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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Syria – Agriculture

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Academic literature on the topic 'Syria – Agriculture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Syria – Agriculture"

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Müller, Marc François, Jim Yoon, Steven M. Gorelick, Nicolas Avisse, and Amaury Tilmant. "Impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on land use and transboundary freshwater resources." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 5, 2016): 14932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614342113.

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Since 2013, hundreds of thousands of refugees have migrated southward to Jordan to escape the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011. Evaluating impacts of conflict and migration on land use and transboundary water resources in an active war zone remains a challenge. However, spatial and statistical analyses of satellite imagery for the recent period of Syrian refugee mass migration provide evidence of rapid changes in land use, water use, and water management in the Yarmouk–Jordan river watershed shared by Syria, Jordan, and Israel. Conflict and consequent migration caused ∼50% decreases in both irrigated agriculture in Syria and retention of winter rainfall in Syrian dams, which gave rise to unexpected additional stream flow to downstream Jordan during the refugee migration period. Comparing premigration and postmigration periods, Syrian abandonment of irrigated agriculture accounts for half of the stream flow increase, with the other half attributable to recovery from a severe drought. Despite this increase, the Yarmouk River flow into Jordan is still substantially below the volume that was expected by Jordan under the 1953, 1987, and 2001 bilateral agreements with Syria.

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Bichara, Adel F. "Potential of Irrigated Agriculture in Syria." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 115, no. 3 (May 1989): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1989)115:3(358).

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Ahmad, M., A. Rodríguez, and A. Braslavskaya. "Food and water insecurity: re-assessing the value of rainfed agriculture." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0014.

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Rainfed agriculture has potential to produce needed cereals for the growing populations of West and Central Asia even though rainfed agriculture is perceived as risky. The value of rainfed agriculture to produce competitively should be re-assessed. This requires the concerted efforts of farmers, researchers, and policy makers to work on the technical factors that determine agricultural production as well as to address the economic policy environment. Syria is a small country with a diversified rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Rainfed and supplemental irrigation technology has improved Syria's food self-reliance, however, the policy environment is not conducive to the sustainable use of natural resources. Supplemental irrigation technology to produce wheat is used to illustrate the need to address both the technical issues as well as the economic incentives to make agricultural production competitive. Kazakhstan is a large country with a predominantly rainfed agriculture. Farmers could benefit from rainfall probabilities to use fertilizer and improved wheat varieties under rainfed agriculture as Syria did during the eighties and nineties. Implicit taxation of farmers needs to be removed and access to markets must be ensured for farmers in Kazakhstan to benefit from international wheat prices. While it is important to improve production technology, the economic policy environment needs to be addressed first to create incentives for farmers to produce commodities competitively in water-scarce regions.

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Williams, Elizabeth. "Contesting the Colonial Narrative’s Claims to Progress: A Nationalist’s Proposal for Agrarian Reform." Review of Middle East Studies 44, no. 2 (2010): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100001506.

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In the years immediately following the imposition of mandatory rule in Syria in July 1920, French administrators declared their intention to develop the region in accordance with the ideals of progress and scientific rationality. Among the areas targeted for special attention and improvement was the field of agriculture. The first French agricultural counselor for the mandate, E. Achard, emphasized that attention to the mise en valeur (enhancement and development) of this sector could not only serve France’s need for specific commodities but would also make French mandatory rule a vehicle through which progress and scientific rationality would be imparted to what he depicted as an underdeveloped Syria. However, fifteen years later, it seems, little had changed. In 1935, Mohammed Sarrage, a Syrian student at Toulouse University, wrote a dissertation that soundly criticized the mandate government for its failure to institute the reforms necessary to advance or significantly increase Syria’s agricultural production. A closer examination of Sarrage’s critique and his proposed program for reform not only reveals the incoherence between French official discourse and actual policy, but suggests an alternative narrative to that of French officials regarding the sources of progress and modernity.

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Withagen, Cees. "The climate change, migration and conflict nexus." Environment and Development Economics 19, no. 3 (June 2014): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x14000321.

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Early this year, Thomas Friedman (2014) reported on a (Wikileaks) cable sent in 2008 from the US Embassy in Damascus concerning the drought Syria had been suffering from since 2006 (and which was going to last for another couple of years). The Syrian UN food and agriculture representative was seeking assistance for among others 15,000 small-holding farmers, who might otherwise seek jobs in Syrian cities (leaving many women and children behind in poverty) and who could arguably add to already existing social and economic tensions in those cities.

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Savah, Luzhayn. "Identifying Promising Industries in Syria to Attract FDI." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 9, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2021-9-2-38-42.

