Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Système nerveux central – Dégénérescence'
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Drouin-Ouellet, Janelle. "DÉGÉNÉRESCENCE NEURONALE ET NEUROINFLAMMATION : IDENTIFICATION DE NOUVEAUX ACTEURS POTENTIELS." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29303/29303.pdf.
Full textEyoum, Jong Laura. "Développement d'un ribozyme spécifique à l'ARNm de Tau pour contrer les Tauopathies." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34496.
Full textOne of the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease and Tauopathies is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). NFT consist in intracellular aggregation of the abnormally hyperphophorylated protein Tau. Several studies have shown that NFT are associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that decreasing the level of Tau protein could prevent cognitive deficits in mouse models. Based on these studies, our hypothesis is that reducing the level of total Tau in the brain could decrease NFTs and delay the pathology. Our objective is to design a molecule that will target directly Tau mRNA instead of the hyperphosphorylated protein. We developed a modified delta-ribozyme, the SOFA (Specific On/Off Adaptor) ribozyme, which is able to cleave the Tau mRNA. Our ribozyme is composed of three components: the blocker, the biosensor, and the effector. We have designed delta-ribozymes that target constitutive exons of Tau mRNA as well as the exon 10 specific of Tau 4R. Therefore, we can target all the Tau isoforms. In this project, we first synthesized the delta-ribozyme by molecular cloning and we confirmed its effect by in vitro cleavage. Secondly, by transfecting it in neuronal cells we characterized its effects on Tau mRNA by RT-PCR. Finally, we produced AAV viruses and infected neuronal cells and characterized its effects on Tau mRNA by RT-PCR. This therapeutic approach is based on specificity and efficiency of the SOFA-ribozymes, which identify and cut the Tau mRNA. Thus, in this project we identified ribozymes 350 and 395 as potential good candidates able to cleave the Tau mRNA.
Montagne, Axel. "L'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène dans le système nerveux central : de la neuroprotection à l'imagerie moléculaire." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3137.
Full textFibrinolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the only approved treatment in the acute phase of stroke. However, many experimental studies plead for a pro-excitotoxic effect of tPA on neurons. Through experimental studies, we demonstrated that tPA has pro-neurotoxic effects by interacting with GluN-2D-containing extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. We show that, during thrombolysis, the use of antagonists (UBP145 or memantine) specifically targeting NMDA receptors involved in the pro-excitotoxic effect of tPA would be an efficient adjunctive strategy. Molecular imaging allows early revealing and analyzing molecular events accompanying diseases that conventional imaging often evidences too late. Among contemporary methods of imaging, MRI has the unique advantage to be non-invasive and to provide a high spatial resolution. From this observation, we developed and optimized molecular imaging of endothelial activation with a contrast agent targeting molecules associated with inflammation, especially VCAM-1. Our works show that it is possible to evaluate inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) with non-invasive and semi-quantitative manners, and a high sensitivity. This approach would allow selecting patients the most likely to benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke
Bellavance, Marc-André. "Rôles des monocytes patrouilleurs en contextes neuropathologiques : élucidation de nouvelles fonctions neuroprotectrices." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25311.
Full textThe functional interplay between the central and peripheral immune systems is instrumental for preserving the CNS homeostasis. In neuropathological contexts, the reciprocal actions of peripheral and central immune cells orchestrate adaptive changes allowing the CNS to cope with the encountered stress, and eventually restore the homeostatic state. During the last decade, myeloid cells have emerged as key therapeutic targets for many autoimmune, neurodegenerative and even psychiatric diseases. Many disease susceptibility variants associated to myeloid cells were identified, but the precise functions assumed by monocytes have remained mostly elusive. The two studies described herein report on the pivotal role of patrolling monocytes in supporting neuronal surival during excitotoxicity, as well as eliminating Ab peptides from the CNS in a transgenic murine model of Alzheimer’s disease. In the first study, we show in mice that monocytes temporarily engraft the brain following a local excitotoxic insult induced by the glutamate analog kainate. Circulating levels of patrolling monocytes are also profoundly altered following the administration of the excitotoxin, and the targeted deletion of patrolling monocytes significantly compromised neuronal survival. Moreover, the extent of neuronal death negatively correlated with levels of patrolling monocytes in the blood. In the second study, we demonstrate that patrolling monocytes are selectively attracted to Ab-laden veins in the cerebral cortex of adult APP/PS1 mice. These monocytes do not crawl on the luminal side of Ab-positive arteries or Ab-free blood vessels. Interestingly, patrolling monocytes carry intracellular loads of Ab in veins, and eventually circulate back to the bloodstream. The selective removal of patrolling monocytes significantly increased Ab load in the brain. Therefore, our results indicate that patrolling monocytes are strategically positionned to promote neuronal survival following kainate administration and abate cerebral levels of Ab in APP/PS1 mice. These findings open new research and therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer’s disease as well as neuropathological disorders implicating excitotoxicity.
Vaur, Pauline Magda Marie. "Caractérisation des effets protecteurs du NAD+ et du Nicotinamide Riboside lors de la dégénérescence axonale dans le système nerveux central : Implications dans les processus neurodégénératifs." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066594/document.
