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1
De Feo, Pierpaolo. "Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 1 (July 1996): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350007.
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De Feo P. Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol 1996:135:7–18. ISSN 0804–4643 This review focuses on the effects of hormones on protein kinetics in humans. Most of the recent knowledge on the regulation of protein metabolism in humans has been obtained by tracing protein kinetics in vivo, using labelled isotopes of essential or non-essential amino acids. This technique allows the rates of the whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown to be estimated together with amino acid oxidation and the fractional synthetic rates of mixed muscle proteins or of single plasma proteins. Changes induced within these parameters by hormonal administration or endocrine diseases are also discussed. Hormones, on the basis of their net effect on protein balance (protein synthesis minus protein breakdown), are divided into two categories: those provided with an anabolic action and those with a prevalent catabolic action. The effects on protein metabolism of the following hormones are reviewed: insulin, growth hormone, IGF-I, adrenaline, androgens, estrogens, progesterone, glucagon, glucocorticosteroids, thyroid hormones. The review concludes with a report on the effects of multiple hormonal infusions on whole-body protein kinetics and a discussion on the potential role played by the concomitant increase of several hormones in the pathogenesis of protein wasting that complicates stress diseases. Pierpaolo De Feo, DIMISEM, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Shukla, Akshara, Rohitash Jamwal, and Kumud Bala. "ADVERSE EFFECT OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14565.
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ABSTRACTOral contraceptive (OC) pills contain estrogen and progestin that are synthetic analogs of natural hormones. These synthetic hormones affectthe hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of the female reproductive system. There are many types of contraceptives; most of the OC pills preventpregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. Estrogen and progestin are two female reproductive hormones that are critical. Typically, estradiol is producedby growing follicle (ovaries) which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which further stimulates theanterior pituitary to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH production triggers the ovulation. Similarly, theprogesterone is produced by corpus luteum (ovaries), which triggers the production of FSH and LH. There are many types of progesterone available.Long-term usage of synthetic estrogen and progesterone can disturb the balance between the level of these hormones in the body. This imbalance maylead to severe side effects such as breast cancer, cervical cancer, thrombosis, direct impact on the brain, and infertility.Keywords: Estrogen, Progesterone, Contraceptives, Herbal contraceptives.
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Csaba, G. "Vitamin-caused faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting and its consequences in adult age." Physiology International 104, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.104.2017.3.5.
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Lipid-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) are actually hormones (exohormones), as they can be directly bound by hormone receptors or are in connection with molecules, which influence hormone receptors. Vitamin D is a transition between endo- and exohormones and the possibility of similar situation in case of other lipid-soluble hormones is discussed. The perinatal exposition with these “vitamins” can cause faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting with similar consequences as the faulty imprinting by the synthetic endohormones, members of the same hormone family or industrial, communal, or medical endocrine disruptors. The faulty imprinting leads to late (lifelong) consequences with altered hormone binding by receptors, altered sexuality, brain function, immunity, bone development, and fractures, etc. In addition, as hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, the effect of a single exposure by fat-soluble vitamins is inherited to the progeny generations. As vitamins are handled differently from hormones; however, perinatal treatments take place frequently and sometimes it is forced, the negative late effect of faulty perinatal vitamin-caused hormonal imprinting must be considered.
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Callejas, Miriam Martinez. "Understanding bioidentical hormones and their effect on quality of life." Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 8, no. 10 (December 2, 2019): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/joan.2019.8.10.467.
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It is important to understand the functions of the body's hormones and the options available to make the right choices for use in treating the symptoms of menopause. Bioidentical hormones are compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as endogenous human hormones. In contrast, non-bioidentical—or synthetic—hormones are structurally dissimilar from endogenous hormones. Although it has been available for years, bioidentical compounded hormone therapy has gained popularity only recently. This article highlights the main functions of these hormones and how hormone imbalances can affect a patient's quality of life, the importance of lifestyle and diet and what bioidentical hormones are, as well as the differences in treatment in different countries and the meaning of compounding.
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Callejas, Alison Culkin Miriam Martinez. "Understanding bioidentical hormones and their effect on quality of life." Journal of Prescribing Practice 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2020.2.1.18.
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It is important to understand the functions of the body's hormones and the options available to make the right choices for use in treating the symptoms of menopause. Bioidentical hormones are compounds that have exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as endogenous human hormones. In contrast, non-bioidentical—or synthetic—hormones are structurally dissimilar from endogenous hormones. Although it has been available for years, bioidentical compounded hormone therapy has gained popularity only recently. This article highlights the main functions of these hormones and how hormone imbalances can affect a patient's quality of life, the importance of lifestyle and diet and what bioidentical hormones are, how they are prescribed, as well as the differences in treatment in different countries and the meaning of compounding.
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Du, Kang, Qiang Han, Ying Zhang, and Xiangyang Kang. "Differential Expression of Genes Related to the Formation of Giant Leaves in Triploid Poplar." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100920.
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Plant polyploids tend to have large leaves, but their formation mechanism has not yet been well explained. Therefore, daily transcriptomic differences between triploids and diploids from a synthetic Populus sect. Tacamahaca three times a day (i.e., 04:00, 09:00, and 21:00) were investigated using high-throughput RNA-seq analysis. In this study, we identified several transcription factors associated with giant leaves. The combined effects included the high expression of several transcription factors (WRKY, MYB, etc.) and hormone-related genes (e.g., activates auxin, cytokine, and brassinosteroid synthesis-related genes) that accelerate the synthesis and accumulation of endogenous hormones. High levels of growth hormones were maintained by reducing the genes’ expression of hormone metabolism and degradation. The coordination of hormones accumulated sufficient materials and energy for leaf growth and development. Thereby, cell division and growth were accelerated which enhanced the photosynthesis of leaves, and the increased accumulation of photosynthetic products led to giant triploid leaves. This study lays the foundation for revealing the molecular mechanisms in the formation of giant leaves in polyploids.
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G, Csaba. "Environmental Pollution and Non-Perinatal Faulty Hormonal Imprinting: A Critical Review." Integrative Pediatrics and Child Care 1, no. 1 (November 13, 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18314/ipcc.v1i1.1419.
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The perinatal hormonal imprinting takes place perinatally, when the developing hormone receptors meet the hormones of the newborn and this suits the normal receptor-hormone connections for life. In this period the developmental window for imprinting is open and the receptors can be cheated by hormone-related exogeneous molecules, provoking faulty hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences, as alteration of receptor binding capacity and hormone production, functional changes, altered sexual behavior, immunological alterations and inclination to or manifestation of diseases. However, there are other critical periods of life, when the window is open, as weaning, adolescence, regeneration in adults as well, as in continously dividing cells. The most sensitive non-perinatal critical period is the adolescence. In these periods hormone-like endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A, benzpyrene, pesticides and herbicides, soy isoflavones, medically used synthetic hormones etc) are provoking faulty hormonal imprinting with lifelong consequences. The hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, which is inherited to the progeny cells of the organism and to the offspring of the organism, by which it can chip in the evolution. The non-perinatal faulty hormonal imprinting is justified in animal experiments and seems to be likely in case of survivors of childhood cancer treatment. Similar to the faulty perinatal hormonal imprinting, the late (non-perinatal) faulty imprinting can participate in the provocation of later manifested diseases.
