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Journal articles on the topic 'Syria. Army'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ahmedov, Vladimir M. "Russia and Crisis in Syria: Security Dimensions." Oriental Courier, no. 4 (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s268684310033445-7.

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The paper studies Russian politics in Syria regarding Syrian crisis. Main attention is paid to the analyses of the Russo-Syrian relations in the context of security issues. Place and role of Syrian Army and Security Services in Syria are demonstrated. Specific aspects of Syrian security agencies’ collaboration with Russia in defining Syrian politics are studied. The analysis of influential factors determining Russian military involvement in Syrian conflict are provided. The author studies cooperation between Russian military and their Syrian counterparts and militia troops regarding Syrian mil

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2

Sidebottom, Harry. "THE ARMY IN SYRIA." Classical Review 53, no. 2 (2003): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/53.2.431.

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Markelov, Svyatoslav. "Configuration and Strategic Scenarios in the Northwest Syria." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2023): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310025315-4.

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Three years have passed since the massive military operation of Syrian Army. Nowadays territories of Syrian provinces Idlib and Aleppo which are partly under control of Syrian Army, partly under groups of islamists, and with a little presence of Kurdish forces, still are the most problematic point on the Syrian map, where interests of all main actors of Syrian conflict are crossed, where that conflict has become multi-layered, and where contradictions manifest themselves in artillery strikes and firefights despite the freezing of the hot phase of the conflict. In this article we will try to op

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Dr., Sister Nelsa A.C, Pulak Mouli, Kazmi Shahla, and Verma Nancy. "Trauma and Nightmare: Exploring the Impact of War on Refugee Children of Syria through Select Novels." Criterion: An International Journal in English 15, no. 5 (2024): 345–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14109347.

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Arab Spring, spreading through Middle East and North Africa, reached Syria early 2011. It projected a threat on the authoritarian regime of Bashar Al-Assad. To subside the pro-democratic protests, Assad sent Syrian Army in cities where major protests were going on. The Syrian Army killed and tortured whoever they suspected of being involved in the protests without any trial. This led to a major discontent in the Syrian people and the violence between the Syrian Army and protesters of pro-democratic group turned into an ugly Civil War in Syria. The war has resulted in disastrous outcomes. Massa

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Sabrine, Isber, Ristam Abdo, and Neil Brodie. "Some New Evidence Documenting the Involvement of Da’esh in Syria with the Illicit Trade in Antiquities." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.2.0115.

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ABSTRACT We present here some new evidence documenting the involvement of Da’esh with the looting and illicit trade of antiquities in northeastern Syria. We have interviewed four people who have first-hand knowledge of its activities and acquired some images of looted objects and Da’esh administrative documents. We examine this new evidence in the context of previously reported accounts of Da’esh involvement with the antiquities trade. We also report looting at some previously unknown archaeological sites, describe extensive looting when northeastern Syria was controlled by the Free Syrian Arm

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Mazur, Przemysław. "Uyghurs of Syria: Significance for the Syrian Conflict and International Implications." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 79, no. 3 (2023): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2023.79.10.

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The main objective of the article was to determine whether the Uyghurs were a relevant group in the Syrian conflict, i.e., whether they were numerous, well-organized and determined enough to take the fight to the Syrian army or other non-state actors or cooperate with them. Several levels of analysis were carried out in this article. Firstly, article aimed to show where the Uyghurs in Syria came from. Secondly, the following section assessed their importance to the Syrian conflict, as well as who they worked with and fought against. Thirdly, it analysed whether their military and political inv

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Tauber, Eliezer. "The Struggle for Dayr Al-Zur: The Determination of Borders Between Syria and Iraq." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 3 (1991): 361–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056348.

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When World War I ended and the political map of the Middle East was redrawn, the ruler-straight borders separating the Fertile Crescent countries were not determined wholly in Europe, when the mandates were divided between Britain and France, as is commonly believed. The border between Syria and Iraq was determined between 1918 and 1920, when Iraqi officers serving in the Syrian army brought about the annexation of regions originally designated for British-occupied Iraq to Faysal 's Arab government in Syria.

