Relevant bibliographies by topics / Synthetic and natural cannabinoids

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Synthetic and natural cannabinoids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Akram, Hina, Claire Mokrysz, and H. Valerie Curran. "What are the psychological effects of using synthetic cannabinoids? A systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 3 (February 21, 2019): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119826592.

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Background: Synthetic cannabinoids are, typically, full agonists at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, and therefore considerably more potent than natural cannabis and may have correspondingly more serious psychological effects. Despite government sanctions against their production they continue to be available in ever-increasing varieties over the Internet. The psychological consequences of synthetic cannabinoid use are relatively unknown. Aim: The purpose of this study was to synthesise the available research on the psychological consequences of synthetic cannabinoid use. Method: A literature search of three databases was conducted in February 2018, including the following keywords: Spice, synthetic cannabis, cognition, affect, behaviour, psychosis, depression and anxiety. Results: Seventeen studies involving a variety of participants were eligible for inclusion: one controlled administration study, seven cross-sectional studies, five Internet surveys and four qualitative studies. The controlled administration study showed that, compared to placebo, synthetic cannabinoids acutely affected some aspects of cognitive functioning and subjective psychological ratings. Non-controlled, cross-sectional studies generally showed that synthetic cannabinoid users had lower performance on cognitive tasks and showed elevated symptomatology (e.g. paranoia) compared to both natural cannabis and non-cannabis users. Methodological limitations were noted across different study designs. There is limited research on how doses, frequency or type of synthetic cannabinoid influence outcomes. Conclusions: Acute synthetic cannabinoid use can result in a range of psychological outcomes and, when non-intoxicated, synthetic cannabinoid users appear to differ from natural cannabis and non-users on various affective and cognitive domains. As synthetic cannabinoid use is increasing in at-risk populations there is an urgent need for more and better research to inform users, professionals and policymakers.
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An, Dongchen, Steve Peigneur, Louise Antonia Hendrickx, and Jan Tytgat. "Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors: Current Status and Prospects of Natural Products." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145064.

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Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), as part of the endocannabinoid system, play a critical role in numerous human physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to develop ligands for CB1 and CB2, resulting in hundreds of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids which have shown varying affinities relevant for the treatment of various diseases. However, only a few of these ligands are clinically used. Recently, more detailed structural information for cannabinoid receptors was revealed thanks to the powerfulness of cryo-electron microscopy, which now can accelerate structure-based drug discovery. At the same time, novel peptide-type cannabinoids from animal sources have arrived at the scene, with their potential in vivo therapeutic effects in relation to cannabinoid receptors. From a natural products perspective, it is expected that more novel cannabinoids will be discovered and forecasted as promising drug leads from diverse natural sources and species, such as animal venoms which constitute a true pharmacopeia of toxins modulating diverse targets, including voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors such as CB1 and CB2, with astonishing affinity and selectivity. Therefore, it is believed that discovering novel cannabinoids starting from studying the biodiversity of the species living on planet earth is an uncharted territory.
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Sun, Yan, and Andy Bennett. "Cannabinoids: A New Group of Agonists of PPARs." PPAR Research 2007 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/23513.

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Cannabinoids have been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years and their effects were proposed to occur mainly via activation of the G-protein-coupled receptorCB1/CB2(cannabinoid receptor 1/2). Discovery of potent synthetic analogs of the natural cannabinoids as clinically useful drugs is the sustained aim of cannabinoid research. This demands that these new compounds be free of the psychotropic effects that connected with the recreational use of cannabinoids. In preclinical studies cannabinoids displayed many of the characteristics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and it seems to be free of unwanted side effects. An increasing number of therapeutic actions of cannabinoid are being reported that do not appear to be mediated by eitherCB1orCB2, and recently nuclear receptor superfamily PPARs (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors) have been suggested as the target of certain cannabinoids. This review summarizes the evidence for cannabinoid activation on PPARs and possible associated remedial potentials.
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Thomas, Brian F. "Interactions of Cannabinoids With Biochemical Substrates." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 11 (January 1, 2017): 117822181771141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221817711418.

