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Journal articles on the topic 'Syria Palmyra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Arkawi, A. "TITLE: VISION OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF DESTRUCTED MONUMENTS OF PALMYRA (3D) AS A STEP TO REHABILIATE AND PRESERVE THE WHOLESITE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-41-2017.

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Syria is one of the world’s most impressive Cultural Heritages in terms of the number and historical significance of its monuments. Palmyra lies in the heart of Syria, an oasis in the midst of the arid desert.it could be considered as a part of this human heritage. In1980 was registered on the world and national heritage list for its huge historical importance. In addition, it was the focus of many studies and researches in the fields of restoration. Then the disaster happened, many monuments were demolished, temple of Ba’al, temple of Bael-shameen, Arch of triumph and the Castle. Lately the Tetrapylon and the Stag. Every Syrian was hurt, the whole world was hurt. The destruction of the city caused its people to become homeless and Palmyra was no longer the oasis we know. We felt pain, so we wanted to make a move, a step forward, to present a work that expresses our love for Palmyra, we organized Palmyra workshop to provide a vision for the reconstruction and revival of the historic site importance. Visions with using new idea & new technology. Palmyra historical areas are considered a large open museum for heritage through history, which is the reason to treat these area as a historical protection precinct and give a vision, ideas, suggestions to the future of Palmary as a first step to preserve the historical buildings& the archeological park.

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2

Barański, Marek. "Arch Construction in Palmyra (Syria)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 24, 2019): 082012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/8/082012.

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3

Kropp, Andreas J. M., and Rubina Raja. "The Palmyra Portrait Project." Syria, no. 91 (June 1, 2014): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.2146.

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4

Elcheikh, Zeina. "Palmyra: a story of ruins, struggle(s) and beyond." Chronos 39 (September 22, 2019): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v39i0.597.

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For centuries, Palmyra and its ruins have fascinated archeologists, historians and artists. Yet, Palmyra has been a terrain for struggles as well. The emergence of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as a new actor in the Syrian conflict has pushed the damages of heritage monuments and sites to a greater extent, and has also added further ideological meanings to targeting cultural heritage. As a consequence, these atrocities have unleashed debates on a broader level. Several initiatives and projects worldwide have started to document the damages in Palmyra, and to prepare plans for its restoration. This paper focuses on the case of Palmyra, in the light of the atrocities committed by the ISIS militant in summer 2015. Destruction has become a part of Palmyra’s long history, and reconstructing the damages cannot erase the event that inflicted the destruction.

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5

Nakahashi, Takahiro. "Fieldwork in Palmyra (Syria) and China." Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 117, no. 1 (2009): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/asj.117.35.

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6

Gawlikowska, Krystyna. "The Glass industry in Palmyra." Syria, no. 92 (June 1, 2015): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.3171.

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7

Gabriel, Lisa-Marie. "Von der Oase zur antiken Handelsmetropole. Überlegungen zur wirtschaftlichen Rolle und Bedeutung der nahöstlichen Oasenstadt Palmyra im Kontext der römischen Ostexpansion." historia.scribere, no. 9 (June 9, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.9.567.

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From an oasis to an ancient trading metropolis. Considerations about the economic role and importance of the middle eastern oasis of Palmyra in the context of the Roman eastward expansion Numerous publications deal with the versatile ancient oasis Palmyra, which has been known long before the destruction campaign of ISIS as ancient caravan city and long-distance trade center of the Middle East. Nevertheless, little work devoted especially on the economic importance of the old Tadmor. Therefore this bachelor thesis tries to examine Palmyras economic development from an simple oasis in the barren steppe region of present-day Syria to a leading commercial metropolis in the context of the Roman expansion between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD.

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8

AlAsaad, Shaza. "THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF PALMYRA BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR IN SYRIA." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2021.3.298.306.

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In the article there is example of the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, the article examines the problems of loss and preservation of the world historical, cultural, archaeological and architectural heritage in the context of modern local military confl icts. During the periods of Antiquity and the middle Ages, a complex of monuments, unique in composition and size, was formed here, combining ancient Eastern, Roman, Byzantine and Arab elements. During the ongoing acute armed confl ict in Syria, because of the purposeful actions of religious terrorist-extremist organizations, defi ned by the author as an "international historian of cultural terrorism", hesuffered catastrophic damage. An analysis of the scale of this damage, as well as the effectiveness of the efforts of the Syrian authorities, international organizations and the world community, shows that the preservation and restoration of Palmyra's heritage is possible because of painstaking, complex, joint work of all interested parties. Thus, the example of Palmyra showed the military confl icts in the Middle East, along with the actual destruction of entire states, the death of a huge number of people, the economic crisis, millions of refugees, was an attack on the heritage of ancient civilizations, which caused unprecedented loss of world cultural heritage in modern history. Now the world community faces a long and comprehensive joint effort to determine the damage, restore, and prevent further destruction and looting of the cultural heritage of Palmyra and Syria.