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Nawrotek, Jarosław. "RUSSIAN’S PROVING GROUND IN SYRIA." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 152, no. 4 (2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0871.

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Mission of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in Syria is their biggest foreign military operation of current times. It became a form of evaluation of combat efficiency for different forces and troops. Moreover, the Russian Army could check the newest types of used munitions in combat conditions. Leading a combat operation far beyond the borders of own territory can be used for evaluation of the overall system safeguarding the combat operations theatre, and especially the logistics. What is more, the combat experience acquired by a few dozen thousand soldiers is also a priceless value for the

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WÓJTOWICZ, Tomasz, Izabela BARSZNICA, and Kamil DRĄG. "THE INFLUENCE OF RUSSIAN MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR IN SYRIA." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 111, no. 2 (2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8529.

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The Russian military intervention in Syria, conducted between September 2015 and March 2016, was one of the crucial moments in the Middle East conflict which has evolved since 2011. It not only prevented the collapse of the regime of Bashar al-Assad but also enabled the initiative to be taken by the Syrian Arab Army. The simultaneous conducting of two military operations by the Russian army, i.e. the Russian involvement in both Ukraine and the Middle East, requires thorough investigations into the course of these operations. Such investigations may provide answers to a number of questions whic

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Alharbi, Dakheelallah, Zarina Othman, and Sity Daud. "THE IMPACT OF THE POST ARAB SPRING ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS IN SYRIA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 1 (2020): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8157.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to give an analysis of the humanitarian situation and the case of human rights in Syria after the events of the Arab spring. Methodology: This is analytical-descriptive research that has been done through literature review, content analysis, and documentary and case study research. Result: our results suggest that the Syrian government made false concessions designed to end the revolts. The occurrence led to the formation of a rebel group, the Free Syrian Army whose main objective was to oust the authoritarian regime and stop the killing of civi

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Karaca, Bilal Bahadir, and Berk Köksal. "The Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy in Syria: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 15 (February 15, 2023): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2022.1.3.

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Since 2011, the Syrian Civil War has become an arena of international competition between regional and global powers. As a dominant regional actor, Turkey has important interests in this conflict. However, although great importance is given to civil war factors and power balances at the field level, Turkey’s internal conditions play a role as well as these externalities. Therefore, an analysis of Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria from a local perspective is needed to reveal some negligible dynamics. In this direction, this study aims to analyse Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria, taking

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TELLIDOU, Natalia. "SYRIA: PROXY WARS IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 46 (January 15, 2024): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.46.5.

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The conflict in Syria quickly escalated into a complex and prolonged civil war where states outside the conflict fueled rebel groups to fight. The onset of multiple proxy wars befell Syria. Proxy war happens when a ruler of a state devises and facilitates the provision of support to a rebel group that is engaged in carrying out violent activities in another state. Thus, an external state can influence the outcome of a civil war without having to bear the heavy costs of sending its army forces. States that wage proxy wars risk a potential conflict escalation, and gamble with provoking retaliati

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Cupcea, George. "TIMEKEEPING IN THE ROMAN ARMY." Classical Quarterly 67, no. 2 (2017): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838817000568.

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The structure and organization of the Roman army is a complex subject for ancient historians. Of its multiple aspects, the schedule of the daily routine is one of the most interesting but, at the same time, is scarcely known. Of course, huge progress has been made with the publication of the daily rosters of one particular auxiliary unit in the East (cohors XX Palmyrenorum, at Dura, Syria), but the detail of the chronological organization of the unit's schedule is still to be revealed.

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Minaev, Maxim. "Armed Forces in the present United States and Britain military policy. Main Trends." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760029541-2.