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Recent decades have seen much progress in the identification and characterization of cannabinoid receptors and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which derivatives of the Cannabis sativa plant bind to receptors and produce their physiological and psychological effects. The information generated in this process has enabled better understanding of the fundamental physiological and psychological processes controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems and has fostered the development of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. A negative aspect of this decades-long effort is the proliferation of clandestinely synthesized analogs as recreational street drugs with dangerous effects. Currently, the interactions of cannabinoids with their biochemical substrates are extensively but inadequately understood, and the clinical application of derived and synthetic receptor ligands remains quite limited. The wide anatomical distribution and functional complexity of the cannabinoid system continue to indicate potential for both therapeutic and side effects, which offers challenges and opportunities for medicinal chemists involved in drug discovery and development.
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Palamar, Joseph J., and Monica J. Barratt. "Synthetic cannabinoids: undesirable alternatives to natural marijuana." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 42, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1139584.

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Lim, Kevin J. H., Yan Ping Lim, Yossa D. Hartono, Maybelle K. Go, Hao Fan, and Wen Shan Yew. "Biosynthesis of Nature-Inspired Unnatural Cannabinoids." Molecules 26, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102914.

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Natural products make up a large proportion of medicine available today. Cannabinoids from the plant Cannabis sativa is one unique class of meroterpenoids that have shown a wide range of bioactivities and recently seen significant developments in their status as therapeutic agents for various indications. Their complex chemical structures make it difficult to chemically synthesize them in efficient yields. Synthetic biology has presented a solution to this through metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Through genetic manipulation, rare phytocannabinoids that are produced in low yields in the plant can now be synthesized in larger quantities for therapeutic and commercial use. Additionally, an exciting avenue of exploring new chemical spaces is made available as novel derivatized compounds can be produced and investigated for their bioactivities. In this review, we summarized the biosynthetic pathways of phytocannabinoids and synthetic biology efforts in producing them in heterologous hosts. Detailed mechanistic insights are discussed in each part of the pathway in order to explore strategies for creating novel cannabinoids. Lastly, we discussed studies conducted on biological targets such as CB1, CB2 and orphan receptors along with their affinities to these cannabinoid ligands with a view to inform upstream diversification efforts.
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Zádor, Ferenc, Sâmia Joca, Gábor Nagy-Grócz, Szabolcs Dvorácskó, Edina Szűcs, Csaba Tömböly, Sándor Benyhe, and László Vécsei. "Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Links between the Endocannabinoid System and the Kynurenine Pathway in Depression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 5903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115903.

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Substance use/abuse is one of the main causes of depressive symptoms. Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in particular gained significant popularity in the past years. There is an increasing amount of clinical data associating such compounds with the inflammatory component of depression, indicated by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are also well-known to regulate the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (KP), which is responsible for metabolizing tryptophan, a precursor in serotonin synthesis. Enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels may over-activate the KP, leading to tryptophan depletion and reduced serotonin levels, which can subsequently precipitate depressive symptoms. Therefore, such mechanism might represent a possible link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the KP in depression, via the inflammatory and dysregulated serotonergic component of the disorder. This review will summarize the data regarding those natural and synthetic cannabinoids that increase pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the data on such cytokines associated with KP activation will be further reviewed accordingly. The interaction of the ECS and the KP has been postulated and demonstrated in some studies previously. This review will further contribute to this yet less explored connection and propose the KP to be the missing link between cannabinoid-induced inflammation and depressive symptoms.
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Gonçalves, Elaine C. D., Gabriela M. Baldasso, Maíra A. Bicca, Rodrigo S. Paes, Raffaele Capasso, and Rafael C. Dutra. "Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071567.

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Medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has an extensive history and it was essential in the discovery of phytocannabinoids, including the Cannabis major psychoactive compound—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)—as well as the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CBR), named cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R), both part of the now known endocannabinoid system (ECS). Cannabinoids is a vast term that defines several compounds that have been characterized in three categories: (i) endogenous, (ii) synthetic, and (iii) phytocannabinoids, and are able to modulate the CBR and ECS. Particularly, phytocannabinoids are natural terpenoids or phenolic compounds derived from Cannabis sativa. However, these terpenoids and phenolic compounds can also be derived from other plants (non-cannabinoids) and still induce cannabinoid-like properties. Cannabimimetic ligands, beyond the Cannabis plant, can act as CBR agonists or antagonists, or ECS enzyme inhibitors, besides being able of playing a role in immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases, neuroinflammatory, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer, and autoimmunity by itself. In this review, we summarize and critically highlight past, present, and future progress on the understanding of the role of cannabinoid-like molecules, mainly terpenes, as prospective therapeutics for different pathological conditions.
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Paulsen, Paul, Carsten Carstensen, and Julia Juliansen. "The title of this test article." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2013-1233.

