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Journal articles on the topic 'Syria – Economic history'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Akhmedov, V. M. "SYRIAN CRISIS: HISTORY AND CURRENT POLITICS." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-265-272.

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The article studies main developments, implications and results of the 10 year Syrian crisis. The author pays special attention to the historical preconditions that caused those events in Syria, focusing on actual political, social, economic, ethnic, ideological, regional, and international dimensions of the Syrian crisis based on historical background. The author tries to make some forecasts about further development of the current situation in Syria in view of abilities to peacefully resolve the conflict by political instruments rather than military options. The publication tends to study ne

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Saad Aldin, Ammar. "History and Development of the National Library of Syria." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 2 (2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-173-181.

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In the context of the decreasing intensity of the armed conflict, but still ongoing crisis in the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria), preservation of the historical and cultural monuments, including manuscript ones, is important for the country and its future. Al-Assad National Library of Syria has a leading role in the preservation of the documentary heritage of the country. The history of the emergence and development of the National Library of Syria has a number of political, cultural and social features. At present, Russian universities are updating the Arabic country studies. The author notes t

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Shibley, Gregory J. "Negotiating Urban Environment and Economy in New York’s Little Syria, 1880-1946." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 6 (2015): 1081–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215607222.

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Syrian immigrants populated New York’s Lower Manhattan, creating a neighborhood known as Little Syria. Sources employ “mother colony” and other evocative terms to highlight the unique importance of New York’s Arabic-speaking enclave to Syrian immigrant settlements throughout the United States. Yet no scholarly monograph on Little Syria, covering the entire period of its existence, from approximately 1880 to 1946, has been published. This article argues that early Syrian immigrants used their distinctive ethnicity to economic advantage within this urban enclave but exited its unhealthy environm

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Matveev, Igor. "Parallel Economies in Syria: A New Interpretation of the Notion." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080023782-7.

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The war of sanctions initiated by the West against Russia has highlighted importance of concepts related to parallel economic processes which includes an imperative of broadening definition of the parallel economy beyond “shadow economy” and “local economy” approaches. The 11-yearlong Syrian conflict constitutes an example of genesis of parallel economies as products of warfare, foreign interventions, and terrorist assaults by the “Islamic State of Iraq and Syria” (ISIS). Those economies encompass the “ISIS caliphate,” “Autonomous Administration of Northern and Eastern Syria,” “Syrian Interim

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Aydin, Ulviyye. "The Syrian Refugee Crisis: New Negotiation Chapter In European Union-Turkey Relations." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (2016): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2016.19.2.102.

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Syria is one of the countries where a revolution wave named Arab Spring uprose in early 2011. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2011. At the beginning it was a civil protest against Assad’s government. Nobody could not estimate the future developments in Syria. The cost of the war in Syria increases every day. More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11

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Kamla, Rania, Sonja Gallhofer, and Jim Haslam. "Understanding Syrian accountants' perceptions of, and attitudes towards, social accounting." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 25, no. 7 (2012): 1170–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513571211263239.

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PurposeThis paper adds to a focus of the social accounting literature (on perceptions and attitudes to social accounting) by seeking to offer insights into Syrian accountants' attitudes towards, and perceptions of, social accounting in Syria in the first decade of the twenty‐first century, with particular attention to its role, future development and implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of an analysis of interviews of Syrian accountants; contextual analysis (and an appreciation of the prior literature).FindingsSyrian accountants' perceptions are shaped by developm

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Gifford, Lindsay A. "Syria: The Change That Never Came." Current History 108, no. 722 (2009): 417–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2009.108.722.417.

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Rabat, Lujain. "The historical development of decentralisation in Syria." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020201-8.

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This article presents a comparative historical analysis of the development of decentralization in Syria during three historical stages: under the Ottoman empire, during the French mandate, and in the period after the country became independent. The purpose of this research is to reveal patterns that explain the current state of decentralization in Syria today. Primary sources such as legislative decrees and constitutions, as well as secondary scientific and analytical sources are used in this work to analyse the development of decentralization in Syria. This article identifies different aspect

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Medvedko, Sergei Leonidovich. "The situation of Syrian Christians in the context of the Arab Spring events." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 4 (2021): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-4-374-383.