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9

Al-Asʿad, Khaled, Michal Gawlikowski, and Jean-Baptiste Yon. "Aramaic Inscriptions in the Palmyra Museum." Syria, no. 89 (January 1, 2012): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.1478.

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10

BAIRD, J. A., and ZENA KAMASH. "REMEMBERING ROMAN SYRIA: VALUING TADMOR-PALMYRA, FROM ‘DISCOVERY’ TO DESTRUCTION." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12090.

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Abstract The 1753 publication of The Ruins of Palmyra by Robert Wood was key in the formation of archaeological understandings of the site. Examining the original notebooks and drawings of the expedition, which formed the basis for this publication (now held by the Combined Library of the Institute of Classical Studies and the Hellenic and Roman Societies in London), this article examines the relationship between those first documents, the publication, and some of its afterlives. We demonstrate how Wood's treatment of Tadmor-Palmyra and its inhabitants has shaped memories of the site, prioritizing certain narratives and occluding others, a process that continues today.

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11

SERRA, GIANLUCA, CLAUDIA BRUSCHINI, JEREMY A. LINDSELL, LUBOMIR PESKE, and AHMED KANANI. "Breeding range of the last eastern colony of Critically Endangered Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Syrian steppe: a threatened area." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 3 (February 11, 2011): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927091000064x.

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SummaryEight years after the discovery of the last survivors of the eastern population of Northern Bald Ibis in Syria, their breeding grounds within the Palmyra steppe remain threatened by habitat degradation, human disturbance and uncontrolled infrastructural development whilst the ibis colony size has continued to decline. This study is aimed at assisting national and international stakeholders in strengthening the Ibis Protected Area, established in 2004 and still lacking a clear boundary and management zonation, by quantitatively establishing the range used by these birds through use of satellite tracking and field observations collected between 2006 and 2009. The core breeding range used by the ibises is 224–253 km2 while the full home range is c.1,500 km2, encompassing a mountainous area north of Palmyra, ranging from 400 to 1,000 m asl. Locations from satellite tracking also revealed an important unknown post-breeding site. The ibis breeding area is also home to a range of other rare and endangered fauna as well as significant landscape, cultural and recreational assets, establishing it as an area of international importance. The Syrian steppe is a crucial socio-economic asset for the country, not only for the indigenous pastoralist people, but also because Syria seeks to develop and promote ecotourism in the Palmyra region. The steppe is increasingly suffering from damaging desertification. The need for investment in protection and management of key biodiversity and landscape assets is a precondition that needs greater recognition by the authorities. Recommendations are provided for decision makers and conservationists aimed at mitigating threats and making the Ibis Protected Area fully functional.

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Majcherek, Grzegorz. "Filling the gap: Mediterranean amphorae in Late antique Palmyra." Syria, no. 96 (December 31, 2019): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.10620.

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13

Silver, M., M. Törmä, K. Silver, J. Okkonen, and M. Nuñez. "Remote sensing, landscape and archaeology tracing ancient tracks and roads between Palmyra and the Euphrates in Syria." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (August 12, 2015): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-279-2015.

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The present paper concentrates on the use of remote sensing by satellite imagery for detecting ancient tracks and roads in the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates in Syria. The Syrian desert was traversed by caravans already in the Bronze Age, and during the Greco-Roman period the traffic increased with the Silk Road and trade as well as with military missions annexing the areas into empires. SYGIS - the Finnish archaeological survey and mapping project traced, recorded and documented ancient sites and roads in the region of Jebel Bishri in Central Syria in 2000-2010 before the outbreak of the civil war in Syria. Captured data of ancient roads and bridge points bring new light to the study of ancient communication framework in the area. Archaeological research carried out by the project on the ground confirmed the authenticity of many road alignments, new military and water harvesting sites as well as civilian settlements, showing that the desert-steppe area was actively used and developed probably from the second century AD. The studies further demonstrated that the area between Palmyra and the Euphrates was militarily more organised already in the second and third centuries AD than earlier believed. Chronologically, the start of this coincided with the “golden age” of the Palmyrene caravans in the second century AD. Topography and landscape were integral parts of the construction of graves/tumuli as sign-posts guiding in the desert, as well as roads and all kinds of settlements whether military or civilian.