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Geryk, R., M. Švidrnoch, A. Přibylka, K. Kalíková, V. Maier, and E. Tesařová. "A supercritical fluid chromatography method for the systematic toxicology analysis of cannabinoids and their metabolites." Analytical Methods 7, no. 15 (2015): 6056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01107h.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Turner, Richard Vernon. "SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS: CHARACTERIZING THEIR USE AND CESSATION." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1766.

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Since their introduction to the United States in 2008, synthetic cannabinoids became the most widely used recreational drug behind marijuana, then regressed to an estimated prevalence of less than 1%. Contrary to expectations for a drug declining in use, emergency department presentations and acute poisonings related to the use of synthetic cannabinoids are increasing. Alongside this phenomenon, a growing body of literature is beginning to uncover a relationship between psychosis and synthetic cannabinoid use. A current gap in the literature exists surrounding harm prevention methods and targeted intervention strategies for users of synthetic cannabinoids. To date, no known studies have examined individuals with a history of use of these substances and investigated the reasons they decided to discontinue recreational use. The purpose of the current study was to fill this gap in the literature while also further confirming and expanding existing research on the characterization of synthetic substance use, perceived harm of synthetic cannabinoids, and users’ knowledge about synthetic cannabinoids. Cross sectional survey methods in a non-experimental comparative design was utilized with participants recruited through the online crowd sourcing platform Amazon MTurk. Significant motivating factors for both discontinuation and continuation of synthetic cannabinoid use were found including personal experience, accessibility, preference towards other substance, and questions surrounding the source and purity of the synthetic cannabinoids. It was also found that individuals who currently use synthetic cannabinoids have less general knowledge about the substance class when compared to individuals who have discontinued use. These results suggest that psychoeducational campaigning surrounding general knowledge about the substance class as well as information on the physiological effects of synthetic cannabinoids may be an effective harm reduction method.
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Costa, Lia Filipa Alvarez Pereira da Mota e. "Cannabinoids impact on pregnancy: effects in trophoblast cells." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15948.