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The article is based on the information published in foreign and Russian sources and media, as well as on the basis of the authors own research and interviews carried out in Syria. The aim of the work is to study the situation of Syrian Christians after the events of the Arab Spring-2011. This is the scientific novelty of the topic. The article is devoted to the problems that not only touched, but most dramatically affected the life of Christians in Syria, who traditionally presented at least 12% of its population (and much more in the past). They are representatives of the most indigenous rel

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Genç, Hamdi, and İbrahim Murat Bozkurt. "Ottomans: Unwanted Immigrants in Brazil at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 1 (2021): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00701002.

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Abstract This article addresses the Ottoman migration to Brazil from current Lebanon and Syria. The article explores reasons for the migration, the Ottoman State’s attitude towards this migration and the measures taken to control it. It also analyses the socio-economic and political relations between the Ottoman State and Brazil, and the socio-economic situation of the Lebanese and Syrians who migrated to Brazil as well as the attitude of the Brazilian government. In addition, the article highlights the attitude of the Brazilian government to Lebanese and Syrian migrants. The article is mostly

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Zelinskyi, A. "Lebanon and Syria – the “Siamese twins” of the Levant: a Current Situation." Problems of World History, no. 19 (October 27, 2022): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-19-6.

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The Syrian Arab and Lebanese Republics are two neighboring states located in the Middle Eastern subregions, traditionally called the Levant. The close neighborhood of both countries led to the preservation of old and the emergence of new common denominators in the socio-economic, socio-political and religious spheres. In modern historiography, there are disagreements regarding the degree of preservation and definition of the nature of today’s relations between the two states. It is about the recognition or non-recognition of the existence of the exceptional character of the modern Syrian-Leban

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Çelikkaya, Mehmet Emin, Ahmet Atıcı, Çigdem EL, and Bülent Akçora. "Innocent Children in the Syrian Civil War." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30, no. 02 (2019): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400282.

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Abstract Introduction Our aim is to present the clinical and surgical characteristics of the children affected by the Syrian civil war. Materials and Methods Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for Syrian war victims between the ages of 0 and 18 who were brought to the emergency department of the Education and Research Hospital between March 2011 and March 2019. Each patient was evaluated with respect to demographic data (gender, age), type of injury, history of operations in Syria, injured organ(s), accompanying traumas and the mortality and trauma score. Results The majority of our

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Trombetta, Lorenzo. "Le Liban, entre révoltes arabes et conflit syrien: un exercice de flexibilité." Oriente Moderno 94, no. 2 (2014): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340061.

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Since the beginning of the Syrian uprising in Spring 2011, the social, economic and political Lebanese landscape – described as one of the most unstable and fragile of the Middle East – has unexpectedly showed a great ability in absorbing the effects of the crisis. The massive influx of Syrian refugees and the prolonged status of war in Syria have indeed exacerbated the pre-existent domestic political and sectarian tensions in various Lebanese regions. But the country appears far from being on the brink of a new nationwide ‘civil war’. This paper intends to discuss the exceptional flexibility

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Byasharova, Adilya R. "Demographic Aspects of Syria's Socio-economic Recovery." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080023786-1.

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The demographic aspects of countries and regions today is an important factor in their not only social, but also economic development and position in the world. Demographic trends are especially important for a state in whose territory, as in the Syrian People&apos;s Republic (SAR), a military conflict continues, largely related to external intervention. Until 2011, i.e. before the outbreak of the military conflict, Syria remained one of the most economically developed countries in the West Asia region. But the result of the military conflict was numerous and serious demographic and socio-

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Malik, Shaista. "Muslims in Britain: History, Diversity, Socio-Economic Status." Journal of Development Policy Research & Practice (JoDPRP) 7, no. 1 (2024): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59926/jodprp.vol07/08.