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The paper is devoted to identifying promising sectors of the Syrian economy in order to attract foreign direct investment. In order to determine the attractive sectors of the Syrian economy, the statistical indicators of the state's exports were studied: in the pre-war and modern period of time. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded which sectors of the economy were the most resistant to the effects of negative factors. According to the results of the study, a conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of agriculture and the food industry in Syria (including statistics of foreign investors ' investments in these areas). The assessment of the state of the leading sectors of the Syrian economy (mining, tourism) is carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of investments in these areas are described. Based on the results of comparing the prospects of the industries, recommendations were made for foreign investors to choose the direction of investment.

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Hinnebusch, R. A. "Bureaucracy and Development in Syria: The Case of Agriculture." Journal of Asian and African Studies 24, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1989): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190968902400106.

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Perthes, Volker. "The Syrian Private Industrial and Commercial Sectors and the State." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 2 (May 1992): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380002153x.

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According to its constitution and the ideology of the ruling Ba?th party, Syria is a socialist people's republic with a planned socialist economy. This does not mean, however, that there is no place for a private economic sector: agriculture is almost entirely private,1 as is small-scale industry, almost 90 percent of internal trade, most road transport, tourism, construction, and up to one-third of Syria's foreign trade. There is also a Syrian bourgeoisie apparently flourishing under the auspices of Syrian socialism. Since independence, however, the specific development of Syria's private sector has to a large extent been determined by political decisions, i.e., by decisions of those running state affairs.

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Ryan, John, Hayriye Ibrikci, Abdul Rashid, and Rolf Sommer. "Phosphorus in Low-Input Dryland Agriculture: The Perspective from Syria." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44, no. 16 (September 8, 2013): 2378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.794825.

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Houmsi, Mohammad Rajab, Mohammed Sanusi Shiru, Mohamed Salem Nashwan, Kamal Ahmed, Ghaith Falah Ziarh, Shamsuddin Shahid, Eun-Sung Chung, and Sungkon Kim. "Spatial Shift of Aridity and Its Impact on Land Use of Syria." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 7047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247047.

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Expansion of arid lands due to climate change, particularly in water stressed regions of the world can have severe implications on the economy and people’s livelihoods. The spatiotemporal trends in aridity, the shift of land from lower to higher arid classes and the effect of this shift on different land uses in Syria have been evaluated in this study for the period 1951–2010 using high-resolution monthly climate data of the Terrestrial Hydrology Research Group of Princeton University. The trends in rainfall, temperature and potential evapotranspiration were also evaluated to understand the causes of aridity shifts. The results revealed an expansion of aridity in Syria during 1951–1980 compared to 1981–2010. About 6.21% of semi-arid land was observed to shift to arid class and 5.91% dry-subhumid land to semi-arid land between the two periods. Analysis of results revealed that the decrease in rainfall is the major cause of increasing aridity in Syria. About 28.3% of agriculture land located in the north and the northwest was found to shift from humid to dry-subhumid or dry-subhumid to semi-arid. Analysis of results revealed that the shifting of drylands mostly occurred in the northern agricultural areas of Syria. The land productivity and irrigation needs can be severely affected by increasing aridity which may affect food security and the economy of the country.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Syria – Agriculture"

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Whitaker, James Long. "The union of Demeter with Zeus : agriculture and politics in modern Syria." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1160/.

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Alaadrah, Najwa. "L’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole face aux nouveaux défis de l’agriculture et aux enjeux de l’agroécologie dans les pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée : le cas de la Syrie et de la Tunisie." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCG002/document.