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Swanepoel, Albe C., Amcois Visagie, and Etheresia Pretorius. "Synthetic Hormones and Clot Formation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 4 (August 2016): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616011478.
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AbstractCombined oral contraceptives (COCs), colloquially referred to as “the pill,” have been regarded as a medical breakthrough, as they have improved the lives of countless women, from simplifying family planning to the treatment of acne, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and dysmenorrhea. Unfortunately, COC usage has been associated with an increased occurrence of venous thrombosis and therefore a systemic hypercoagulable state in susceptible females. Here we discuss the health risks of COC usage and use viscoelastic and morphological techniques to investigate the effect of different COC constituents on clot formation, particularly fibrin network packaging and whole blood viscoelasticity. Viscoelastic properties of whole blood showed gender-specific changes while morphological alterations were person-specific, regardless of gender. Using scanning electron microscopy and thromboelastography provides great insight regarding fibrin packaging and the development of a hypercoagulable state in high-risk individuals. We proposed a three-step approach where (1) an individual’s coagulation profile baseline is determined, after which (2) the “ideal” combination of constituents is prescribed, and (3) the coagulation profile of the individual is monitored to assess possible risk of thrombosis. Only in following such an individualized patient-oriented approach will we be able to avoid the many health issues due to COC usage in susceptible females.
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Epstein, Samuel S. "Potential Public Health Hazards of Biosynthetic Milk Hormones." International Journal of Health Services 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/prtt-ht8g-4fnq-atjj.
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The use of biosynthetic milk hormones raises fundamental ethical, social, and economic considerations, including the continued viability of the small family dairy farm and adverse veterinary effects. The past and expanding use of synthetic bovine growth hormone manufactured by the Agricultural Chemicals Division of Elanco (Eli Lilly and Co.) in conjunction with Dow Chemical Co. and Upjohn Co., and its methionyl analog, manufactured by American Cyanamid Co. and Monsanto Co., also poses significant potential public health hazards which have not so far been investigated. These concerns are exacerbated by the domination of synthetic hormone research by industry and its indentured academics, by failure of the industries concerned to disclose their unpublished data, by their manipulation of published data, and by refusal to label milk and meat from cows treated with biosynthetic hormones, and by denial of consumers' rights to know. These concerns are further exacerbated by the abdication of regulatory responsibility by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Porterfield, Susan P., and Lawrence B. Hendry. "Impact of Pcbs On Thyroid Hormone Directed Brain Development." Toxicology and Industrial Health 14, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379801400109.
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Thyroid hormones regulate neuronal proliferation, migration, process outgrowth, synaptic development, and myelin formation in specific brain regions. Because brain development occurs during discrete windows of time, inappropriate levels of thyroid hormones in definitive periods can produce permanent damage, the nature of which depends upon the timing and magnitude of the insult. Thyroid hormones cross the placenta and enter the brain primarily as thyroxine (T4); therefore, conditions selectively lowering serum T4 levels alter brain hormone availability. Triiodothyronine (T3) is the predominant form of the hormone that binds to the receptor. T3 is produced from T4 in the brain by the enzyme type II, 5'-deiodinase. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic environmental toxicants that bear a striking structural resemblance to the active thyroid hormones and can, depending upon the species, dosage, and congener used, act as agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists to thyroid hormones.
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Sites, Cynthia K. "Bioidentical Hormones for Menopausal Therapy." Women's Health 4, no. 2 (March 2008): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.4.2.163.
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'Bioidentical hormones' is a term created by the lay media to refer to chemicals derived from plants that are modified to be structurally identical to endogenous human hormones. These compounds include estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone when prescribed for menopausal women. Patients assume bioidentical hormones are natural and safer than synthetic hormones with regard to the risk of developing breast cancer and other diseases, but there is little evidence to support this belief. Proponents of this therapy also support the use of salivary hormone measurements to adjust doses of these hormones instead of adjustment based on improvement or lack of improvement in menopausal symptoms. In this review, the rationale behind the use of bioidentical hormones is discussed, along with the evidence supporting the use of compounded and FDA-approved bioidentical products.
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Ahmed, Samy Ismail, Aamir Magzoub, Mohammed Saeed Zayed Al-Ayed, Gamal Ali Attia, Basel A. Abdel-Wahab, Masood M. Khateeb, Asim M. Abdalla, Heitham M. Mohammed, Aymen N. Eldeen A. Elkareem, and Ali Gadkarim A. Salih. "Gestational Exposure to Synthetic Steroid Hormones Impaired Sperm Quantity and Quality in Wistar Rats." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1814867.
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This study was designed to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to synthetic sex steroid on sperm quantity and quality, relative testicular and epididymal weights, and reproductive hormones level in adult Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a test group (n = 20) that included mature rats that were born to dams exposed to gestational treatment with hydroxyprogesterone and a control group (n = 20) that included mature rats born to untreated dams. Compared to the control group, the test group showed a significant reduction in the sperm count, viability and motility, relative testicular and epididymal weights together with increased abnormal spermatozoa (p<0.001). The reproductive hormonal assay revealed significantly lower serum testosterone and higher levels of FSH and LH among the test groups compared to the control (p<0.05 for all). Prenatal exposure to synthetic progesterone negatively affected sperm production and function, relative testicular and epididymal weights, and reproductive hormone levels.
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Milošević, Verica, and Vladimir Ajdžanović. "Pituitary Hormone-producing Cells After Estradiol Application in Rat Models of Menopause." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjecr-2014-0015.
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Abstract Female ageing represents the biological process of structural and functional changes in endocrine cells and tissues, as well as in pituitary hormone-producing cells. In addition to the hypothalamic releasing hormones, estradiol plays a significant role in the regulation of the synthesis/secretion of pituitary hormones and is still used therapeutically for menopausal symptoms. The effects of ageing or ovariectomy and synthetic estradiol application under these circumstances were evaluated in pituitary hormone-producing cells of female rats (animal models of menopause); i.e., the following cells were observed: gonadotropes (FSH and LH), thyrotropes (TSH), somatotropes (GH), mammotropes (PRL) and corticotropes (ACTH). The cells were immunostained and histologically analysed. The ELISA method was used for hormonal analyses. Ageing was found to cause diverse, commonly reductive changes regarding the volume, number and secretion of menopausal rat pituitary hormone- producing cells, except for PRL cells that exhibit significantly increased numbers and intensified secretion. After the treatment of middle-aged female rats wiThestradiol, the absolute and relative pituitary weights significantly increased in comparison with the control females. Histological parameters such as the cell and volume density of PRL and ACThcells were significantly increased compared with the control values. The mentioned parameters of FSH, LH, GH, and occasionally TSH cells after estradiol treatment significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. The corresponding hormone levels followed the changes in the histological parameters. These data indicate that the application of estradiol to menopausal females may specifically, in two directions, modify the histological characteristics and secretory activities of different pituitary-hormone producing cells..