Full textSynaptic and axonal degeneration (AxD) are major events in neurodegenerative diseases. Levels of NAD+, an important coenzyme for axonal integrity, are strongly reduced in different degeneration models so enhancing cellular NAD+ is one of the numerous therapeutic strategies against neuronal pathologies. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a good NAD+ precursor as it has already been shown to delay AxD in peripheral nervous system (PNS) and extracellular NAD+ conversion to NR was previously described in cell lines and in PNS. During my thesis project, we analyzed the role of NR metabolism to prevent degeneration processes in cortical neurons. Using an excitotoxicity model developed in microfluidic devices, we showed for the first time that both NAD+ and NR delay AxD in cortical neurons, with a more potent effect for NR. We confirm this differential effect in an in vivo ischemic model. Moreover, NR effect is mainly restricted to the axonal compartment and intracellular NAD+ depletion is reverted after NR application, suggesting that axonal integrity is totally dependent on NAD+ local metabolism. Furthermore, in a complete NAD+ depletion paradigm, NAD+ and NR have surprisingly the same strong effect, protecting equally neuronal death and AxD. Examination of the extracellular pathway suggest that NAD+ conversion to NR is limited in excitotoxicity but effective in the NAD+ depletion model. These results reveal that NR and NAD+ metabolism depend on the neurotoxic paradigm. Our results demonstrate that NR has a strong and local neuroprotective effect on AxD in several neurotoxic processes. These findings open new therapeutic strategies to prevent neurodegenerative diseases
Steverlynck, Céline. "Etude de l'expression et du trafic de la PrPc dans des cellules épithéliales d'origine intestinale : internalisation de protéine prion exogène." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05P608.
Full textSimard, Alain. "Le rôle des cellules microgliales and les maladies neurodégénératives = : The role of microglia in neurodegenerative disease." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18341.
Full textViotti, Julien. "Contribution de la fonction transcriptionnelle de la parkine dans les maladies du système nerveux central : études des maladies d'Alzheimer, de Parkinson et des cancers cérébraux." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4085/document.
Full textGliomas are the most common form of brain tumor, the etiology of which remains unknown. Several epidemiological studies have shown the existence of a correlation between neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumor. We hypothesis that these two pathology share common molecular denominators. Here I study the role of parkin (PK) an ubiquitin ligase responsible of early onset Parkinson diseases. Several arguments support the involvement of PK in glioma. Studies have shown that PK expression is alterated in many types of cancers. PK is also a transcription factor which can bind to p53 DNA and inhibits its transcription. P53 is a tumor suppressor often find inactivate in cancers (50%). There is evidence of specific somatic mutations found in glioma. My work was organize according to three axes 1- PK and Alzheimer disease: PK activates préséniline 1 expression and inhibits préséniline 2. 2- PK through XBP-1 regulates p53, a transcription factor activated by reticulum stress, which in turn regulates the expression of DJ-1. 3- PK and Glioma: There is a decrease in parkin expression that can be correlated to p53 expression increase in glioma biopsies. I show that p53 is able to activate PK synthesis, a mechanism abolish by p53 mutations in tumors
Guillemain, Isabelle. "Etude du rôle de la protéine Bcl-x dans le développement neuronal. Utilisation d'un modèle cellulaire, la lignée humaine Ntera2." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20067.
Full textViollet-Grenet, Cécile. "Somatostatine et développement du système nerveux central." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA11T041.
Full textDietrich, Andrée-Carole. "Effets de l'adénosine sur le système nerveux central." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P165.
Full textFarár, Vladimir. "Adaptation du système nerveux central à l’absence d’acétylcholinestérase." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066490.
Full textAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) effectively hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh). The inhibition of AChE is generally lethal and mice without AChE in all tissues (AChE KO) have severe impairments. In the brain, AChE is anchored in the plasma membrane by proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA), while in the muscles, AChE is anchored by collagen Q (ColQ) in the basal lamina. We report here that the PRIMA KO mice, in which AChE is essentially eliminated in the brain, show very little changes in behavior despite an excess of ACh in the brain and adaptation of ACh receptors comparable to those seen in AChE KO mice. Moreover, when AChE cannot interact with ColQ and PRIMA, the phenotype resembles that of AChE KO mice, but the biochemical changes in the brain are similar to those in PRiMA KO mice. PRiMA KO mice also differ from other AChE-deficit mice strains in their responses to AChE inhibitor. Our results suggest that AChE in the peripheral tissues is the major target of AChE inhibitors and AChE absence in the peripheral tissues is the leading cause of the phenotype of AChE KO mice
Magnaudeix, Amandine. "Autophagie dans le système nerveux central et neuroprotections." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f8750ab0-942b-4d05-b301-eb326ff206c1/blobholder:0/2011LIMO310A.pdf.