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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Celular
Cannabinoids (CBs) can be classified as: phytocannabinoids, the constituents of the Cannabis sativa plant; synthetic cannabinoids lab-synthesized and the endocannabinoids that are endogenous lipid mediators. Cannabinoid compounds activate cannabinoid receptors – CB1 and CB2. The most prevalent psychoactive phytocannabinoid is Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but more than 60 different CBs were already identified in the plant. The best characterized endocannabinoids (eCBs) are anandamide (AEA) and 2arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), that are involved in several physiological processes including synaptic plasticity, pain modulation, energy homeostasis and reproduction. On the other hand, some synthetic cannabinoids that were initially designed for medical research, are now used as drugs of abuse. During the period of placental development, highly dynamic processes of remodeling occur, involving proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and invasion of trophoblasts. It is known that a tight control of eCBs levels is required for normal pregnancy progression and that eCBs are involved in trophoblast cells turnover. Therefore, by sharing activation of the same receptors, exposure to exocannabinoids either by recreational or medicinal use may lead to alterations in the eCBs levels and in the endocannabinoid system homeostasis In this work, it was studied the impact of CBs in BeWo trophoblastic cells and in primary cultures of human cytotrophoblasts. Cells were treated for 24 hours with different concentrations of THC, the synthetic cannabinoid WIN‐55,212 (WIN) and 2-AG. Treatment with THC did not affect BeWo cells viability while WIN and 2-AG caused a dose-dependent viability loss. Morphological studies together with biochemical markers indicate that 2-AG is able to induce apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts. On the other hand, morphological studies after acridine orange staining suggest that autophagy may take part in WIN-induced loss of cell viability. All cannabinoids caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) but only 2-AG led to ROS/RNS generation, though no changes in glutathione levels were observed. In addition, ER-stress may be involved in the 2-AG induced-oxidative stress, as preliminary results point to an increase in CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Besides the decrease in cell viability, alterations in cell cycle progression were observed. WIN treatment induced a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, whereas 2-AG induced a cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Here it is reinforced the relevance of cannabinoid signaling in fundamental processes of cell proliferation and cell death in trophoblast cells. Since cannabis-based drugs are the most consumed illicit drugs worldwide and some of the most consumed recreational drugs by pregnant women, this study may contribute to the understanding of the impact of such substances in human reproduction.
Os canabinóides (CBs) podem ser classificados como: fitocanabinóides, os constituintes da planta Cannabis sativa L.; canabinóides sintéticos, sintetizados em laboratório e os endocanabinóides, que são mediadores lipídicos endógenos. Os compostos canabinóides ativam recetores canabinóides – CB1 e CB2. O composto psicoativo mais prevalente é o Δ9-tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), mas mais de 60 diferentes CBs foram já identificados a partir da planta. Os endocanabinóides (eCBs) melhor caracterizados são a anandamida (AEA) e o 2-araquidonoilglicerol (2-AG), que estão envolvidos em vários processos biológicos, incluindo plasticidade sináptica, modulação da dor, homeostasia energética e reprodução. Por outro lado, alguns canabinóides sintéticos, inicialmente projetados para investigação médica, são agora usados como drogas de abuso. Durante o período de desenvolvimento placentário ocorrem processos de remodelação que envolvem proliferação, apoptose, diferenciação e invasão dos trofoblastos. Sabe-se que um controlo rigoroso dos níveis de eCBs é necessário para uma progressão normal da gravidez e que os eCBs estão envolvidos no turnover celular dos trofoblastos. Assim sendo, ao partilharem a ativação dos mesmos recetores, a exposição a exocanabinóides, seja pelo uso recreativo ou medicinal, pode levar a alterações nos níveis de eCBs e na homeostasia do sistema endocanabinóide (ECS). Neste trabalho foi estudado o impacto dos CBs em células trofoblásticas BeWo e em culturas primárias de citotrofoblastos humanos. As células foram tratadas durante 24 horas com diferentes concentrações de THC, do canabinóide sintético WIN-55,212 (WIN) e de 2AG. O tratamento com THC não afetou a viabilidade das células BeWo, enquanto que o WIN e o 2-AG causaram uma perda de viabilidade dependente da dose. Estudos morfológicos, juntamente com marcadores bioquímicos, indicam que o 2-AG é capaz de induzir apoptose em citotrofoblastos. Por outro lado, estudos morfológicos realizados com laranja de acridina sugerem que a autofagia pode estar envolvida na perda de viabilidade induzida pelo WIN. Todos os canabinóides induziram perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δψm), mas apenas o 2-AG levou a um aumento na formação de ROS/RNS, sem terem sido observadas diferenças nos níveis de glutationa. O stress reticular pode estar envolvido no stress oxidativo induzido pelo 2-AG, visto que resultados preliminares apontam para um aumento na expressão de CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Para além da diminuição da viabilidade celular, os resultados sugerem alterações na progressão do ciclo celular. O tratamento com WIN induziu retenção do ciclo celular em fase G0/G1, enquanto que o 2-AG levou a uma retenção em fase G2/M. Neste trabalho é reforçada a importância da sinalização canabinóide em processos importantes de proliferação e morte celular de células trofoblásticas. Visto que as drogas canabinóides são as mais consumidas a nível mundial, e umas das drogas recreativas mais consumidas pelas mulheres grávidas, este estudo pode contribuir para a compreensão do impacto destas substâncias na reprodução humana.
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Wang, Pu. "Synthetic studies on natural products." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13199.

