Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Système du complément'
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Chatagner, Alexandra. "Complément et neuroprotection." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES037.
Full textFor a long time, the classical dogma has considered complement activation in brain pathology deleterious for surrounding cells since it promotes inflammation processes and triggers membran attack complexe formation resulting in cell lysis. A growing body of evidence implicates complement in neuoroprotection processes. My PhD work consisted in exploring the different mecanisms set up by complement activation to protect cells, neurons essentially. The up-regulation of neuronal CD55 or NGF secretion by astrocytes following a simultaneous anaphylatoxins and IL-1b stimulation may contibute to neuronal protection. On the other hand, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, which is an important process to prevent inflammatory reaction is not regulated by C3a
Toufik, Jamila. "Interactions de copolymères fonctionnels dérivés du Sephadex avec le système du complément et les monocytes humains." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132010.
Full textMontdargent, Béatrice. "Interactions du système du complément avec les surfaces artificielles : dérives fonctionnalisés du polystyrene." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA132021.
Full textThomas, Anne. "Expression du complément dans le système nerveux central : un marqueur des processus inflammatoires." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES018.
Full textJauneau, Anne-Christine. "Complément et système nerveux central, rôles des anaphylatoxines C3a et C5a au niveau de l'astrocyte." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES063.
Full textInflammatory reactions could occur in the brain during numerous pathological disorders when an increase of complement synthesis, actor of natural immunity, has been observed. In the absence of cellular infiltration, an intrathecal inflammatory reaction could be realized by glial cells. The activation of these cells, which synthesize the totality of the complement cascade components, leads to the release of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins, two potent inflammatory mediators, and to the formation of the membrane attack complex. The presence of anaphylatoxin receptors on brain cells and the increase of their expression during some pathologies led us to determine their roles in the brain, in particular on astrocytes, immunocompetent glial cells. Our studies show that C3a and C5a activate several transduction pathways leading to an increase of chemokine mRNA expression, including IL-8. However an increase of IL-8 secretion could be detected only in the presence of IL-1ß. Thus, at least in part, anaphylatoxins may participate to leukocyte recruitment into the brain. C3a and C5a also increase neurotrophin mRNA expression and lead to a weak secretion of NGF, and so, participate to neuroprotection and post-lesioned repairing. Finally, we show an unexpected role for C3a in the clearance of apoptotic cells via the increase of phosphatidylserine receptor expression by astrocytes. Our data allocate new roles to anaphylatoxins on astrocytes and suggest that they could have a dual effect in the brain
Gasque, Philippe. "Expression du complément par des cellules du système nerveux central : analyse in vitro de la biosynthèse des protéines du complément par un modèle de lignées d'astrocytes humains." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUES038.
Full textVan, Beek Johan. "La réaction inflammatoire dans le système nerveux central : rôle de la synthèse locale du complément dans la physiopathologie de l'ischémie cérébrale." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES075.
Full textTissot, Bérangère. "Rôle des interactions protéine-sucre dans le mécanisme d'inhibition du système du complément par le fucoi͏̈dane." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT19VS.
Full textComplement System (C) is an important part of the innate humoral immunity and comprises about thirty plasmatic proteins. In the case of several pathologies, this System supports and worsens inflammation. These phenomena occur in several neurodegenerative diseases in which the inhibition of the Complement System may lead to a substantial therapeutic benefit. However, such anticomplementary drugs are not yet available. Glycans represent a huge source of bioactives molecules, although not thoroughly explored. Among those molecules, fucoidan is a polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed (like Ascophyllum nodosum) and composed of sulfated-fucose units. This polymer is a potent Complement inhibitor. We evidenced that fucoidan inhibits both alternative and classical activation pathways. The classical one is blocked at the Cl-complex activation step and at the C3 convertase formation level. Experiments based on single-molecule observations enable us to show that fucoidan interacts with specifie domains of Clq that leads to the inhibition of the association of the enzymatic sub-unit of the Cl complex. Protein C4 is another target of fucoidan:the analysis by affinity capillary electrophoresis demonstrate for the first time the formation of a complex between the polysaccharide and C4 and also C4b, a fragment of C4. Concerning the alternative pathway, our study shows that fucoidan potentiates the Factor I-mediated inactivation of C3b, in the presence of Factor H. Zonal capillary electrophoresis experiments suggest that H induces a conformational change of C3b, rendering it sensitive to the proteolytic activity of I. We assume that fucoidan interferes with the activation of alternative pathway by potentiating the H-mediated conformational change of C3b. Concerning the structure-activity relationships, structural studies demonstrated that branchings, 2-sulfated units and disulfated units are essential to the anticomplementary activity of fucoidan
Jeandel, Jérémy. "Effets de stress associés aux vols spatiaux sur le système du complément et les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2019_0198_JEANDEL.pdf.
Full textDuring spaceflights, astronauts encounter numerous stresses leading to immune system impairment. Given the scarcity of space missions, simulation models are used on Earth to study the effects of spaceflight-associated stresses on the immune system. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of spaceflight-associated stresses on the complement system and on dendritic cells (DC). First, we studied the effects of individual or combined spaceflight-associated stresses on the C3 molecule expression in amphibians and mice. We showed that some of these stresses such as microgravity increased the C3 complement expression in P. waltl larvae but no variation were found in mice subjected to simulated microgravity (hindlimb unloading model). We also studied the effects of simulated microgravity by RPM on murine DC phenotype and function. We showed that RPM exposure impaired both DC actin cytoskeleton and survival. Moreover, DC exposed to simulated microgravity showed an immature phenotype characterized by a decrease of co-stimulation molecule expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, which are essentials for DC functions. However, these numerous alterations did not affect antigen presentation to T cells. Taken together, these results highlight the significant effects of spaceflight-associated stresses on the immune system. Studying microgravity will allow to better understand its effects on health and to develop adapted countermeasures
Jégou, Jean-François. "Etude du rôle du fragment C3d du complément dans la physiopathologie de l’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES046.