Full textMacroautophagy is one of the major catabolic routes in the eukaryotic cell. This process plays an important role in the protein homeostasis maintenance. Presence of protein aggregates in the brain are a common characteristic of most of neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, these aggregates consist in extracellular deposits of amyloid-! peptide and intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau. Whether these anbnormalities are directly involved in pathogenesis or are a consequence is not yet established. During aging, which is a major risk factor for appearance of neurodegenerative diseases, catabolic pathway activity is down-regulated. Abolition of autophagy in the mouse CNS is sufficient to cause the neurodegeneration and intraneuronal protein inclusion formation. Autophagy induction in vitro and in vivo protects against pathological protein overexpression. Consequently, autophagy can be considered as a neuroprotective mechanism. During this work, we showed that basal autophagic activity was low in neurons when compared to astrocytes, leading us to emit the hypothesis that this low autophagic activity could be a neuronal intrinsic property contributing to protein aggregate accumulation during development of neurodegenerative pathologies. Autophagy induction being neuroprotective, we characterised the pro-autophagic properties of an anti-fungal molecule, Amphotericin B (AmB) in cell lines and rat neuronal primary cultures where its effect is moderate. However, AmB neuroprotective capacities need to be determined. Beside, we showed that pharmacological or molecular inactivation of PP2A in primary cortical neuronal cultures, inhibited autophagy in early stages of the process associated with the formation of intraneuronal p62- and ubiquitin-positive inclusions. Moreover, PP2A inhibition leaded to abnormalities of LC3-I distribution, key protein of the autophagic core machinery, between soluble- and insoluble-Triton X-100 fractions. Significance of this maldistribution as well as the molecular mechanisms of PP2A involvement in regulation of autophagy remain to be determined. These data are important since they provide links between three pathological features observed in Alzheimer’s disease : down-regulation of PP2A, autophagy abnormalities and protein aggregation
Belkadi, Abdelmadjid. "Allogreffes et xenogreffes de tissu nerveux central embryonnaire dans le système nerveux central du rat adulte." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S024.
Full textRaymond-Delpech, Valérie. "Etudes électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques des récepteurs glutamatergiquesmétabotropes et ionotropes du système nerveux central des invertébrés." Angers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ANGE0010.
Full textUsing the intracellular double-microelectrode technique and the patch-clamp technique, it was possible to study the glutamatergic receptors expressed in the xenopus oocyte and those present on the membrane of isolated neurons called dorsal unpaired median (dum) neurons of the cockroach periplaneta americana. The co-expression in the xenopus oocyte of the metabotropic glutamatergic receptor dmglura from the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system and the human and mouse girk channels was studied and shown to be activated by glutamate and ly354740, and blocked by two group ii metabotropic glutamatergic receptor antagonists, mccg and apica. The coupling of this receptor to girk channels is via a pertussis toxin-sensitive g protein. The existence of a glutamatergic receptor was also revealed on dum neurons. In this study, two inward currents activating for hyperpolarisations were characterised. An irk inward current sensitive to cscl, bacl 2 and tea and a calcium ion dependent chloride inward current. This current is blocked by intracellular sits and dids and by zncl 2. It is blocked in the presence of intracellular bapta and an extracellular solution devoid of calcium ion. The metabotropic glutamatergic receptor may be coupled to irk-type channels. Two ionotropic chloride ion-dependent receptors (glucl), one sensitive and the other resistant to picrotoxin (ptx), were also characterised. The ptx-sensitive receptor was blocked by bidn and fipronil and activated by ibotenate. These results are different from those obtained after expression in the xenopus oocyte of the glucl receptor (glc-3) from the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. The latter is insensitive to picrotoxinin but is blocked by bidn and fipronil
Dussaix, Élisabeth. "Interféron-alpha et infections virales du système nerveux central." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114837.
Full textAhmed, Mashal. "Rôle neuroprotecteur de APRIL dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV055.
Full textChondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) are major constituents of the extracellular matrix, and are well established as obstacles to neural regeneration and remyelination in the central nervous system. As such, they are promising targets for therapy in neurological pathologies where repair is impaired, such as spinal cord injuries, and multiple sclerosis. Since CSPG mediate their inhibitory functions by interacting with signalling protein partners through their variably-sulfated chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, blocking these epitopes presents a path to promoting repair. The aim of this study is to evaluate a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) as an agent to block the inhibitory effects of CSPG. We show that different CS types interact with a wide variety of inhibitory proteins, and that these interactions are blocked by APRIL. In cortical cultures, APRIL abolished the inhibitory effects of CS on the outgrowth of neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. APRIL also promoted remyelination in an ex vivo organotypic model of demyelination, where CSPG are upregulated. Altogether, we demonstrate the potential of a recombinant APRIL for releasing the brakes on repair in the CNS
Gras, Christelle. "Hétérogénéité des neurones glutamatergiques dans le système nerveux central." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066510.
Full textGrassin, Deloire Mathilde. "Stratégies thérapeutiques des lésions démyélinisantes du système nerveux central." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28717.
Full textBelhouachi, Nabila. "Sélection antigénique dans les lymphomes du système nerveux central." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC216.