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This paper examines the growing presence of Muslims in the United Kingdom (UK), a community that, despite being a minority, is expanding rapidly according to data from the Oxford-based Migration Observatory. This research examines the diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religious beliefs of British Muslims, setting the stage to explore the multifaceted emergence of Islam and Muslims in the UK. The study investigates the various phases of Muslim migration, pinpointing the principal reasons for their arrival and the routes chosen by individuals from countries such as Pakistan, India, Afgha

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Humphreys, R. Stephen, and Muhsin D. Yusuf. "Economic Survey of Syria during the Tenth and Eleventh Centries." American Historical Review 92, no. 2 (1987): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1866741.

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n, n., n. n, and n. n. "The Evolution Logic and Its Influence of the Geopolitical Conflict in the Middle East Under the Profound Changes Unseen in the Century—— A Study on the Evolution of the Syrian Civil War—Proxy war Conflict." Asia Social Science Academy 11, no. 1 (2023): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2023.11.1.65.

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The civil war in Syria became the “crater” and “pustule mouth” of the Jasmine Revolution. Looking back at history, the development trend in Syria is based on the logic of “civil strife-civil war-chaotic war-proxy war”. Anti-government armed activities aimed at overthrowing Bashar regime are one after another, and Syria's political and economic development has been seriously affected. Compared with other countries in the Middle East, Syria's civil war is slightly different. This is not just a civil war and sectarian conflict in a strict sense. In the later period, its civil war evolved into a g

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AlAsaad, Shaza. "THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF PALMYRA BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR IN SYRIA." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2021.3.298.306.

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In the article there is example of the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, the article examines the problems of loss and preservation of the world historical, cultural, archaeological and architectural heritage in the context of modern local military confl icts. During the periods of Antiquity and the middle Ages, a complex of monuments, unique in composition and size, was formed here, combining ancient Eastern, Roman, Byzantine and Arab elements. During the ongoing acute armed confl ict in Syria, because of the purposeful actions of religious terrorist-extremist organizations, defi ned by the aut

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Akhmedova, Nigina. "The Situation of Christian Communities in the Middle East." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2023): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310025300-8.

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The article focuses on the study of the situation of Christian communities in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt. In the Middle East, where Christianity was born more than two thousand years ago, representatives of this faith witnessed a number of socio-political, economic and demographic changes and faced not only oppression from the Muslim community, but also internal confessional contradictions. Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt have long been of fundamental importance to Middle Eastern Christian communities, with their sectarian diversity. With the ongoing civil war and extremist activities in

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SHPANKO, Mykyta. "THE SYRIAN CRISIS: A LOCAL CONFLICT OR A SYSTEMIC WAR?" Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International relations, no. 2 (59) (2024): 53–57. https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2024/2-59/53-57.

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Background. The post-bipolar system of international relations is in a state of deep crisis: global governance institutions are ineffective, the balance of power is disturbed, the number of political, economic and cultural contradictions is only growing, and global problems of humanity are not being solved. The local conflict in Syria has grown into a systemic war, which has significantly transformed the existing international system and determined a number of subsequent events. The article examines in detail the Syrian war from the point of view of its systemic nature and impact on the global

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Bianquis, Thierry, and Muhsin D. Yusuf. "Economic Survey of Syria during the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 30, no. 2 (1987): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632093.

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Öztan, Ramazan Hakkı. "The Great Depression and the Making of Turkish-Syrian Border, 1921–1939." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (2020): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000021.

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AbstractThis article explores how the Great Depression in 1929 led to the expansion of illicit circuits globally, and examines the ways in which the introduction of anti-smuggling campaigns came to consolidate the border regimes in Turkey and French Syria. The global economic downturn in the late 1920s led states to embrace protectionist measures such as heightened tariffs and import quotas, all designed to protect local industries and maintain a favorable trade balance. The introduction of such measures, however, often resulted in the emergence of highly profitable illicit circuits, including

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Ibold, Nura. "Post-Conflict Syria: From Destruction to Reconstruction – Who's Involved and to Which Extent." Open House International 44, no. 2 (2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2019-b0002.