Full textThe complement system is activated during multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, we have show that C3d opsonization of a myelin antigen, the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, can promote tolerance breakdown and trigger an autoimmune response. C3d binding to MOG also results in the exacerbation of clinical signs of EAE, correlated with an increased leukocyte infiltration of the central nervous system, enhanced activation of B lymphocytes and their related functions, and an increased production of anti-MOG antibodies. Together, these effects contribute to enhance demyelination and neuronal damages which lead to neurological disorders. Thus, this study has demonstrated the deleterious role of C3d when it is bound to a self-antigen in the course of autoimmune diseases
Thomas, Hélène. "Modulation de l'activation du complément au cours du rejet xénogénique." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD22.
Full textSayah, Sakina. "Implication du complément dans les mécanismes inflammatoires du système nerveux central : expression des récepteurs des anaphylatoxines C3a (C3aR) et C5a (C5aR) par les astrocytes." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES081.
Full textTahtouh, Muriel. "Rôle des facteurs du complément dans l’immunité innée du système nerveux de la sangsue : hmC1q, un facteur chimiotactique contribuant à l’activation microgliale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10056/document.
Full textThe nervous system of invertebrates has functional characteristics different from those of vertebrates. In the leech Hirudo medicinalis, a well-recognized model in neurobiology, the nerve cord repair might be effective after injury. This physiological process requires the mobilization of microglial cells present in the leech nervous system and seems to mimic some key-phases of an inflammatory reaction.A search of the effector molecules involved in this cell recruitment was undertaken. A protein homologous to human complement factor C1q, named HmC1q, was characterized and was shown to be involved in the early accumulation of microglia. Indeed, constitutively expressed in neurons, HmC1q is directly expressed on the cut end of the connective and, in response to the injury, has been shown to increase the recruitment of a subpopulation of microglial cells. Thus HmC1q behaves as a chemoattractant cytokine. The production of its recombinant form in the yeast Pichia pastoris enabled us to specify the molecular mechanisms by which this new chemoattractant, might be highly active in the leech nervous system. The experiments carried out by flow cytometry, immunopreciptation and in chemotaxis analysis that were performed with an anti-gC1qR, argue for the existence of an human homologous gC1qR-like receptor at the surface the reactive of microglial cell subpopulation reactive to HmC1q. By this work, it was shown, for the first time in the CNS of an invertebrate, the existence of a « new cytokine » HmC1q, homologous to the vertebrate protein C1q, but also belonging to the vast C1q-TNF cytokine family. Finally the present original results suggest that HmC1q may have a key role in neuron-glia dialogue that is essential to maintain the integrity of the nervous system
Bourel, Julien. "Rôle de la protéine C3 du système du complément dans les déficits mnésiques précoces sur un modèle expérimental de sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0370.
Full textMemory impairment is one of the disabling manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) that could be present from the early stage of the disease. Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and dendritic loss in association with microglia activation have been suggested in previous work done in our laboratory as the substrate for memory deficit. However the main molecular mechanistic pathways driving such hippocampal neurodegeneration are still to elucidate.In this study, we first tested the expression of genes involved in microglia-neuron interactions within the dentate gyrus of early-stage experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. We found a selective overexpression of genes involved in the complement pathway. Compared to control CFA-mice, the central complement component C3 showed the strongest upregulation by a factor of 10, which was confirmed by quantification of C3 protein, while there was no increase of downstream components such as the terminal component C5. In situ hybridization coupled with immunofluorescence showed that C3 transcripts were mainly originating from activated microglial cells.Secondly, we used two different approaches to inhibit C3 complement component. Pharmacological inhibition of C3 by daily administration of rosmarinic acid (RMA) in EAE mice was sufficient to prevent early dentate gyrus dendritic loss, microglial phagocytosis of synapses and early memory impairment, while microglia activation was still present. Similarly, dentate gyrus dendrites and spines were protected when EAE was induced in C3 deficient mice (C3KO) which translated into preserved memory performances.Altogether this PhD work highlights a central role of C3 in early hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory impairment in EAE. These results pave the way toward new neuroprotective strategies in MS to prevent cognitive deficit, with microglial inhibitor such as RMA
Ing, Mathieu. "Immunogénicité du facteur VIII thérapeutique : importance du complément et des domaines C du facteur VIII pour son endocytose." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066637/document.
Full textOccurrence of pro-coagulant factor VIII (FVIII) neutralizing antibodies in hemophilia A patients constitutes a major therapeutic failure. While the effector steps of the immune response, the nature of the involved immune cells and the antibodies properties have been well-reported, the early stages of the immune response are poorly described and constitute the topic of my PhD thesis. The first part of my thesis deals with the role of the microenvironment encountered by FVIII once administered in vivo, especially the role of complement system molecules. While complement system is a major actor of the innate immunity, it also participates to adaptive immune responses and can interact with the coagulation cascade. Though complement is involved in immune responses against pathogens, its contribution to immune responses against therapeutic proteins has never been reported so far. Therefore I have investigated the potential role of the complement system in the immunogenicity of therapeutic FVIII. The second part of my thesis focuses on the involvement of FVIII structure for its recognition by the immune system. It has been demonstrated that FVIII C1 domain plays a major role of its uptake by immune cells in vitro and its immunogenicity in vivo. Because of strong structural homologies between C1 and C2 domains, I investigated the potential role of FVIII C2 domain for its endocytosis by antigen presenting cells and the elicitation of the anti-FVIII immune response
Jamali, Sarah. "Etude à grande échelle des épilepsies temporales mésiales humaines pharmacorésistantes : altération de la neurotransmission et activation du système du complément dans le cortex entorhinal." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20668.
