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Journal articles on the topic 'Synthetic polymer'
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1
Norazman, Nurul Anis Liyana, Siti Mariana Mujad, Nurfarah Aini Mocktar, and Noor Aniza Harun. "RECENT TRENDS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SYNTHETIC HYDROPHILIC POLYMER NANOPARTICLES, METHODS OF SYNTHESIS & THEIR APPLICATIONS." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 4 (June 25, 2023): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.19259.
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Numerous types of hydrophilic polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have recently become research hotspots because of their ability to dissolve in water and can be adapted with respect to physical, chemical, and biological properties to meet the requirements of different applications. Synthetic hydrophilic polymeric NPs had successfully gained much attention because of their unique physicochemical properties, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, bioavailability, and support material for extensive swelling in water. These synthetic hydrophilic polymers NPs create new opportunities to produce water-soluble polymer types that would be able to imitate the structure and function of biological polymers. Several synthetic hydrophilic polymer NPs that gain high interest recently including poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (PHPMA) are reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, various synthesis methods to produce synthetic hydrophilic polymer NPs for instance emulsion polymerization, microemulsion polymerization and inverse miniemulsion polymerization are highlighted, and a brief overview on their recent applications especially in medical applications are also be discussed thoroughly in this review.
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Vega-Hernández, Miguel Ángel, Gema Susana Cano-Díaz, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, Alberto Rosas-Aburto, Martín G. Hernández-Luna, Alfredo Martinez, Joaquín Palacios-Alquisira, Yousef Mohammadi, and Alexander Penlidis. "A Review on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Modeling of Polymer Grafting." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020375.
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A critical review on the synthesis, characterization, and modeling of polymer grafting is presented. Although the motivation stemmed from grafting synthetic polymers onto lignocellulosic biopolymers, a comprehensive overview is also provided on the chemical grafting, characterization, and processing of grafted materials of different types, including synthetic backbones. Although polymer grafting has been studied for many decades—and so has the modeling of polymer branching and crosslinking for that matter, thereby reaching a good level of understanding in order to describe existing branching/crosslinking systems—polymer grafting has remained behind in modeling efforts. Areas of opportunity for further study are suggested within this review.
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Tawade, Pratik, Nimisha Tondapurkar, and Akash Jangale. "Biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers for applications in bone and muscle tissue engineering." Journal of Medical Science 91, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): e712. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e712.
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In medicine, tissue engineering has made significant advances. Using tissue engineering techniques, transplant treatments result in less donor site morbidity and need fewer surgeries overall. It is now possible to create cell-supporting scaffolds that degrade as new tissue grows on them, replacing them until complete body function is restored. Synthetic polymers have been a significant area of study for biodegradable scaffolds due to their ability to provide customizable biodegradable and mechanical features as well as a low immunogenic effect due to biocompatibility. The food and drug administration has given the biodegradable polymers widespread approval after they showed their reliability. In the context of tissue engineering, this paper aims to deliver an overview of the area of biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers. Frequently used synthetic biodegradable polymers utilized in tissue scaffolding, scaffold specifications, polymer synthesis, degradation factors, as well as fabrication methods are discussed. In order to emphasize the many desired properties and corresponding needs for skeletal muscle and bone, particular examples of synthetic polymer scaffolds are investigated. Increased biocompatibility, functionality and clinical applications will be made possible by further studies into novel polymer and scaffold fabrication approaches.
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Ilyas, R. A., S. M. Sapuan, and Emin Bayraktar. "Bio and Synthetic Based Polymer Composite Materials." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183778.
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Bio and Synthetic Based Polymer Composite Materials is a newly opened Special Issue of Polymers, which aims to publish original and review papers on new scientific and applied research and make contributions to the findings and understanding of the reinforcing effects of various bio and synthetic-based polymers on the performance of polymer composites [...]
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Keshvardoostchokami, Mina, Sara Seidelin Majidi, Peipei Huo, Rajan Ramachandran, Menglin Chen, and Bo Liu. "Electrospun Nanofibers of Natural and Synthetic Polymers as Artificial Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010021.
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Many types of polymer nanofibers have been introduced as artificial extracellular matrices. Their controllable properties, such as wettability, surface charge, transparency, elasticity, porosity and surface to volume proportion, have attracted much attention. Moreover, functionalizing polymers with other bioactive components could enable the engineering of microenvironments to host cells for regenerative medical applications. In the current brief review, we focus on the most recently cited electrospun nanofibrous polymeric scaffolds and divide them into five main categories: natural polymer-natural polymer composite, natural polymer-synthetic polymer composite, synthetic polymer-synthetic polymer composite, crosslinked polymers and reinforced polymers with inorganic materials. Then, we focus on their physiochemical, biological and mechanical features and discussed the capability and efficiency of the nanofibrous scaffolds to function as the extracellular matrix to support cellular function.
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Gibas, Iwona, and Helena Janik. "Review: Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2010): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.04.297.
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Synthetic polymer hydrogels constitute a group of biomaterials, used in numerous biomedical disciplines, and are still developing for new promising applications. The aim of this study is to review information about well known and the newest hydrogels, show the importance of water uptake and cross-linking type and classify them in accordance with their chemical structure.
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McGarry, Katarina, Eelya Sefat, Taylor C. Suh, Kiran M. Ali, and Jessica M. Gluck. "Comparison of NIH 3T3 Cellular Adhesion on Fibrous Scaffolds Constructed from Natural and Synthetic Polymers." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010099.