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Matraszek-Żuchowska, Iwona, Barbara Woźniak, Alicja Kłopot, Sebastian Witek, Katarzyna Sielska, and Andrzej Posyniak. "Control of anabolic hormone residues in tissues of slaughter animals in Poland during the period of 2011–2015." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0009.
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Abstract Introduction: Studies of anabolic hormone residues in the tissues of slaughter animals have been carried out in Poland for more than 25 years. During the period of 2011 to 2015, a total of 35 387 samples from different animal species were tested in the National Residue Control Programme for the presence of residues of compounds that cause hormonal effects, as listed in Annex 1 of Directive 96/23/EC. Material and Methods: The research was conducted in the National Reference Laboratory and eight regional laboratories in departments of veterinary hygiene located throughout the country. Urine, muscle tissue, serum, kidney fat, and drinking water were the targeted matrices. Test methods based on instrumental techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry were applied, as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: The concentration of detected hormones exceeded the decision limits in 30 samples, the consequence of which was 41 non-compliances with current applicable criteria. The hormones found present pseudo-endogenous (nortestosterone and boldenone) only, while synthetic hormones were not identified. Conclusion: The non-compliant findings constitute a small percentage (0.085%) of the five-year analysis compilation. On this basis the related food produced in Poland can be accepted as safe for human consumption with regard to the hormone residues tested.
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Csaba, G. "Bone Manifestation of Faulty Perinatal Hormonal Imprinting: A Review." Current Pediatric Reviews 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396315666181126110110.
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Hormonal imprinting takes place at the first encounter between the developing receptor and its target hormone and the encounter determines the receptor's binding capacity for life. In the critical period of development, when the window for imprinting is open, the receptor can be misdirected by related hormones, synthetic hormones, and industrial or communal endocrine disruptors which cause faulty hormonal imprinting with life-long consequences. Considering these facts, the hormonal imprinting is a functional teratogen provoking alterations in the perinatal (early postnatal) period. One single encounter with a low dose of the imprinter in the critical developmental period is enough for the formation of faulty imprinting, which is manifested later, in adult age. This has been justified in the immune system, in sexuality, in animal behavior and brain neurotransmitters etc. by animal experiments and human observations. This review points to the faulty hormonal imprinting in the case of bones (skeleton), by single or repeated treatments. The imprinting is an epigenetic alteration which is inherited to the progeny generations. From clinical aspect, the faulty imprinting can have a role in the pathological development of the bones as well, as in the risk of osteoporotic fractures, etc.
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Combarnous, Yves, and Thi Mong Diep Nguyen. "Comparative Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Hormones and Endocrine Disruptor Compounds." Toxics 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010005.
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Endocrine Disruptor Compounds (EDCs) are synthetic or natural molecules in the environment that promote adverse modifications of endogenous hormone regulation in humans and/or in wildlife animals. In the present paper, we review the potential mechanisms of EDCs and point out the similarities and differences between EDCs and hormones. There was only one mechanism, out of nine identified, in which EDCs acted like hormones (i.e. binding and stimulated hormone receptor activity). In the other eight identified mechanisms of action, EDCs exerted their effects either by affecting endogenous hormone concentration, or its availability, or by modifying hormone receptor turn over. This overview is intended to classify the various EDC mechanisms of action in order to better appreciate when in vitro tests would be valid to assess their risks towards humans and wildlife.
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Castro-caldas, M., A. F. Mendes, C. B. Duarte, and M. C. F. Lopes. "Dexamethasone-induced and estradiol-induced CREB activation and annexin 1 expression in CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic cells: evidence for the involvement of cAMP and p38 MAPK." Mediators of Inflammation 12, no. 6 (2003): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350310001633351.
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Aims:Annexin 1 (ANXA1), a member of the annexin family of calcium-binding and phospholipid-binding proteins, is a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of steroid hormones. We have previously demonstrated that, in the human lymphoblastic CCRF-CEM cell line, both the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone (Dex), and the estrogen hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2β), induce the synthesis of ANXA1, by a mechanism independent of the activation of their nuclear receptors. Recently, it was reported that the gene coding for ANXA1 contains a cAMP-responsive element (CRE). In this work, we investigated whether Dex and E2β were able to induce the activation of CRE binding proteins (CREB) in the CCRF-CEM cells. Moreover, we studied the intracellular signalling pathways involved in CREB activation and ANXA1 synthesis in response to Dex and E2β; namely, the role of cAMP and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).Results:The results show that Dex and E2β were as effective as the cAMP analogue, dBcAMP, in inducing CREB activation. On the other hand, dBcAMP induced ANXA1 synthesis as effectively as these steroid hormones. Furthermore, the cAMP antagonist, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, and the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, effectively prevented Dex-induced, E2β-induced and dBcAMP-induced CREB activation and ANXA1 synthesis.Conclusions:Taken together, our results suggest that, in CCRF-CEM cells, Dex-induced and E2β-induced ANXA1 expression requires the activation of the transcription factor CREB, which in turn seems to be mediated by cAMP and the p38 MAPK. These findings also suggest that, besides the nuclear steroid hormone receptors, other transcription factors, namely CREB, may play important roles in mediating the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids and oestrogen hormones.
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Karachentsev, A. N., P. V. Sergeev, and A. I. Matyushin. "Gestagens and heart." Problems of Endocrinology 42, no. 2 (April 15, 1996): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12030.
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The use of gestagen hormones (progestogens, progestogens, progestins) in modern medicine is mainly based on their effect on the reproductive sphere of the female body, including menstrual dysfunction (luteal phase of the cycle), contraception, pregnancy support, correction of hormonal homeostasis during menopause, antitumor activity in some hormone-dependent oncological diseases. The presence of antiandrogenic properties in a number of progestogens (C21-derivatives), which have found application as antihormonal therapy for certain endocrine diseases in women (hirsutism) and for malignant neoplasms of the male genital organs, should be highlighted. The variety of influences exerted by natural gestagen hormones and their synthetic analogs on the human body also encompasses a change in their action of cardiovascular activity. Moreover, according to some authors, the heart and large vessels are the targets of the action of gestagens. It is assumed that a change in the hormonal characteristics of the female body during the normal menstrual cycle does not cause existing changes in the reactivity of the cardiovascular system. However, fluctuations in cardioactive and vasoactive parameters can be observed even with physiological differences in the level of endogenous progestogens and estrogens (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause). The greatest severity of maladaptation phenomena in cardiac activity (according to the mathematical analysis of cardiointervalograms) was revealed precisely at peak concentrations of female sex hormones within the estrous cycle - in the phases of proestrus and metaestrus. During menopause and postmenopause, when the cardioprotective effect of endogenous estrogens and gestagens is significantly reduced, a violation of cardiac and vasomotor activity can be detected, often requiring hormone replacement therapy with estrogen-gestagen drugs.