Full textHuman mesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) are the most frequent form of partial epilepsies and display high frequency of drug-resistance. They represent a major medical and scientific issue and a major health care problem. Generally, epilepsy may develop as a consequence of a brain-damaging insult such as head trauma, stroke, brain infection, or febrile seizure (FS). This initial insult triggers a cascade of progressive and parallel cellular and molecular events in specific areas of the brain, which may in turn confer new properties to the epileptogenic tissue, and result in the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures. While limbic seizures have often been associated with hippocampus sclerosis, several studies have also highlighted the major role that play the entorhinal cortex (EC) in MTLE. EC displays les dramatic histological changes than the hippocampus, with few or no detectable cell loss, and the molecular and cellular events have been little studied. Despite some progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of human MTLE, their molecular bases remain mainly undetermined. Few large-scale studies have been performed in human MTLE, and none has analysed the entorhinal cortex. A two-step transcriptional analysis consisting of cDNA microarray experiment followed by quantitative RT-PCR validations was performed in the entorhinal cortex (epileptogenic area) of MTLE patients, as compared with lateral temporal neocortex (LTC)(non-epileptogenic control area) obtained from the same patients as well as to non-epileptic autopsic controls. Six consistently dysregulated genes were identified: three up-regulated genes encode proteins involved in the immune response : CD99, CD74, C3; two downregulated genes encode neurotransmitter receptors NPY1R, HTR2A and a third one FHL2 encodes a protein associating with the KCNE1 (mink) potassium channel subunit and with presenilin-2. Analysis of the qualitative and quantitative changes at the protein level, led to the confirmation of NPY1R downregulation and C3 upregulation by western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry experiment revealed the existence of perivascular infiltration of C3 positive leucocytes and/or detected C3 and membrane attack complexes on a subset of neurons within the EC of nine out of the eleven MTLE patients. Overall our data indicate that local dysregulation of the neurotransmission and complement system is a frequent event in human MTLE. These data open new avenues for understanding the molecular basis of these epilepsies. It also provide new perspectives for the future development of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, directed towards the molecular targets that we have identified
Dauchel, Hélène. "Le système du complément et la cellule endothéliale : biosynthèse in vitro des protéines de la voie alterne et activation pathologique au cours des vascularités leucocytoclasiques." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUES032.
Full textChmilewsky, Fanny. "Interactions entre cellules progénitrices et fibroblastes au cours de la régénération pulpo-dentinaire : rôle de l'activation du système du complémént." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5300.
Full textAfter tissue injury or infection, Complement activation provides powerful signals initiating the inflammatory reaction. These events are mediated by biologically active fragments such as C5a which attracts cells expressing its receptor (C5aR/CD88) to the injury site. Besides inflammatory cells as the main C5aR-Expressing cells, various tissue cells have been reported to express this receptor suggesting its involvement in other processes. In order to investigate the possible relationship between complement activation and pulp regeneration, we investigated Complement activation in the dental pulp and progenitor cell migration from their perivascular niches to the pulp injury site to initiate the regeneration process.Our results indicate that complement activation in the dental pulp is the result of both plasma and fibroblast secreted complement proteins. Thus upon local complement activation, which can occur after pathological injury or biomaterials application, C5a induces pulp progenitors’ migration which is critical in initiating the regenerative processes. To our knowledge, this is the first work to demonstrate the involvement of C5a biologically active fragment in the recruitment human pulp progenitor cells. This may provide a useful future therapeutic tool in targeting the progenitor cells in a dentin/pulp regeneration process
Mahesh, Iyer Keerthana. "The role of complement system related genes in synapse formation and specificity in the olivo-cerebellar network." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066406.
Full textSynapse connectivity occurs in a precise manner such that no two types of afferents innervate the same postsynaptic subcellular domain. To test whether this specificity is controlled by a unique combination of molecules at each synapse, I used the olivo-cerebellar circuit as a model. There, two excitatory inputs, the Parallel fibers originating from granule cells and Climbing fibers originating from inferior olivary neurons, innervate distinct territories on the same target neuron, the Purkinje cell. Comparative gene expression analysis of these two inputs showed that the inferior olivary neurons express a greater diversity of genes encoding membrane and secreted proteins belonging to immune system-related pathways. Moreover, each input expresses a specific combination of complement-related genes. Among these, I identified the functional roles of two novel candidate genes specifically expressed by inferior olivary neurons. Secreted C1Q-related protein C1QL1 plays an instructive role in specifying Climbing fiber innervation territory on Purkinje cells, while membrane-bound complement control-related protein SUSD4 ensures the acquisition of proper functional properties of Climbing fiber synapses and their long-term stability. Given that C1Q-related CBLN1 promotes Parallel fiber synaptogenesis, these results show that different members of the C1Q family are important determinants of the identity and specific connectivity of each excitatory synapse in the cerebellar cortex. This study provides novel insights into the “chemoaffinity code” that controls subcellular specificity at each synapse type during the formation of neural circuits
Terrasse, Rémi. "La glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase, une protéine de la glycolyse présente à la surface cellulaire, est impliquée dans la reconnaissance par le système du complément chez Streptococcus pneumoniae." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV061/document.