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L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser l’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole en contexte méditerranéen, en termes d’organisation, de dimensions du conseil et de méthodes d’intervention à partir d’une analyse régionale des systèmes syrien et tunisien. Cette évolution répond à des changements profonds du modèle de production agricole, basé historiquement sur les principes de la Révolution verte, qui s’oriente vers des modèles agro-écologiques. Nous nous situons dans le mouvement dit de la « transition agroécologique », qui propose un cadre de développement associant les dimensions socioéconomiques et environnementales. Elle permet d'envisager une meilleure intégration de l'agriculture et de ses enjeux dans le projet de développement territorial. Concevoir et mettre en œuvre cette approche nécessite de changer profondément la gestion des systèmes de production. Pour assurer ces changements, les agriculteurs ont besoin de nouveaux dispositifs d’accompagnement. L’analyse de l’évolution des systèmes de vulgarisation est conduite à partir d’un cadre théorique et méthodologique construit en référence aux théories du développement, notamment évolutionniste, pour tenir compte des forces générales qui déterminent les actions locales, et historiciste, pour donner place aux trajectoires de développement et aux combinaisons territoriales singulières. Ce cadre suppose que le développement ne dépend pas de producteurs prêts à adopter des innovations exogènes mais plutôt à participer à son élaboration. Cette participation répond à deux besoins : i) l’adaptation de l’innovation à la particularité des situations comme la transition agroécologique le préconise, ii) la décentralisation de la gestion des biens socio-environnementaux, vers des formes de communs. Face à ces enjeux de transformation des systèmes agricoles, on peut s’attendre à ce que l’organisation de la vulgarisation agricole s’est adaptée par le passage d’un système piloté principalement par un dispositif public, basé sur une seule dimension de conseil technique et sur des méthodes diffusionnistes de vulgarisation de masse, à un système composite proposant plusieurs dimensions de conseil et de méthodes d’intervention individuelles ou communes basées sur la co-construction du conseil. L’analyse est conduite en prenant appui sur un travail empirique adapté à la situation des deux pays d’étude, circonscrit sur la région d’Al Ghâb en Syrie et de Nabeul en Tunisie. Les résultats sont assez proches dans les deux pays où l’évolution du secteur agricole se réalise par petites touches qui tiennent plus de la substitution de pratiques plus économes et plus respectueuses du milieu que les précédentes, mais elle n’a pas été accompagnée par une évolution marquante du système de vulgarisation agricole. Le dispositif étatique occupe toujours une position de monopole en Al Ghâb, et dominante à Nabeul. L’évolution organisationnelle de ce système se borne, dans les deux régions, à la déconcentration des services, avec une timide privatisation sur le terrain de Nabeul. Dans les deux régions d’études, le dispositif étatique utilise classiquement des méthodes collectives de conseil basées sur le modèle « Training and Visit » et se limite à une dimension technique basée principalement sur les recettes de la Révolution verte ; leur contribution à l’évolution des pratiques agricoles vers l’agroécologie n’est pas notable
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the evolution of the agricultural extension system in a Mediterranean context, in terms of organization, types of advice and methods of intervention drawn from a regional analysis of Syrian and Tunisian systems. This evolution responds to profound changes in the agricultural production model, historically based on the principles of the Green Revolution, which is evolving towards agro-ecological models. We situate this work in the movement known as the "agro-ecological transition", which proposes a framework of development associating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. This movement allows us to envision a better integration of agriculture and its stakes in the territorial development project. To design and implement the agro-ecological approach requires a profound change in the management of production systems. To ensure these changes, farmers need new support schemes. The analysis of the evolution of the extension systems is conducted from a theoretical and methodological framework constructed with reference to development theories, notably especially evolutionist, which take into account the general forces that determine local actions, and historicist, which give pace to development trajectories and singular territorial combinations. This framework assumes that the development does not depend on producers willing to adopt exogenous innovations but rather to participate in its elaboration. This participation meets two needs: i) the adaptation of innovation to the particularity of situations as the agroecological transition advocates ii) the decentralization of the management of socio-environmental goods, towards common forms. To deal with these challenges of transforming agricultural systems, we can be expected that the organization of agricultural extension has adapted by the passage of a system driven primarily by a public device, based on a single type of technical advice and on diffusionist methods of mass of extension, to a composite system offering several types of advice and individual or joint intervention methods based on the co-construction of the advice. Our analysis is based on an empirical work adapted to the situation of the two countries under study, circumscribed to the regions of Al Ghâb in Syria and Nabeul in Tunisia. The results are quite similar in both countries where the evolution of the agricultural sector occurs through small changes that rely more on the substitution of practices more economical and more respectful of the environment than previous practices, but these changes have not been accompanied by a significant evolution of the agricultural extension system. The state apparatus still occupies a monopoly position in Al Ghâb, and dominant in Nabeul. The organizational evolution of this system is limited, in both regions, to the deconcentration of services, with a timid privatization on the site of Nabeul. In both regions of study, the state apparatus uses classically collective counseling methods of advice based on the "Training and Visit" model, and is limited to a technical dimension based mainly on the proceeds of the Green Revolution, their contribution to the evolution of agricultural practices towards agroecology is not notable

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Sarkis, Fernández Diana. "Trabajar con el corazón. Trabajo, capital y economías morales en la agricultura Siria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394090.