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The article presents the United States and United Kingdom Armed Forces evolvement main trends in the warfare below the threshold of war context. The point at issue is United States Special Operations Forces (US SOF), British Army and United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF). The focus of the research paper on: the US Theater Special Operations Commands - Special Operations Command Africa, Special Operations Command Europe and others; British Army new units - Ranger Regiment, Army Special Operations Brigade, 11th Security Force Assistance Brigade and others. The organizational and establishment of

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Gombár, Eduard. "Islamist Organizations in Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon." Czech Journal of International Relations 37, no. 3 (2002): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1116.

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In Syria, the beginnings of political Islamism were connected with the Muslim Brotherhood, which resisted the Baath government and initiated armed revolt in Hama in April 1964. After Hafiz al-Asad seized power, the Muslim Brotherhood split into three factions (ultra-radicals from Hama, a radical faction in Aleppo, and an exiled Damascus moderate faction). In the years 1979-1982, the Muslim Brotherhood war radicalized and oriented towards jihad, which culminated in the Hama uprising in April 1982. However, the Syrian Islamist movement was supported not even by the Islamic revolutionary regime i

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Madi, Hiba P. "From Loud to Silent: The Free Patriotic Movement 2005-22 Outdoor Campaigns." Journal of Communication and Management 2, no. 01 (2023): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58966/jcm2023211.

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   Lebanon’s history is characterized by events and players outside the country’s borders, which mainly include Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran and the United States. Towards the end of the Lebanese Civil War, General Michel Aoun, the caretaker Prime Minister of 1988 and head of the army, emerged as one of the most popular Christian political leaders. He strongly opposed the establishment of Syrian hegemony over its tiny neighbor Lebanon legalized by the Ta’if agreement. Yet, defeated by the Syrian army, Aoun was expelled from Lebanon and went into exile in Paris, France (R

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Karleskint, Peter, and Jonathan Matusitz. "Compliance-Gaining Theory as a Method to Analyze U.S. Support of the Free Syrian Army (FSA)." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 11, no. 4 (2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2021.4.03.

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This paper examines U.S. support of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) through compliance-gaining theory. By and large, the theory describes how one party is able to get another party to comply with specific demands. The particular compliance-gaining tactics explored in this analysis are ingratiation, debt, guilt, and compromise. Thanks to these tactics, we can better understand how a rebel group like the FSA has managed to convince a superpower like the U.S. to support it, in spite of the historical implications of supporting rebel groups in the past. To make its compliance-gaining stronger, the FSA

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Mirskii, G. "Drama of the Arab East." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-77-87.

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New upheavals have shaken the Middle East this summer. A small but determined army of Sunni jihadists that had operated in the war-torn Syria suddenly crossed the border into Iraq and launched a large-scale military campaign. In a matter of days the invaders captured the second largest city of Iraq, Mosul, and although heavily outnumbered by the Iraqi army, put it to flight. The militants, known as ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham, the latter word meaning Syria and Lebanon) and led by an exceedingly tough and ruthless commander Abubaqr al-Baghdadi, are descendants of the infamous terro

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de Callataÿ, François. "Pseudo-Civic not Civic: The Abundant Double Sigloi Struck by Pamphylian and Cilician Cities (ca 460–333 B.C.E.)." Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914303.

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Abstract: This paper considers all the monetary issues of large silver coins struck in the name of Greek cities between Lycia and Syria under Persian rule. It is argued that these apparently civic coinages were in fact pseudocivic, struck at a supra-civic level for the needs of the Persian army. Abstract: Cet article examine toutes les questions monétaires liées aux grandes pièces en argent frappées au nom des cités grecques situées entre la Lycie et la Syrie sous le règne perse. L'on soutient que ces monnaies en apparence civiques étaient en réalité pseudo-civiques, frappées à un niveau supra

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Kasimova, Irina Sayyarovna. "On Turkey's Policy to Solidify Its Presence in the Northern Territories of Syria." Islamovedenie 12, no. 3 (2021): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2021-12-3-22-33.