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This thesis consists of three relative independent projects all of which concentrate on the syntheses of biologically active natural products. In the first project, a convenience route for synthesis of [8-3H]-berberine sulfate has been established and two routes for preparation of 14C labelled berberine are explored. A series of compounds containing a methylenedioxyphenyl functionality have been synthesised for using as antigens in immunological studies. The second project concerns development of chemistry directed towards the stereocontrolled synthesis of Baogongteng A, a novel 2,6-disubstituted tropane alkaloid which is a powerful M-cholinergic agonist used in the treatment of glaucoma. By exploiting 4-hydroxy-L-proline as the chiral synthon, useful methods such as preparation of 2-formyl 4-hydroxy-L-proline derivatives, and the stereoselective bromination of the C-3 of 4-hydroxy-L-proline derivatives, have been established. About forty new organic compounds have been synthesised and identified. The final project concerns exploration of new routes for the syntheses of biotin biosynthetic precursors and their fluorined analogues which are types of compounds potentially valuable in agricultural chemistry. This work has led to the development of methods of wide application, such as the preparation of highly purified N-Boc-L-alaninal, which should prove to be of use in future studies in this and related fields.
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Stephens, Jason L. "Synthetic Cannabinoid Usage among College Students: The Example of K2 and Spice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84283/.

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The primary goal of this study was to investigate the awareness and prevalence of Spice and K2 usage among a population of college students, as well as the demographics of such users. The study also sought to determine whether or not students prefer these products over natural cannabis, in addition to examining the most popular methods of obtainment and the most commonly reported side effects of K2 and Spice usage. Participants consisted of 643 undergraduate students enrolled at the University of North Texas during the fall 2011 semester. Findings indicate that while students exhibit a relatively high awareness of K2 and Spice, usage of these products is not a prevalent occurrence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Jin, Changdong. "Natural antifungals and their synthetic analogues." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0013/NQ59979.pdf.

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Pfeiffer, Matthew W. B. "Synthetic studies on cyathane natural products." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219217.

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Liu, Yunqi. "Synthetic approaches toward natural product synthesis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187050.

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1,2-Dithiolan-3-one-1-oxide exists in antihumor antibiotic leinamycin and can cause DNA cleavage in the presence of thiols. Diastereoselective synthesis of this unique ring system has been achieved by low temperature oxidation of the corresponding 1,2-dithiolan-3-ones with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane. 5-Methyl-1,2-dithiolan-3-one-1-oxides were synthesized by oxidation of 5-methyl-1,2-dithiolan-3-one with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane. Eu(fod)₃ and C₆D₆ induced proton chemical shift studies showed that the major isomer in the product has a trans sulfoxide relative to the 5-methyl group. Low temperature oxidation of 4-substituted-amino-5,5-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolan-3-ones by 3,3-dimethyldioxirane preferentially led to the corresponding trans-1,2-dithiolan-3-one-1-oxides. This assignment was made on the basis of a X-ray crystallographic structure study. Formation of azlactones as well as 1,2-dithiolan-3-one-1,1-dioxide were also observed when some substituted 1,2-dithiolan-3-ones were oxidized by 3,3-ditnethyldioxirane. Three 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dithian-4-ones were synthesized by SnCl₄ mediated condensation of β-mercaptothioacids and acetone. Oxidation of 2,2,6-trimethyl-1,3-dithian-4-one with Ce(IV) did not give 1,2-dithiolan-3-one or 1,2-dithiolan-3-one-1-oxides as anticipated; 1,3-dithian-5-en-4-one was detected as the product instead. Synthetic approaches toward loline were explored. Intramolecular photoaddition of bicyclic olefinic N-nitrosamine did not give the desired product. An epoxide approach did not furnish loline due to unsuccessful epoxide ring opening by azide ion. In the urea approach, the tertiary nitrogen of the bicyclic urea preferentially undergoes a transannular iodocyclization. The same results were obtained by halocyclizing bis-silylimidate or mono-silylimidate of the bicyclic urea.
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Belfort, Georges. "Diffusion in synthetic and natural membranes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-184597.

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Thornhill, Andrew John. "Synthetic studies towards marine natural products." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364987.

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Xiong, Xin. "Synthetic approaches towards heterocyclic natural producers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55520/.