Full textPrimary vitroretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a high-grade lymphoma considered as a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Unusual localization is a feature of these rare entities. The vast majority of cases are diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mostly of activated B-cell (ABC). To investigate whether PVRLs display a specific IG repertoire contributing to explain their unusual localization, we analysed in detail the IG heavy and light chain sequences from PVRL and PCNSL cases, and we compared their repertoire to that of a publicly available IG heavy chain sequences dataset from systemic ABC-type DLBCLs. Our study was carried out on the largest PVRL series reported to date and showed that PVRL displayed a strikingly biased repertoire as the IGHV4-34 gene was used in 63.6% of cases. The frequency was significantly higher in PVRL compared to PCNSL and DLBCL. This gene has been repeatedly found to be preferentially used in various B-cell malignancies, but never to such an extent. Half of PVRL cases expressing the IGHV3-7 gene had stereotyped VH CDR3 features (subset). Altogether our data showed that PVRLs display a very biased IG repertoire strongly suggesting that antigen selection plays a major role in their development. Thus, PVRL display a highly restricted IG repertoire indicative of antigen selection, and distinct from that of PCNSL. Antigen(s) identification may provide promising perspectives in physiopathology concepts and therapeutic approaches
Guérit, Sylvaine. "Rôles des facteurs angiogéniques dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14713/document.
Full textThe nervous and the vascular systems share similarities (branching points, afferent/efferent parts …) and are closely connected during development and pathology.In the first part of this project, we questioned whether the pro-angiogenic key factor VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), which promotes new blood vessels formation, can directly interact with neural networks while nervous and vascular systems are developing. In the present study, using an electrophysiological approach, we focused on the effect of VEGF on embryonic spinal lumbar motoneurons (MNs). Our results demonstrate that VEGF increases the frequency of the GABA/glycinergic events at early developmental stages (E13.5 and E15.5) but not at the perinatal stage E17.5. Our data highlight a new role for VEGF which can control both the maturation of the vascular and neuronal networks and may likely be involved in early MNs degeneration.In the second part, we focused on glioblastoma, the most agressive form of brain cancer. Our results show that inhibition of IRE1 (Inositol Requiring-Enzyme 1, stress sensor of endoplasmic reticulum) leads to formation of smaller, less vascularized, more invasive tumors with a better prognosis. We also observe that tumoral microenvironnement is altered (reactive astrogliosis, extracellular matrix) and expression of several growth factors like TGFß is modified
Reix, Stéphanie. "Ré-évaluation des mécanismes de mort cellulaire programmée associée à la maladie d'Alzheimer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22086.pdf.
Full textParsi, Sepideh. "miRNAs as therapeutic agents in neurodegeneration : a pilot study." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27008.
Full textFailure at different clinical trials emphasizes the need for developing new therapeutics for Alzheimer disease (AD) as the most common cause of dementia. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are the most studied groups of non-coding RNAs and have a critical role in modulating multiple signaling pathways and fine-tuning gene expression. Supporting evidence from other studies, including host lab, suggest that multiple members of the miR-15/107 family (miR-15ab, miR-16, miR-195, miR-424, and miR-497) could be used as therapeutic agents in AD. The potential ability of this miRNA family to modify disease pathway by multiple targeting of AD-associated genes such as Amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site amyloid-β precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and microtubule-associated protein Tau is of attention. Based on documented results in this study I chose miR-16 as candidate therapeutic miRNA in AD. This choice is based on data obtain from cells and in vitro luciferase assay indicating the role of this miRNA in the simultaneous regulation of APP, BACE1 (directly by targeting 3’UTR of these genes). Decrease in Tau phosphorylation and amyloid beta peptides were further observed following increased miR-16 levels. Furthermore, I validated these results in vivo by delivering miR-16 oligos using Osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously to deliver oligos to lateral ventricles of mouse brain also providing a wide distribution of these oligos. Expression of desired protein targets was measured by western blot and qPCR in different brain regions. Results demonstrated a context-dependent action of delivered miR-16 increase on the potential AD involved targets in mouse brain. These results were complemented by proteomics study of Brainstem and Hippocampus regions. Data indicated the potential regulation of other proteins by miR-16 in vivo such as α-Synuclein in Brainstem and Transferrin receptor1 and SRm300 in Hippocampus. The increase in miR-16 levels in vivo and in vitro was sufficient to downregulate the protein product of these genes confirmed by western blot. Enrichment study predicted oxidative stress and neurodegeneration as top terms in close connection with miR-16. This work provided a proof-of-principle for possibility and efficiency of miRNA replacement based therapeutics delivered to CNS using miR-16 a member of the miR-15/107 family. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of AD-related genes could have important implications for sporadic AD, which accounts for more than 95% of all cases with no effective therapy available. Multi-target therapy by non-coding RNA in AD is an emerging concept that would have the potential to change the way that therapeutics is developed for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases with complex nature and no effective therapy available.
Blanchette, Andréanne. "Adaptation locomotrice suite à une lésion du système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29212/29212.pdf.