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The wave of popular unrest in the Arab world reached Syria in March 2011, and what started as peaceful demonstrations with simple demands of justice and freedom turned into a brutal armed conflict and a full-scale civil war. Over seven years of conflict resulted in the deaths of over half a million Syrians, the forced displacement of millions more, and a huge loss of the country's social and physical structures. What began as another Arab Spring movement against a dictatorial regime has turned into a proxy war that has attracted the interests of the world and regional powers. The paper discuss

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Gleick, Peter H. "Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria." Weather, Climate, and Society 6, no. 3 (2014): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1.

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Abstract The devastating civil war that began in Syria in March 2011 is the result of complex interrelated factors. The focus of the conflict is regime change, but the triggers include a broad set of religious and sociopolitical factors, the erosion of the economic health of the country, a wave of political reform sweeping over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Levant region, and challenges associated with climate variability and change and the availability and use of freshwater. As described here, water and climatic conditions have played a direct role in the deterioration of Syria’

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Gadelshina, Elvira R. "Economic Sanctions against Russia: Implications for International Business." Business Law Review 37, Issue 3 (2016): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2016021.

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Recent history has seen a significant number of occasions when states and non-state actors purported to influence other states’ internal policy and geopolitical strategy by imposing economic sanctions. The most notable examples include the infamous US trade embargo on Cuba (condemned by the UN General Assembly for the 24th consecutive year), the recently lifted UN and partially struck down US sanctions against Iran and the near-total financial and trade embargo against Iraq (lifted by the UN Security Council in 2003 after Saddam Hussein had been forced from power). Comprehensive sanctions prog

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Payaslian, Simon. "Diasporan Subalternities: The Armenian Community in Syria." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16, no. 1-2 (2012): 92–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.16.1-2.92.

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This article offers an account of Syria’s substantial Armenian diasporic community, concentrating on how it negotiated its integration without assimilation into the larger Syrian society (itself not homogeneous but long dominated by a single political system). The analysis relies on themes and approaches developed by subaltern studies; ideas drawn from it enable us to delineate the trajectory of the diasporan community. Successfully maintaining its distinct cultural identity as a result of the closed nature of the political system, and further buttressed by the religio-cultural barriers betwee

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Ahmad, Tarek. "The katochoi of Zeus at Baitokaike (Hoson Sulaiman, Syria)." Journal of Ancient History 6, no. 2 (2018): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2018-0001.

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AbstractWhile a well-known term from Greek literature, katochoi possessed a particular religious meaning within the Near East during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Since the first publication of documents relating to this term, it has been a topic of scholarly debate as to the nature of the katochoi themselves. This paper will elaborate upon the role of the katochoi at Baitokaike (modern Hoson Sulaiman in Syria) in order to define better their institution and analyze their involvement in the site’s long-term history within the economic, social, and religious context of the settlement and i

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Miles, William F. S. "As the Druze Go, So Goes the Middle East." Current History 120, no. 830 (2021): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.830.366.

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The Druze, despite being a small minority faith group, have long survived in a challenging region, thanks in part to a doctrine of deference to whatever state they live in. In the past few years, however, the three largest Druze populations—in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria—have each faced some of their most difficult challenges yet, from a downgrading of their citizenship status to economic collapse and civil war. An increasingly active diaspora has emerged as an important advocate for Druze interests worldwide.

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de Elvira, Laura Ruiz, та Tina Zintl. "THE END OF THE BAʿTHIST SOCIAL CONTRACT IN BASHAR AL-ASAD'S SYRIA: READING SOCIOPOLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS THROUGH CHARITIES AND BROADER BENEVOLENT ACTIVISM". International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, № 2 (2014): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000130.

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AbstractThis article reads Bashar al-Asad's rule through the prism of social activism and, in particular, through the field of charities. The sociopolitical transformations Syria experienced between 2000 and 2010—the shift in state–society relations, the opening of the civic arena, and economic liberalization—are explored through the activities of charitable associations, including their interactions with other Syrian actors, and we argue that they reflect the unraveling of the old social contract. The Syrian leadership outsourced important state welfare functions to charities while also creat

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Lockman, Zachary. "Railway Workers and Relational History: Arabs and Jews in British-Ruled Palestine." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 3 (1993): 601–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018600.

