Introduction: Pre-hospital analgesic treatment of injured children is suboptimal, with very few children in pain receiving analgesia. Studies have identified a number of barriers to pre-hospital pain management in children which include the route of analgesia administration. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the pre-hospital literature, exploring the safety and efficacy of intranasal (IN) analgesics for children suffering pain.Methods: We performed a rapid evidence review, searching from inception to 17 December 2018, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Google Scholar. We included studies of ch
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14

Creeney, H., P. Raval, D. P. Srivastava, and A. C. Vernon. "Ketamine rapidly stimulates local protein synthesis in primary neuronal cultures." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2019): S346—S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.538.

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15

Gonzales, Jerry M., Alex L. Loeb, Peter S. Reichard, and Steven Irvine. "Ketamine Inhibits Glutamate-, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-, and Quisqualate-stimulated cGMP Production in Cultured Cerebral Neurons." Anesthesiology 82, no. 1 (1995): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199501000-00025.

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Background Glutamatergic signaling has been linked to the recently discovered neurotransmitter/neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO), and several classes of anesthetics block some step in glutamatergic signaling. This study was designed to determine whether or not ketamine would prevent NO-dependent cGMP production stimulated by glutamate (GLU) and the GLU analogs NMDA, quisqualate (QUIS), and kainate (KAIN). Methods Primary cultures of cortical neurons and glia (prepared from 16-day gestational rat fetuses) were used after 12-16 days in culture. Reactions were carried out in magnesium-free buffer
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16

Jurasek, B., M. Himl, R. Jurok, et al. "Synthesis of methoxetamine, its metabolites and deuterium labelled analog as analytical standards and their HPLC and chiral capillary electrophoresis separation." RSC Advances 7, no. 89 (2017): 56691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10893a.

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Methoxetamine, a designer drug marketed as a replacement for the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine, has been associated with significant numbers of hospital related intoxications and deaths in Europe.
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17

Glorioso, N., C. Troffa, G. Tonolo, et al. "Stimulation of plasma inactive renin by dexamethasone in the cat." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 6 (1989): E879—E884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.6.e879.

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An inactive form of renin in human plasma is the biosynthetic precursor, prorenin. The cat is a good animal model for studies of inactive renin. The gene for human renin contains sequences homologous to the glucocorticoid consensus sequence. The response of cat plasma (active and inactive renin) and of angiotensinogen to administration of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg im, daily) was studied in ketamine-sedated cats (20 mg/kg im). Inactive renin increased by twofold after 7 days of dexamethasone (P less than 0.01). After a 7-day recovery period, it returned to base line. Active renin did not change.
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18

Zhang, Yuchun, M. Margarita Behrens, and John E. Lisman. "Prolonged Exposure to NMDAR Antagonist Suppresses Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (2008): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00079.2008.

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Postmortem studies have shown that schizophrenia produces a reduction in the 67-kilodalton isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), a key enzyme for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists have been extensively used to study schizophrenia because they can induce many aspects of the disease, including the decrease in GAD67. It is generally thought that this reduction in GAD implies a reduction in functional inhibition, but direct evidence had been lacking. We have therefore performed physiological studies in slices of prefrontal cortex take
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19

Xue, Wenda, Xin Zhou, Nan Yi, et al. "Yueju Pill Rapidly Induces Antidepressant-Like Effects and Acutely Enhances BDNF Expression in Mouse Brain." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/184367.

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The traditional antidepressants have a major disadvantage in delayed onset of efficacy, and the emerging fast-acting antidepressant ketamine has adverse behavioral and neurotoxic effects. Yueju pill, an herb medicine formulated eight hundred years ago by Doctor Zhu Danxi, has been popularly prescribed in China for alleviation of depression-like symptoms. Although several clinical outcome studies reported the relative short onset of antidepressant effects of Yueju, this has not been scientifically investigated. We, therefore, examined the rapid antidepressant effect of Yueju in mice and tested
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20

Morris, Patrick J., Ruin Moaddel, Panos Zanos, et al. "Synthesis and N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites." Organic Letters 19, no. 17 (2017): 4572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02177.