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La tesis aborda la transformación de las relaciones de reproducción social y las experiencias del trabajo en la agricultura siria tras el Proceso de Reforma Económica [Islah el-lqtisadi] de la década del 2000, desde una perspectiva de la imbricación de las relaciones de clase, género y de la división internacional del trabajo. En mi terreno etnográfico principal, Beyt Jodra (Tartús), la recomposición político-económica ligada al proceso de Reforma Económica ha significado primero, una transición entre el dominio de las formas de a producción familiares a las asalariadas. Y después, una aguda contracción del sector agrícola, un proceso de mercantilización de la tierra y de proliferación de los arrendamientos, y la creciente substitución de las antiguas cuadrillas de temporeras -ligadas por fuertes lazos de amistad con los pequeños agricultores- por otros grupos de temporeras tratadas de forma más contractualista. Asimismo, este proceso de liberalización y mercantilización de la tierra y el trabajo se ha sostenido sobre el continuismo, el resquebrajamiento y la reconfiguración de costumbres económicas de largo recorrido histórico, como la solidaridad íntima [ulfe] entre miembros de un mismo hogar extenso [beyt] o la cooperación [ta'aun] entre hogares amigos. Mi aproximación etnográfica multisituada (Beyt Jodra [Tartous] y Al-Hayat [Idlib]), se ha centrado en 1) las economías domésticas; 2) las relaciones laborales (y humanas) entre muzari' (pequeño-mediano propietarios agrícolas) y temporeras y 3) las economías morales desde las que se construyen las experiencias que las personas de estos grupos sociales tienen del mundo, y en concreto de sus relaciones económicas. Mi hipótesis de partida planteaba que las formas incrustadas (embedded) de regulación de las relaciones laborales que dominan en el contexto de estudio conforman la esencia misma de los procesos contemporáneos de acumulación de capital que giran en torno a la agricultura. Los resultados de mi etnografía han secundado parcialmente y desafiado a su vez esta hipótesis inicial. Mostrando por un lado, la permanencia de una seria de instituciones, prácticas y entornos morales que hunden sus raíces en la historia de las prácticas de reproducción propias a la clases subalternas (reactualizadas en el último siglo por el proyecto socialista bathista). Y por el otro, subrayando como en un contexto de creciente dominación de la lógica capitalista sobre la reproducción de la vida, personas situadas en diferentes posiciones se apropian y redefinen ese universo económico de prácticas y significados de maneras que, a veces, son funcionales para la los procesos de acumulación de capital. Desde una perspectiva teórica general, la tesis discute las perspectivas antropológicas de la incrustación, la articulación, la subsunción y las economías diversas. Finalmente, apoyándome en los resultados etnográficos, defiendo la utilidad de la noción de lucha de hegemonías (en tanto que ésta pone en relación determinadas formas de representar y valorar el mundo con proyectos políticos específicos en términos de poder y control sobre los recursos) para captar las experiencias íntimas de lo económico, donde una las dimensiones moral, y político-económica son inextricables.
The dissertation examines the reconfiguration of social relations of reproduction, agricultural experiences of work and moral economies in the context of the Syrian Economic Reform [Islah el lqtisadi] of the 2000 decade, from the point of view of class, gender and international division of labor. For this purpose the multisited (Beyt Jodra —Tartous- and Al-Hayat —Idlib) ethnography focused upon 1) the domestic economies of farmers (muzari') and daily-workers; 2) the institutions that regulate work-human relations between both social groups; 3) the moral economies that permeate the experiences of agricultural workers about their economic relations. In addition to the 18 months fieldwork I carried out a systemic approach to the political-economy history of Syria, starting from the nineteenth century, but focusing on the period between 1958 (Agrarian Reform) and 2000 decade (Economic Reform), and taking into account the interlocking between global, national and regional scales. Within a context of crescent (but still controlled) commodification of land and labor, the ethnography pointed up on one hand, the plurality and simultaneity of diverse economic logics and moral frameworks; and on second hand, the prevalence of very personalized labor relations (family, friendship, patronage) and historical rooted moral metaphors (cooperation, intimate solidarity, reciprocity) which structure economic practices and experiences. In my conclusion I argue that 1) these embedded forms of living and practicing economy are the expression of subaltern classes' history of struggle over reproduction which has been reenacted by the political project of Arab Socialism 2) in some cases, the increasing domination of capital over social reproduction undermine these embedded economic institutions and moral frameworks; 3) in other cases, people situated in different power positions appropriate and redefine these economic practices and meanings in terms that are functional for capital accumulation. Regarding a wider theoretical level, I discuss among others the anthropological notions of embedment, articulation, subsumption and diverse economies. I finally argue that the concept of hegemony (which articulates a form of representing and valuing the world with a specific political project in terms of power and control over resources) could capture intimate experiences of the economy where the distinction between moral and political-economic dimensions lacks sense.

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Rivoal, Marion. "La vie rurale en Syrie centrale à la période protobyzantine (IVe-VIIe siècle)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20011.