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Polymer scaffolds are increasingly ubiquitous in the field of tissue engineering in improving the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. Natural polymers exhibit better cellular adhesion and proliferation than biodegradable synthetics but exhibit inferior mechanical properties, among other disadvantages. Synthetic polymers are highly tunable but lack key binding motifs that are present in natural polymers. Using collagen and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as models for natural and synthetic polymers, respectively, an evaluation of the cellular response of embryonic mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3 line) to the different polymer types was conducted. The samples were analyzed using LIVE/DEAD™, alamarBlue™, and phalloidin staining to compare cell proliferation on, interaction with, and adhesion to the scaffolds. The results indicated that NIH3T3 cells prefer collagen-based scaffolds. PLA samples had adhesion at the initial seeding but failed to sustain long-term adhesion, indicating an unsuitable microenvironment. Structural differences between collagen and PLA are responsible for this difference. Incorporating cellular binding mechanisms (i.e., peptide motifs) utilized by natural polymers into biodegradable synthetics offers a promising direction for biomaterials to become biomimetic by combining the advantages of synthetic and natural polymers while minimizing their disadvantages.
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Moulay, Saad. "Molecular iodine/polymer complexes." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 5 (August 1, 2013): 389–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0122.
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Abstract A unique feature of molecular iodine by far, is its ability to bind to polymeric materials. A plethora of natural and synthetic polymers develop complexes when treated with molecular iodine, or with a mixture of molecular iodine and potassium iodide. Many unexpected findings have been encountered upon complexation of iodine and the polymer skeleton, including the color formation, the polymer morphology changes, the complexation sites or regions, the biological activity, and the electrical conductivity enhancement of the complexes, with polyiodides (In¯), mainly I3¯ and I5¯, as the actual binding species. Natural polymers that afford such complexes with iodine species are starch (amylose and amylopectin), chitosan, glycogen, silk, wool, albumin, cellulose, xylan, and natural rubber; iodine-starch being the oldest iodine-natural polymer complex. By contrast, numerous synthetic polymers are prone to make complexes, including poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), nylons, poly(Schiff base)s, polyaniline, unsaturated polyhydrocarbons (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes C60/C70, polyacetylene; iodine-PVA being the oldest iodine-synthetic polymer complex.
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Kovylin, R. S., D. Ya Aleynik, and I. L. Fedushkin. "Modern Porous Polymer Implants: Synthesis, Properties, and Application." Polymer Science, Series C 63, no. 1 (January 2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1811238221010033.
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Abstract The needs of modern surgery triggered the intensive development of transplantology, medical materials science, and tissue engineering. These directions require the use of innovative materials, among which porous polymers occupy one of the leading positions. The use of natural and synthetic polymers makes it possible to adjust the structure and combination of properties of a material to its particular application. This review generalizes and systematizes the results of recent studies describing requirements imposed on the structure and properties of synthetic (or artificial) porous polymer materials and implants on their basis and the advantages and limitations of synthesis methods. The most extensively employed, promising initial materials are considered, and the possible areas of application of polymer implants based on these materials are highlighted.
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Hanumantharao and Rao. "Multi-Functional Electrospun Nanofibers from Polymer Blends for Scaffold Tissue Engineering." Fibers 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7070066.
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Electrospinning and polymer blending have been the focus of research and the industry for their versatility, scalability, and potential applications across many different fields. In tissue engineering, nanofiber scaffolds composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both have been reported. This review reports recent advances in polymer blended scaffolds for tissue engineering and the fabrication of functional scaffolds by electrospinning. A brief theory of electrospinning and the general setup as well as modifications used are presented. Polymer blends, including blends with natural polymers, synthetic polymers, mixture of natural and synthetic polymers, and nanofiller systems, are discussed in detail and reviewed.
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Shan, Jiahui. "Synthesis Approaches of Bio-Degradable Polymer Materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 52 (July 4, 2023): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v52i.8887.
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Numerous polymer materials are used in various fields of human’s life. However, for traditional petro-based polymer materials, because of the pollutants produced during the process of fabrication, as well as their difficulty in degradation and recycle, they contribute to major environmental issues such resource waste, global warming, and white pollution. In order to address those problems, an important way is to produce and apply more biodegradable polymer materials, which can be easily cycled in nature. Biodegradable polymers can be produced using a variety of synthetic approaches, including directly chemical synthesis, natural polymer modification, microbial synthesis, and enzymatic synthesis. These approaches offer biodegrable polymer materials both better mechanical or thermal properties as well as biodegradability, which make them desirable and appropriate for the application in diverse fields. The basic concept and mechanism of biodegradation of biodegradable polymers are discussed in this review, along with a presentation of various synthesis approaches and their related studies recently.
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Frank, Curtis W. "Polymer Materials Science: Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Supermolecular Structures." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 7 (July 1991): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056499.
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The two feature articles in this issue present numerous contrasts, but both reflect the vitality of research in polymer science today. David Tirrell and co-authors paint a picture of how the techniques of molecular biology may be applied to the synthesis of novel “proteinlike” polymers with control over molecular weight, composition, and stereoregularity that is unprecedented in the realm of traditional polymer chemistry. Wolfgang Knoll turns his attention to ultrathin polymer films with thicknesses comparable to molecular chain dimensions and demonstrates how evanescent wave optical methods may be used to provide spectroscopic as well as imaging information on the characterization of these “restricted geometry” systems.Both authors address the issue of supermolecular structure, whether approached from the synthetic or physical chemical viewpoints. Tirrell describes a series of target polymers, expressed by genetically engineered microorganisms, which may provide a fundamental understanding and control over chain folding, a critical morphological feature governing solid-state behavior of synthetic polymers. Knoll analyzes the fundamentals of evanescent wave optical methods for interrogating the molecular organization in polymer films that have considerable potential in electronic or photonic applications.
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Ober, C. K. "POLYMER SCIENCE:Shape Persistence of Synthetic Polymers." Science 288, no. 5465 (April 21, 2000): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5465.448.
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Ratner, Mark A., and D. F. Shriver. "Polymer Ionics." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 9 (September 1989): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061728.