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Turkey is one of the most active participants of the Syrian conflict that broke out in 2011. Among the priorities proclaimed by Ankara is the preservation of security and stability on the long Turkish-Syrian frontier that are under a long-term threat posed by the Syrian offshoots of the Kurdi-stan Workers' Party (PKK) recognized by Ankara as a terrorist organization. The article attempts to review and analyze the steps taken by Ankara to socially and economically restore the territories where the Turkish army, together with the armed Syrian opposition, held operations Euphrates Shield, Olive B

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Kirchner, Stefan. "Third Party Liability for Hezbollah Attacks against Israel." German Law Journal 7, no. 9 (2006): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005083.

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After an Israeli soldier was abducted in the south of the country in late June, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) began Operation “Summer Rain” in Gaza in order to secure the safe return of the soldier. On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah forces captured two Israeli soldiers in Northern Israel and killed three more, triggering Operation “Just Reward”, which ended with the fragile cease-fire agreed upon under the terms outlined in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1701. The conflict between Israel and the Hezbollah had the potential of plunging the whole region in a wider war; as a matter of fact, it seems th

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Rached, Kardo, and Ahmed Omar Bali. "Post-ISIS Iraq and the Shia Armed Groups." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130105.

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The political environment of Iraq in the period from 2011-2014 experienced a great degree of turbulence. Many Sunni tribes in the Anbar, Ramadi and Salahadin regions organized a daily protest against the central government, accusing it of being sectarian. Gradually, these protests become more popular, and the Baghdad government became fearful that it would spread into the other regions of Iraq. In order to control the protests, the government used force, and many were killed. Simultaneously, in Syria, and especially during 2013-2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) controlled more l

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Syeda, Saba Israr. "The Rise and Fall of Isis in Iraq and: A Case Study." TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1, no. 1 (2022): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6309799.

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Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (Isis) caused a disastrous collision in the region. Now Isis is destroyed especially in Iraq as the military forces along-with coalition forces successfully counteracted against their insurgency. This paper discussed the origins, agenda and resurgence possibilities of Daesh in Iraq. By keeping in view the efforts made by the Iraqi army and confederates, this study assumed that government and military officials need to take actions against any potential resurgence in future. After US military withdrawal from Syria, the Iraqi government are concerned about securit

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Tamari, Steve, and Leila Hudson. "Historical Research and Resources in Damascus." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 30, no. 1 (1996): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400032983.

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Damascus has a long and distinguished history as a center for scholars and scholarship. The Umayyad Mosque has been a hub for Muslim scholars since the first Islamic century. Under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, a flurry of madrasa-building brought professional scholars to Damascus from all corners of the Muslim world. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Damascus, many scattered manuscript collections were consolidated into the National Library, housed in the Mamluk-era Madrasa al-Zahiriyya, the pride of Syrian scholars in the age of Arab nationalism. With French rule in 1920 came an a

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Zuhur, Sherifa. "The Syrian Opposition: Salafi and Nationalist Jihadism and Populist Idealism." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 2, no. 1-2 (2015): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x15584034.

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The debate over international responses to the Assad governments continued barrel-bombing and lethal use of chemical weapons centered on the dominance and agenda of ‘extremists’ in the Syrian opposition and their role in a post-Assad Syria. With 1,500 groups and significant inter-conflict, the future of the popular revolution that originated with non-violent, idealistic civilian demonstrators cannot be foreseen with any certainty. The Supreme Military Command of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was created in an effort to better coordinate its efforts. There were many tensions between the FSA and sa

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Aliquot, Julien, and Muaffaq Hazza. "The Roman army in Provincia Arabia: Old and new documents from Umm al-Jimāl (Jordan)." Syria, no. 100 (December 31, 2023): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.15397.

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Taylor, Lloyd Walter Hart. "From Triparadeisos to Ipsos: Seleukos I Nikator's Uncertain Mint 6A in Babylonia." American Journal of Numismatics Second Series 27 (2015) (December 1, 2015): 41–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3760074.