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21

Shiue, C. Y., S. Vallabhajosula, J. S. Fowler, S. L. Dewey, Y. G. Zhou, and A. P. Wolf. "Carbon-11 labeled (±)- and (-)-ketamine: Synthesis and PET studies in a baboon." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 26, no. 1-12 (1989): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.25802601111.

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22

Moghimi, Abolghasem, Mohammad Reza Shahdadi, Sajjad Keshipour, and Morteza Sadeghzadeh. "A study about the synthesis of seven-membered-ring analogues of ketamine." Research on Chemical Intermediates 41, no. 10 (2014): 6957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-014-1790-7.

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23

Pascual-Antón, Raquel, Arantxa Blasco-Serra, Emma Muñoz-Moreno, et al. "Structural connectivity and subcellular changes after antidepressant doses of ketamine and Ro 25-6981 in the rat: an MRI and immuno-labeling study." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 8 (2021): 2603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02354-0.

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AbstractKetamine has rapid and robust antidepressant effects. However, unwanted psychotomimetic effects limit its widespread use. Hence, several studies examined whether GluN2B-subunit selective NMDA antagonists would exhibit a better therapeutic profile. Although preclinical work has revealed some of the mechanisms of action of ketamine at cellular and molecular levels, the impact on brain circuitry is poorly understood. Several neuroimaging studies have examined the functional changes in the brain induced by acute administration of ketamine and Ro 25-6981 (a GluN2B-subunit selective antagoni
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24

Moghimi, Abolghasem, Siyavash Rahmani, Reza Zare, and Morteza Sadeghzadeh. "Synthesis of 2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylamino-Cyclohexanone as a New Ketamine Derivative." Synthetic Communications 44, no. 14 (2014): 2021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397911.2014.885053.

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25

Shiue, Chyng-Yann, Shankar Vallabhahosula, Alfred P. Wolf, et al. "Carbon-11 labelled ketamine—Synthesis, distribution in mice and PET studies in baboons." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 24, no. 2 (1997): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(96)00186-2.

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Morris, Patrick J., Ruin Moaddel, Panos Zanos, et al. "Correction to “Synthesis and N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites”." Organic Letters 19, no. 19 (2017): 5494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02839.

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27

Yang, David J., and John N. Davisson. "Aminotetralone analogs of ketamine: synthesis and evaluation of hypnotic and locomotor properties in mice." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 9 (1985): 1361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00147a044.

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28

Mathew, Sanjay J., Kathryn Keegan, and Lisa Smith. "Glutamate modulators as novel interventions for mood disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 27, no. 3 (2005): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462005000300016.

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Recent evidence suggests that critical molecules in neurotrophic signaling cascades are long-term targets for currently available monoaminergic antidepressants. As chronic and severe mood disorders are characterized by impairments in neuronal resilience, pharmacological strategies that subserve a neuroprotective function might alter disorder pathophysiology and modify disease progression. Several promising approaches involve modulation of the glutamate neurotransmitter system, via post-synaptic receptor blockade or potentiation and presynaptic vesicular release inhibition. A focused review of
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29

Abbas Ahmadi, Mohsen Khalili, Ramin Hajikhani, Horiesadat Hosseini, Nasrin Afshin, and Babak Nahri-Niknafs. "Synthesis and Study the Analgesic Effects of New Analogues of Ketamine on Female Wistar Rats." Medicinal Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2012): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340612800493683.

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30

Mueller, Robert A., and Rick Hunt. "Antagonism of Ketamine-Induced Anesthesia by an Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthesis: A Pharmacokinetic Explanation." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 60, no. 1 (1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00450-4.

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31

Moghimi, Abolghasem, Siyavash Rahmani, Reza Zare, and Morteza Sadeghzadeh. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone as a New Ketamine Derivative." ChemInform 45, no. 48 (2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201448088.

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32

Yokoyama, Takeshi, Reiko Yokoyama, Satoshi Nomura, Satoshi Matsumoto, Ryoji Fujiyama, and Syun-ichi Kiyooka. "Synthesis of (S)-Ketamine via [1,3]-Chirality Transfer of a Stereocenter Created by Enantioselective Aldol Reaction." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 82, no. 12 (2009): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.82.1528.