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The preparation, utilization, and understanding of high polymers represents one of the great triumphs of chemistry and materials science in the 20th century. Synthetic polymers have traditionally been used as structural materials and electrical insulators. Biopolymers often exhibit interesting electrical response phenomena. A recent article in the MRS BULLETIN, for example, discussed piezoelectric properties of both synthetic and biopolymer systems. The newer, synthetic electroactive polymeric materials, however, represent one of the most exciting current areas of polymer materials science.Many synthetic ionic polymer materials are known; perhaps the first were the polyelectrolytes and crosslinked ion exchange materials. These are materials whose backbone contains charges of one sign, balanced by small counter ions of the opposite sign. Such polyelectrolytes have found very important applications in analytical chemistry, water purification, and chemical processing.Complexes, in which salts are dissolved in neutral polymer hosts, have until recently received less attention. The area of polymer/salt complexes became extremely active following the work of P.V. Wright, who first clearly showed that polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an excellent polymer host for a number of salts, and that the resulting solid polymer/salt complexes are electrical conductors. M. Armand broadened the investigation of electrical properties of polymer/salt complexes and pointed out that these materials might be useful in electrochemical devices, especially batteries.This article will discuss the formation, properties, behavior, and applications of polymer electrolytes and mixed conductors—that is, polymeric materials in which charge is transported either by ions or by ionic and electronic charge motion. Our concentration will be on solvent-free materials—materials in which no small molecule solvents are present. There is substantial interest, and substantial progress, in the area of solvent-swollen polymer electrolytes.
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Gbadamosi, Afeez, Shirish Patil, Muhammad Shahzad Kamal, Ahmad A. Adewunmi, Adeyinka S. Yusuff, Augustine Agi, and Jeffrey Oseh. "Application of Polymers for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071433.
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Polymers play a significant role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) due to their viscoelastic properties and macromolecular structure. Herein, the mechanisms of the application of polymeric materials for enhanced oil recovery are elucidated. Subsequently, the polymer types used for EOR, namely synthetic polymers and natural polymers (biopolymers), and their properties are discussed. Moreover, the numerous applications for EOR such as polymer flooding, polymer foam flooding, alkali–polymer flooding, surfactant–polymer flooding, alkali–surfactant–polymer flooding, and polymeric nanofluid flooding are appraised and evaluated. Most of the polymers exhibit pseudoplastic behavior in the presence of shear forces. The biopolymers exhibit better salt tolerance and thermal stability but are susceptible to plugging and biodegradation. As for associative synthetic polyacrylamide, several complexities are involved in unlocking its full potential. Hence, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide remains the most coveted polymer for field application of polymer floods. Finally, alkali–surfactant–polymer flooding shows good efficiency at pilot and field scales, while a recently devised polymeric nanofluid shows good potential for field application of polymer flooding for EOR.
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Gilon, Nicole, Margaux Soyer, Mathilde Redon, and Patrice Fauvet. "Separation of Leather, Synthetic Leather and Polymers Using Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052648.
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Genuine leather is produced from animal skin by chemical tanning using chemical or vegetable agents, while synthetic leather is a combination of fabric and polymer. The replacement of natural leather by synthetic leather is becoming more difficult to identify. In this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is evaluated to separate between very similar materials: leather, synthetic leather, and polymers. LIBS is now widely employed to provide a specific fingerprint from the different materials. Animal leathers processed with vegetable, chromium, or titanium tanning were analyzed together with polymers and synthetic leather from different origins. The spectra exhibited typical signatures from the tanning agents (Cr, Ti, Al) and the dyes and pigments, but also from polymer characteristic bands. The principal factor analysis allowed to discriminate between four main groups of samples representing the tanning processes and the polymer or synthetic leather character.
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Upadhyay, Anjali, and Subramanian Karpagam. "Movement of new direction from conjugated polymer to semiconductor composite polymer nanofiber." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 35, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0024.
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Abstract In the past few years, there was a tremendous growth in conjugated polymer nanofibers via design of novel conjugated polymers with inorganic materials. Synthetic routes to these conjugated polymers involve new, mild polymerization techniques, which enable the formation of well-defined polymer architectures. This review provides interest in the development of novel (semi) conducting polymers, which combine both organic and inorganic blocks in one framework. Due to their ability to act as chemosensors or to detect various chemical species in environmental and biological systems, fluorescent conjugated polymers have gained great interest. Nanofibers of metal oxides and sulfides are particularly interesting in both their way of applications and fundamental research. These conjugated nanofibers operated for many applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors. Synthesis of electrospun fibers by electrospinning technique discussed in this review is a simple method that forms conjugated polymer nanofibers. This review provides the basics of the technique and its recent advances in the formation of highly conducting and high-mobility polymer fibers towards their adoption in electronic application.
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Schuett, Timo, Julian Kimmig, Stefan Zechel, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Automated Polymer Purification Using Dialysis." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092095.
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The automated dialysis of polymers in synthetic robots is described as a first approach for the purification of polymers using an automated protocol. For this purpose, a dialysis apparatus was installed within a synthesis robot. Therein, the polymer solution could be transferred automatically into the dialysis tube. Afterwards, a permanent running dialysis could be started, enabling the removal of residual monomer. Purification efficiency was studied using chromatography and NMR spectroscopy, showing that the automated dialysis requires less solvent and is faster compared to the classical manual approach.
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Bonardi, Aude-Héloise, Frédéric Dumur, Guillaume Noirbent, Jacques Lalevée, and Didier Gigmes. "Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (December 12, 2018): 3025–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.282.