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HAMILTON, WILLIAM, and MOHSEN M. KHATTAB. "Sex hormone priming prior to the combined hypoglycaemia test." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S60—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s060.
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Abstract The insulin hypoglycaemia test (IHT) was performed on 3 groups of short statured children. One group was unprimed with sex steroid hormones, a second group received 17β-oestradiol, while a third group received testosterone. The dosage of insulin was adjusted to produce a nadir in blood glucose of ⇋ 1 mmol/L. When this level is achieved plasma growth hormone (GH) responses less than 10 mU/L are not improved by either priming procedure. It is suggested from the data that there is no place for a diagnosis of a partial GH deficiency state. When the IHT is combined with Gn-RH and TRH infusion the data derived may indicate GH-RH deficiency alone or additionally a CRF deficiency. Alternatively a pituitary insensitivity to these releasing substances or a pituitary synthetic failure of all trophic hormones may be adduced. Unless a releasing hormone is deficient and the pituitary is shown to be able to respond to its synthetic analogue, treatment with the available analogues will fail to give the desired clinical response.
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Porphyre, Vincent, Michel V. Rakotoharinome, Tantely Randriamparany, Damien Pognon, Stéphanie Prevost, and Bruno Le Bizec. "Residues of synthetic hormones in pork, Madagascar." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 67, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10174.
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Nghiem, L. D., A. I. Schäfer, and T. D. Waite. "Membrane filtration in water recycling: removal of natural hormones." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0021.
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Recent detections of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in effluent are of great concern to sections of the community associated with the issue of water recycling. In vitro and in vivo studies by many researchers have confirmed the impacts of EDCs on trout at the common concentration encountered in sewage effluent. Amongst many types of EDCs the impacts of steroid estrogens such as estrone, estradiol (natural hormones) and ethinylestradiol (a synthetic hormone) are prominent as they have far higher endocrine-disrupting potency than other synthetic EDCs. Given the continuous developments in membrane technology, tertiary treatment using membrane processes has been identified as a promising technology to provide a safeguard to water recycling practice and to protect the environment. This paper investigates retention and adsorptive behavior of the natural hormones estrone and estradiol by two commercial low-pressure nanofiltration membranes TFC-SR2 and TFC-S, using dead end stirred cell systems. The removal phenomena of estradiol are similar to that of estrone. pH has been found to significantly influence the adsorption of estrone and estradiol by the membranes, presumably due to hydrogen bonding. This adsorption is critical in the risk of possible release of such hormones to the product waters. Total adsorbed amounts were calculated for standard membrane elements and are indeed important.
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Shah, O. Jameel, Joshua C. Anthony, Scot R. Kimball, and Leonard S. Jefferson. "4E-BP1 and S6K1: translational integration sites for nutritional and hormonal information in muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): E715—E729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.4.e715.
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Maintenance of cellular protein stores in skeletal muscle depends on a tightly regulated synthesis-degradation equilibrium that is conditionally modulated under an extensive range of physiological and pathophysiological circumstances. Recent studies have established the initiation phase of mRNA translation as a pivotal site of regulation for global rates of protein synthesis, as well as a site through which the synthesis of specific proteins is controlled. The protein synthetic pathway is exquisitely sensitive to the availability of hormones and nutrients and employs a comprehensive integrative strategy to interpret the information provided by hormonal and nutritional cues. The translational repressor, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) have emerged as important components of this strategy, and together they coordinate the behavior of both eukaryotic initiation factors and the ribosome. This review discusses the role of 4E-BP1 and S6K1 in translational control and outlines the mechanisms through which hormones and nutrients effect changes in mRNA translation through the influence of these translational effectors.
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Mendoza-Cabrera, María Isabel, Rosa-Elena Navarro-Hernández, Anne Santerre, Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno, Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez, and Ciro Estrada-Chávez. "Effect of pregnancy hormone mixtures on cytokine production and surface marker expression in naïve and LPS-activated THP-1 differentiated monocytes/macrophages." Innate Immunity 26, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425919864658.
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In pregnancy, maternal monocytes and macrophages acquire a specific phenotype that enables them to maintain immune tolerance and facilitate hormone–immune cell interactions, which are necessary for gestational progression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy hormone mixtures of the first and third trimesters on both resting and activated monocytes and macrophages. Pregnancy hormone levels (cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin) were quantified at the first and third trimesters. The average of the levels obtained was used to prepare two mixtures of synthetic hormones: low and high. These mixtures were then used to stimulate THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, resting or activated with LPS. Cytokine production in the culture supernatants and surface marker expression (CD14, CD86, and CD163) were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that the hormones modulated the pro-inflammatory response of THP-1 cells, LPS-activated monocytes, and macrophages, inducing high levels of IL-10 and low levels of IL-8, IL-1-β, and IL-6. All hormone stimulation increased the CD163 receptor in both resting and LPS-activated monocytes and macrophages in a dose-independent manner, unlike CD14 and CD86. Pregnancy hormones promote the expression of the markers associated with the M2-like phenotype, modulating their pro-inflammatory response. This phenotype regulation by hormones could be a determinant in pregnancy.
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Shen, Weihua, Paul Wisniowski, Lasker Ahmed, David W. Boyle, Scott C. Denne, and Edward A. Liechty. "Protein anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I in the ovine fetus." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): E748—E756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00399.2002.
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We determined the effect of insulin and/or recombinant human (rh)IGF-I infusion on ovine fetal phenylalanine kinetics, protein synthesis, and phenylalanine accretion. The chronically catheterized fetal lamb model was used at 130 days gestation. All studies were performed while fetal glucose and amino acid concentrations were held constant. Experimental infusates were 1) saline, 2) rhIGF-I plus a replacement dose of insulin (40 nmol), 3) insulin (890 mIU/h), and 4) IGF-I plus insulin (40 nmol IGF-I/h and 890 mIU insulin/h). Both hormones increased glucose and amino acid utilization, with insulin having a greater effect. The major effect on phenylalanine kinetics was a pronounced fall in phenylalanine hydroxylation, again with insulin having the greatest effect. Whole body protein breakdown was not significantly altered by either hormone; whole body protein synthesis was significantly increased during the combined infusion. Protein accretion was increased by both hormones, with the greatest increase during combined infusion. The fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of circulating albumin was increased by IGF-I but not by insulin. Both hormones significantly increased skeletal muscle FSR without a synergistic effect. The anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I were more pronounced in these studies than in previous studies where amino acid concentrations were not maintained. The present data also suggest that insulin and IGF-I promote fetal growth through distinct, organ-specific mechanisms.