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As a result of this die study the coinage in the name of Alexander and Seleukos formerly assigned to Uncertain Mint 1 in Cappadocia, Eastern Syria, or Northern Mesopotamia is conjoined with that of Uncertain Mint 6A in Babylonia.  The latter mint operated intermittently in the period 318-301 BC, serving the military needs of Seleukos, eventually becoming a mobile facility in support of the campaign of his army to Ipsos. It issued the  first coinage to bear the name of Seleukos within a framework of the army’s acclamation of his kingship.

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Mironova, Vera, Karam Alhamad, and Sam Whitt. "Rebel Group Attrition and Reversion to Violence: Micro-Level Evidence from Syria." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2020): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa002.

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Abstract Why might former rebel combatants ever revert to fighting? The purpose of this research note is to inform the scholarly community on rebel incentives to remobilize for violence, a topic which has been underexplored in the literature, using evidence from an ongoing conflict: the case of volunteer ex-combatants in the Syrian civil war. In late 2014 to early 2015, we conducted surveys with 196 ex-fighters who served with different rebel group brigades linked to the Free Syrian Army as well as moderate Islamist and jihadist groups. Interviews were conducted in Gaziantep, Turkey, a common

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Anzalone, Christopher. "The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 34, no. 1 (2017): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i1.867.

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Northern Lebanon, the mountainous terrain bordering Syria and the coastalplain centered on the city of Tripoli with its nearly 130,000 residents, has longbeen the heartland of the country’s Sunni Arabs, along with the old scholasticand population hub in the southern city of Sidon. The outbreak of mass popularprotests and eventually armed rebellion in neighboring Syria againstBashar al-Asad’s government in the spring of 2011, and that country’s continuingdescent into an increasingly violent and sectarian civil war, has had aprofound effect upon Lebanon, particularly in the north, for both geogr

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Moubayed, Sami. "Royalism in Syria after Faysal I: The Struggle for the Crown of Damascus, 1920-1958." Royal Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (2022): 41–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21039/rsj.322.

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On 24 July 1920 the first and only king in the modern history of Syria, Faysal I, was dethroned and exiled by the invading army of colonial France. Although later rewarded with the job of king of Iraq, Faysal I never lost his appetite for the crown of Damascus, and nor did any of his brothers, nephews, and other royals from the Hashemite family. Much has been written about Faysal’s era in Syria, which began in October 1918 and lasted until July 1920. Few historians, however, have paid attention to the monarchial current that emerged thereafter in Syria, as ambitious politicians and retired off

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Asbridge, T. S. "The ‘Crusader’ Community at Antioch: The Impact of Interaction with Byzantium and Islam." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (December 1999): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679407.

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At the end of the eleventh century, in the wake of the First Crusade, a Latin principality was established at Antioch, in northern Syria. Founded by the crusade leader Bohemond (1098–,c. 1105), this Latin community experienced a period of territorial expansion under the energetic rule of his nephew, Tancred (c. 1105–12), followed by seven years of less aggressive leadership by Roger of Salerno (1113–19). The principality suffered a serious setback with the defeat of its army at the evocatively named battle of the Field of Blood in 1119, during which Prince Roger was slain. Power then passed to

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Zhantiev, Dmitry R. "The сonquest of Syria by Muhammad Ali pasha in 1831–1832 and its influence on Russian-Ottoman relations". Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya, № 6 (18 грудня 2024): 115–25. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0130386424060097.

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In the article, the author focuses on one of the most pivotal events of the First Egyptian Crisis (1831–1833), namely the conquest of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire by the troops of the rebel governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha. Additionally, he elucidates the rationale behind the Russian Emperor Nicholas I’s decision to dispatch a contingent of Russian troops in 1833 to assist the Ottoman government in its efforts to safeguard its capital. The aim of this article is to analyse the strategies employed by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Sublime Porte, and the Russian Empire with regard to

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Akhter, Dr Naseem. "Amin-ul-Ummah Hazrat Abu Ubaida Bin Jarrah Status and Position in Islam (A Historical Analysis)." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 2, no. 3 (2021): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v2.03(21)28.310-315.