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Recent progresses achieved in terms of synthetic procedures allow now the access to polymers of well-defined composition, molecular weight and architecture. Thanks to these recent progresses in polymer engineering, the scope of applications of polymers is far wider than that of any other class of material, ranging from adhesives, coatings, packaging materials, inks, paints, optics, 3D printing, microelectronics or textiles. From a synthetic viewpoint, photoredox catalysis, originally developed for organic chemistry, has recently been applied to the polymer synthesis, constituting a major breakthrough in polymer chemistry. Thanks to the development of photoredox catalysts of polymerization, a drastic reduction of the amount of photoinitiators could be achieved, addressing the toxicity and the extractability issues; high performance initiating abilities are still obtained due to the catalytic approach which regenerates the catalyst. As it is a fast-growing field, this review will be mainly focused on an overview of the recent advances concerning the development of organic and organometallic photoredox catalysts for the photoreticulation of multifunctional monomers for a rapid and efficient access to 3D polymer networks.
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Meena, Suresh Kumar, and Rakesh Meena. "An Important Play Role of Polymer in Daily Life and Duration of Covid19." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49105.
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Abstract: In this article we are focused on specially application of polymers and what hazards effects will come in future . Because at present time polymer application day by day used in multifunctional work. Here we want to discuss type of polymer. Synthetic polymers having wide applications like as a electronic equipments ,aerospace application, Light equipment , Cardiac heart valves, Polymer base mesh used in prevent of hernia in human body, synthetic polymer rayon useful in textiles industries. Synthetic polymers are vast used in medical sectors ,like as drug delivery, many packing are easily transported from one palace to other palace self-healing, and molecular-recognition materials. Many researchers have synthesized gel materials by designing their molecular and macroscopic structure as well as the constituent materials from the perspective of organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry, among others. In addition, the fact that pharmacy, biomedicine, molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics are the fields that polymers and polymer chemistry play a significant role in the development of their new areas. It is obvious why the study of giant molecules is one of the most attended and the fastest growing fields of science. Therefore, it seems that polymer is not a specialized interdisciplinary or branch of chemistry. Here I have mention one of the polymers made by me and focused on application of polymers.
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Yan, Haotian. "Synthetic Route And Application of Photodegradable Polymers." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3187.
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With the accumulating mass of land wastes, designing end-of-life principles for plastic wastes is becoming one of the most debated topics for polymer scientists. A developing family of materials called photodegradable polymers carries great environmental and commercial values. Photodegradable polymers will engage in photolysis under specific wavelengths, resulting in cleavages on the polymer backbone and smaller molecular weights. This research will discuss standard methods of photodegradation, such as Norris I&II, along with common photodegradable polymers and their functionalities. Examples of photodegradable polymers illustrated are polybutadiene, isotactic poly(propylene oxide) (iPPO), polylactide (PLA), and polystyrene. In Particular, this research used polystyrene as an example to explain the common degradation steps of photodegradable polymers. Nevertheless, the synthetic route and plans utilized for those polymers are discussed, shedding light on future possibilities in this field. Promising directions, such as metal-organic polymers with metal-to-metal bonds that can be synthesized through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) are touched upon by the end of the research, introducing possible future implications in polymer science.
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Feldman, Dorel. "Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183899.
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Synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and their nanocomposites are being studied, and some of them are already used in different medical areas. Among the synthetic ones that can be mentioned are polyolefins, fluorinated polymers, polyesters, silicones, and others. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, alginates) and proteins (silk, fibroin) have also become widely used and investigated for applications in medicine. Besides synthetic polymers and biopolymers, their nanocomposites, which are hybrids formed by a macromolecular matrix and a nanofiller (mineral or organic), have attracted great attention in the last decades in medicine and in other fields due to their outstanding properties. This review covers studies done recently using the polymers, biopolymers, nanocomposites, polymer micelles, nanomicelles, polymer hydrogels, nanogels, polymersomes, and liposomes used in medicine as drugs or drug carriers for cancer therapy and underlines their responses to internal and external stimuli able to make them more active and efficient. They are able to replace conventional cancer drug carriers, with better results.
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Ramadhan, Romal, Muslim Abdurahman, and Falan Srisuriyachai. "Sensitivity Analysis Comparisson of Synthetic Polymer and Biopolymer using Reservoir Simulation." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 43, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.43.3.516.
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With a simultaneous increasing demand for oil and large decreases worldwide in newly discovered oil reserves in the past few decades, much attention has been paid to more effi cient production approaches such as enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) methods for developing oil and gas from existing reservoirs (Li et al., 2014). Basically, there are two types of polymers; biopolymers and synthetic polymers (Cenk et al., 2017). Method used for this study is reservoir simulation by Computer Modeling Group (CMG) STARS simulator. The study concerns to investigate and analyze the polymer sensitivity on two diff erent types of polymer: synthetic polymer and biopolymer. The simulation is done on 15x15x4 grid for 3653 days (10 years). The simulation indicates that the biopolymer injection shows more stable result in compare to synthetic polymer. The biopolymer’s adsorption occurs on smaller area and takes longer time. Conversely, the adsorption of synthetic polymer goes on bigger area of the reservoir and transpire on shorter time. Considering these facts, the use of biopolymers is more eff ective in order to increase the sweep effi ciency by reducing viscous fi ngering of chemical injection in reservoir.
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Gunawardene, Oneesha H. P., Chamila Gunathilake, Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Darshana B. Wanninayaka, Asanga Manamperi, Asela K. Kulatunga, et al. "Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110300.
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The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.
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Richter, Dieter. "Polymer dynamics: from synthetic polymers to proteins." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, s1 (January 26, 2007): s28—s33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806056093.
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Richter, D., R. Biehl, M. Monkenbusch, B. Hoffmann, and R. Merkel. "Polymer dynamics from synthetic polymers to proteins." Pramana 71, no. 4 (October 2008): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-008-0262-2.
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Xu, Ruojiao, Yifeng Fang, Zhao Zhang, Yajie Cao, Yujia Yan, Li Gan, Jinbao Xu, and Guoying Zhou. "Recent Advances in Biodegradable and Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers Used in Skin Wound Healing." Materials 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 5459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155459.