Full textStreptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen, which causes pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia. To insure its survival and dissemination, the pneumococcus deploys an array of virulence factors promoting invasion of tissues and evasion from the immune system. A particular class of proteins not associated with any known export system, the moonlighting proteins, is found at the pneumococcal surface. Moonlighting proteins are conserved cytoplasmic metabolic enzymes or molecular chaperones localized in various cellular compartments and exhibiting additional functions. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is found at the surface of numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and display diverse roles in the virulence processes of pathogenic organisms. The pneumococcal surface GAPDH acts as a virulence factor by binding to host plasminogen/plasmin, which facilitates the bacterial invasion through the extracellular matrix and the endothelial and epithelial cell barriers. However, the mechanisms leading to the GAPDH export and binding to the bacterial surface had not been deciphered yet. This work demonstrates that the GAPDH is released upon cell lysis and associates with the peptidoglycan. C1q, a key component of the classical complement pathway, is a major player in the response to microbial infection and has been shown to detect noxious altered-self substances such as apoptotic cells. The use of complementary experimental approaches allowed the identification of the GAPDH as a C1q partner when exposed at the surface of S. pneumoniae and human apoptotic cells. However, and rather unexpectedly, the pneumococcal GAPDH activates the complement cascade unlike the human one. Those results encourage further studies in order to understand how C1q recognition of two closely related proteins can lead to such striking differences on its complement activation properties
Merle, Nicolas. "Mechanisms of complement activation under hemolytic conditions." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB076/document.
Full textComplement system is a complex and tightly regulated innate immune defensive cascade, which can promote tissue damage, when overactivated. Hemolysis-derived danger associated molecular pattern heme is able to activate complement in serum and on endothelial cells (EC) in vitro, providing a rational for scrutinizing the impact of complement activation in hemolytic diseases. The objectives of this work were to study whether and how intravascular hemolysis induces complement activation in vivo, and to understand the underlying mechanism that leads to the acquisition of a complement activating phenotype of the endothelium in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. We found complement deposits, including C3 activation fragments and C5b-9, within kidneys of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) nephropathy (a prototypical hemolytic disease) as well as in a mouse model of SCD. We set up and characterized the renal injury of a mouse model of massive intravascular hemolysis, triggered by injection of phenylhydrazine (PHZ). We revealed C3 deposition within kidneys of the PHZ-treated animals. It was prevented by heme scavenging with hemopexin (Hx) and reproduced by injections of free heme, thus demonstrating the importance of heme for the complement activation in vivo. SCD erythrocytes microvesicles (MVs), are a pathologically relevant source of labile heme, since they carry three times more heme on their surface compare to MVs from healthy donors. We demonstrated that MVs, generated from SCD erythrocytes, activate complement in human serum and on EC surface, in part on a heme-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of heme as a complement activator in hemolytic diseases. Further, we found that the C3 activation fragments deposits on endothelium in vivo and on EC in vitro can be in part explained by interaction of heme with TLR4. Indeed, the use of a specific inhibitor of TLR4, TAK-242, reduced about 50% the complement deposits on EC surface and such deposits on vascular endothelium in PHZ- or heme-injected mice were attenuated TLR4-/- mice. Moreover, we found that heme/TLR4-dependent complement deposition was mediated by the rapid expression of P-selectin, which in turn, recruited C3b and C3(H2O) on the EC surface, as evidenced by real time protein interaction analyses and using of blocking antibodies. Together our results demonstrated that heme and erythrocytes MVs are the hemolysis-derived products which promoted complement activation. At cellular level, heme induced complement-activating phenotype of EC by triggering TLR4/P-selectin axis and resulting in C3 activation fragments on cell surface. Together, these studies underline the potential benefits of Hx and TAK-242 against complement activation in pathologies related to hemolysis
Magliarelli, Helena. "Uncovering ubiquitylation pathways in liver metabolism by a proteomic approach." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ083/document.
Full textIn vertebrates, the liver has developed to be a major metabolic organ able to control glucose and lipid homeostasis. It activates or inhibits specific pathways in a regulated manner, depending on the metabolic state of our organism. Based on the emerging experimental evidence suggesting that the ubiquitin conjugation system is engaged in response to different metabolic cues, we conducted a global proteomic analysis to identify metabolic pathways modified by ubiquitylation. To this end, we used livers of mice subjected to a fasting – refeeding protocol. Amongst the 117 proteins differentially ubiquitylated upon fasting or refeeding conditions, we identified complement 3 (C3) to be ubiquitinated in livers of refed mice. We observed that an activation product of C3, C3a, is ubiquitylated in primary hepatocytes treated with nutrient-rich media. Thus, we suggest that the ubiquitylation of C3 plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory or metabolic functions of C3 in the liver
Juompan-Yakam, Bertrand. "Métrologie des comparaisons d'horloges par satellites : contributions à l'étude d'un complément au système de radionavigation GPS et à la prédiction du temps du GPS : proposition pour une nouvelle méthode de synchronisation d'horloges en temps réel." Observatoire de Paris, 1994. https://hal.science/tel-02095274.