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During the period of Ottoman rule over the Arab East, from 1516 until the end of the First World War, the term Palestine (Filastin) denoted a geographic region, part of what the Arabs called al-Sham (historic Syria), rather than a specific Ottoman province or administrative district. By contrast, from 1920 to 1948, Palestine existed as a distinct and unified political (and to a considerable extent economic) entity with well-defined boundaries. Ruled by Britain under a so-called mandate granted by the League of Nations, Palestine in that period encompassed an Arab majority and a Jewish minority

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Aysazci-Cakar, Fatma. "Practical Feasibility of Narrative Exposure Therapy in Syrian Refugee Population Residing in Turkiye: A Focus Group Study." International Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 32 (2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.7.32.01.

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It has been reported that 3.6 million Syrian refugees have sought safety in Turkiye since the civil war started in Syria. Experiencing war-related events and challenging phases of migration, refugees face various psychological disorders. Structured and adapted psychological interventions for this group are limited. To ensure the feasibility of Narrative Exposure Therapy in this context, this study aimed to explore the potential challenges during its delivery through a preliminary Focus Group with local professionals working with Syrians in Turkiye. Content analysis was used and the results led

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Mohsen, Fatema, Batoul Bakkar, Humam Armashi, and Nizar Aldaher. "Crisis within a crisis, COVID-19 knowledge and awareness among the Syrian population: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (2021): e043305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043305.

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ObjectivesTo gauge specific knowledge around clinical features, transmission pathways and prevention methods, and to identify factors associated with poor knowledge to help facilitate outbreak management in Syria during this rapid global rise of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignWeb-based cross-sectional survey.SettingThis study was conducted in March 2020, nearly 10 years into the Syrian war crisis. The Arabic-language survey was posted on various social media platforms including WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram and Facebook targeting various social groups.ParticipantsA total of 4495 participants comp

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Buzanakov, Yu V. "The conquest of Antioch by the Persians and the beginning of the geopolitical catastrophe of Byzantium in the East." Belgorod State University Scientific bulletin. Series: History. Political science 46, no. 4 (2019): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2075-4458-2019-46-4-627-633.

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The article discusses the military history of Antioch, one of the regional centers of the Byzantine state from the 4th to 7th centuries. The author analyse the role of the city in the Byzantine-Persian wars. The characteristic of the history of the conquest of the Byzantine East is given. Being the capital of the province of Syria, Antioch was a major economic, political and religious center. In addition, Antioch has a rich military history. From the 4th century until the beginning of the Arab conquests, the Syrian Province was one of the centers of the Byzantine-Persian wars. As a rule, the c

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Pablo-Romero, María del P., Antonio Sánchez-Braza, and Mohammed Bouznit. "The Different Contribution of Productive Factors to Economic Growth in mena Countries." African and Asian Studies 15, no. 2-3 (2016): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341360.

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The aim of this study is to analyse the extent to which different productive factors, and the relationships that exist between them, affect the economic growth of productivity in ten Middle Eastern and North African (mena) countries during the period 1990-2010. A translog production function is estimated by using panel data and the contribution of the factors to growth is calculated. The results show a positive effect of the physical and human capital on productivity and high complementarity relationships between them, both factors being essential in determining economic growth. However, the m

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Lawson, Fred H. "Economic and Social Foundations of Egyptian Expansionism: The Invasion of Syria in 1831." International History Review 10, no. 3 (1988): 378–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1988.9640483.

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Bibikov, Mikhail. "The Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society and its Charity in Russia and Abroad." ISTORIYA 14, no. 5 (127) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027049-2.

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The article deals with the history of genesis and evolution of Russian charity in the Holy Land, starting from the first steps of Christianization of Russia (in the middle of the 10th century, princess Olga) up to contemporary epoch, when this activity is sublimated in the practice of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society created in late 19th century and active nowadays. There are under analysis various forms of Russian charity, its directions, volumes, regions of human help in the past and present times. Main point of the Statute of the Society is as multilateral help for research of Pale

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HEIDEMANN, STEFAN. "Die Fundmünzen von Harrān und ihr Verhältnis zur lokalen Geschichte." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65, no. 2 (2002): 267–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x02000101.