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The treatment of skin wounds caused by trauma and pathophysiological disorders has been a growing healthcare challenge, posing a great economic burden worldwide. The use of appropriate wound dressings can help to facilitate the repair and healing rate of defective skin. Natural polymer biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid with excellent biocompatibility have been shown to promote wound healing and the restoration of skin. However, the low mechanical properties and fast degradation rate have limited their applications. Skin wound dressings based on biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers can not only overcome the shortcomings of natural polymer biomaterials but also possess favorable properties for applications in the treatment of skin wounds. Herein, we listed several biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used as wound dressing materials, such as PVA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PU, and PEO/PEG, focusing on their composition, fabrication techniques, and functions promoting wound healing. Additionally, the future development prospects of synthetic biodegradable polymer-based wound dressings are put forward. Our review aims to provide new insights for the further development of wound dressings using synthetic biodegradable polymers.
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Shit, Subhas C., and Pathik M. Shah. "Edible Polymers: Challenges and Opportunities." Journal of Polymers 2014 (May 5, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/427259.
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Edible polymers have established substantial deliberation in modern eons because of their benefits comprising use as edible materials over synthetic polymers. This could contribute to the reduction of environmental contamination. Edible polymers can practically diminish the complexity and thus improve the recyclability of materials, compared to the more traditional non-environmentally friendly materials and may be able to substitute such synthetic polymers. A synthetic hydrogel polymer unlocked a new possibility for development of films, coatings, extrudable pellets, and synthetic nanopolymers, particularly designed for medical, agricultural, and industrial fields. Edible polymers offer many advantages for delivering drugs and tissue engineering. Edible polymer technology helps food industries to make their products more attractive and safe to use. Novel edible materials have been derived from many natural sources that have conventionally been regarded as discarded materials. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive introduction to edible polymers by providing descriptions in terms of their origin, properties, and potential uses.
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Duncan, R. "Designing polymer conjugates as lysosomotropic nanomedicines." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350056.
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Marriage of cell biology (the concept of ‘lysosomotropic drug delivery’) and the realization that water-soluble synthetic polymers might provide an ideal platform for targeted drug delivery led to the first synthetic polymer–drug conjugates that entered clinical trials as anticancer agents. Conceptually, polymer conjugates share many features with other macromolecular drugs, but they have the added advantage of the versatility of synthetic chemistry that allows tailoring of molecular mass and addition of biomimetic features. Conjugate characteristics must be optimized carefully to ensure that the polymeric carrier is biocompatible and that the polymer molecular mass enables tumour-selective targeting followed by endocytic internalization. The polymer–drug linker must be stable in transit, but be degraded at an optimal rate intracellularly to liberate active drug. Our early studies designed two HPMA [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymer conjugates containing doxorubicin that became the first synthetic polymer–drug conjugates to be tested in phase I/II clinical trials. Since, a further four HPMA copolymer–anticancer drug conjugates (most recently polymer platinates) and the first polymer-based γ-camera imaging agents followed. Polymer–drug linkers cleaved by lysosomal thiol-dependent proteases and the reduced pH of endosomes and lysosomes have been used widely to facilitate drug liberation. It is becoming clear that inappropriate trafficking and/or malfunction of enzymatic activation can lead to new mechanisms of clinical resistance. Recent studies have described HPMA copolymer conjugates carrying a combination of both endocrine and chemotherapy that are markedly more active than individual conjugates carrying a single drug. Moreover, current research is investigating novel dendritic polymer architectures and novel biodegradable polymers as drug carriers that will provide improved drug delivery and imaging probes in the future. The present paper reviews the clinical status of polymeric anticancer agents, the rationale for the design of polymer therapeutics and discusses the benefits and challenges of lysosomotropic delivery.
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Butar-butar, Maria, and Anis Chaerunisaa. "Thermal Behavior of Polymers in Solid-State." Sciences of Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58920/sciphar01010008.
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A variety of potential polymers with chemical and physical stability characteristics and abundant availability lead to the rapid application of polymers in various fields. One of the crucial things that are crucial to be discussed from such polymers is the characteristic of thermal behavior. Each type of polymer such as natural and synthetic has different thermal characteristics, including Tc, Tg, Tm, and Td which can be the determining factor of polymer selection of processing and application temperature. The thermal properties will also affect molecular interactions, physical stability in manufacturing, distribution, and storage. Therefore, in this article will appoint a study on the thermal characteristics of natural and synthetic polymers, the effect of modification on the thermal properties of polymers, efforts to increase the stability of thermal, and polymer applications in the field of pharmaceutical technology.
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Paul, Sujata, Biplajit Das, and Hemanta Kumar Sharma. "A Review on Bio-Polymers Derived from Animal Sources with Special Reference to their Potential Applications." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2.4763.
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Biopolymers are naturally found material and most of the materials are made in nature during the life cycles of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. For any pharmaceutical formulation the two main ingredients are active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients. As excipients in any kind of dosage form, the biopolymers play a vital function. Biopolymers are pharmacologically inert ingredients formulated along with the active ingredient to increase the volume; they help in the formulating dosage form and also simultaneously can improve the physicochemical parameters of the dosage form and so are widely used in the development of new drug delivery system. The biopolymers which are obtained from animal sources are usually non-toxic, biocompatible, stable and economic; and can control the release pattern of the drug. Natural polymers have more preponderant effects on fast dissolving tablets than synthetic polymers. Now-a-days, because of many problems regarding drug release and adverse effects of synthetic polymers, manufacturers are going towards using natural polymers. In this review article we mainly discussed about types of polymer, different alignment of natural polymer, advantages of natural polymers over synthetic polymers, drawbacks of natural polymers, mechanism of drug release of polymer, different methods of preparation of biopolymers, role of polymer in pharmaceutical industry and drug delivery systems.
Keywords: Natural polymers, Chitin, Collagen, Sources, Preparation.