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Chang, S., T. D. Waite, A. I. Schäfer, and A. G. Fane. "Binding of estrone to hollow fibre membranes in microfiltration of solutions containing trace estrone." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0174.
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Increased concern is being paid to the health and environmental risk caused by trace natural and synthetic hormones discharged from sewage treatment plants. This study, which is part of a larger project on the investigation of hybrid membrane processes for trace hormones removal in water recycling, focuses on binding of hormones to microfiltration membranes in filtration of solutions containing trace hormones. The adsorption capacity of the membrane, kinetics of adsorption and desorption of to/from microfiltration hollow fibre membranes, and the factors affecting adsorption to the membranes have been studied using estrone as model solute. The experiments showed that the adsorption of estrone to the microfiltration membranes could result in high retention of estrone molecules. However, since the mechanism of retention is adsorption rather than sieving, the retention decreases with increase in the amount of estrone accumulated on the membrane, and breakthrough occurs when the accumulated estrone on the membrane reaches an equilibrium concentration corresponding to the feed concentration. For long-term operation, although membranes could be saturated by hormone molecules, the membrane processes could still have a function of buffer for instantaneous high hormone concentration because the saturation surface concentration increases with the increase in the feed concentration. In addition, the experiments also indicated that the adsorption capacity of the membranes for hormones could be affected by membrane types, pH, affinity of hormones to water, as well as the presence of other organics. These results are of relevance to the potential release of trace hormones from water treatment systems where microfiltration membranes are used as a process barrier.
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Agarwal, Swati, Faisal Alzahrani, and Asif Ahmed. "Hormone Replacement Therapy: Would it be Possible to Replicate a Functional Ovary?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103160.
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Background: Throughout history, menopause has been regarded as a transition in a woman’s life. With the increase in life expectancy, women now spend more than a third of their lives in menopause. During these years, women may experience intolerable symptoms both physically and mentally, leading them to seek clinical advice. It is imperative for healthcare providers to improve the quality of life by reducing bothersome menopausal symptoms and preventing disorders such as osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. The current treatment in the form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is sometimes inadequate with several limitations and adverse effects. Objective and rationale: The current review aims to discuss the need, efficacy, and limitations of current HRT; the role of other ovarian hormones, and where we stand in comparison with ovary-in situ; and finally, explore towards the preparation of an HRT model by regeneration of ovaries tissues through stem cells which can replicate a functional ovary. Search methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL) were searched from database inception until 26 April 2018, using a combination of relevant controlled vocabulary terms and free-text terms related to ‘menopause’, ‘hormone replacement therapy’, ‘ovary regeneration’, ‘stem cells’ and ‘ovarian transplantation’. Outcomes: We present a synthesis of the existing data on the efficacy and limitations of HRT. HRT is far from adequate in postmenopausal women with symptoms of hormone deprivation as it fails to deliver all hormones secreted by naïve ovarian tissue. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of synthetic hormones makes them substantially different from natural ones. Not only does the number and type of hormones given in HRT matter, but the route of delivering and their release in circulation are also imperative. The hormones are delivered either orally or topically in a non-physiological uniform manner, which brings along with it several side effects. These identify the need for a hormone delivery system which replicates, integrates and reacts as per the requirement of the female body. Wider implications: The review outlines the strengths and weaknesses of HRT and highlights the potential areas for future research. There is a tremendous potential for research in this field to understand the collective roles of the various ovarian hormones and to devise an auto-regulated hormone delivery system which replicates the normal physiology. Its clinical applications can prove to be transformative for postmenopausal women helping them to lead a healthy and productive life.
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Lyubomirova, V. N., Е. М. Romanova, V. V. Romanov, and Т. М. Shlenkina. "INFLUENCE OF DURATION OF INTER-SPAWNING PERIOD ON THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF CAVIAR." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy, no. 3(50) (September 8, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2020-3-119-124.
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The work is devoted to the study of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of African sharptooth catfish caviar produced at different periods of the inter-spawning interval, obtained artificially under the influence of reproductive hormones. In industrial aquaculture, the African catfish does not reproduce naturally, so the problem of obtaining high-quality caviar suitable for artificial insemination is relevant. To carry out the reproductive process in fish in industrial aquaculture, it is necessary to choose the right sex hormone and its dose. Sex hormones affect the duration of the inter-spawning interval and the quality of eggs obtained for fertilization and for food purposes. The pituitary gland of the African sharptooth catfish and surfagon were used as gamatogenesis stimulators. The study aim was to empirically select the optimal duration of inter-spawning interval and type of hormonal stimulator that provides caviar maturation in the conditions of industrial aquaculture. The results of research have shown that the use of fresh or acetonated catfish as a pituitary hormone stimulator is more effective than the use of synthetic hormone preparation surfagon. Stimulation of acetonated pituitary gland by injection reduces the interspawning interval to three months, and the use of surfagon extends inter-spawning interval to four months. The reduction of inter-spawning interval plays an important role in the realization of technology for the production of African sharptooth catfish caviar for food purposes. Using a shorter inter-spawning interval, even against hormonal stimulants, does not allow you to get high-quality eggs that meet the requirements.
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Uka, A., P. S. Asangusung, and G. G. Okoro. "Effects of different synthetic hormone preparations on fertilization and hatching in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 34, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v34i1.1.
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The effect of different synthetic hormonal preparations on fertilization and hatching in Clarias gariepinus was investigated. The fish were injected with three different synthetic hormones namely: ovaprim, ovulin, and carp pituitary extracts (CPE) designated as treatments A, B, and C respectively. These were all replicated three times in a complete randomized design. The eggs were monitored until fertilization and hatching were completed. The results of the experiment were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). From the results, treatment B had the highest percentage fertilization (79.4%) and hatchability (80.0%), which were significantly different (p>0.05) from both treatments A and C. Treatment C had the least values of 67.7% and 62.30%. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) amongst the water parameters of the culture units examined during the experimental period. The results of this study showed that all the three hormones yielded good performance but ovulin was the best preferred.
Keywords: Ovaprim, ovulin, fertilization, hatching, C. gariepinus.
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Pfeilschifter, J., A. Kurtz, and C. Bauer. "Role of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in vasoconstrictor-induced prostaglandin synthesis in cultured rat renal mesangial cells." Biochemical Journal 234, no. 1 (February 15, 1986): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2340125.
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It was the aim of the present study to find out if a common mechanism exists by which the vasoconstrictive hormones angiotension II, noradrenaline and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC) increase prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in cultures of rat renal mesangial cells. Angiotension II, noradrenaline and AGEPC stimulated PGE2 synthesis and uptake of 45Ca2+ in cultured mesangial cells. Both of these effects could be completely suppressed by the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Angiotensin II, noradrenaline and AGEPC caused a rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with a concomitant increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, indicating an activation of phospholipase C by these hormones. Addition of verapamil had no effect on the hormone-induced stimulation of phospholipase C. The synthetic analogue of diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), both of which are known to stimulate protein kinase C, enhanced PGE2 synthesis. Chelation of extracellular calcium with EDTA or addition of verapamil abolished the effect of 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol and phorbol ester on PGE2 synthesis. 1-Oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol and phorbol ester increased the uptake of 45Ca2+ by the cells in a dose-dependent manner and this effect could be blocked by verapamil. The entirety of these data leads us to suggest that vasoconstrictor-evoked synthesis of PGE2 in rat mesangial cells is mediated by the subsequent activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C. The activation of protein kinase C by diacylglycerol is likely to be involved in the increase of the calcium permeability of the plasma membrane which is a prerequisite for PGE2 synthesis induced by vasoconstrictive hormones.