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Hazrat Abu Ubaida (RA) was noble personality of Islam and he belonged to the famous tribe of Quraesh at Makkah. Hazrat Abu Obadiah is one of the earliest followers and followers of Islam. He was a preacher of Islam and a dutiful general. He was a close associate of the Holy Prophet. He took part in many campaigns and was honored to raise the banner of Islam. Allah's Apostle gave him the title of Amin-ul-Ummah Besides, the Prophet called him the best man. He took part in many battles and showed the essence of bravery. In the time of Hazrat Abu Bakar, he was appointed the commander of the Muslim

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Lev, Yaacov. "Army, Regime, And Society In Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094." International Journal of Middle East Studies 19, no. 3 (1987): 337–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056762.

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Tensions between the regime and the army are a crucial component for the understanding of Fatimid history and, as will be shown, they had a mostly destabilizing impact on society and the economy. A host of factors shaped the relationship between the regime, the army, and society. Among these factors, the socio-military composition of the army was especially important. The composition of the army was partly an outcome of deliberate policies of the regime, partly a consequence of local conditions, and partly a reflection of wider Islamic practices. In the case of the Fatimids, the local conditio

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Manzinger, Krisztián, and Péter Wagner. "Syrian Kurds, Rojava and Alternative Society Building in Middle East." Honvédségi Szemle 148, no. 1 (2020): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35926/hdr.2020.1.2.

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Answering to local expectations and the need for a reliant partner for the US Army in the fight against ISIS, a Kurdish-based de facto autonomous territory emerged in Northern Syria, which later turned into a multicultural entity. The characteristically leftist political, social, and economic changes implemented by the new regime differ considerably from the government models practised in the region; however, they also trigger significant criticism. Although in 2018 and 2019, the entity suffered important losses in territory due to the geopolitical interests of Russia, the US, and Turkey, the

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Daneshgar, Majid. "An Egyptian Medical Officer and Qurʾān Commentator in Ottoman Syria". Oriente Moderno 101, № 1 (2021): 44–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340254.

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Abstract This article pays a particular attention to an Arab army physician and scholar from the mid-19th century who placed empirical science at the center of Islamic thought and situated it within Qurʾānic exegetical debates. He is the Egyptian Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Iskandarānī, a medical officer who ended up working in Ottoman Syria, and whose works were copied and printed (in)directly by the Ottomans. Apart from the limited information contained in previous scholarly literature, which, on the basis of his first commentary alone, repeatedly presents this commentator as one of the first peop

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Beal, Richard H. "The Location of Cilician Ura." Anatolian Studies 42 (December 1992): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642951.

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Much has been written about the city of Ura in southern Anatolia, which was important in both the Bronze and the Iron Ages. Nevertheless, no fully satisfactory location for Ura has yet been proposed.The primary text for locating Ura is the Neriglissar Chronicle. This records:“Appuašu, king of Pirindu mustered his [large] army and set out to plunder and sack Syria (ebir nāri). Neriglissar mustered his army and marched to Ḫume to oppose him. In anticipation of him (i.e. Neriglissar) (lāmišu), Appuašu placed the army and cavalry which he had assembled in a mountain valley in ambush. (When) Nerigl

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Shibeeb, Ass Lecture Shaker Dakheel. "The Battle of Siffin: Its Causes and Consequences Ass.Lecture Shaker Dakheel Shibeeb." Thi Qar Arts Journal 3, no. 44 (2023): 180–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v3i44.502.

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The Battle of Siffin, which took place in an area called Siffin near the city of Raqqa in Syria, between the caliph of the Muslims Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan in 37 AH, is one of the important battles in Islamic history, where tens of thousands of both sides were killed and the main reason for the battle was Muawiyah’s refusal to pledge allegiance to Imam Ali for the caliphate, and his insistence on the governorship of Syria and raising the slogan of demanding the blood of Uthman, in order to confer legitimacy on all his movements against the Imam, while he was gre

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Gresh, Alain. "The Free Officers And The Comrades: The Sudanese Communist Party And Nimeiri Face-To-Face, 1969–1971." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 3 (1989): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800032578.