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Gvozdenovic, Milica, Branimir Jugovic, Jasmina Stevanovic, and Branimir Grgur. "Electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers." Chemical Industry 68, no. 6 (2014): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind131122008g.
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Electroconducting polymers from the group of synthetic metals are extensively investigated due to numerous properties perspective in practical application. These materials may be synthesized by both chemical and electrochemical procedures. Chemical synthesis is suitable when bulk quantities of the polymer are needed and up to date it presents dominant commercial method of producing electroconducting polymers. Nevertheless, electrochemical synthesis has its advantages; it avoids usage of oxidants since conducting polymeric material is obtained at anode upon application of positive potential, leading to increased purity. On the other hand, since the polymer is deposited onto electrode, further electrochemical characterization is facilitated. Owing to actuality of the research in the field this texts aims to describe important aspects of electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers, with special emphasis to polyaniline and polypyrrole.
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Nakagawa, Shintaro, and Naoko Yoshie. "Star polymer networks: a toolbox for cross-linked polymers with controlled structure." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 15 (2022): 2074–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01547h.
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This review provides comprehensive knowledge on synthetic methods of star polymer networks – structurally controlled three-dimensional networks of polymer chains by means of end-linking between monodisperse star polymers.
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Gögele, Clemens, Gundula Schulze-Tanzil, Maria Kokozidou, Christiane Gäbel, Moritz Billner, Bert Reichert, and Karl Bodenschatz. "Growth characteristics of human juvenile, adult and murine fibroblasts: a comparison of polymer wound dressings." Journal of Wound Care 29, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.10.572.
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Objective: Fibroblasts are important for the successful healing of deep wounds. However, the influence exerted by Cuticell, a natural polymer on fibroblasts and by the synthetic polymer, Suprathel, made of poly-L-lactic acid, is not sufficiently characterised. This study compared the survival and growth characteristics of human juvenile and adult dermal fibroblasts as well as murine fibroblast cell line L929, on a natural polymer with those of a synthetic polymer using different culture models. Method: Murine, juvenile and adult human fibroblasts were seeded on both the natural and synthetic polymers using statical slide culture or the medium air interface and dynamical rotatory culture. Cell adherence, viability, morphology and actin cytoskeleton architecture were monitored for 1–7 days. Biomaterial permeability was checked with a previously established diffusion chamber. Results: The majority of the murine and adult human fibroblasts survived in slide and rotatory cultures on both wound dressings. The fibroblasts seeded on the synthetic polymer exhibited phenotypically a typical spread shape with multiple cell adhesion sites earlier than those on the natural polymer. The highest survival rates in all tested fibroblast species over the entire observation time were detected in rotatory culture (mean: >70%). Nevertheless, it led to cell-cluster formation on both materials. In the medium air interface culture, few adult fibroblasts adhered and survived until the seventh day of culture on both the natural and synthetic polymers, and no viable juvenile and L929 fibroblasts could be found by day seven. Apart from a significant higher survival rate of L929 in slide culture on the natural polymer compared with the synthetic polymer at the end of the culturing period (p<0.0001), and a higher cell survival of L929 on the natural polymer in medium air interface culture, only minor differences between both materials were evident. This suggested a comparable cytocompatibility of both materials. Permeability testing revealed slightly higher permeance of the natural polymer compared with the synthetic polymer. Conclusion: Cell survival rates depended on the culture system and the fibroblast source. Nevertheless, the juvenile skin fibroblasts were the most sensitive. This observation suggests that wound dressings used in treating children should be tested beforehand with juvenile fibroblasts to ensure the dressing does not compromise wound healing. Future experiments should also include the response of compromised fibroblasts, for example, from burn patients.
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Jablonský, Michal, Andrea Škulcová, and Jozef Šima. "Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer Chemistry–A Review." Molecules 24, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 3978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213978.
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This review deals with two overlapping issues, namely polymer chemistry and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). With regard to polymers, specific aspects of synthetic polymers, polymerization processes producing such polymers, and natural cellulose-based nanopolymers are evaluated. As for DESs, their compliance with green chemistry requirements, their basic properties and involvement in polymer chemistry are discussed. In addition to reviewing the state-of-the-art for selected kinds of polymers, the paper reveals further possibilities in the employment of DESs in polymer chemistry. As an example, the significance of DES polarity and polymer polarity to control polymerization processes, modify polymer properties, and synthesize polymers with a specific structure and behavior, is emphasized.
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Nurakhmetova, Zhanara A., Aiganym N. Azhkeyeva, Ivan A. Klassen, and Gulnur S. Tatykhanova. "Synthesis and Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Water-Soluble Synthetic and Natural Polymers." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112625.
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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized and stabilized using the one-pot method and growth seeding, through utilization of synthetic polymers, including poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and poly(vinylcaprolactame) (PVCL), as well as natural polysaccharides, including gellan, welan, pectin, and κ-carrageenan. The absorption spectra, average hydrodynamic size, ζ-potential, and morphology of the gold nanoparticles were evaluated based on various factors, such as polymer concentration, molecular mass of polymers, temperature, and storage time. The optimal polymer concentration for stabilization of AuNPs was found to be 4.0 wt % for PVP, 0.5 wt % for gellan, and 0.2 wt % for pectin, welan, and κ-carrageenan. The values of the ζ-potential of polymer-stabilized AuNPs show that their surfaces are negatively charged. Most of the AuNPs are polydisperse particles, though very monodisperse AuNPs were detected in the presence of a 0.5 wt % gellan solution. At a constant polymer concentration of PVP (4 wt %), the average size of the PVP–AuNPs decreased with the decrease of molecular weight, and in the following order: PVP 350 kDa (~25 nm) > PVP 40 kDa (~8 nm) > PVP 10 kDa (~4 nm). The combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the functional groups of polymers that are responsible for stabilization of AuNPs are lactam ring in PVP, carboxylic groups in gellan and welan, esterified carboxylic groups in pectin, and SO2 groups in κ-carrageenan. Viscometric and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic measurements showed that the temperature-dependent change in the size of AuNPs, and the gradual increase of the intensity of AuNPs at 550 nm in the presence of gellan, is due to the rigid and disordered conformation of gellan that affects the stabilization of AuNPs. The AuNPs synthesized in the presence of water-soluble polymers were stable over a period of 36 days. Preliminary results on the synthesis and characterization of gold nanorods stabilized by polymers are also presented.