Full textPersons affected by walking deficits following a central nervous system (CNS) lesion are aware of how complex the neural control of walking can be. Indeed, walking deficits often persist even after rehabilitation. Among these deficits, adaptation of the walking pattern to meet varied environmental demands, such as walking on a sandy beach or in snow, becomes more difficult. The main goal of this thesis was to use a paradigm consisting of walking in a perturbing environment to evaluate the residual adaptive capacity of a specific muscle group in persons who have sustained a CNS lesion. To meet this goal, however, a better understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in locomotor adaptation and learning was first necessary. The present thesis demonstrated that the muscle activation pattern of healthy subjects can be modified while walking with a perturbation applied to the lower limb and that these modifications persist temporarily after perturbation removal, suggesting the recalibration of central commands (Study 1). Furthermore, evidence of locomotor learning was observed when subjects were repeatedly exposed to a perturbation during walking (Study 2). The next study validated that it is possible to induce modifications in dorsiflexor activation of healthy subjects that may have a clinical impact on the walking pattern, by applying a specific perturbation at the ankle with a robotized ankle-foot orthosis during walking (Study 3). These modifications were also observed in some persons who sustained a spinal cord injury (Study 4) or a stroke (Study 5). Walking with a specific perturbation could be helpful to evaluate the residual adaptive capacity of ankle dorsiflexors in persons who have sustained a central nervous system lesion, and consequently, to guide decision-making for the selection of optimal rehabilitation interventions.
Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Awada, Rana. "Inflammation du tissu adipeux et vulnérabilité du système nerveux central." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783611.
Full textPiel, Clément. "Tumeurs du système nerveux central et expositions agricoles aux pesticides." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0466/document.
Full textIn the international literature, agricultural exposures to pesticides have been put forward as a key hypothesis to explain the excess of brain tumours observed in farmers. The aim of this thesis, based on data from the Agrican cohort, was to investigate the role of agricultural exposures to pesticides in the incidence of the main histological types of central nervous system tumours. With more than 180,000 participants followed since 2005, the Agrican cohort is one of the largest studies on health in agriculture. Internal comparisons adjusted for the main important confounders showed increases in risk among farmers, more pronounced risk among pesticide users, and with strong variations according to the types of crop and livestock farming. Following these initial analyses, work identified carbamate pesticides as a priority to study in relation to brain tumours. Next, further development of the Pestimat served to reconstitute the history of carbamate uses since 1950 in the main French agricultural contexts. After these intermediate steps, survival analyses conducted among Agrican participants showed increased risks of glioma and meningioma in farmers exposed to (dithio/thio)-carbamates, particularly with those recommended for use on vineyards, fruits, potatoes and beets. These findings reinforce the evidence of carcinogenicity among pesticides already suspected for other cancers, and draw attention to other active ingredients, less documented in the literature but relatively homogeneous in terms of chemical structures. Therefore, on the basis of these conclusions and with a public health objective in mind, it seems essential to pursue efforts to reduce farmers' exposure to pesticides
Bordeau-Lamiou, Valérie. "Lymphome primitif du système nerveux central au cours du sida." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M006.
Full textFechant, Gae͏̈lle. "Les effets de la caféine sur le système nerveux central." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P092.
Full textChiodini, Florence. "Effets des agents bloquants neuromusculaires sur le système nerveux central." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10218.
Full textCharrier, Emmanuelle. "Approche des fonctions des CRMPs dans le système nerveux central." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10023.
Full textSerguera-Lagache, Ché. "Stratégies de transfert de gène dans le système nerveux central." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077237.
Full textMériaux, Céline. "Imagerie du système nerveux central par spectrométrie de masse MALDI." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10059/document.
Full textIn recent years, MALDI mass spectrometric imaging has proved to be a powerful tool for biomarker research. This technology allows the analysis of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds in tissue sections. Many developments need to be undertaken to improve the detection of molecules. The sample preparation, including chemical treatment and deposition of the matrix, is dependent on the tissue and molecules of interest and influences the quality of spectra and images. In addition, the bioinformatics tools such as multivariate analysis provide informations on the markers according to phenotypes. These steps are crucial for imaging applications in the field of biology. First of all, we focused on the development of new matrices suitable for MALDI imaging such as ionic matrices. Secondly, these developments have been applied to the invertebrate model, the medicinal leech, at embryonic and adult stages, to compare the biological mechanisms involved in the establishment of the central nervous system and nerve regeneration after injury of this system. Finally, studies of neurological damage have been undertaken to understand the key factors involved in the balance regeneration/degeneration. Thus, studies of human hippocampi samples have revealed the existence of proteins associated with a particular distribution corresponding to layers of neurons abnormally present in the hippocampus of epileptic patients
Pallottini, Valentina. "Rôle de la voie mévalonate dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ096/document.