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14

Denker, A. "PALMYRA AS IT ONCE WAS: 3D VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF AN IRREPLACABLE LOST TREASURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 16, 2017): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-565-2017.

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Palmyra was a mosaic which was composed through its colourful past, by Assyrians, Parthians, Greeks and Romans. For centuries, the spectacular ruins and impressive panorama of the antique city used to captivate and inspire the visitors as the witnesses of its illustrious history. As a grim consequence of the horrific conflict that engulfed Syria, since May 2015 they are no more to be seen. Palmyra has been purposely targeted and obliterated, the ruins have been reduced to rubble. The immense beauty and rich heritage of Palmyra which has been lost forever is reconstructed here as it was once was, at the top of its glory, with the hope of preserving its memory.

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15

Silver, M., M. Törmä, K. Silver, J. Okkonen, and M. Nuñez. "The possible use of ancient tower tombs as watchtowers in Syro-Mesopotamia." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (August 12, 2015): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-287-2015.

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Traditionally polygonal tower tombs dating from the Greco-Roman era, especially found in the area of Syro-Mesopotamia, have only been treated as funerary structures without discussion of their other possible purposes. In this paper we wish to inquire whether they had other functions as well. The most famous examples of these types of tombs are situated in Palmyra in Syria. They are built of limestone, follow a square layout, and some exceed the height of 20 m. Similar structures are found in the Euphrates valley of Syria. The Finnish project SYGIS that worked in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates and Palmyra during the previous decade studied some of the structures in the region. As far as the tower tombs are concerned, our research suggests that new structural, topographical and spatial aspects can be raised, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can be applied for analysing their properties for visibility. The tendency to locate tower tombs along roads and the entrance areas of a city as well as at a mountain edge seems to indicate that the tombs may have had observational functions serving as watch towers. The aspects of the location in terrains are emphasized in the present study, and digital terrain models were utilized using SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data for carrying out viewshed analyses in order to survey the observational qualities of the towers in Palmyra, on Halabiya, on Jebel Bishri in Syria and Hatra in Iraq.

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16

Denker, Ahmet. "Rebuilding Palmyra virtually: recreation of its former glory in digital space." Virtual Archaeology Review 8, no. 17 (July 26, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2017.5963.

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<p class="VARAbstract">This paper addresses the role of the digital tools and methods in the preservation of cultural heritage. As the destruction of Palmyra made international headlines, digital tools emerged as a key tool to fight back against the total deletion of the heritage site from memories. Palmyra in Syria had been, with its Corinthian colonnades, theatre and splendidly built temples to ancient gods, source of inspiration and imagination for Western architecture. In this paper, the aim is reviving the lost reality of Palmyra by digitally reconstructing its “ghost images” from rubbles. The paper offers a glimpse of the grandeur and beauty of the ruins of Palmyra, none of which any longer remains in its entirety. 3D models of the most significant structures of Palmyra, including Temple of Bel and Temple of Baalshamin which have been levelled as a result of conflict based vandalism, as well as the Grand Colonnaded Street and the theatre are presented as “ghost images” through reconstructed 3D models. The focus has been in maintaining the accuracy and validity of the visualised data of the relics and environment of Palmyra, as they were once extant. Following the trauma caused by the destruction of Palmyra, these reconstructions revive in our memory the splendour of the city in the Greco-Roman Period.</p>

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17

Alsous, Muhammad Mahdy, Elena Scherbina, and Roula Ghada. "Advanced analysis technology in reshaping post war cities (Palmyra - Syria)." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 25 (2019): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.480.

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18

Lieu, Samuel N. C. "Palmyra – Epigraphy and religion. A review article." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 16, no. 3 (November 2006): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186306006213.

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The Religious Life of Palmyra, By Ted Kaizer. (Oriens et Occidens 4), pp. 305, 7 pls. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.Palmyra (ancient Tadmor) is undoubtedly one of the most glamorous of Graeco-Roman cities in the Near East and probably the most visited of all historical sites in the modern Republic of Syria. It has long been recognised as a major centre of Semitic religious cults which flourished particularly when the city was politically within the orbis Romanus. Its semi-independent political status and its retention of Aramaic as a major day-to-day language of commerce and administration certainly helped to guarantee the continuation of its Semitic cultural traditions and religious life.