Full textThe Global Positioning System is a valuable tool in navigation, geodesy and time metrology. Operational time transfer can be performed over very long baselines at the nanosecond level. In civil aviation though, aprt from intentional degradation, outages and lack of integrity are the main shortcomings of GPS. The project of a complement to GPS consist of generating on board a geostationary stellite, through servo-control from the earth, GPS-like signals and a time scale synchronized in GPS time. The goal is to enable GPS to be ratified as a stand-alone en route navigation means, thanks to a space segment augmentation and the monitoring mission of the complement. The European Complement to GPS experiment confirms the feasibility of the project. Alternative methods for GPS time restitution are studied, with different SA models. An original method for real time clock synchronization, without data transfer, is also proposed. This possibility, combined with GPS time prediction, would be of great interest for a Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System
Coty, Jean-Baptiste. "Caractérisation des nanomédecines pour la clinique : développement de méthodes évaluant les interactions nanoparticules-protéines plasmatiques pour une application en contrôle qualité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS432/document.
Full textNanomedicines injected intravenously interact with surrounding biological elements in the bloodstream. Among these interactions, those with blood proteins turn out to be very important regarding the becoming of the nanovectors. They acquire a biological identity upon interaction with proteins which influence their path to target tissue and cells. The understanding and mastering of these phenomena remains a crucial issue in nanomedicine development. Methods allowing an easier study of these interactions are needed. The aim of these PhD thesis was to develop such methods, usable on a routine basis in a clinical context, allowing a fine characterization of nanomedicines and their interactions with plasmatic proteins. This PhD is part of the project “Nano Innovation for CancEr” (NICE, BPI France), gathering a consortium of industrials partners developing clinical nanomedicines.In a first time, a bibliographic study about current methods used for such a characterization could identify two major limitations. (i) On one hand, the complexity of current available methods for which the equipment specificity and required expertise prevent their use at a large scale. (ii) On the other hand, properties today characterized on a daily basis (size, morphology, charge) are too rough compared to the sharpness of biological processes who interact and “analyze” the nanovectors introduced in biological media. These two aspects are limiting a safer development of nanomedicines as well as a good reproducibility of their action in clinics.During this thesis, we developed methods allowing a beginning of answer to the wide problematic of nanomedicine characterization. A method for a high throughput analysis of complement activation by nanomedicines via 2D immunoelectrophoresis was developed and validated. It allows the reproducible analysis of protein C3 fragmentation. This method is applicable to the study of the impact of nanoparticles in human serum and their degree of action on the complement cascade. This method has been used for a more fundamental study on complement activation pathways activated according to the architecture of nanoparticles surface.A second method for the study of complement activation produced by nanoparticles has been proposed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A chip allowing an automated screening of complement activation has been developed. This method was compared to other methods for complement activation study (2D immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA) and allowed the identification of bias during nanomedicine evaluation.Finally, an original approach for the characterization of nanomedicine’s surface architecture using proteins as molecular probes has been proposed. In this method, capillary electrophoresis has been used as analytical tool to allow a direct analysis of sample without preliminary nanoparticle removal step.Methods developed during this work can be applied to the characterization of nanomedicines and proposed as routine methods for quality control. A development of nanomedicines characterization in this direction constitute one of the lever for a more fruitful translation of nanomedicines entering in clinical phase
Le, Fournis Chloé. "Fibroblaste pulpaire et macrophage : un tandem gagnant qui contrôle l'inflammation et la régénération pulpaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191209_LEFOURNIS_578bgp721dj715zrhd683wp_TH%20(1).pdf.
Full textUpon pulp traumatic injuries or carious lesions, bacteria may infiltrate the dental pulp. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages are recruited to the infected/injured tissue and eliminate pathogens by phagocytosis. Once the infection is under control, the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages initiate the regeneration processes. The aim of this thesis is to understand the possible interaction between pulp fibroblasts, the most abundant cell population within the dental pulp, and macrophages leading to bacteria elimination and to the initiation of dentin-pulp regeneration. Our results show that pulp fibroblasts produce the Complement C3b fragment. This fragment acts as an opsonin by binding to salivary and cariogenic bacteria, thus inducing their phagocytosis by macrophages. When pulp fibroblasts are subjected to pathogens, they induce macrophage differentiation into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. This phenotype secretes pro-inflammatory factors, such as Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and carries out phagocytosis. The pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages also initiate the regeneration process by inducing dental pulp stem cell recruitment. When fibroblasts are injured without being subjected to pathogens, they promote the macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. M2 macrophages release anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), and induce dental pulp stem cell proliferation. In conclusion, pulp fibroblasts provide a major support to macrophages in bacteria elimination and represent a major actor in the dental pulp regeneration process. Thus, through their interaction with macrophages, fibroblasts regulate pulp inflammation and regeneration
Zohair, Abdellah. "Voie classique du système complémentaire : interaction entre C1q, et lipopolysaccharides d'un mutant heptose- d'Escherichia coli K-12." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10154.
Full textCarvalho, Luiz M. "Méthodes du complément de Schur préconditionnées dans des environnements à mémoire distribuée." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT083H.
Full textDruart, Mélanie. "Altérations de la connectivité corticale au cours de périodes critiques du développement." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS075.pdf.