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La Syrie centrale connaît au début de la période byzantine, et en particulier au Ve et au VIe siècle, un fort mouvement d’expansion des sédentaires vers l’est, qui coïncide avec une importante mise en valeur de ces nouveaux territoires. Comme pour d’autres régions de Syrie et du Proche-Orient à la même époque, un optimum climatique – pourtant déclinant – semble avoir permis la conquête et l’exploitation agricole de nouveaux terroirs dans une zone marginale qui n’avait jusqu’alors connu qu’une occupation sédentaire ponctuelle. La Syrie centrale est caractérisée par des milieux aux potentiels agronomiques très différents, souvent imbriqués. Le peuplement et la mise en valeur y sont soumis à la double contrainte de l’aridité climatique et édaphique, qui s’exerce avec une prégnance croissante vers le sud et l’est. Ces conditions, qui s’améliorent localement à la faveur de niches écologiques, ont permis à des politiques de mise en valeur et à des économies distinctes, souvent complémentaires, de voir le jour.Dans une région où les cités paraissent en grande partie absentes, l’économie repose d’abord sur les villages et sur quelques bourgs qui possédaient manifestement une orientation commerciale spécifique. Aux côtés des agglomérations, et souvent d’autant plus nombreux que les conditions d’implantation sont délicates, des fermes et des monastères s’affirment comme des acteurs économiques apparemment indépendants et souvent prospères. Des entités géographiques relativement homogènes ont donné lieu à une répartition des différentes formes de peuplement et à des économies microrégionales spécifiques. Si l’agriculture vivrière reste la règle, il semble bien cependant qu’on observe une spécialisation locale des productions : culture du blé et accessoirement plantations à l’ouest, oléiculture et peut-être viticulture dans les plateaux basaltiques du nord-ouest et vraisemblablement un élevage spéculatif, qu’on doit probablement attribuer à des populations sédentaires, dans les secteurs sud et est
In Late Antiquity, especially between the 5th and 6th centuries, Central Syria witnessed a strong expansion of sedentary settlements eastward, which coincided with a significant agricultural development of these new territories. As for other areas in Syria and Near-East at the same period, a waning climatic optimum seems to have allowed byzantine population to settle down in marginal areas which barely experienced hitherto sedentary occupation and farm nearly unbroken lands.Central Syria is made up of various landscapes, sometimes deeply nested, with contrasted agricultural potential. Settlements and agricultural exploitation are affected by an increasingly significant climatic and edaphic aridity eastward and southward. These conditions, which may locally improve thanks to ecological niches, enabled specific and often complementary substance strategies to develop.In a country whence cities are virtually absent, villages and a few market towns seem to be at the very root of the regional economy. Along with agglomerations, scattered habitats – namely farmsteads and monasteries –, more numerous under heavy bioclimatic constraints, would appear as independent and apparently prosperous economic players.Homogeneous geographic areas led to specific settlement patterns and different economic orientations. Food-producing agriculture remains the rule, but a local productive specialization may be noticed: mainly wheat production and incidentally plantations westward, olive-growing and maybe wine-growing as well in the north-west basaltic plateaus and presumably speculative livestock exploitation eastward and southward, probably mostly due to sedentary populations

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Schriwer, Charlotte. ""From water every living thing" : water mills, irrigation and agriculture in the Bilād al-Shām : perspectives on history, architecture, landscape and society, 1100-1850 AD." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7080.

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This work explores the role of the watermill in the history and society of Jordan, Syria and Cyprus from the 12th to the 19th century. Previous studies in this area have been limited, and have usually assumed the watermills in the Levant to date from the Ottoman period. This work aims to suggest that many of the mills still extant today in fact date from an earlier period. A review of the historical documentation and archaeological material is the main background of this study, while an examination of the watermills themselves aims to provide a permanent record of these before they disappear due to rural and urban development. A review of available reference material regarding the role of the mill in Levantine economy and society from the medieval to late Ottoman periods emphasises the importance of the watermill in rural and urban areas of the Levant in a historical period of fluctuating economic stability. The reference material consists mainly of historical accounts by travellers and chroniclers, legal documents such as treaties, charters and waqf documents, as well as archaeological, environmental and socioeconomic studies of the Levant from the medieval to the early modem period. The broad nature of this study aims to form a basis for future research with a more detailed focus in these disciplines.

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Hamze, Imad Abdul-Rahman. "Agricultural trade potential following peace in the Middle East : the case of Syria and Israel." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29782.