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During the 1940s and 1950s D. Storm Rice and Seton Lloyd, together with the Turkish Antiquity Authority, undertook archaeological excavations in Harrān. With the exception of two preliminary reports and a few articles, the excavations remain largely unpublished.The 264 coins constitute an independent source on the regional, political and economic history of Harrān. For the Umayyad and early Abbasid period, the coins constitute a source on the pattern of the city's regional integration. Two-thirds of the coins date from the Ayyubid period. The circulation is characterized by a competition of di

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Khizhnyak, Anastasiya Vladimirovna. "Military cooperation of Russia with the Syrian Arab Republic as an instrument of the Russia's New Middle East Policy (2000-2008)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.5.38078.

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The article examines the key aspects of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic in the first two terms of Vladimir Putin's tenure as President of Russia. Relations between Moscow and Damascus in the sphere of arms and special equipment supplies are considered in the general context of the updated foreign policy of the Russian Federation, initiated by Vladimir Putin, and which implied, among other things, the return of Russia's position as an active geopolitical player in the Middle East. Having long-standing political and economic ties with Mo

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Hopfinger, Hans, and Marc Boeckler. "Step by step to an open economic system: Syria sets course for liberalization." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 23, no. 2 (1996): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530199608705632.

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Barnett, Michael. "DAVID WALDNER, State Building and Late Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999). Pp. 256. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (2000): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380000252x.

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David Waldner's book is a rigorously argued and impressively sustained account of the relationship between state-building and economic growth in four late-developing countries: South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, and Turkey. By systematically and crisply using a comparative method to bring a unified story to these different histories, Waldner demonstrates in a masterly way the benefits of genuine comparative inquiry; contributes to our understanding of the painful results of economic development in the Middle East; and uses Middle Eastern cases to advance our understanding of the complicated and media

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Ali, Ahmed, and Abdulqader Hamad. "Assessment of Psychological Aspects among Refugees in Kurdistan Region-Iraq Refugee Camps." Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 7, no. 1 (2024): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.15218/ejnm.2024.03.

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Background and objectives: Syria's civil war has received the highest refugee crisis of the twenty-first century. As a result of their exposure to conflict, violence, and post-displacement stresses, Syrian refugees living in refugee camps in Kurdistan are at a greater risk of developing common mental illnesses. This study investigates the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Syrian refugees residing in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted in refugee camps in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Duhok in the Kurdistan r

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Martin, Kevin W. "PRESENTING THE “TRUE FACE OF SYRIA” TO THE WORLD: URBAN DISORDER AND CIVILIZATIONAL ANXIETIES AT THE FIRST DAMASCUS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (2010): 411a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000747.

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The postwar period of 1945 to 1963 witnessed dramatic political and economic transformations in Syria. To date, however, the cultural manifestations of these transformations remain largely unexamined. This article seeks to begin the process of redressing that historiographic imbalance and recovering the meaning of these transformations for those who experienced them through a close reading of the discourse surrounding the first Damascus International Exposition of 1954. This event constituted the stage upon which the recently independent, and still fragile, Syrian state conducted an exercise i

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Sidhva, Dina, Ann-Christin Zuntz, Ruba al Akash, Ayat Nashwan, and Areej Al-Majali. "‘In Exile, the Woman Became Everything’." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 3, no. 1 (2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.054.

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This article explores the intersections of generational and gender dynamics with humanitarian governance in Jordan that cause shifts in the division of labour within displaced families. Drawing on life history interviews and focus group discussions with seventeen Syrian women in Jordan in spring 2019, we explore the monetary and non-monetary contributions of middle-aged females to the livelihoods of refugee households. Older women’s paid and unpaid labour holds together dispersed families whose fathers have been killed or incapacitated, or remain in Syria or in the Gulf. In doing so, many wome

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Bielicki, Paweł. "Russian-Israeli Relations during the Reign of Prime Minister Netanyahu: Abrasive Friendship or Realpolitik?" Historia i Polityka, no. 36 (43) (June 1, 2021): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.011.