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Oldberg, A., B. Jirskog-Hed, S. Axelsson, and D. Heinegård. "Regulation of bone sialoprotein mRNA by steroid hormones." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 3183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.6.3183.
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In this report we demonstrate an increase in the steady-state level of bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNA in rat calvaria and a rat osteosarcoma cell line (ROS 17/2.8) after treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. In contrast, 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced the amount of BSP mRNA in calvaria and inhibited the dexamethasone induction in ROS 17/2.8 cells. The increase in BSP mRNA is most likely due to an increase in the transcriptional rate. The stability of mRNA was unchanged after dexamethasone treatment with a half-life of approximately 5 h. Nuclear transcription experiments with nuclei isolated from ROS 17/2.8 cells showed an increased BSP mRNA synthesis in cells treated with dexamethasone.
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Guardabasso, V., G. De Nicolao, M. Rocchetti, and D. Rodbard. "Evaluation of pulse-detection algorithms by computer simulation of hormone secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): E775—E784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.6.e775.
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A versatile method is presented for generating synthetic hormonal time series, containing peaks at known locations, to be used to objectively evaluate both the false-negative (F-) and false-positive (F+) statistical error rates of computerized pulse-detection algorithms. Synthetic data are generated by assuming hormone secretion to occur as a succession of instantaneous release pulses, distributed as Poisson events, separated by quiescent intervals. The pulses are convolved to simulate cumulation of consecutive events and clearance of the hormone. Randomly generated errors, corresponding in magnitude to typical experimental measurement error, are then added to the convolved series. The choice of different values for simulation parameters (e.g., frequency and amplitude of pulses) allows one to emulate some typical physiological patterns of hormone secretion for luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and thyrotropin or other hormones. Various subsets can be extracted from a simulated time series to study the effect of sampling frequency on the detection of pulses. We show that in sampled series the "observable frequency" of pulses is less than the true nominal frequency. Methods for evaluating pulse-detection algorithms and expressing the results are presented. Simulations of LH secretion were analyzed with the program DETECT. We show that minimizing F+ error rates only might lead to excessively high F- rates. A proper choice of sampling frequency and program probability levels can be made to provide acceptable F+ and F- error rates for various patterns of hormone secretion.
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Epstein, Samuel S. "Questions and Answers on Synthetic Bovine Growth Hormones." International Journal of Health Services 20, no. 4 (October 1990): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wk6h-dxca-9cg4-luj1.
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MORAIS, RUITER L., MARIÂNGELA F. SANTIAGO, JOACHIM W. ZANG, WARDE A. FONSECA-ZANG, and FERNANDO SCHIMIDT. "Removal of synthetic sex hormones by hydrothermal carbonization." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 90, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 1327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170176.
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Semenov, V. V., V. A. Glumova, and V. V. Trusov. "Anabolic steroids in experimental and clinical medicine." Kazan medical journal 66, no. 1 (February 15, 1985): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj60547.
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Drugs that affect metabolic processes in the body include anabolic steroid hormones, synthetic analogs of male sex hormones, devoid of sexual activity, but retaining a positive effect on growth, body weight, myotropic activity and nitrogen balance.
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Petti, Carloalberto. "Phloroglucinol Mediated Plant Regeneration of Ornithogalum dubium as the Sole “Hormone-Like Supplement” in Plant Tissue Culture Long-Term Experiments." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080929.
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Tissue culture is an essential requirement in plant science to preserve genetic resources and to expand naturally occurring germplasm. A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic hormones are available to induce the processes of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Not all plant material is susceptible to tissue culture, and often complex media and hormone requirements are needed to achieve successful plant propagations. The availability of new hormones or chemicals acting as hormones are critical to the expansion of tissue culture potentials. Phloroglucinol has been shown to have certain hormone-like properties in a variety of studies. Ornithogalum dubium, an important geophyte species, was used to characterise the potential of phloroglucinol as the sole plant-like hormone in a tissue culture experiment. Tissue culture, plant regeneration, total phenolic and genetic variability were established by applying a variety of methods throughout long-term experiments. Phloroglucinol did induce callus formation and plant regeneration when used as the sole supplement in the media at a rate of 37%, thus demonstrating auxin/cytokines-like properties. Callus formation was of 3 types, friable and cellular, hard and compact, and a mixture of the two. The important finding was that direct somatogenesis did occur albeit more frequently on younger tissue, whereby rates of induction were up to 52%. It is concluded that phloroglucinol acts as a “hormone-like” molecule and can trigger direct embryogenesis without callus formation.
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Oliveira, Karen Jesus, Maria Isabel Chiamolera, Gisele Giannocco, Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura, and Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho. "Thyroid function disruptors: from nature to chemicals." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 62, no. 1 (January 2019): R1—R19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-18-0081.
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The modern concept of thyroid disruptors includes synthetic chemicals and bioactive compounds from food that interfere with any aspect of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis, thyroid hormone biosynthesis and secretion, blood and transmembrane transport, metabolism and local actions of thyroid hormones. This review highlights relevant disruptors that affect populations through their diet: directly from food itself (fish oil and polyunsaturated fatty acids, pepper, coffee, cinnamon and resveratrol/grapes), through vegetable cultivation (pesticides) and from containers for food storage and cooking (bisphenol A, phthalates and polybrominated diphenyl ethers). Due to the vital role of thyroid hormones during every stage of life, we review effects from the gestational period to adulthood, including evidence fromin vitrostudies, rodent models, human trials and epidemiological studies.
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Jha, Bidhya S., and Sirsiya Neupane. "Induced Breeding of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) in Rupandehi, Nepal." ZOO-Journal 5 (December 31, 2019): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/zooj.v5i0.34933.
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Induced breeding is a scientific approach to the modern fish breeding procedure whereby ripen brood fishes are stimulated to release the eggs by pituitary hormone or any other synthetic hormone to breed in captive condition. Fish pituitary is mainly used for induced breeding but due to difficulties in the preparation of injections and preservation, nowdays synthetic hormones like LHRH-a, Ovaprim, WOVA-FH, Ovatide etc. are found to be used for induced breeding. A total of 4 sets of female grass carp were used for induced breeding with application of LHRH-a and pituitary extract in April at Mandal Fish Hatchery, Rupandehi. In total 23,67,500 eggs were collected and incubated. Fecundity, fertility and hatching rates were 1,25,000, 40-70% and 60-70% respectively. The rate of breeding especially, fertilization and hatching rate with LHRH-a was found better than with pituitary extracts.