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A variety of tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridines are prepared by new one-pot processes, developed by modification and improvement of the traditional Bohlmann-Rahtz reaction. The use of zinc(II) bromide catalysis, microwave irradiation and conductive heating in a sealed tube is described to facilitate rapid Michael addition-cyclodehydration of an enamine and alkynone in a single synthetic step and with total control of regiochemistry. Expanding the Bohlmann-Rahtz heteroannulation reaction leads to the development of a mild one-pot three-component syntheses of pyridines, a tandem oxidation-heteroannulation process for one-pot synthesis of pyridines from propargylic alcohols, a highly facile combined three-component tandem oxidation-heteroannulation process and a novel tetrasubstituted bromopyridine synthesis mediated by N-bromosuccinimide. The synthesis of dimethyl sulfomycinamate (13), the acidic methanolysis product of the sulfomycin family of thiopeptide antibiotics, from methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl-2-oxobut-3-ynoate (216) is achieved in 13 steps by the Bohlmann-Rahtz heteroannulation of 1-(oxazol-4-yl)enamine 252 or in 12 steps and 9% overall yield by three-component cyclocondensation with N-[3-oxo-3-(oxazol-4-yl)propanoyl]serine 251 and ammonia in methanol, in a 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridine synthesis that proceeds with total regiocontrol. Bohlmann-Rahtz reaction of a chiral non-racemic enamine 312 and thiazolylpropynone 114 gives a terminal-protected pyridine-containing gamma-amino acid 311 in high optical purity in a sequential one pot multicomponent reaction that proceeds with total control of regiochemistry and with minimal racemisation. Further elaboration has established the first synthesis of the gamma-lactam acidic hydrolysate of the macrocyclic thiopeptide antibiotic cyclothiazomycin, a selective rennin inhibitor, in only four steps and 30% overall yield and has confirmed its structure.
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Books on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Tyman, J. H. P. Synthetic and natural phenols. Amsterdam [The Netherlands]: Elsevier, 1996.

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Clifton, Robert A. Natural and synthetic zeolites. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1987.

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Clifton, Robert A. Natural and synthetic zeolites. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1987.

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Knutson, Linda. Synthetic dyes for natural fibers. Loveland, Colo: Interweave Press, 1986.

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Krutošíková, A. Natural and synthetic sweet substances. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1992.

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Tu, Anthony T., and William Gaffield, eds. Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0745.

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Michal, Uher, and Hudec John, eds. Natural and synthetic sweet substances. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1992.

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Kayser, Klaus. Natural and synthetic mineral fibers affecting man. Mannheim: B.I. Wissenschaftsverlag, 1994.

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Lazár, M. Chemical reactions of natural and synthetic polymers. Chichester: Horwood, 1989.

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Ciferri, A. Ionic interactions in natural and synthetic macromolecules. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Maul, Corinna, and Bernd Sundermann. "Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids." In Analgesics, 497–505. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605614.ch12.

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Razdan, Raj K. "The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids." In Total Synthesis of Natural Products, 185–262. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129678.ch2.

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Ellert-Miklaszewska, Aleksandra, Iwona Ciechomska, and Bozena Kaminska. "Glioblastoma: Anti-tumor Action of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids." In Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Volume 2, 277–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0618-7_29.

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Morales, Paula, Israa H. Isawi, and Patricia H. Reggio. "Chapter 5. Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids Targeting Non-CB1, Non-CB2 G Protein-coupled Receptors." In Drug Discovery, 168–200. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839160752-00168.

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Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas, Christos, Markos-Orestis Georgiadis, Lipin Ji, Spyros P. Nikas, and Alexandros Makriyannis. "Chapter 3. Natural Compounds and Synthetic Drugs to Target Type-1 Cannabinoid (CB1) Receptor." In Drug Discovery, 48–88. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839160752-00048.

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Guba, Wolfgang, Marc Nazaré, and Uwe Grether. "Chapter 4. Natural Compounds and Synthetic Drugs to Target Type-2 Cannabinoid (CB2) Receptor." In Drug Discovery, 89–167. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839160752-00089.

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Cohen, Koby, and Aviv M. Weinstein. "Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs)." In Psychobiological Issues in Substance Use and Misuse, 125–56. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Current issues in psychobiology: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429296345-7.

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Ghosh, Dilip. "Cannabis and Cannabinoids." In Natural Medicines, 537–49. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315187853-29.

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Appendino, Giovanni, and Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati. "Cannabinoids: Chemistry and Medicine." In Natural Products, 3415–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_147.