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33

Bredlau, Amy Lee, Rajbala Thakur, David Nathan Korones, and Robert H. Dworkin. "Ketamine for Pain in Adults and Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of the Literature." Pain Medicine 14, no. 10 (2013): 1505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pme.12182.

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34

Taghizadeh, Mohammad Javad, Seyed Jamal Addin Gohari, Abdollah Javidan, Abolghasem Moghimi, and Maryam Iman. "A novel strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ketamine using (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide and 1,2-cyclohexanedione." Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 15, no. 10 (2018): 2175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1404-1.

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35

Wagner, BK, DA O'Hara, and JS Hammond. "Drugs for amnesia in the ICU." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 3 (1997): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.3.192.

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OBJECTIVE: This review focuses on how patients' recall of their stay in the ICU can be modified pharmacologically. DATA SOURCES: Computerized MEDLINE and PAPERCHASE searches of English- and foreign-language published research from 1966 to 1995, bibliographies, pharmaceutical and personal files, and conference abstract reports. STUDY SELECTION: All abstracts from uncontrolled and controlled clinical trials were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Study design, population, results, and safety information were retained. Efficacy conclusions were drawn from controlled trials. DATA SYNTHESIS: Patients witho
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36

Elhawi, Hagit, Hadar Eini, Amos Douvdevani та Gerardo Byk. "Improved Methods for Thermal Rearrangement of Alicyclic α-Hydroxyimines to α-Aminoketones: Synthesis of Ketamine Analogues as Antisepsis Candidates". Molecules 17, № 6 (2012): 6784–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066784.

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37

Latha, V., C. Balakrishnan, and M. A. Neelakantan. "Synthesis, crystal structure and DFT studies of a dual fluorescent ketamine: Structural changes in the ground and excited states." Journal of Molecular Structure 1092 (July 2015): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.03.014.

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38

Kanmur, Yuich, Junko Kajikuri, Takeo Itoh, and Junichi Yoshitake. "Effects of Ketamine on Contraction and Synthesis of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate in Smooth Muscle of the Rabbit Mesenteric Artery." Anesthesiology 79, no. 3 (1993): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199309000-00022.

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39

Taghizadeh, Mohammad Javad, Seyed Jamal Addin Gohari, Abdollah Javidan, Abolghasem Moghimi, and Maryam Iman. "Correction to: A novel strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ketamine using (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide and 1,2-cyclohexanedione." Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 16, no. 2 (2018): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1502-0.

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Kokkinou, Michelle, and Oliver Howes. "O2.1. CIRCUIT MECHANISM MEDIATES THE EFFECTS OF SUB-CHRONIC KETAMINE ON STRIATAL DOPAMINE SYNTHESIS CAPACITY AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY: A COMBINED CHEMOGENETICS/PET STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, Supplement_2 (2019): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz021.185.

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41

Guirguis, Erenie, Jonathan Richardson, Tara Kuhn, and Ashley Fahmy. "Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal: A Focus on Adjunctive Agents." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 33, no. 5 (2017): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122517714491.

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Objective:To review adjunctive treatment options for severe alcohol withdrawal. Data Sources: The search strategy included a search of Ovid MEDLINE using keywords alcohol withdrawal, severe alcohol withdrawal, AWS, delirium tremens, delirium, dexmedetomidine, propofol, anticonvulsants, clonidine, and phenobarbital and included articles dated from January 1990 to March 2017. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language clinical trials and case reports assessing the efficacy of adjunctive agents in severe alcohol withdrawal were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Although first-line pharmac
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42

Jose, Jiney, Ivaylo Dimitrov, and William Denny. "Syntheses of Ketamine and Related Analogues: A Mini Review." Synthesis 50, no. 21 (2018): 4201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609935.