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Onyia, L. U., H. D. Ali, H. A. Bello, E. C. Onyia, and M. Musa. "Comparative Study on the Natural and Synthetic Hormones ofClarias gariepinus Broodstock." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 38, no. 1 (July 28, 2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.5.
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The study was carried out for six (6) weeks at the Department of Fisheries Teaching and Research farm, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, to compare the reproductive performance of Clarias gariepinus using synthetic (ovaprim) and natural (C. gariepinus pituitary extract) hormones . At the end of the feeding trial, the fecundity, percentage fertilization, hatchability, and survival rates of the hatchlings were estimated using standard procedure. The hatchlings were further raised for six weeks and the increase in weight was determined. The results showed that female broodstock injected with C. gariepinus pituitary extract (CgPE) had a higher fecundity (124,000) while the female injected with Ovaprim had 65,000 eggs. The weight of the testes significantly differed (p<0.05) across the treatments, the right lobe weighed 1.63g while the left lobe weighed 1.98g . Subsequently, a higher fertilization rate was recorded in CgPE (91.1%) while Ovaprim had 85.55% . However, Ovaprim had a higher percentage hatchability of 82.93% while CgPE had 82.73% . At the end of the six (6) weeks feeding period, the survival rate was higher in the fish treated with CgPE (82.31%) while the fish injected with Ovaprim had 79.68% . The research exposed the efficacy of using CgPE in the absence of synthetic hormone, CgPE is a preferred substitute that Hatchery managers can utilize for fingerlings production.
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Arey, Brian J., Darlene C. Deecher, Emily S. Shen, Panayiotis E. Stevis, Edwin H. Meade, Jay Wrobel, Donald E. Frail, and Francisco J. López. "Identification and Characterization of a Selective, Nonpeptide Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antagonist." Endocrinology 143, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 3822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-220372.
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Abstract The glycoprotein hormones (LH, FSH, and TSH) are critical to the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and control of reproduction. However, despite an obvious utility for synthetic pharmacological agents, there are few reports of selective, nonpeptide agonists or antagonists to receptors for these hormones. We have identified and characterized a novel synthetic molecule capable of inhibiting the action of FSH. This compound, 7-{4-[Bis-(2-carbamoyl-ethyl)-amino]-6-chloro-(1,3,5)-triazin-2-ylamino)-4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-phenylazo)-naphthalene}-2-sulfonic acid, sodium salt (compound 1), is a selective, noncompetitive inhibitor of the human (h) and rat (r) FSH receptors (FSHRs). Compound 1 selectively inhibited binding of [125I]hFSH with an IC50 value of 5.4 ± 2.3 μm. Radioligand-binding assays were performed using the baculovirus expressed extracellular domain of hFSHR (BV-tFSHR) to demonstrate site-specific interaction. Compound 1 competed for [125I]hFSH binding to BV-tFSHR with an IC50 value of 10 ± 2.8 μm. Functionally, compound 1 inhibited hFSH-induced cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis in vitro with an IC50 value of 3 ± 0.6 μm. Competition of compound 1 for binding to other glycoprotein hormone receptors and other G protein-coupled receptors demonstrated select activity for FHSRs. Compound 1 inhibited ovulation in immature and cycling adult rats. These data provide proof of concept that selective, small molecule antagonists can be designed for glycoprotein hormone receptors.
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Morishita, Yohei, Yusuke Okazaki, Yi Yi Luo, Jun Nunoki, Tohru Taniguchi, Yoshiteru Oshima, and Teigo Asai. "Use of plant hormones to activate silent polyketide biosynthetic pathways in Arthrinium sacchari, a fungus isolated from a spider." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 4 (2019): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob02837k.
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Onuoha, P. C., K. O. Elezuo, and E. G. Okeke. "Comparative study on spawning success of paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) using synthetic hormone and natural simulation." Journal of Aquatic Sciences 35, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i1.10.
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Synthetic hormones are widely used for induced breeding with significant successes. This study compared spawning successes in paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) and natural simulation in glass tanks (0.3m x 0.6m). The experiment was conducted in two parts using two males and two females brood fish. The weights of the fish were between 4.0 and 5.0g for the males and 5.0 and 6.0g for the females. For the induced spawning, Ovaprim was injected intramuscularly according to the fish body weight after which they were left to spawn. The group on natural spawning were not induced by any hormone. Hatching of the eggs occurred within 48 hours at a temperature of 28.80C. Total number of eggs obtained by artificial and natural breeding were 430 and 322eggs respectively. Percentage fertilization in artificial breeding was 63.26% while 41.93% was recorded in natural breeding. Fry were raised on compounded diet for 6 weeks. Results showed that artificially bred fish had a higher mean weight gain (2.31 g) and survival rate (48.17%) than those from natural breeding having 2.10 g and 44.26% respectively. The results suggest that artificial breeding using synthetic hormone (Ovaprim) yielded better spawning success and survival rate than natural process.
Keywords: Paradise fish, natural breeding, hormone, fertilization, survival
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Shepherdley, Caroline A., Christopher B. Daniels, Sandra Orgeig, Samantha J. Richardson, Barbara K. Evans, and Veerle M. Darras. "Glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and iodothyronine deiodinases in embryonic saltwater crocodiles." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): R1155—R1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00015.2002.
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We investigated the relationship between glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and outer ring and inner ring deiodinases (ORD and IRD) during embryonic development in the saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus). We treated the embryos with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex), 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3), and a combination of these two hormones (Dex + T3). The effects of these treatments were specific in different tissues and at different stages of development and also brought about changes in plasma concentrations of free thyroid hormones and corticosterone. Administration of Dex to crocodile eggs resulted in a decrease in 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodothyronine (T4) ORD activities in liver and kidney microsomes, and a decrease in the high- K m rT3 ORD activity in kidney microsomes, on day 60 of incubation. Dex treatment increased the T4 ORD activity in liver microsomes, but not kidney microsomes, on day 75 of incubation. Dex administration decreased T3 IRD activity in liver microsomes. However, this decrease did not change plasma-free T3 concentrations, which suggests that free thyroid hormone levels are likely to be tightly regulated during development.
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Hirpessa, Belachew B., Beyza H. Ulusoy, and Canan Hecer. "Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5065386.