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The subject of my interest is to present the most important determinants of relations between the Russian Federation and Israel. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the current state of affairs in mutual contacts and their importance for international security. In addition, it will be important to try to answer the question of whether Russia will continue to play an important role as an economic and political partner of Israel in the near future, in the face of the gradual containment of the Syrian conflict. At the beginning, I intend to refer to the history of relations of bot

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Gelvin, James L. "The Social Origins of Popular Nationalism in Syria: Evidence for a New Framework." International Journal of Middle East Studies 26, no. 4 (1994): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061158.

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In hisInterpreting the French Revolution, François Furet defines political sociability as the “specific mode of organizing the relations between citizens (or subjects) and power, as well as among citizens (or subjects) themselves in relation to power.” According to Furet, shifts from one form of political sociability to another can and do take place, particularly during periods of comprehensive economic, political, and social change. One such period preceded the events of 1789 when, as an unintended consequence of state building and economic development under the ancien régime, a democratic/ho

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Weiss, Dieter. "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 1 (1995): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061560.

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A number of Arab countries have been exposed to structural adjustment programs. Under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, these programs are aimed at making various kinds of Arab socialist and mixed-economy regimes more “market-friendly,” a policy that started in the 1950s and 1960s in countries like Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, and Egypt. Considering the mounting social tension that results from continuing population growth, urban agglomeration, and unemployment, it would be naive to expect—with Fukuyama—an “end of history” as most countries try to adopt market reg

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Reilly, James A. "Sharī‘a Court Registers and Land Tenure around Nineteenth-Century Damascus." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 21, no. 2 (1987): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400018691.

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The importance of sharī‘a law-court registers as sources for the social and economic history of Syria/Bilād al-Shām in the Ottoman period has been recognized for some time. A number of studies based on them have appeared, but the registers are so vast that scholars have in fact barely begun to investigate them. The Historical Documents Center (Markaz al-Wathā’iq al-Tārīkhīya) in Damascus holds over one thousand volumes. Additional originals exist in Israel/Palestine and a large collection of Syrian and Palestinian registers is available on microfilm at the University of Jordan (Amman). Althoug

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Jalode, Alian Abdefatah Mohamd. "The Bilad al-Sham Conferences: Their Role in The Development of Historical Writing." Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 16, no. 3 (2022): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.656.

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Conferences on the History of Bilad al-Sham have been held at the University of Jordan since the first one in 1974. The conferences examined various topics in the history of Bilad al-Sham through different historical periods, shedding light on various aspects of the political, economic, and social history of Bilad al-Sham, and studying the development of systems and institutions related to Bilad al-Sham across Jordan, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon. Hundreds of researchers have participated in these conferences, representing various Jordanian and international academic institutions and universi

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Irfan, Nimra, Madiha Nawaz, and Sobia Jamil. "US Economic Sanctions: A Controversial Foreign Policy Tool in International Politics." Global Economics Review VI, no. I (2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).12.

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In this current century, the use of economic sanctions by the superpowers, particularly the US, has become regular and aggressive. The US imposes sanctions and economic embargoes on states and groups who do not follow US-designed standards regarding manufacturing weapons, nuclear technology and resolving international disputes. However, it has failed most of the time to alter behaviour of the sanctioned countries. Sanctions programs of Syria, Pakistan, Iran and North Korea are a few of the many examples which prove the failure of American sanctions. This qualitative research article examines t

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Herzstein, Rafael. "Saint-Joseph University of Beirut: An Enclave of the French-Speaking Communities in the Levant, 1875–1914." Itinerario 32, no. 2 (2008): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300001996.

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The origin of the Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, or USJ, dates back to the Seminar of Ghazir founded by the Jesuit Fathers in 1843. The College of Ghazir, established with the intention of training the local Maronite clergy, was transferred to Beirut in 1875. This centre for higher studies was named Saint-Joseph University. In his audience of 25 February 1881, Pope Leo XIII conferred the title of Pontifical University on the USJ.This article deals with the history of the USJ, the first great French-speaking Jesuit institution in the area which, at the time, bore the name of “Syria”. (The t

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