Full textThe early stages of brain development are largely determined by genetic programs. After birth, neuronal connections become susceptible to remodeling in response to changes in the environment. This plasticity culminates during specific time windows termed critical periods. The underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In my thesis, I studied the mechanisms underlying network plasticity during two critical periods in mice: the critical period of ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex and the critical period of synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex. In a first study, I studied the properties of excitatory synapses in PV interneurons of the visual cortex during postnatal development. My results suggest that the developmental regulation of GRIP1 protein expression in PV interneurons governs the composition of AMPA receptors and homeostatic synaptic plasticity, and may play a role in the opening of the critical period in the visual cortex. In a second study, I investigated the consequences of high expression of the C4 complement gene, which in humans predisposes to schizophrenia, on cortical maturation. I showed that overexpression of C4 in the prefrontal cortex causes several phenotypes that in humans have been associated with schizophrenia: loss of dendritic spines, changes in transmission carried by NMDA receptors, alterations in GABAergic transmission and deficits in working memory
Garlatti, Virginie. "Systèmes effecteurs de l'immunité innée : reconnaissance et voies de signalisation." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10073.
Full textThe innate immune system triggers inflammatory defences against pathogens or dangerous cells but is also involved in the tolerogenic removal of apoptotic cells. Target recognition is mediated by a wide range of soluble or membrane proteins. Among them are the essential complement recognition proteins: mannose-binding lactin, C1q and ficolins. Whereas the structural recognition properties of mannose-binding lectin BL have been extensively studied, the corresponding properties of ficolins and C1q with their ligands had to be deciphered at the atomic level. This was thus the aim of the first part of the project presented here. This was experimentally studied through the X-ray structural analysis of the corresponding ficolins and C1q recognition domains, alone or in complex with several cognate ligands. We have shown that H- and M- ficolins possess only one binding site, conserved among fibrinogen-like domains. This conserved site does not seem to be active in L-ficolin, but new binding sites were discovered instead, defining a larger surface of recognition more suitable to the binding of elongated polymers. Interestingly, we also found a new binding site for phosphoserine in C1q. We also provided evidence for two unique properties of M-ficolin: the binding of Neu5Ac, a classical self-marker, and a pH-dependent conformational switch of the binding site. As recognition properties of a few recognition proteins do not explain the different behaviour of immune cells with altered-self debris, we initiated a new project to understand signalling pathways in phagocytes during apoptotic cells removal. Many data suggest that a GEF complex: ELMO/DOCK is common to many pathways activated by apoptotic cells recognition and is also a point of regulation. My work in this second project was to initiate the setup of cellular tools to study the behaviour of this complex in different model cell lines. I developed quantitative phagocytic tests and also tools for detection and surexpression of ELMO1 in different cells lines. We also observed the re-localisation of cellular ELMO1 in the phagocytic cup
Mendez, Isabelle de. "Effets de l'empoussiérage à la silice sur des systèmes de défenses spécifiques (anticorps) et non spécifiques (complément et péroxydase) contre une infection grippale chez le hamster." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120040.
Full textLemay, Michel, and Michel Lemay. "Impact d'une ration contaminée par des mycotoxines de Fusarium sur la réponse immunitaire systémique et mucosale et la possible capacité de compléments antioxydants à rétablir le statut immunitaire de porcelets sevrés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27602.
Full textCe mémoire cherche à évaluer les effets du déoxynivalénol (DON) sur le système immunitaire systémique et mucosale de porcelets sevrés et d’évaluer la capacité de trois types d’antioxydants à rétablir le statut immunitaire de ces porcelets. Des porcelets ont été nourris avec l’une de six rations expérimentales : un témoin (< 0.8 mg/kg de DON); une ration contaminée au DON (3 mg/kg); un traitement contaminé par DON contenant des compléments de vitamines A, C et E; un traitement contaminé par DON contenant un complément de sélénium organique et de levures enrichies en glutathion (GSH); un traitement contaminé par DON contenant un complément de quercétine (provenant d’extrait d’oignons) et un traitement contaminé par DON contenant une combinaison des trois compléments précédents. Des prises de sang ont été effectuées afin de déterminer la concentration de cytokines, d’haptoglobine, la réponse anticorps à l’ovalbumine, les différentes populations de leucocytes et l’activité phagocytaire. Les porcelets ont été euthanasiés après 16 jours de traitements afin de récolter des échantillons de jéjunum et d’iléon. Ces échantillons ont été utilisés afin de mesurer l’expression de certains gènes ayant un rôle immunitaire. La contamination par DON a diminué le pourcentage de cellules de lignées monocytes/macrophages comparé au témoin (P< 0.05), a affecté les populations de lymphocytes T helper et de cellules NK ainsi que la concentration d’haptoglobine suggérant un effet immunosuppresseur. Pour les antioxydants, le traitement DON + vitamines a seulement permis de restaurer la concentration d’haptoglobine, le traitement de DON + sélénium-GSH a induit une réponse pro-inflammatoire, en augmentant la concentration d’interleukine 1 (IL-1) et d’interféron-γ (INF-γ) dans le sang tandis que le traitement DON + quercétine a réduit la réaction inflammatoire causée par DON et à partiellement restauré le statut immunitaire des porcelets. Dans l'ensemble, la contamination au DON et les compléments alimentaires en antioxydants ont modulé les fonctions immunitaires de porcelets sevrés alimentés avec des rations contaminées par DON.