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Africa's largest country, Sudan, is first and foremost part of the Arab world, sensitive to the political tides which sweep the Arab peoples from the Atlantic to the Gulf. Like other members of the Arab League, Sudan was taken by surprise by the defeat of 1967. It was shaken by the tidal wave that later engulfed Libya, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria; and on 25 May 1969, a military regime took over in Khartoum. Its ideology was Arab nationalism infused with socialism; its social base, the army and the urban classes; and its model, the Nasserist experiment.

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Tillo, Khoushnaw. "Perspectives of the Kurdish knot in the Middle East." Review of Nationalities 8, no. 1 (2018): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2018-0007.

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Abstract For centuries, Kurds have been carrying out activities aimed at obtaining their own state. Due to the cooperation of Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, it was impossible in the twentieth century. As a result of Operation Desert Storm, a Kurdish enclave was created in the north of Iraq, which over the years developed and allowed for real dreams of recognized independence, at least for some of the Kurds living in the Middle East. A&er the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq in 2011, there was a political vacuum in which we observe the weakening of the Ir

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Ахмедов, Владимир. "Сирийская революция". История и современность, № 4 (30 грудня 2023): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30884/iis/2023.04.06.

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The crisis in the Syrian Arab Republic, which began in March 2011, quickly escalated into a bloody civil war. As a result, the country was split into warring districts and plunged into a state of religious conflict. The duration of the crisis and the difficulty of reconciliation between the conflicting parties were due to a number of factors that will be analyzed in this article. The article emphasizes that a distinctive feature of the former state-political model of governance was its institutionalized authoritarianism based on the power factor, which was embodied in the activities of the sec

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Viermann, Nadine. "The Battle of Yarmouk, a Bridge of Boats, and Heraclius’s Alleged Fear of Water." Studies in Late Antiquity 5, no. 2 (2021): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2021.5.2.241.

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In 636 CE, Roman and Arab contingents met at the river Yarmouk. After days of fighting, the Roman army suffered a disastrous defeat. The provinces of Palestine and Syria, which had been reconquered from Persian occupation only a few years prior, were again lost to enemy forces. The emperor Heraclius (610–641), who had coordinated the defense in person, left Syria in haste. A passage in Nicephorus’ Breviarium covers what happened in Constantinople in the aftermath of the battle: It tells a seemingly strange tale of Heraclius being so afraid of water that he would not enter the capital until a b

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Nofrianti, Mami, and Dian Pertiwi. "‘Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil (Superman in Islamic History: 756 CE-788 CE)." Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, Adab dan Dakwah 4, no. 2 (2022): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/ishlah.v4i2.197.

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This article aims at discussing the struggle of one of the Umayyads’ descendants who was able to escape from the Abbasid army from the city of Damascus (Syria) to Andalusia (Al-Andalus). He managed to re-establish the power of the Umayyads in Andalusia after the collapse of their power in Damascus, due to the Abbasid army attack. A qualitative method with library research-based was used in conducting this study, the data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive approach, technical descriptive analysis, and content analysis. The results showed that ‘Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil had great talent

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Mekhamadiev, Е. А. "The Danube legions of the Late Roman Empire (I Italica and V Macedonica) during the second half and middle of the fourth c. a. d.: on the ways of interaction between the frontier and expeditionary armies." Belgorod State University Scientific bulletin. Series: History. Political science 46, no. 4 (2019): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2075-4458-2019-46-4-608-619.

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Since 325 A. D., when the Emperor Constantine the Great established a self-sufficient and single expeditionary army of the Roman Empire (previously, before 353, it constantly had stood in Thrace, but then it was split in some smaller military groups), military units of this army have interacted to units of frontier armies during many military campaigns. But epigraphic data from the Lower Danube regions (the provinces of Lower Moesia and Dacia Ripensis (River)) give a chance to trace one another way of interaction, which was an absolutely disregarded before. The author means a food supply of fr

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Sayim, Burak. "Communist Anti-Militarism in France and Anti-Colonial Wars in Morocco and Syria." Twentieth Century Communism 24, no. 24 (2023): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864323837280544.