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The protracted Arab-Israeli conflict has adversely affected the economic, social, and political development in the Middle East. In spite of the centrality of political considerations, it is important to look at the potential for trade and other transactions between the countries from a purely economic point of view. In this thesis candidates for trade in agricultural commodities between Syria and Israel are identified, assuming a normalization of relations between these two countries.
The history of trade in the region, from the Roman Empire to the present time is described and analyzed with an emphasis on Israel and Syria. This is followed by an examination of relative resource endowments, and political, economic, and social development, with special attention to the agricultural and food sectors.
Border trade analysis is used as a method for identifying commodities that are candidates for trade between Israel and Syria. In general, the method presumes that commodities that are sensitive to distance will be candidates for trade between neighboring countries. This sensitivity is assessed by an examination of border trade in a commodity compared to total trade in the same commodity, using data from a sample of countries. Commodities that tend to be traded between neighbors compared to between distant partners are assumed to have potential for trade between Israel and Syria.
The results of the analysis yielded 10 agricultural commodities (SITC three digit level) that are likely to be traded between Israel and Syria. Moreover, the possible direction of trade in these commodities could also be identified.

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Mazid, Ahmed M. Mounir. "Factors influencing adoption of new agricultural technology in dry areas of Syria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260518.

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Naji, Riad A. "Congruity between theory, policy, and practice in the provision of extension services for resource poor farmers by the extension system in Syria." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276182.

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Cheikh, Younes Ahmad. "Vers un nouveau droit des baux ruraux en Syrie : approche comparée Syrie/France." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT3001/document.

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En Syrie, plus de la moitié des terres agricoles sont exploitées en faire-valoir indirect par une multitude de petits exploitants. Les terres appartiennent à quelques grands propriétaires fonciers et à des grands exploitants qui profitent d'une législation très libérale en matière de baux ruraux. En résulte une relation contractuelle précaire et déséquilibrée entre propriétaires et fermiers. L'objectif de cette thèse est de voir comment faire évoluer le droit syrien en matière de baux ruraux afin de proposer un régime équilibré et stable permettant le développement d'une agriculture plus productive et l'amélioration des conditions de vie des familles rurales. A cette fin, nous procéderons à une analyse critique du droit syrien relatif aux baux ruraux , puis rechercherons les possibles apports du droit français en vérifiant l'opportunité de les mettre en œuvre en Syrie
In Syria, more than half of the agricultural land is farming by a multitude of small tenants. The land belongs to a few large landowners and big farmers who benefit from very liberal legislation on agricultural tenancies. The result is a precarious and unbalanced contractual relationship between owners and tenants. The aim of this thesis is to see how to change the Syrian Law on agricultural tenancies in order to propose a balanced and stable regime allowing the development of a more productive agriculture and the improvement of the living conditions of the rural families. To this end, we will conduct a critical analysis of Syrian Law on agricultural tenancies, then look for the possible contributions of French Law by checking the opportunity to implement them in Syria

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10

Razzouk, Talal Ahmad. "A study of the adoption of innovations by Syrian farmers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14274/.

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The objective of this research was to "investigate, study, analyse, and report conditions under which Syrian "rainfed" wheat farmers live interact and adopt innovations and improved cropping practices. The purpose of this was to help in understanding forces that can influence farmers' decisions to adopt innovations and which influence their adoption behaviour. The research, also, has attempted to develop concepts and methods which have rarely been used before in Syrian conditions. The recommendations for the policy makers and the Extension organisations in Syria were based on the major findings as well as other findings which were revealed throughout the research. The study was carried out in the two largest rainfed cropping areas in the country; Aleppo province to the north and Hassakeh province to the east, the sample of farmers was distributed in First Stability Zone (Zone 1) and Second Stability Zone (Zone 2). A total sample of 60 farmers were randomly selected from both areas. Nine agricultural innovations and improved cropping practices were selected and farmers' adoption behaviour with regard to these innovations and improved practices were investigated. The nine innovations and practices were; "the use of nitrogen", the use of "phosphorus", "following the recommended time of nitrogen application", "the use of improved wheat varieties", "the degree of following the seed renewal for wheat", "the use of herbicides", "the use of pesticides", "the use of sowing machines", and "following the recommended seed bed preparation". The "Sten Score" method was adopted in order to score the adoption behaviour of farmers for the nine selected innovations and improved cropping practice. The method was modified in order to achieve the best classification of farmers on the basis of their adoption behaviour. Four major aspects and characteristics were selected, investigated and later were analysed in relation to the adoption behaviour of farmers with regard to the nine selected innovations and improved practices. These aspects and characteristics were Personal and Socio-Economic, Economic and Institutional, Communicational, and Psychological Factors. The study has concentrated on characteristics which usually have been ignored or avoided in past adoption and diffusion research. Special methods have been devised in order to help in measuring these aspects and characteristics. Special attention was paid to the role of personality and the Self-image of farmers as important aspects affecting their adoption behaviour. Until recently research into farmers' decision making to adopt or reject innovations did not pay attention to the role played by these factors at the time of taking the decision to adopt innovations. The major findings in Zone 1 revealed that the adoption of innovations and improved practice by farmers were related highly and significantly with farmers' "Self-image", the "availability of credit and cash money" and "having an Extension plot or field demonstration on the farm". The three variables together explain over 70% of the variation in the adoption behaviour of farmers. In Zone 2, the farmers' "Self-image", and the "availability of machinery and equipment on the farm" were found to be the best related variables with the adoption behaviour of farmers. The two variables together explain over 60% of the variation in the adoption behaviour of farmers. The recommendations for the policy makers and the Extension organisations in Syria were based on the major findings as well as other findings which were revealed throughout the research.