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The demand for nutritious food, especially food of animal origin, is globally increasing due to escalating population growth and a dietary shift to animal source food. In order to fulfill the requirements, producers are using veterinary drugs such as hormones and hormone-like anabolic agents. Hormones such as steroidal (estrogens, gestagens, and androgens), nonsteroidal, semisynthetic, and synthetic or designer drugs are all growth-promoting and body-partitioning agents. Hence, in food animal production practice, farm owners use these chemicals to improve body weight gain, increase feed conversion efficiency, and productivity. However, the use of these hormones and hormonal growth-promoting agents eventually ends up with the occurrence of residues in the animal-originated food. The incidence of hormone residues in such types of food and food products beyond the tolerance acts as a risk factor for the occurrence of potential public health problems. Currently, different international and national regulatory bodies have placed requirements and legislative frameworks, which enable them to implement residue monitoring test endeavors that safeguard the public and facilitate the trading activity. To make the tests on the animal-origin food matrix, there are different sample extraction techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. After sample preparation steps, the analytes of interest can be assayed by screening and confirmatory methods of analysis. For screening, immunological tests such as ELISA and radioimmunoassay are used. Detection and determination of the specific residues will be done by chromatographic or instrumental analysis. Mainly, among high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS) methods, LC-MS/MS is being preferred because of easier sample preparation without a derivatization step and high detection and quantification capacity.
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Csaba, György. "Hormonal Imprinting: The First Cellular-level Evidence of Epigenetic Inheritance and its Present State." Current Genomics 20, no. 6 (January 2, 2019): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202920666191116113524.
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Hormonal imprinting takes place perinatally at the first encounter between the developing hormone receptor and its target hormone. This process is needed for the normal function of the receptor- hormone pair and its effect is life-long. However, in this critical period, when the developmental window is open, related molecules (members of the same hormone family, synthetic hormones and hormone-like molecules, endocrine disruptors) also can be bound by the receptor, causing life-long faulty imprinting. In this case, the receptors’ binding capacity changes and alterations are caused at adult age in the sexual and behavioral sphere, in the brain and bones, inclination to diseases and manifestation of diseases, etc. Hereby, faulty hormonal imprinting is the basis of metabolic and immunological imprinting as well as the developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). Although the perinatal period is the most critical for faulty imprinting, there are other critical periods as weaning and adolescence, when the original imprinting can be modified or new imprintings develop. Hormonal imprinting is an epigenetic process, without changing the base sequence of DNA, it is inherited in the cell line of the imprinted cells and also transgenerationally (up to 1000 generations in unicellulars and up to the 3rd generation in mammals are justified). Considering the enormously growing number and amount of faulty imprinters (endocrine disruptors) and the hereditary character of faulty imprinting, this latter is threatening the whole human endocrine system.
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Aussedat, Baptiste, Bernhard Fasching, Eric Johnston, Neeraj Sane, Pavel Nagorny, and Samuel J. Danishefsky. "Total Synthesis of the α-Subunit of Human Glycoprotein Hormones: Toward Fully Synthetic Homogeneous Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone." Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 7 (February 6, 2012): 3532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2111459.
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Rhim, Byung Yong. "Pharmacological Action of Steroid Hormones and their Synthetic Analogs." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 8, no. 1 (May 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.1997.8.1.1.
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Massawe, Apia W., Rhodes H. Makundi, Zhibin Zhang, Ginethon Mhamphi, Ming Liu, Hong-Jun Li, and Steven R. Belmain. "Effect of synthetic hormones on reproduction in Mastomys natalensis." Journal of Pest Science 91, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0894-4.
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Liu, Hui-Kang, Brian D. Green, Neville H. McClenaghan, Jannie T. McCluskey, and Peter R. Flatt. "Deleterious Effects of Supplementation with Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate or Dexamethasone on Rat Insulin-Secreting Cells Under In Vitro Culture Condition." Bioscience Reports 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10540-006-9001-4.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones synthesised in the adrenal cortex. Administration of DHEA, its sulphate derivative, DHEAS, and more controversially dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, have beneficial effects in diabetic animals. Cultivating BRIN-BD11 cells for 3 days with either DHEAS (30 μM) or DEX (100 nM), reduced total cell number and reduced cell viability and cellular insulin content. DHEAS-treated cells had poor glucose responsiveness and regulated insulin release, coupled with reduced basal insulin release. In contrast, DEX-treated cells lacked responsiveness to glucose and membrane depolarisation, and both protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) secretory pathways were desensitised. Therefore, we conclude that this steroid hormone and synthetic glucocorticoid are not beneficial to pancreatic β-cells in vitro.
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Yuniawati, Rafika, Siti Fatimah, Reni Indrayanti, Ifa Manzila, Tri Puji Priyatno, and Dwi Ningsih Susilowati. "Increasing the Growth and Quality of Red Chili with Growth Hormone from Endophytic Bacteria." Jurnal AgroBiogen 15, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v15n2.2019.p75-82.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Red chili is a very important horticultural commodity in Indonesia having low productivity and quality. Cultivation method needs to be improved including the use of exogenous growth hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the optimum concentration of IAA and GA growing hormones from isolate B6.2 in stimulating plant growth and improving the quality of large red chili fruit; (2) molecular identity of the B6.2 bacterial isolate. The growth hormone content of B6.2 isolates using HPLC obtained 0.49 ppm IAA and 64.53 ppm GA. The growth hormone potential test on the growth and quality of chili was carried out with a concentration of 1, 3, 5 ml/l, while water and synthetic hormones was used as negative and positive control, respectively. The experimental design used was a Complete Random Design with the foliar spray application to the plant canopy three times during the growth period. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, fruit weight, shooth wet, and dry weight compared to controls at the age of 76 days after planting (dap) was a concentration of 5 ml/l, with the values of 71.7±0.9 cm , 94.7±0.3 g, 11.5±0.43 g, and 1.4±0.09 g, respectively. The molecular identification showed that B6.2 isolate was classified as Bacillus vallismortis with 100% homology. The growth hormone from isolate B6.2 has the potential to increase growth and production of red chili plants.</p>
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Hardiman, Atira, Theodore C. Friedman, William C. Grunwald, Machi Furuta, Ziaorong Zhu, Donald F. Steiner, and David R. Cool. "Endocrinomic profile of neurointermediate lobe pituitary prohormone processing in PC1/3- and PC2-Null mice using SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 34, no. 3 (June 2005): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01812.
Full textAbstract:
Pro-vasopressin and pro-oxytocin are prohormones processed in the neurointermediate lobe pituitary to form the biologically active peptide hormones, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin. Neurointermediate lobe pituitaries from normal (+/+), heterozygous (+/−), PC2-Null (−/−), PC1/3-Null and oxytocin-Null mice were analyzed by SELDI-TOF mass spectroscopy for the peptide hormone products, AVP, oxytocin and neurophysin I and II. Molecular ion species with masses characteristic of oxytocin, AVP, neurophysin I and II, i.e. 1009.41, 1084.5, 9677 and 9679 daltons respectively, were identified in all but the oxytocin-Null mice by comparison with synthetic standards or by C-terminal sequence analysis. Other ion species were found specifically in PC2-Null, heterozygote or normal mice. The results indicate that, in mice, both PC1/3 or PC2 enzyme activity are capable, but not required to correctly process pro-vasopressin or pro-oxytocin to their constituent active peptide hormones.