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Guo, Sihan, Dongwei Fu, Assem Utupova, Dejun Sun, Mo Zhou, Zheng Jin, and Kai Zhao. "Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0014.
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Abstract Polymer-based nanoparticles have good solubility, stability, safety, and sustained release,which increases the absorption of loaded drugs, protects the drugs from degradation, and prolongs their circulation time and targeted delivery. Generally, we believe that prevention and control of infectious diseases through inoculation is the most efficient measure. However, these vaccines including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines and DNA vaccines have several defects, such as immune tolerance, poor immunogenicity, low expression level and induction of respiration pathological changes. All kinds of biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers play major roles in the vaccine delivery system to control the release of antigens for an extended period of time. In addition, these polymers also serve as adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine. This review mainly introduces natural and synthetic polymer-based nanoparticles and their formulation and properties. Moreover, polymer-based nanoparticles as adjuvants and delivery carriers in the applications of vaccine are also discussed. This review provides the basis for further operation of nano vaccines by utilizing the polymer-based nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Polymer-based nanoparticles have exhibited great potential in improving the immunogenicity of antigens and the development of nano vaccines in future.
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Pomogailo, Anatolii D. "Molecular polymer–polymer compositions. Synthetic aspects." Russian Chemical Reviews 71, no. 1 (January 31, 2002): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc2002v071n01abeh000681.
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Hatada, Koichi, Tatsuki Kitayama, Koichi Ute, and Takafumi Nishiura. "Uniform polymer in synthetic polymer chemistry." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 3 (2003): 416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.10846.
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Kaligian, Keri L., and Melissa M. Sprachman. "Controlled polymers: accessing new platforms for material synthesis." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 4, no. 1 (2019): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8me00095f.
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Quintero Perez, Henderson Ivan, Maria Carolina Ruiz Cañas, Ruben Hernan Castro Garcia, and Arnold Rafael Romero Bohorquez. "Use of nanoparticles to improve thermochemical resistance of synthetic polymer to enhanced oil recovery applications: a review." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 10, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.259.
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Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) is the polymer most used in chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) processes and it has been implemented in several field projects worldwide. Polymer injection has shown to be an effective EOR process. However, it has not been implemented massively due to HPAM polymer's limitations, mostly related to thermal and chemical degradation caused by exposure at high temperatures and salinities (HTHS). As an alternative, a new generation of chemically stable monomers to improve the properties of HPAM has been assessed at laboratory and field conditions. However, the use of enhanced polymers is limited due to its larger molecular size, large-scale production, and higher costs.
One of the alternatives proposed in the last decade to improve polymer properties is the use of nanoparticles, which due to their ultra-small size, large surface area, and highly reactive capacity, can contribute to reduce or avoid the degrading processes of HPAM polymers. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be integrated with the polymer in several ways, it being worth to highlight mixing with the polymer in aqueous solution or inclusion by grafting or chemical functionalization on the nanoparticle surface. This review focuses on hybrid nanomaterials based on SiO2 NPs and synthetic polymers with great EOR potential. The synthesis process, characterization, and the main properties for application in EOR processes, were reviewed and analyzed.
Nanohybrids based on polymers and silica nanoparticles show promising results in improving viscosity and thermal stability compared to the HPAM polymer precursor. Furthermore, based on recent findings, there are great opportunities to implement polymer nanofluids in cEOR projects. This approach could be of value to optimize the technical-economic feasibility of projects by reducing the polymer concentration of using reasonable amounts of nanoparticles. However, more significant efforts are required to understand the impact of nanoparticle concentrations and injection rates to support the upscaling of this cEOR technology.
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Lutz, Jean-François, Makoto Ouchi, David R. Liu, and Mitsuo Sawamoto. "Sequence-Controlled Polymers." Science 341, no. 6146 (August 8, 2013): 1238149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1238149.
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Sequence-controlled polymers are macromolecules in which monomer units of different chemical nature are arranged in an ordered fashion. The most prominent examples are biological and have been studied and used primarily by molecular biologists and biochemists. However, recent progress in protein- and DNA-based nanotechnologies has shown the relevance of sequence-controlled polymers to nonbiological applications, including data storage, nanoelectronics, and catalysis. In addition, synthetic polymer chemistry has provided interesting routes for preparing nonnatural sequence-controlled polymers. Although these synthetic macromolecules do not yet compare in functional scope with their natural counterparts, they open up opportunities for controlling the structure, self-assembly, and macroscopic properties of polymer materials.
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Al-Khazraji, A. H., A. V. Krylov, M. V. Kulikova, V. R. Flid, and O. Yu Tkachenko. "KINETIC MODEL FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER NANOPARTICLES IRON CATALYSTS WITH POLYMER MATRIX IN A SLURRY REACTOR." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 6 (December 28, 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-6-28-35.
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Influence of additives of synthetic polymers of various natures on reactionary ability of the nanostructured iron catalysts in the three-component Fe-paraffin-polymer system in Fischer-Tropsch (FTS) in the slurry reactor was studied. The polymers used: polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrene, cross-linked with divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), polyamide-6 (PA). The catalysts obtained by droplet thermolysis is influenced by, the nature of the stabilizing polymer. Besides the conversion of the synthesis gas depends on the contact time and is between 10 to 80%. The highest rate of FTS is observed in the Fe-paraffin-PAN. The conditions of synthesis in Fe-paraffin-polymer systems produced a wide range of saturated and unsaturated compounds. It is found that the nature of the stabilizing polymer also affects the olefin /paraffin ratio. Based on experimental data the analysis of kinetic models for the flow of CO is carried out, a kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the process was obtained. The relationship between the values of the activation energies and the nature of the stabilizer was established.