Full textThe mevalonate (MVA) pathway is an essential metabolic pathway that leads to the production of molecules important in several physiological processes and play pivotal roles in the brain. An imbalance of this pathway in CNS is accompanied by the onset of several neuropathological descriptions. Despite these observations, the physiological importance of this metabolic process in the brain has remained unclear. My aim was to study the presence and the regulation of the proteins involved in the MVA pathway in different rat brain areas in a sex- and age-dependent manner, to analyze the impact of the key enzymes on neuronal development and on rat behavior, and to explore whether the MVA pathway is affected in a neurodevelopmental disease such as autism. My results demonstrate that this metabolic process is expressed and modulated in a highly region-dependent manner and that age and sex induce physiological differences. Notably, it impact on behavior and neuronal development suggesting that this pathway may be considered as potential molecular target when designing novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these pathologies
Kannan, Meghna. "Etude du rôle de WDR47 dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ086/document.
Full textWD40-repeat (WDR) proteins are one of largest eukaryotic family, however little is known about their role in neurodevelopment. We investigated 26 WDR genes, and found 7 (Atg16l1, Coro1c, Dmxl2, Herc1, Kif21b, Wdr47, Wdr89) with a major impact in brain structure when inactivated in mice. We chose WDR47 for further investigation, as it is a completely unknown protein that shares striking domain similarity with LIS1. Using three independent model systems (mice, siRNA and yeast), we found an essential role of Wdr47 in survival, and key neuronal processes involving microtubule dynamics such as proliferation, autophagy and growth cone stabilization. Next we identified Reelin and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) as top interacting proteins of WDR47. Interestingly, a 200-kb duplication encompassing WDR47 was linked to poor coordination in one patient, recapitulating mouse behavioural anomalies. Together our data help unravel for the first time a key role of Wdr47 in brain
Krishnasamy, Senthil. "Le rôle du système immunitaire sur la modulation de la neurogènese suite à un accident aigu ou une maladie neurodégénérative chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27498.
Full textInteraction between neural progenitors and immune cells under pathological conditions is not well understood. Still now researchers debate role of innate immune cells in the regeneration of central nervous system following acute injury and neurodegeneration. Our aim is to investigate the role of Toll-like receptors in the modulation of neurogenesis followed by acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, is expressed by neural stem and progenitor cells. Nestin is considered as a potential marker for neurogenesis. The two neurogenic niches of the brain, sub ventricular zone (SVZ) and sub granular zone (SGZ) produce neural stem cells throught the life. We have characterized transgenic mice to study neurogenesis by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Our mouse model Nestin-luc/GFP mouse is an excellent tool to track the neural progenitors expression after stroke. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed that robust expression of nestin signal at 1 day, 3 days and 7 days following stroke. Toll like receptors are the member of pattern recognition receptors, they activated upon infection and injury. In recent years, expression of toll like receptors in neuronal cells is well established in the two neurogenic regions of the brain. Activation of TLR-2 signal has been observed previously by in vivo imaging followed by stroke. Stroke induced neurogenesis is well characterised in these two neurogenic regions. Secondly, we have studied the role of TLRs in the modulation of neurogenesis followed by ischemia. In the TLR2KO transgenic mice, following cerebral ischemia, neural progenitors population were declined in both neurogenic regions compared to the wild type mice indicating TLR2 is necessary for the survival of neural progenitors in the ischemic brain. TDP-43A315T is a transgenic mouse is valid mouse model of Fronto temporal dementia. The onset of symptom will start at the age of 7-8 months. In this mouse, we have seen the higher expression of TLR2 in comparison to the wild type mice. Regarding the pivotal role of TLR2 signalling in neurodegeneration, we have studied their impact on neurogenesis in the FTLD mouse model. In TLR-2 GFP/luc X TDP- 43A315T mice mouse model, TLR-2 expression was studied by in vivo imaging from 3months to 36 months. Longitudinal in vivo imaging showed an elevation of TLR2 signal in the pre-symptomatic phase of disease when compared to the post symptomatic transgenic mice. Next we have done an immunofluorescence analysis to estimate the NPGs population in the young and old mice. Up regulation of neurogenesis markers such as nestin, DCX and Ki-67 were observed in the young transgenic mice compared to the old mice which suggesting that TLR2 mediates the modulation of neurogenesis. In this thesis work first, we have developed a mouse model to study neurogenesis by in vivo imaging. Secondly we have showed the importance of TLR2 in the regulation of neurogenesis after ischemia induction. Finally, mediation of TLR2 in the neurodegeneration and neurogenesis was observed. Our results showed the importance of TLR2 signalling in the brain following acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
Mailliot, Christel. "La phosphorylation des isoformes de protéines tau : marqueurs de sous-populations neuronales vulnérables dans les maladies neurodégénératives de l'ischémie cérébrale." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-141.pdf.
Full textNos resultats suggerent que les sous-populations neuronales vulnerables des differentes mnd peuvent etre caracterisees par l'expression d'isoformes specifiques de proteines tau associee a un contenu particulier en kinases. Dans le modele canin d'ischemie cerebrale globale, apres l'ischemie, les sites critiques impliques dans l'interaction tau/microtubules ne retrouvent jamais leur niveau de phosphorylation, meme apres 24 heures de reperfusion, ce qui suggere un role des proteines tau dans le retablissement d'un cytosquelette neuronal intact et d'un transport axonal fonctionnel. Enfin, dans les cellules de neuroblastome humain, nous avons reproduit les consequences physiologiques de certaines mutations des dftp-17 : la surexpression de certaines isoformes de proteines tau sensibilise les cellules a la mort par apoptose. En conclusion, notre travail de these nous amene a proposer les proteines tau, et en particulier leur etat de phosphorylation, comme des marqueurs fiables de l'integrite/vulnerabilite neuronale dans differentes conditions pathologiques
Chehab, Ziad. "La sidérose superficielle du système nerveux central, à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23034.