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Ketamine [2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone] is a dissociative anaesthetic, first developed in 1963 by Parke-Davis. It finds widespread application in the treatment of battlefield injuries, and in emergency departments for use in children. In recent times the clinical interest in ketamine has increased due to the positive impact it has in treating depression and the rapid onset of its antidepressant effect. This review covers the synthetic effort towards ketamine and related analogues over the past 60 years to give readers an overview of past, current, and future research outlook
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McDougall, Sanders A., Jasmine W. Rios, Matthew G. Apodaca, et al. "Effects of dopamine and serotonin synthesis inhibitors on the ketamine-, d-amphetamine-, and cocaine-induced locomotor activity of preweanling and adolescent rats: sex differences." Behavioural Brain Research 379 (February 2020): 112302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112302.

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44

Bonofiglio, Francisco Carlos, Ernesto P. Molmenti, and Eduardo de Santibañes. "Ketamine does not inhibit interleukin-6 synthesis in hepatic resections requiring a temporary porto-arterial occlusion (Pringle manoeuvre): a controlled, prospective, randomized, double-blinded study." HPB 13, no. 10 (2011): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00357.x.

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Boulom, V., H. W. Lee, L. Zhao, and M. Eghbali-Webb. "Stimulation of DNA synthesis, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 and nuclear accumulation of c-fos in human aortic smooth muscle cells by ketamine." Cell Proliferation 35, no. 3 (2002): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2184.2002.00233.x.

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46

Ryan, Kathy L., Maria R. Tehrany, and James R. Jauchem. "Nitric oxide does not contribute to the hypotension of heatstroke." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 3 (2001): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.961.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the hypotensive state induced by prolonged environmental heat (EH) stress. Ketamine-anesthetized rats were instrumented for the measurement of arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and temperature at four sites. Rats were exposed to EH (ambient temperature, 40 ± 1°C) until mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased to 75 mmHg, which was arbitrarily defined as the induction of heatstroke. In addition to cardiovascular and temperature measurements, the time required to reach this MAP end point and the sub
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Yokoyama, Reiko, Satoshi Matsumoto, Satoshi Nomura, Takafumi Higaki, Takeshi Yokoyama, and Syun-ichi Kiyooka. "Enantioselective construction of nitrogen-substituted quaternary carbon centers adjacent to the carbonyl group in the cyclohexane ring: first asymmetric synthesis of anesthetic (S)-ketamine with high selectivity." Tetrahedron 65, no. 27 (2009): 5181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.004.

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48

ENKHBAATAR, Perenlei, Kazunori MURAKAMI, Katsumi SHIMODA, et al. "Ketorolac attenuates cardiopulmonary derangements in sheep with combined burn and smoke inhalation injury." Clinical Science 105, no. 5 (2003): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030180.

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Massive cutaneous burn combined with smoke inhalation causes high mortality in fire victims. Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) have been shown to be up-regulated in burn injury. Ketorolac, a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID), inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis through inhibition of COX. NSAIDs have been shown to down-regulate iNOS. Thus we hypothesized that treatment with ketorolac would attenuate burn/smoke-related cardiopulmonary derangements. We conducted a fully controlled long-term laboratory investigation in an Intensive Care
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Ruberto, Valerie L., Manish K. Jha, and James W. Murrough. "Pharmacological Treatments for Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 6 (2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13060116.

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Over a third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not have an adequate response to first-line antidepressant treatments, i.e., they have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). These patients tend to have a more severe course of illness and are at an increased risk of suicide. Next step treatment options for patients with TRD, include switching to a different antidepressant, combining more than one antidepressant, or augmenting an antidepressant with another (non-antidepressant) medication. It is unclear which of these treatment approaches should be applied to a given patient, and
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50

Pejo, Ervin, Xiaojuan Zhou, S. Shaukat Husain та Douglas E. Raines. "Sedative-hypnotic Binding to 11β-hydroxylase". Anesthesiology 125, № 5 (2016): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001304.

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Abstract Background Etomidate potently suppresses adrenocortical steroid synthesis with potentially deleterious consequences by binding to 11β-hydroxylase and inhibiting its function. The authors hypothesized that other sedative-hypnotics currently in clinical use or under development (or their metabolites) might bind to the same site at clinically relevant concentrations. The authors tested this hypothesis by defining etomidate’s affinity for this site and the potencies with which other sedative-hypnotics (and their metabolites) inhibit etomidate binding. Methods 3H-etomidate’s binding to adr
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