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19

Burch, Stuart. "A VIRTUAL OASIS: TRAFALGAR SQUARE’S ARCH OF PALMYRA." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 11, no. 3 (November 22, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1401.

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This paper considers the destruction of the Arch of Palmyra in Syria in 2015 and its temporary reconstruction a year later in London’s Trafalgar Square. Attention is paid to an adjacent pedestal known as the Fourth Plinth, with a particular focus on a proposed monument by the Iraqi-American conceptual artist, Michael Rakowitz (born 1973). His works provide the basis for a discussion of public memorials and art’s commemorative function; the preservation, destruction and politicisation of heritage; the role of technology for the purposes of documentation and reconstruction; notions of authenticity; ethics and legal issues surrounding the global trade in cultural artefacts.

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Munawar, Nour A. "Reconstructing Cultural Heritage in Conflict Zones: Should Palmyra be Rebuilt?" Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.388.

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Cultural heritage has fallen under the threat of being of damaged and/or erased due to armed conflicts, and destruction has increasingly become a major part of daily news all over the world. The destruction of cultural heritage has escalated in Syria as the ongoing armed conflict has spread to World Heritage Sites, such as Palmyra and the old city of Aleppo. The devastation of Syria’s war has deliberately and systematically targeted archaeological monuments dating from the prehistoric, Byzantine, Roman, and Islamic periods, with no distinction being made of the cultural, historical, and socio-economic significance of such sites. The violence of this conflict is not, of course, limited to the destruction of cultural property, and has first and foremost served to introduce non-state radical actors, such as Daesh, who targeted local people, archaeological site, museum staff and facilities. The destruction and re-purposing of monuments in Syria, such as Daesh’s attempts to turn churches into mosques, are heavy-handed attempts to re-write history by erasing physical evidence. In this paper, I explore the semantics of continuous attempts to reconstruct cultural heritage sites, destroyed by Daesh, during the ongoing war, and how the destruction and reconstruction of Syria’s heritage have been deployed to serve political agendas.

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21

Downey, Susan B., Takayasu Higuchi, and Kiyohide Saito. "Tomb F: Tomb of BWLH and BWRF. Southeast Necropolis, Palmyra, Syria." Journal of Field Archaeology 29, no. 1/2 (2002): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3181498.

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22

Gawlikowski, M. "Palmyra as a trading centre." Iraq 56 (1994): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002783.

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Ever since the Rostovtzeff's famous book Palmyra is commonly called a “caravan city”. As a matter of fact, it is the only real caravan city among those considered as such by the great scholar. Both Gerasa and Dura-Europos were calm, provincial towns living off the countryside, and no signs of a commercial vocation are on record in either. Petra was above all a royal capital, and the importance of its trade, though likely there, remains entirely to be demonstrated. We might now add that Hatra, also a royal city and a major religious centre, owed its prosperity more to these characteristics than to far-flung commerce.I shall leave aside the Jordanian cities, Petra and Gerasa, very different from each other and from the other three, including Palmyra, which have participated in a particular brand of civilisation, often and rather mistakingly called Parthian.These urban societies shared a common language, Aramaean, and a body of customs—religious and social—resulting from a mixed heritage in which a substantial nomad Arab contribution predominated over more ancient traditions of Syria and Mesopotamia. While practically no trace of Iranian influence can be detected, there was certainly a more or less thin veneer of Hellenism, generally supposed to have spread within the limits of the Parthian empire. Actually, there is not much to show in this respect for the Iranian part of the realm, or for the capital Ctesiphon. What is known concerns mostly the Greek cities of Susa and Seleucia, and does not manifest any close relation to the conditions of the Aramaic speaking cities we know further west. Whether Palmyra was a “spiritual daughter” of Seleucia, to quote an influencial and imaginative formula of Henri Seyrig's, is a question still waiting, after sixty years, for a documented answer.

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23

Brunel, Jean-Pierre, Jnad Ihab, Abdallah M. Droubi, and Samar Samaan. "Energy budget and actual evapotranspiration of an arid oasis ecosystem: Palmyra (Syria)." Agricultural Water Management 84, no. 3 (August 2006): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.02.005.

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24

Gurulé, Jimmy. "United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2199 & 2253." International Legal Materials 56, no. 6 (December 2017): 1144–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2017.41.