Full textArtaud, Marie-Sylvie. "Atteintes du système nerveux central chez l'adulte au cours du sida." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25265.
Full textPerrier, Noël. "Expression et accumulation fonctionnelle de l'acétylcholinestérase dans le système nerveux central." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S030.
Full textAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists in various molecular forms, depending on alternative splicing and association with other proteins. In the brain, the major species consists of AChET tetramers anchored to the cell membrane of neurons by the PRiMA protein. We analyzed the mRNA expression of PRiMA in the mouse brain, which seems to represent a limiting factor for proper AChE accumulation. We also investigated the role of the C-terminal domain of AChET : its aromatic residues are implicated in folding, secretion and degradation of unassembled subunits. Stress and AChE inhibitors have been reported to induce the expression of the AChER variant, which produces a soluble monomer. We analysed AChE expression in the mouse brain after an immobilization stress and after heat shock in neuroblastoma cells, as well as after irreversible AChE inhibition. We observed a moderate increase of the expression of the AChER variant in some cases, but we did not detect the corresponding active enzyme in vivo
Mourre, Christiane. "Localisation de canaux ioniques dans le système nerveux central de mammifère." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4127.
Full textCoureau, Gaëlle. "Effets sanitaires des champs électromagnétiques et tumeurs du système nerveux central." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22104/document.
Full textContext. During the century, exposure to electromagnetic fields have increased with electricity and telecommunications facilities. In 2002, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans, followed by radiofrequencies in 2011. To date, this carcinogenic role remains controversial. We investigated the association between brain tumors and exposure to electromagnetic fields in a case-control study, CERENAT. Methods. Subjects over 16 years, living in four French areas, with a diagnosis of brain tumor in 2004-2006 were included, with 2 matched controls per case. The detailed occupational history and mobile telephone use were collected in a standardized questionnaire during a face- to-face interview to estimate exposure to ELF-EMF (using job-exposure matrix) and to radiofrequencies. Results. The study included 596 cases and 1192 controls. No association was observed between exposure to ELF-EMF and gliomas or meningiomas. For neuromas, the risk increased with exposure, not significantly, reaching an odds ratio (OR)=2.7 [0.8 - 9.0] for a life-long mean exposure ≥ 0.2 μT. Moreover, regular use of mobile phone (Y/ N) was not associated with brain tumor (OR=1.1 [0.8 - 1.4]). However, a significant association was observed for gliomas in the heaviest users when considering a life-long cumulative duration of calls ≥ 896 hours (OR=2.3 [1.4 - 3.8]). Risks were higher for temporal tumors, occupational or urban mobile phone use. Conclusion. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing an association between brain tumors and the extensive use of MP, and no association with exposure to ELF-EMF. However, the association between ELF-EMF and neuromas remains to be explored, as well as the follow of mobile phone effects in the long term
Nomaksteinsky, Marc Guillermo Ferrucio. "Contribution à une histoire évolutive du système nerveux des bilatétiens." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066333.
Full textIn the vertebrate nervous system, the somatic columns mediate tactile, auditory and visual sensations as well as movements of the body, allowing interactions with the outside world. The visceral columns, sensory and motor, regulate the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory and digestive organs, allowing the maintenance of the interior milieu. This duality is also found in the peripheral nervous system. The expression patterns of three groups of homeobox-containing transcription factors allow to distinguish each component and are almost entirely specific for them. I tested the ancestry of this viscero-somatic duality by cloning and characterizing by in situ hybridization the expression of the orthologues of these markers in two distant phyla. Among hemichordate deuterostomes, I revealed, in the enteropneust worm Ptychodera flava, the presence of a bona fide central nervous system, contradicting an old dogma established in the debate on the origin of the central nervous system. In the molluscan protostomes, the function (somatic or visceral) of many neurons has been established. In two gastropods (Aplysia californica and Lymnaea stagnalis) and a cephalopod (Sepia officinalis), the examination of eleven orthologues of vertebrate genes cloned in this study enabled me to define molecular signatures identical to those of the vertebrate functional catégories. Consequently, the viscerosomatic dichotomy was likely to be part of the body plan of the last common ancestor of all bilaterians
Castagné, Vincent. "Etude du neuropeptide tyrosine NPY dans le système nerveux sympathique et le système nerveux central : implication dans les réponses neuroendocriniennes de stress." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR22027.
Full textVallières, Luc. "Distribution, régulation et rôles de l'interleukine-6 dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq36333.pdf.
Full textLages, Elodie. "Expression et fonction des microARN dans les tumeurs du Système Nerveux Central." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905298.