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Vitale, Rosa Maria, Aniello Schiano Moriello, and Luciano De Petrocellis. "Chapter 6. Natural Compounds and Synthetic Drugs Targeting the Ionotropic Cannabinoid Members of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels." In Drug Discovery, 201–300. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839160752-00201.

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Conference papers on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Zirkle, Ross. "Synthetic Biology and Cannabinoids." In Virtual 2020 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am20.168.

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Ionică, Mihai, Marian Vladescu, Paul Schiopu, Raluca-Andreea Bajanaru, Jeni Carla Colev, Radu Macovei, Monica Ionica Streche, Georgeta Marcela Bican, and Mihai Radu. "Optoelectronic method for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites." In Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies IX, edited by Ionica Cristea, Marian Vladescu, and Razvan D. Tamas. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2324798.

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Ellis, L., E. Samarut, J. Nixon, and P. Drapeau. "Assessing the efficacy of Zebrafish seizure models for testing cannabinoids." In Abstracts of the NHPRS – The 15th Annual Meeting of the Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644918.

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"A Case Study of the Value-semantic Sphere in Personalities of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Psychostimulants Consumers." In Congress on mental health meeting the needs of the XXI century. Gorodets, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22343/mental-health-congress-compendium117-119.

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Louka, Sotiroula, Christiana Neophytou, and Andreas Constantinou. "Abstract 4030: Synthetic cannabinoids AM-251 and AM-1241 induce cell death in prostate cancer cells." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4030.

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Alnasser, Mais, and Hassan Foroosh. "Rendering Synthetic Objects in Natural Scenes." In 2006 International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312434.

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Oshurkova, Ekaterina Yuryevna, and Valeriya Dmitrievna Zaharko. "Comparing natural and synthetic colorants properties." In III International Research-to-practice Conference, chair Natalya Ehduardovna Dubinina. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-112310.

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SIDHU, SACHDEV S. "FROM NATURAL ANTIBODIES TO SYNTHETIC PROTEINS." In 23rd International Solvay Conference on Chemistry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814603836_0035.

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Lu, Taijin, James E. Shigley, and John I. Koivula. "Channel structures observed in natural diamonds, synthetic moissanite, and synthetic quartz." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Angela Duparr‰ and Bhanwar Singh. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.451719.

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Genin, Dmitriy E., Dmitriy Petrov, Alexey Zaripov, Evgeniy Lipatov, and Alexander Yelisseyev. "Raman spectroscopy of natural and synthetic diamonds." In XIV International Conference on Pulsed Lasers and Laser Applications (AMPL-2019), edited by Anton V. Klimkin, Victor F. Tarasenko, and Maxim V. Trigub. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2555046.

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Reports on the topic "Synthetic and natural cannabinoids"

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Cushing, Donish, and Bomi Joseph. Synthetic cannabinoids severely elevate amino transferase levels. Natural cannabidiol does not. Peak Health Center, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31013/2001e.

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Wiley, Jenny, Julie Marusich, J. W. Huffman, R. L. Balster, and Brian Thomas. Hijacking of Basic Research: The Case of Synthetic Cannabinoids. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2011.op.0007.1111.

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West, Abby L., Nabila Hoque, Joseph Dougherty, Shashi P. Karna, and Mark H. Griep. Conjugation of the Dark Quencher QSY 7 to Various Synthetic Cannabinoids for Use in Fluorescence-Based Detection Platforms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613664.

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Jeon, Insik. New Synthetic Methods for Hypericum Natural Products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/897366.

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Tsukruk, Vladimir V. Integration of Natural Polymers and Synthetic Nanostructures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614119.

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Moody, John. The 1991 Neural Information Processing Systems-natural & Synthetic. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264754.

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Bankova, Vassya, Boryana Trusheva, and Milena Popova. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) – Natural Sources, Analytical Procedures and Synthetic Approaches. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.09.01.

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Lukowski, T. I., and B. Yue. Synthetic Aperture Radar for Search and Rescue: Studies at Natural Resources Canada-Update. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/220009.

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Lewis, Randolph. X-ray Diffraction and Neutron Scattering Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Spider Silk Fibers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1104739.

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McVey, T. Final Report: Technoeconomic Evaluation of UndergroundCoal Gasification (UCG) for Power Generationand Synthetic Natural Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118020.

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