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In June 2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) emerged on the world stage when its fighters seized Mosul, Iraq's second-largest city, after moving into Iraq from its original base in Syria. Led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-appointed caliph, ISIL's goal is to establish an Islamic caliphate in the Middle East. At its peak, ISIL was considered the wealthiest international terrorist organization in the world, estimated to have an annual budget of over $2 billion. ISIL controlled large swaths of territory in Iraq and Syria, seizing control of Ramadi, the capital of Iraq's Anbar province, and the historic city of Palmyra in central Syria. In Iraq and Syria, ISIL also seized towns along important supply routes, and controlled critical infrastructure and border crossings. In 2015, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated that ISIL had between twenty thousand and thirty-one thousand fighters in Iraq and Syria, and approximately fifteen thousand of its members were foreign recruits. The acts of brutality committed by ISIL include beheading American journalists; the torture and ruthless slaughter of civilians; the persecution of ethnic minorities and Christians; and gross violations of international human rights that constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

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PALAZ ERDEMİR, Hatice. "Mystery Of The Funerary Reliefs Of Palmyra (Tadmor) In The Desert Of Syria." Journal of Turkish Studies 8, Volume 8 Issue 7 (January 1, 2013): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.5275.

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26

Kinzelbach, Ragnar. "The White-cheeked Bulbul,Pycnonotus leucogenys, a resident of the Palmyra Oasis, Syria." Zoology in the Middle East 1, no. 1 (January 1986): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1986.11770916.

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27

Pollard, Nigel. "Colony and community on the edge of empires: new books on Dura-Europos." Antiquity 94, no. 373 (January 22, 2020): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.209.

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It is grimly appropriate that two such important studies of the ancient town of Dura-Europos have been published so recently. While the deliberate destruction of heritage undertaken at Palmyra by Daesh received widespread press coverage in 2015, the destruction at Dura, caused by systematic looting of the town and its necropolis, is less well known. The site lies in the Deir es-Zor province, near the Iraqi border, and one of the areas of Syria under firm Daesh control for the longest time. Satellite images of the densely cratered site are dramatic and distressing.

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Chlebowski, Piotr. "The eagle from Rzecz o wolności słowa." Studia Norwidiana 37 English Version (2020): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sn.2019.37-11en.

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The article attempts at explaining the motif of the eagle which appears in the final Song XIV in the poem Rzecz o wolności słowa. Previous scholars have unambiguously associated this symbolic vision with the apocalypse and with the figure of St John. The reading of Volney’s Travels through Syria and Egypt, supported by the source description of Palmyra’s ruins from Robert Wood’s The Ruines of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor, in the Desert (1753), points rather to an archaeological source of Norwid’s imagery – the image of the ruins of the Palmyrene Temple of the Sun (Baal).

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BARDET, N., H. CAPPETTA, X. PEREDA SUBERBIOLA, M. MOUTY, A. K. AL MALEH, A. M. AHMAD, O. KHRATA, and N. GANNOUM. "The marine vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Syria." Geological Magazine 137, no. 3 (May 2000): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800003988.

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Marine vertebrate faunas from the latest Cretaceous phosphates of the Palmyrides Chain of Syria are described for the first time. Recent fieldwork in the phosphatic deposits of the Palmyra area (mines of Charquieh and Khneifiss, outcrops of Bardeh, Soukkari and Soukhneh) have yielded a rich and diversified assemblage of marine vertebrates, including more than 50 species of chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, squamates, chelonians, plesiosaurians and crocodilians. Selachians are the most abundant and diverse component of the faunas and are represented by at least 34 species of both sharks and rays. Actinopterygians include representatives of six families, the most common being the enchodontids. Squamates are known by six mosasaurid species and an indeterminate varanoid. Chelonians are represented by at least two bothremydids and two chelonioids. Finally, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs and indeterminate crocodilians are also present in the fossil assemblages. The difference in faunal composition observed between the sites is interpreted as being due to palaeoecological preferences related to the Hamad Uplift palaeostructure. The marine vertebrate faunas of Syria show close affinities with those of the latest Cretaceous phosphatic deposits of North Africa and the Middle East and are typical of the southern Tethyan realm. From a biostratigraphical point of view, the selachians are the only suitable material to provide elements of an answer to the long debated question of the age of the Syrian Senonian phosphates. They suggest an Early Maastrichtian age for most of the phosphates of the Palmyrides Chain.

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Bobou, Olympia, Nathalia B. Kristensen, Scott McAvoy, and Rubina Raja. "Archive Archaeology in palmyra, Syria a new 3D reconstruction of the tomb of Ḥairan." Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 19 (December 2020): e00164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2020.e00164.