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Almajed, Abdullah, Kehinde Lemboye, and Arif Ali Baig Moghal. "A Critical Review on the Feasibility of Synthetic Polymers Inclusion in Enhancing the Geotechnical Behavior of Soils." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225004.
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Polymers have attracted widespread interest as soil stabilizers and are proposed as an ecologically acceptable means for enhancing the geotechnical properties of soils. They have found profound applications in diverse fields such as the food industry, textile, medicine, agriculture, construction, and many more. Various polymers are proven to increase soil shear strength, improve volume stability, promote water retention, and prevent erosion, at extremely low concentrations within soils through the formation of a polymer membrane around the soil particles upon hydration. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of existing research on synthetic polymers for soil improvement. A fundamental evaluation of many synthetic polymers used in soil stabilization is provided, Furthermore, the impact of different polymer types on the geotechnical parameters of treated soil was assessed and compared. Limiting factors like polymer durability and the effect of changing climatic conditions on the engineering behavior of the polymer-treated soils have been critically reviewed. The dominant mechanisms responsible for the alteration in the behavior of polymer-soil admixture are reviewed and discussed. This review article will allow practicing engineers to better understand the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of targeted polymers before employing them in real-field scenarios for better long-term performance
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Nahar, Yeasmin, and Stuart C. Thickett. "Greener, Faster, Stronger: The Benefits of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer and Materials Science." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030447.
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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). In the context of polymer science, DES systems not only offer an appealing route towards replacing hazardous volatile organic solvents (VOCs), but can serve multiple roles including those of solvent, monomer and templating agent—so called “polymerizable eutectics.” In this review, we look at DES systems and polymerizable eutectics and their application in polymer materials synthesis, including various mechanisms of polymer formation, hydrogel design, porous monoliths, and molecularly imprinted polymers. We provide a comparative study of these systems alongside traditional synthetic approaches, highlighting not only the benefit of replacing VOCs from the perspective of environmental sustainability, but also the materials advantage with respect to mechanical and thermal properties of the polymers formed.
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Sawant, Shubhangi E., Dushyant D. Gaikwad, and Rupali M. Thorat. "Possible use of Ocimum basillicum Linn. seed mucilage as release retardant." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2016.5103.
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Various hydrophilic polymers such as methylcellulose, PEGs, HPMC are used in formulation of sustain release preparations but the high cost of synthetic polymers and environmental pollution by chemical industry has made the scientist in developing country to enter into an era where plant products serves as alternative to synthetic products because of local accessibility, environmentally friendly nature, lower prices and non toxic compared to imported synthetic products. Today we have number of pharmaceutical excipients from natural world such as guar gum, tragacanth, xanthan gum which are used to formulate oral sustained release formulations. The present study was undertaken to study the natural polymer and explore its use as a release retardant. Various methods for extraction of polymer were developed and the yield by the microwave assisted extraction was found to be 31.46%. The polymer was evaluated for various parameters as per Indian Pharmacopoeia. The loss on drying, ash value, solubility, swelling index were well within the official limits. The release retardant property of separated mucilage was determined successfully by using polymer and calcium phosphate dibasic in 3:1 proportion using 2 % HPMC in 70 % alcohol as binder..
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Chanphai, Penprapa, Laurent Bekale, Sriwanna Sanyakamdhorn, Daniel Agudelo, and Heidar-Ali Tajmir-Riahi. "Effect of synthetic polymers on polymer–protein interaction." Polymer 55, no. 2 (January 2014): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.026.
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Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, and Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil. "A Short Review on the Effect of Surfactants on the Mechanico-Thermal Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144867.
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The recent growth of nanotechnology consciousness has enhanced the attention of researchers on the utilization of polymer nanocomposites. Nanocomposite have widely been made by using synthetic, natural, biosynthetic, and synthetic biodegradable polymers with nanofillers. Nanofillers are normally modified with surfactants for increasing the mechanico-thermal properties of the nanocomposites. In this short review, two types of polymer nanocomposites modified by surfactants are classified, specifically surfactant-modified inorganic nanofiller/polymer nanocomposites and surfactant-modified organic nanofiller/polymer nanocomposites. Moreover, three types of surfactants, specifically non-ionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants that are frequently used to modify the nanofillers of polymer nanocomposites are also described. The effect of surfactants on mechanico-thermal properties of the nanocomposites is shortly reviewed. This review will capture the interest of polymer composite researchers and encourage the further enhancement of new theories in this research field.
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Yuan, Haiyang, and Guangming Liu. "Ionic effects on synthetic polymers: from solutions to brushes and gels." Soft Matter 16, no. 17 (2020): 4087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00199f.
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Buonerba, Antonio, and Alfonso Grassi. "Trends in Sustainable Synthesis of Organics by Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Polymer Matrices." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060714.
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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged in recent decades as attractive and selective catalysts for sustainable organic synthesis. Nanostructured gold is indeed environmentally friendly and benign for human health; at the same time, it is active, under different morphologies, in a large variety of oxidation and reduction reactions of interest for the chemical industry. To stabilize the AuNPs and optimize the chemical environment of the catalytic sites, a wide library of natural and synthetic polymers has been proposed. This review describes the main routes for the preparation of AuNPs supported/embedded in synthetic organic polymers and compares the performances of these catalysts with those of the most popular AuNPs supported onto inorganic materials applied in hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. Some examples of cascade coupling reactions are also discussed where the polymer-supported AuNPs allow for the attainment of remarkable activity and selectivity.