Full textDjerbal, Lynda. "Caractérisation de l'interaction semaphorine 3A-chondroïtine sulfate dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV041/document.
Full textPerineuronal nets (PNNs) are the key regulators of neuronal plasticity and regeneration in the mature central nervous system (CNS). They are a unique and highly organised extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, found around sub-population of neurons, composed mainly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear polysaccharide belonging to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) family. The sulphation pattern defines different types of CS, which interact with different signalling proteins including those regulating axonal outgrowth and guidance such as semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). Sema3A is a secreted chemorepulsive protein found accumulated in the PNNs through its interaction with CS. This process is believed to potentiate Sema3A signalling through plexin A1 (PlxnA1) and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and regulate plasticity and regeneration. The aim of the thesis project is to characterise the interface of Sema3A- CS interaction.For this purpose, Sema3A is expressed in eukaryote cells and purified. Interestingly, two major forms were obtained: a full length Sema3A (90 kDa) which remains attached to the cell surface GAGs and a truncated form without the C-ter part (65 kDa) which is released to the culture medium. With the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we observed that full length Sema3A binds selectively to CS-E (4,6-disulfated chondroitin) and heparan sulfate with a high affinity (KD in the sub pM range), while the truncated Sema3A does not bind to any GAG. Four putative GAG binding sequences were identified in the C-ter of Sema3A and mutated using site directed mutagenesis. SPR analysis then revealed that two out of these four sites are required for the binding to CS-E. The importance of these GAG-binding sequences in inhibition of neurites outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture was also reported, indicating thus the importance of GAG-binding in Sema3A signalling. In parallel, the minimal required sequence of Sema3A-binding of CS-E was determined as being a tetrasaccharide. The Sema3A-CS interface was thus characterized. Furthermore, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring analysis suggested that Sema3A could crosslink GAG chains. This suggests Sema3A could be involved in stabilising the PNN network and induces mechanical changes on neuronal surface.The detail characterization of Sema3A-CS interaction may enable the design of new strategies aiming at enhancing plasticity and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases or spinal cord injury
Hussain, Rashad. "Rôle des androgènes et progestagènes dans la remyélinisation du système nerveux central." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T081.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a very prominent demyelinating disease. The cause of demyelination in MS is not clear, however, it involves autoimmune responses and the death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by myelin destruction and axonal dysfunction. Currently available therapies including anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulators are targeted to reduce inflammation and disease progression but their limited efficacy further decrease after prolonged treatment.However, another therapeutic strategy has gained recently much interest, is to boost the endogenous capacity of the brain to repair myelin.Steroid hormones offer an opportunity for therapeutic interventions in a wide range of tissue abnormalities because of their multiple actions during development and in adulthood. Our studies show that androgens and progestagens play pivotal role in oligodendrocyte proliferation and subsequent myelination. Androgens or progestagens promote remyelination after lysolecithin mediated myelin insult of organotypic cerebellar slices in culture. Moreover, remyelinating effects of testosterone can be blocked by flutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor. Also, the remyelination induced by progestagens is abolished when cerebellar slices are used from progesterone receptors (PR) knockout mice.The influence of testosterone and its metabolites on myelin repair was also evident in toxininduced demyelination in vivo. Long-term cuprizone intoxication (12-14 weeks) of adult C57Bl/6 mice caused chronic and severe demyelination in the corpus callosum. Treatment of these mice with testosterone or its metabolites, particularly 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), estradiol-17β and potent testosterone analog 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) for 6 weeks results in a marked replenishment of the corpus callosum with oligodendrocytes and remyelination. Testosterone fails to stimulate remyelination in mice carrying testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) of AR in the cuprizone model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that testosterone directly targets neuronal and macroglial AR, because the specific ablation of neural AR in (ARNes/Cre) mice prevents the myelin repair in response to testosterone. Interestingly, blocking the conversion of testosterone into estrogens by knocking out the aromatase gene (ArKO mice), also impair the remyelinating effect of testosterone.In conclusion, we provide a strong evidence for a new role of progestagens and androgens in remyelination and thus present a sound experimental support for future clinical trials based on steroid hormone therapy for demyelinating disorders
Cassan, Cécile. "Lymphocytes T CD4+Foxp3+ régulateurs et auto-immunité du système nerveux central." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30184.
Full textThe immune system defends us against invasions of pathogens; meanwhile, several mechanisms, including the control exerted by CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), maintain an immune tolerance towards self-antigens. A disruption of this tolerance contributes to the development of auto-immune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We have showed that Tregs protect mice against the development of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model for MS. We have then investigated the role of the thymus and of self-antigens in the generation of Tregs specific for central nervous system antigens, as well as their specificity in EAE. A better knowledge on Tregs will allow the design of new therapeutic strategies for MS patients
Duvelleroy, Dorothée. "Synthèse rapide ou stéréosélective de molécules actives sur le système nerveux central." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2037.
Full textJégou, Sylvie. "Etude des peptides apparentés à la proopiomélanocortine dans le système nerveux central." Rouen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ROUE5012.
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