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31

Fangi, G. "Documentation of some Cultural Heritage Emergencies in Syria In August 2010 by Spherical Photrammetry." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (September 11, 2015): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-401-2015.

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Syria is a country of many civilizations, Marie, Aramaic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Ottoman civilizations. Unfortunally the recent war is the reason for many cultural heritage items to be destroyed, beyond the thausand civilian people killed. In 2010, just before the war, the A. made a touristic trip together with Crua (Recreational Club of the Ancona University). It was the occasion to make some fast documentation of some Syrian CH monuments. Mostly of the images were taken by the A. not to make a survey, but as a photographic report, as fast and complete as possible. For a regular survey project, the tripod, the spherical head should be used for the takings and the 3x3 Cipa rules should be followed, that occurred only in the three main projects, say the survey of the citadel walls in Aleppo, the survey of the Umayyads Mosque in Damascus, and the survey of the minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo. All the other documentation surveys have been carried out with hand-held camera taking the dimension of the model from Google earth high resolution, when available. But, apart the regular surveys, due to the explosion of the unexpected war, the photographs taken in such a touristic way, have been used to try to get some usable plottings an restitutions and it worked successfully mostly of the times. These surveys could be useful in case of reconstruction and in case of lack of suitable alternative metric documentation. Because of the continuing threats, all six Syrian World Heritage properties were inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia last June: Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Bosra, Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Krak des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din ans finally the Site of Palmyra. See the following links: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kr.a3e0DL5sA"target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kr.a3e0DL5sA</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU"target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU</a>. Apart the Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, the A. visited all the World Heritage sites and partly documented. Some of them have already been plotted, some are in the orientation stage, some have been documented only.

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Fangi, G. "ALEPPO BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR 2010–2018." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-449-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> What remains of Cultural Heritage in Syria? And in particular in Aleppo? Aleppo, according to UNESCO, is the oldest city in the world. The first settlements date back to 12,000 years ago, the first evidence of the city to 8,000. The A. visited the city in October 2018 at the invitation of the Syrian Trust for Development. He previously went to Syria for a photographic tour in 2010. It was a unique opportunity to document some noticeable buildings and monuments, later on affected by the war. When the war began in 2012, the A. retrieved the photographs and gave them to his students, who then ran some 28 projects of Cultural Heritage items. They are small monuments or small projects, neither complete not very accurate, but sometimes they are unique for the monuments that have already disappeared. In 2017 the book <i>Reviving Palmyra</i> was published, whose main author is the Finnish archaeologist Minna Silver. The book shows the results of the surveys of some monuments of Palmyra, including the Roman theater, the temple of Bel, the triumphal arch and the funerary tower of Al-Habel. The A. made an exibition of the these projects in Ancona, Italy, and produced a video of the exibition, which was then published online. Reme Sackr saw the video and invited the A. to visit Syria. She is a Syrian woman of the Syrian Trust for Development, a Syrian NGO for reconstruction of Syria. She is responsible for the Living Heritage Program inside the Trust, in practice responsible for the reconstruction and the restoration of the monuments in Syria. So in October 2018 the A. went to Aleppo, Syria, for a second time. The present paper shows some results and comparisons for same monuments before and after the war. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque and the minaret of the Citadel mosque. One of the first monuments to be restored will be the minaret of the Great Omoyyad Mosque in Aleppo. Some monuments, the minority, are apparently in good condition, seemingly untouched by the war. Some are badly damaged and unsafe. They must first be made sade and subsequently restored. Finally, other monuments – and these are the majority – no longer exist because they have been destroyed to their very foundations. It seems that the war, besides the population, has particularly targeted monuments, perhaps because they represent the soul and history of a people and a country. For them the problem arises whether to reconstruct or not, and in case of reconstruction with which instruments and with which technique, if there are previous findings. This is precisely the case of the minaret. Here they will try to reconstruct the monument where it was, as it was and with the same materials, with possibly the same blocks in the same position they were in. For this task, however, their identification is necessary. The minaret is the most important monument in Syria, because it is the symbol of the country. It was built in 1092, and its restoration was completed in 2007. A special commission now follows the restoration work. It is composed by public, religious and technical-scientific authorities. They are the same university professors who carried out the restoration of 2007 and now curate the reconstruction. Work began in February 2018. The minaret stones were placed in the square of the mosque. Using a crane they raised the stones one by one, then photographed them from all positions. They then proceeded to the identification stage. A computer program was created in MATHLAB<sup>®</sup> which could carry out the first automatic selection of 6–8 possible candidates. The operator then manually selected the choosen one. Of the 1300 stones of the external face, 40&thinsp;% have already been recognized. The high-resolution photographs of the A. of 2010 will help the identification. It is hoped to reach 70&thinsp;%. Many blocks are no longer usable because they are broken, being limestone and therefore fragile. They no longer have the necessary resistance and will have to be replaced. A museum will be set up for the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque. It is hoped to complete the work in two years. The surveying technique used by the A. is Spherical Photogrammetry. He published in 2018 <i>The book of Spherical Photogrammetry</i> a collection of related papers and experiences. This technique has been set up by the A. since 2006. It is based on spherical panoramas. These are cartographic representations on planes of spheres, on which the partially overlapping photographs taken from a single shooting point, are projected. Its main feature is the shooting speed. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and the A. hopes to transfer it to the students of the local faculty of architecture. In this last mission, especially for the interiors, the A. made extensive use of Panono, a multi-image camera capable of covering 360°. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage.</p>