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This article explores the intersection of Middle Eastern anti-colonialism and European anti-militarism in the interwar period through a case study focusing on French communist activities within the army during almost simultaneous anti-colonial revolts in Morocco and Syria. It argues that the interaction between revolutionary militancy in these two regions was not unilinear. Just as the impact of European revolutionary traditions was instrumental in shaping Middle Eastern communist militancy, so Middle Eastern anti-colonialism had an – underappreciated – impact on European communism. Through th

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Eck, Werner. "Honorary Statues as a Means of Public Communication in Iudaea / Syria Palaestina." Scripta Classica Israelica 34 (February 15, 2020): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v34i.2335.

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The evidence presented in the article, makes it obvious, that the public face of the majority of cities in the province of Iudaea/Syria Palaestina hardly differed from that presented by other urban centers in the Empire. For a long time this was seen differently and explained with the Jewish character of the province. But especially the large excavations not only in Caesarea, but also in Dor, Askelon, Hippos and Scythopolis have shown that the public spaces, be it the fora, the streets and the large porticoes were decorated with honorary statues, not only of emperors, but of representatives of

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Łach, Wiesław Bolesław. "Formation and organization of the Polish Military Special Unit in the Second United Nations Emergency Forces (UNEF-II) in the Middle East in the light of source government documents." Res Politicae 16 (2024): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2024.16.08.

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The Polish government received an invitation for a unit of the Polish Army to join the United Nations armed forces in the era of détente (1973). This was the first time that a contingent from Warsaw Pact countries took part in an international peacekeeping operation. The end of the war between the combined forces of Egypt and Syria and the state of Israel in October 1973, was forced by international intervention. This led to a cessation of hostilities and entry into peace talks. Poland was one of the countries invited to join the Second United Nations Emergency Forces (UNEF-II) in the Middle E

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Battera, Federico. "Perspectives for change in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria: the military factor and implications of previous authoritarian regimes." Contemporary Arab Affairs 7, no. 4 (2014): 544–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.948312.

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This article argues that differences in Arab authoritarian regimes were mainly linked to the relationship between the state, the political party in power and the military. By exploring such differences in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria prior to the 2011 crisis, they are explained in the context of the political changes that ensued in the wake of the crisis. How the army played the dual role of instigating change while impeding it at crucial points in the transitional process is described. The mutual lack of autonomy between the state, the party and the military appears to have been a key factor in i

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Haun, Phil, and Colin Jackson. "Breaker of Armies: Air Power in the Easter Offensive and the Myth of Linebacker I and II in the Vietnam War." International Security 40, no. 3 (2016): 139–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00226.

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Most traditional accounts identify the Linebacker I and Linebacker II campaigns as the most effective and consequential uses of U.S. air power in the Vietnam War. They argue that deep interdiction in North Vietnam played a central role in the defeat of the Easter Offensive and that subsequent strategic attacks on Hanoi forced the North Vietnamese to accept the Paris accords. These conclusions are false. The Linebacker campaigns were rather ineffective in either stopping the Communist offensive or compelling concessions. The most effective and consequential use of U.S. air power came in the for

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Šedivý, Miroslav. "Metternich and the Syrian Question: 1840–1841." Austrian History Yearbook 41 (April 2010): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809990105.

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The second Ottoman-Egyptian crisis from 1839 to 1841 was one of the most important chapters in the history of the Eastern question. At that time, the fragile structure of the Ottoman Empire trembled in its foundations under the pressure of the ambitious, powerful Egyptian governor, Mohammed Ali, who at the end of the 1830s controlled Egypt along with Sudan, Crete, a considerable part of the Arabian Peninsula, and even Syria. Although formally he was the sultan's subject administering some Ottoman provinces, in reality Mohammed Ali governed his dominions as an independent ruler, hence dividing

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