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Books on the topic "Syria – Agriculture"

1

Nordblom, Thomas L. Farming practices in southern Idleb Province, Syria: 1985 survey results. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, 1987.

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Wachholtz, Rolf. Socio-economics of Bedouin farming systems in dry areas of northern Syria. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, 1996.

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El-Akhrass, Hisham. Syria and the CGIAR centers: A study of their collaboration in agricultural research. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1986.

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Harlan Symposium (1997 Aleppo, Syria). The origins of agriculture and crop domestication: Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium, 10-14 May 1997, Aleppo, Syria. Aleppo, Syria: Published jointly by ICARDA, IPGRI, FAO and UC/GRCP, 1998.

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Galvin, Kathleen Faye. Early state economic organization and the role of specialized pastoralism: Terqa in the Middle Euphrates region, Syria. Ann Arbor: U.M.I., 1990.

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Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Peasant and bureaucracy in Bàthist Syria: The political economy of rural development. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.

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Pape-Christiansen, Andrea. Intensification of rainfed agriculture in Northern Syria: Implications of perennial crops and irrigation on farm-household development. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, 2001.

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Najem, Abdul Razak. Development of agricultural extension provision at Aleppo University Syria. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1998.

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Ashram, M. The argricultural system of the Syrian Arab Republic. College Station, Tex: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, 1985.

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März, Ulrich. Farm classification and impact analysis of mixed farming systems in northern Syria. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Syria – Agriculture"

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Hole, Frank, and Ronald Smith. "Arid Land Agriculture in Northeastern Syria." In Land Change Science, 209–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2562-4_12.

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Yigezu, Y. A., A. Mugera, T. El-Shater, Colin Piggin, Atef Haddad, Yaseen Khalil, and Stephen Loss. "Explaining Adoption and Measuring Impacts of Conservation Agriculture on Productive Efficiency, Income, Poverty, and Food Security in Syria." In Conservation Agriculture, 225–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11620-4_10.

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Ibrahim, Bachar. "Climate Change Effects on Agriculture and Water Resources Availability in Syria." In Environmental Protection in the European Union, 305–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77614-7_18.

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Decker, Michael J. "Syriac Agriculture 350–1250." In The Syriac World, 567–80. First [edition]. | New York: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315708195-31.

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Mohammed, Safwan, Karam Alsafadi, Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi, and Endre Harsányi. "Rainfall Change and Spatial-Temporal Aspects of Agricultural Drought in Syria." In Water Resources in Arid Lands: Management and Sustainability, 215–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67028-3_18.

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Al-Ashram, M. "Agricultural Labor and Technological Change in the Syrian Arab Republic." In Labor and Rainfed Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa, 163–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0561-0_8.

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Klaasse, Annemarie, Eva Haas, Remco Dost, Michael Riffler, and Bekzod Shamsiev. "Conflict and Agricultural Production: Using Earth Observation to Assess Productivity and Support Rehabilitation in Syria." In Southern Space Studies, 49–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16016-6_5.

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"2. Agriculture in Greater Syria." In Climate and Political Climate. BRILL, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004244733_004.

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Price, T. Douglas. "The First Farmers." In Europe before Rome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914708.003.0007.