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Gori, Maja, Alessandro Pintucci, and Martina Revello Lami. "Who Owns the Past?" Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.386.

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On the 23rd of August 2015 Daesh blew up the 2,000-year-old Baal-Shamin temple in the world-famous Greco-Roman site of Palmyra. This event triggered a profound emotional reaction in society at large, and the ruins soon became an iconic symbol of world heritage in danger. The appalling images of the ruins of Baal Shamin reinforced the perception, especially among western observers, that protecting cultural and natural heritage is yet another duty in the fight against terrorism. A similar international outcry occurred in 2001, when the Buddhas of Bamiyan fell to Taliban dynamite in Afghanistan, and when Iraqi museums and sites were ransacked and looted providing two of the most recent and vivid examples of destroyed heritage in the so-called War on Terror which was launched by the U.S. government after 9/11. Following the destruction at Baal-Shamin, UNESCO declared that the deliberate destruction of Syria's cultural heritage was a war crime, and put into motion several projects and actions aimed at preserving endangered Syrian archaeological heritage. At the same time, alongside income gained from the sale of drug and weapons, the trafficking of antiquities from Syria and Iraq worldwide provided a major source of revenue for Daesh.

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Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele, and Marco Iamoni. "The Early History of the Western Palmyra Desert region. The Change in the Settlement patterns and the Adaptation of subsistence Strategies to encroaching Aridity: a first Assessment of the Desert-Kite and Tumulus cultural Hor." Syria, no. 89 (January 1, 2012): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.1496.

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Asfahani, J., and Z. Kamarji. "The automatic interpretation of natural γ-rays in well logging at the phosphatic deposits in the Palmyra region in Syria." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 47, no. 5-6 (May 1996): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(96)00007-3.

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Straus, Lawrence Guy. "Paleolithic Site of the Douara Cave and Paleogeography of Palmyra Basin in Syria, Part IV: 1984 Excavations. Takeru Akazawa , Yutaka Sakaguchi." Journal of Anthropological Research 44, no. 2 (July 1988): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.44.2.3630063.

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Nishiaki, Yoshihiro, and Takeru Akazawa. "Patterning of the early Middle Paleolithic occupations at Douara Cave and its implications for settlement dynamics in the Palmyra basin, Syria." L'Anthropologie 119, no. 5 (November 2015): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.008.

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Chlebowski, Piotr. "Orzeł z Rzeczy o wolności słowa." Studia Norwidiana 37 (November 14, 2019): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sn.2019.37-11.

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Artykuł przynosi próbę wyjaśnienia motywu orła, który pojawia się w finalnej XIV pieśni poematu Rzeczy o wolności słowa. Dotąd w literaturze przedmiotu tę symboliczną wizję łączono jednoznacznie z apokalipsą oraz z postacią św. Jana. Lektura Volney’owskiej Podróży do Syrii i Egiptu, wspartej źródłowym dla niej opisem ruin Palmiry z dzieła Roberta Wooda The Ruines of Palmyra otherwise Tedmor in the Desert (1753), wskazuje raczej na archeologiczne źródło Norwidowskiego obrazowania: obraz ruin palmireńskiej Świątyni Słońca (Baala).

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Yousef, I., V. P. Morozov, Mohammad El Kadi, and Abdullah Alaa. "TECTONIC AND EROSION FEATURES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE UPPER TRIASSIC AND THE LOWER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS IN THE EUPHRATES GRABEN AREA, SYRIA." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 608–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-3-0541.