This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on systemic and mucosal immune systems of weanling pigs, and to evaluate the capacity of three antioxidant supplements to restore the immune status of these piglets. Piglets were fed with one of six dietary treatments: a control diet (< 0.8 mg/kg of DON), a DON contaminated diet (3 mg/kg); a DON contaminated diet supplemented with vitamins A, C, and E; a DON contaminated diet supplemented with organic selenium and a glutathione (GSH) enriched yeast; a DON contaminated diet supplemented with quercetin (from onion extract) and a DON contaminated diet supplemented with a combination of all three previous supplements. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein to determine cytokines, haptoglobin, antibody response to ovalbumin, different leukocyte populations and phagocytosis activity. Piglets were euthanized after 16 days of treatment for jejunum and ileum sampling. These intestinal samples were used to measure the expression of genes involved in regulation of immune response. The DON contamination lowered the monocyte/macrophage lineage cell population percentage compared to control (P< 0.05), it also affected the lymphocyte T helper population, the NK cell population and the haptoglobin concentration suggesting an immunosuppressive effect. For the dietary antioxidant supplement, the DON + vitamin treatment only had an effect on restoring haptoglobin concentration; the DON + selenium-GSH treatment induced a pro-inflammatory reaction by increasing IL-1 and IFN-γ concentration in the peripheral blood and T memory lymphocyte populations while the DON + quercetin treatment reduced the inflammation effect of DON and partially restored the immune status of the piglets fed DON contaminated diet. Globally, DON contamination and dietary antioxidant supplementation did modulate immune function of pigs fed DON contaminated diet. However, further studies are required to determine their potential to mitigate the effect of DON on innate and acquired immunity.
This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on systemic and mucosal immune systems of weanling pigs, and to evaluate the capacity of three antioxidant supplements to restore the immune status of these piglets. Piglets were fed with one of six dietary treatments: a control diet (< 0.8 mg/kg of DON), a DON contaminated diet (3 mg/kg); a DON contaminated diet supplemented with vitamins A, C, and E; a DON contaminated diet supplemented with organic selenium and a glutathione (GSH) enriched yeast; a DON contaminated diet supplemented with quercetin (from onion extract) and a DON contaminated diet supplemented with a combination of all three previous supplements. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein to determine cytokines, haptoglobin, antibody response to ovalbumin, different leukocyte populations and phagocytosis activity. Piglets were euthanized after 16 days of treatment for jejunum and ileum sampling. These intestinal samples were used to measure the expression of genes involved in regulation of immune response. The DON contamination lowered the monocyte/macrophage lineage cell population percentage compared to control (P< 0.05), it also affected the lymphocyte T helper population, the NK cell population and the haptoglobin concentration suggesting an immunosuppressive effect. For the dietary antioxidant supplement, the DON + vitamin treatment only had an effect on restoring haptoglobin concentration; the DON + selenium-GSH treatment induced a pro-inflammatory reaction by increasing IL-1 and IFN-γ concentration in the peripheral blood and T memory lymphocyte populations while the DON + quercetin treatment reduced the inflammation effect of DON and partially restored the immune status of the piglets fed DON contaminated diet. Globally, DON contamination and dietary antioxidant supplementation did modulate immune function of pigs fed DON contaminated diet. However, further studies are required to determine their potential to mitigate the effect of DON on innate and acquired immunity.
Grattone, Marisa Lidia. "Étude du rôle des récepteurs du complément de type 1 (CR1/CD35) et de type 2 (CR2/CD21) dans l'internalisation et la localisation intracellulaire des ligands." Grenoble 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10075.
Full textLinel, Patrice. "Méthodes de décomposition de domaines en temps et en espace pour la résolution de systèmes d'EDOs non-linéaires." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721037.
Full textMerlet, Benoît. "Sur quelques équations aux dérivées partielles et leur analyse numérique." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112162.
Full textIn this thesis, four Partial Differential Equations of different nature are studied, numerically or/and theoretically. The first part deals with non-conservative hyperbolic systems in one space dimension. In the case of non-conservative hyperbolic systems, several definitions of shock waves exist in the literature, in this paper, we propose and study a new, very simple one in the case of genuinely non-linear fields. The second part is concerned with the Harmonic Map flow. We build solutions to the harmonic map flow from the unit disk into the unit sphere which have constant degree, in a co-rotational symmetric frame. First we prove the existence of such solutions, using a time semi-discrete scheme then we compute numerically these solutions by a moving-mesh method which allows us to deal with the singularities. The third part deals with the initial-and-boundary value problem for the Kadomtse-Petviashvili II equation posed on a strip with a Dirichlet left boundary condition and two kinds of conditions on the right boundary. Moreover we treat the case of the half plane and we show a result of convergence. In the last part, we investigate by numerical means a conjecture proposed by Guy David about the existence of a new Global Minimizer for the Mumford-Shah Functional in R^3. We are led to study a spectral problem for the Laplace operator with Neumann boundary conditions on a two dimensional subdomain of the sphere S^2 with reentrant corners. In particular, we have to compute the first eigenvector of this operator and accurate approximations of the singular coefficients of this eigenvector at each corner. For that we use the Singular Complement Method
Linel, Patrice. "Méthodes de décomposition de domaines en temps et en espace pour la résolution de systèmes d’EDOs non-linéaires." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10102/document.