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The origins and spread of agriculture and a Neolithic way of life marked a major turning point in the evolution of human society. Farming changed everything. Our heritage as food collectors, consuming the wild products of the earth, extends back millions of years. Nevertheless, at the end of the Pleistocene some human groups began to produce their own food rather than collect it, to domesticate and control wild plants and animals, achieving what is perhaps the most remarkable transformation in our entire human past. Agriculture is a way of obtaining food that involves domesticated plants and animals. But the transition to farming is much more than simple herding or cultivation. It also entails major, long-term changes in the structure and organization of the societies that adopt this new way of life, as well as a totally new relationship with the environment. Hunters and gatherers largely live off the land in an extensive fashion, generally exploiting diverse resources over a broad area; farmers intensively use a smaller portion of the landscape and create a milieu that suits their needs. With the transition to agriculture, humans began to truly change their environment. Cultivation of plants and herding of animals, village society, and pottery did not originate in Europe. Domestication arrived from the ancient Near East. The Neolithic began in southwest Asia some 11,000 years ago and eventually spread into the European continent, carried by expanding populations of farmers. The mountains of western Iran and southern Turkey and the uplands of the Levant (the coastal region of the far eastern part of the Mediterranean, from the northeastern Sinai Peninsula through modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, and west along the modern Turkish coast) form an elevated zone somewhat cooler and wetter than much of the Near East. The area has been described as the Fertile Crescent. A variety of wild plants grow in abundance. This region was the natural habitat of many of the wild ancestors of the ﬁrst species of plants and animals to be domesticated at the end of the Pleistocene: the wild wheats and barleys, the wild legumes, and the wild sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle that began to be exploited in large numbers at the origins of agriculture.

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Barker, Graeme. "The ‘Hearth of Domestication’? Transitions to Farming in South-West Asia." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0009.

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The principal focus of this chapter is the classic zone of early farming research from the 1960s onwards, the so-called ‘hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent’ in South-West Asia (Fig. 4.1). This region is normally defined as the arc of hill country to the west of the Syrian desert and to the north and east of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. The western side of the arc begins east of the Nile in the Sinai and the Gulf of Arabah on the southern border of Israel and Jordan; it continues northwards as the hill country on either side of the Jordan rift valley in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, western Jordan, and western Syria (the so-called ‘Levantine corridor’); and extends westwards to the Mediterranean littoral. The northern sector is formed by the Taurus mountains along the southern edge of the Anatolian plateau, which curve eastwards from the Mediterranean coast in northern Syria to form the present-day Syrian–Turkish border. The eastern sector consists of the Zagros mountains, running south-eastwards from eastern Turkey and north-west Iran to the Persian Gulf, forming the Iraq–Iran border for most of their length, and continuing in south-west Iran beyond the Persian Gulf towards the Straits of Hormuz. The region also embraces adjacent zones: the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the vast tracts of steppe and desert country separating them from the Levantine, Taurus, and Zagros upland systems; the Anatolian plateau to the north of the Taurus, within modern Turkey; and the Iranian plateau east of the Zagros, within modern Iran. The archaeological literature commonly uses the term Near East to describe the main region of interest, with the Levant for its western side (a term also used in this chapter), and South-West Asia for the eastern side, but the entire region is more correctly termed South-West Asia. The upland areas of the region mostly receive more than 200 millimetres of rainfall a year, which is the minimum required for growing cereals without irrigation. Rainfall decreases drastically moving out into the steppe and desert zones.

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Conference papers on the topic "Syria – Agriculture"

1

SALMAN, M., and W. MUALLA. "THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURE IN SYRIA: ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES." In Fourth Centenary of the Foundation of the First Academy of Sciences: “Academia Lynceorum” by Federico Cesi and Pope Clemente VIII. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702753_0031.

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Chukov, Vladimir S. "Socio-economic and spiritual-religious specifics of the Syrian Kurds." In 7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.07065c.

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This study aims to present the socio-economic and spiritual-religious specifics of the Syrian Kurds. The dominant agrarian livelihood of the “foreign Kurds” stimulates the preservation of the tribal-clan profile of their social structure. This directly reflects on the stability and strong resistance of the specific conservative political culture in which the political center is differentiated, due to non-social parameters. If religion (in a nuanced degree, ethnicity) plays a major role in the formation of the nation-building and state-building process among neighbors, Arabs and Turks, then in the Kurds, especially the Syrians, a similar function is played by the family cell. The main points in the article are: The Syrian Kurds; Armenians and Christians – Assyrians; The specific religious institutions of the Kurds. In conclusion: The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the Kurds in Syria are failing to create a large urban agglomeration, which pushes them to be constantly associated with the agricultural way of life. Even the small towns that were formed did not get a real urban appearance, as their inhabitants had numerous relatives who remained to live in the countryside.

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Sun, Yuman, Hongzhong Li, JinSong Chen, Xiaoqing Zuo, and Yu Han. "Agricultural Farming Can Play a Role in Assessing the Syrian Crisis Based on the Two River Basins in Syria." In 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2018.8476039.

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Habib, RR. "72 Assessment of child labour in agriculture among syrian refugees in lebanon." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.887.

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