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We have investigated the tectonic and erosion features of the Upper Triassic (Mulussa F Formation) and Lower Cretaceous (Rutbah Formation) sediments in the Euphrates graben area and analysed their influence on changes in the thickness and zonal distribution patterns of these sediments. In this study, the geological modeling software of Petrel Schlumberger is used to model the regional geological structure and stratigraphy from the available geological and geophysical data.The Upper Triassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments (in total, almost 800 m thick) are the major hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Euphrates graben, which contain approximately 80 to 90 % of the total hydrocarbon reserve in this area. These sedimentary zones experienced variable changes in thickness and zonal distribution due to erosion processes caused by the two major regional unconformities, the Base Upper Cretaceous (BKU) and Base Lower Cretaceous (BKL) unconformities. The maximum thickness of the Upper Triassic sediments amounts to 480 m in the central parts of the Euphrates graben and along the NW-SE trend, i.e. in the dip direction of the Upper Triassic Mulussa F Formation. Towards the NE flank of the graben near the Khleissia uplift and the SW flank near to the Rutbah uplift, the thickness of the Upper Triassic sediments is gradually decreased due to their partial or total erosion caused by the BKL unconformity, and also due to a less space for sediment accumulation near the uplifts. The thickness of the Lower Cretaceous sediments increases in the northern, NW and NE flanks of the graben. Their maximum thickness is about 320 m. The BKL unconformity is the major cause of erosion of the Lower Cretaceous sediments along the southern, SE and SW flanks of the graben. In the Jora and Palmyra areas towards the NW flank of the Euphrates graben, the Upper Triassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments show no changes in thickness. In these areas, there was more space for sediment accumulation, and the sediments were less influenced by the BKL and BKU unconformities and thus less eroded.

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Gawlikowski, Michel. "Les princes de Palmyre." Syria 62, no. 3 (1985): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1985.6894.

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41

Caquot, André. "Un nouveau pyrée de Palmyre." Syria 62, no. 1 (1985): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1985.6920.

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Hammad, Manar. "Un amphithéâtre à Tadmor-Palmyre?" Syria, no. 85 (January 1, 2008): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.489.

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Will, Ernest. "La déesse au chien de Palmyre." Syria 62, no. 1 (1985): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1985.6919.

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Al-As'ad, Khaled, and Jean-Baptiste Yon. "Textes et fragments grecs de Palmyre." Syria 78, no. 1 (2001): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.2001.7695.

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Yon, Jean-Baptiste. "Remarques sur une famille caravanière à Palmyre." Syria 75, no. 1 (1998): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1998.7547.

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de Voogt, Alex. "Mancala players at Palmyra." Antiquity 84, no. 326 (November 25, 2010): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067077.

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Playing mancala-type games was an addictive pastime of antiquity and leaves its archaeological imprint on steps and ledges in the form of rows of little scoops. Here the author examines the traces of the game at Palmyra and shows that the Roman game of the third century (with five holes a side) was superseded when Palmyra's Temple of Baal was refashioned as a fort in the seventh century or later. The new Syrian game, with seven holes a side, was played obsessively by the soldiers of an Arab or Ottoman garrison on the steps and precinct wall of the old temple.

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Will, Ernest. "La déesse au chien de Palmyre : note additionnelle." Syria 63, no. 3 (1986): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1986.6944.

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Al-Maqdissi, Michel, Michal Gawlikowski, and Jean-Baptiste Yon. "Hommage à Khaled Al-Asʿad (Palmyre 1934-2015)." Syria, no. 92 (June 1, 2015): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.3344.

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Gawlikowski, Michał. "The Indian trade between the Gulf and the Red Sea." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1818.

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This essay evaluates the relative importance of the maritime trade between the Roman Empire and India along two routes that were in use: one started and ended on the Egyptian shore of the Red Sea, the other at the head of the Gulf. Both continued on land along caravan tracks to the Nile valley or through the Syrian desert to Palmyra. The latter land route, longer and presumably more cost-consuming, was used only during the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The land link with the Far East, the so-called Silk Road, does not seem to have been regularly used. A document from Palmyra allows to estimate the value of the trade along the Syrian route as much smaller than that of the Red Sea traffic. It could have been mainly of local, Syrian importance, and lasted only as long as political circumstances allowed.

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Will, Ernest. "Pline l'ancien et Palmyre : un problème d'histoire ou d'histoire littéraire ?" Syria 62, no. 3 (1985): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/syria.1985.6895.

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