Full textComplexification of multi-physics modeling leads to have to simulate systems of ordinary differential equations and algebraic differential equations with increasingly large numbers of unknowns and over large times of simulation. In addition the evolution of parallel computing architectures requires other ways of parallelization than the decomposition of system in subsystems. In this work, we propose to design domain decomposition methods in time for the resolution of EDO. We reformulate the initial value problem in a boundary values problem on the symmetrized time interval, under the assumption of reversibility of the flow. We develop two methods, the first connected with a Schur complement method, the second based on a Schwarz type method for which we show convergence, being able to be accelerated by the Aitken method within the linear framework. In order to accelerate the convergence of the latter within the non-linear framework, we introduce the techniques of extrapolation and of acceleration of the convergence of non-linear sequences. We show the advantages and the limits of these techniques. The obtained results lead us to develop the acceleration of the method of the type Schwarz by a Newton method. Finally we investigate non-linear matching conditions adapted to the domain decomposition of nonlinear problems. We make use of the port-Hamiltonian formalism, resulting from the control field, to deduce the matching conditions in the framework of the shallow-water equation and the non-linear heat equation. After an analytical study of the convergence of the DDM associated with these conditions of transmission, we propose and study a formulation of augmented Lagrangian under the assumption of separability of the constraint
Gaidamour, Jérémie. "Conception d'un solveur linéaire creux parallèle hybride direct-itératif." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00456605.
Full textVázquez, Guevara Víctor Hugo. "Asymptotical results for models ARX in adaptive tracking." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14032/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to asymptotical results for ARX models in adaptive tracking. It is divided into four parts. The first part is a short introduction on ARMAX models together with a state of the art on the main results in the literature on adaptive tracking. The second part deals with a new concept of strong controllability for ARX models in adaptive tracking. This new notion allows us to extend the previous convergence results. We prove the almost sure convergence for both least squares and weighted least squares algorithms. We also establish a central limit theorem and a law of iterated logarithm for these two algorithms. The third part is dedicated to ARX models that are not strongly controllable. Thanks to a persistently excited adaptive tracking control, we show that it is possible to get rid of the strong controllability assumption. The fourth part deals with the asymptotic behaviour of the Durbin-Watson statistic for ARX models in adaptive tracking via a martingale approach
Gaidamour, Jérémie. "Conception d’un solveur linéaire creux parallèle hybride direct-itératif." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13904/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a parallel resolution method for sparse linear systems which combines effectively techniques of direct and iterative solvers using a Schur complement approach. A domain decomposition is built ; the interiors of the subdomains are eliminated by a direct method in order to use an iterative method only on the interface unknowns. The system on the interface (Schur complement) is solved thanks to an iterative method preconditioned by a global incomplete factorization. A special ordering on the Schur complement allows to build a scalable preconditioner. Algorithms minimizing the memory peak that appears during the construction of the preconditioner are presented. The memory is balanced thanks to a multiple domains per processors parallelization scheme. The methods are implemented in the HIPS solver and parallel experimental results are presented on large industrial test cases
Decroix, Lieselot. "Cocoa flavanols, exercise and the brain." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S004/document.
Full textSports performance depends on physical factors, but also on cognitive functioning. Nutritional supplements as potential ergogenic aids can impact muscle, but also the brain. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have antioxidant capacities, can stimulate vascular function, and potentially enhance cognitive function. CF intake might thus improve exercise performance and recovery by reducing oxidative stress, increasing NO availability and/or boosting cognitive function. It is the purpose of this PhD to identify the effects of CF on physical and cognitive performance in healthy athletes at sea level and altitude, as well as in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our systematic review showed that CF can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, but without improving exercise performance. Combining CF intake and exercise training improves cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function in healthy and overweight participants, but evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation and fat and glucose metabolism is lacking.In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind cross-over study, we showed that 900 mg CF intake increased prefrontal oxygenation in athletes, but without affecting executive function. BDNF was not affected by CF intake. The effects of high-intensity exercise largely overruled the effects of CF intake: large beneficial effects of exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and cognitive function were observed and CF supplementation did not enlarge these effects. In a 2nd study, the effect of acute CF intake (530 mg CF) on performance on a demanding cognitive test was assessed in normoxia and hypoxia (simulated altitude 4000 m). Electroencephalogram and fNIRS were used to analyse neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes. Acute CF intake improved the neurovascular response, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Most cognitive functions, the cerebrovascular response and neuronal activity, were not altered in hypoxia in healthy subjects. In a 3rd study, we found that acute intake of 900 mg CF enhanced cognitive performance on the Flanker test in patients with type 1 diabetes, and their healthy matched controls. CF intake increased the BOLD response in brain areas activated during this specific task. While cognitive performance was not deteriorated in patients with type 1 diabetes, a different brain activation pattern during the cognitive task was observed, compared to healthy controls and this brain activation pattern was altered by CF intake. To conclude, acute CF intake improves prefrontal oxygenation and cerebrovascular responsiveness. This can be associated with better cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes, but does not result in improved executive function in healthy persons. Compared to exercise, the magnitude of the CF-induced neurovascular changes is small.Two studies were conducted examining the effects of CF on exercise-induced oxidative stress, NO availability and its implications for exercise performance, in well-trained cyclists. We found that acute CF (900 mg) improved the exercise-induced increase in total antioxidant capacity, but did not reduce the exercise-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. One week CF intake (530 mg CF) improved vascular function at rest, and prefrontal oxygenation at rest and during low-intensity exercise, but did not influence muscular oxygenation. One week CF intake partially restored the hypoxia-induced decline in prefrontal oxygenation during rest and low-intensity exercise, but not during high-intensity exercise. One week CF intake reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but did not alter total antioxidant capacity. Both acute and 1-week CF intake did not improve exercise performance and recovery and do not change NO production during exercise (in normoxia and hypoxia) in well-trained athletes
Haidar, Azzam. "Sur l'extensibilité parallèle de solveurs linéaires hybrides pour des problèmes tridimensionels de grandes tailles." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347948.
Full textMartel, Catherine. "Activation du système du complément dans les syndromes coronariens aigus." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15286.
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