Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Systeme solaire'
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Guan, Yuan Yong. "Photochimie expérimentale en orbite terrestre et en laboratoire appliquée à la chimie organique dans le système solaire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1064.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
ROSSI, ALESSANDRO. "Debris naturels et artificiels autour des corps du systeme solaire." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077221.
Full textFouchet, Thierry. "Physico-chimie de l'atmosphère jovienne à partir de l'analyse des données du satellite infrarouge ISO." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066169.
Full textBaleynaud, Jean-Michel. "Contribution a la modelisation de l'habitat solaire passif : validation et etude de facteurs de sensibilite." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30052.
Full textLécluse, Christine. "Fractionnement isotopique des elements legers au cours de la formation du systeme solaire." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077177.
Full textRENARD, JEAN-BAPTISTE. "Mise en evidcence de l'evolution des proprietes optiques et physiques des grains dans le systeme solaire." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066307.
Full textJacquet, Emmanuel. "Les solides du système solaire primitif : géochimie et dynamique." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761687.
Full textLAGE, NOGUEIRA JOSE WILSON. "Faisabilite technico-economique d'un systeme solaire complexe constitue d'un bassin solaire et d'un distillateur a multiples effets en vue de la production simultanee de sel et d'eau distillee." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4517.
Full textBoukadida, Nourredine. "Etude d'une structure a effet de diode thermique : application au chauffage solaire d'un local." Poitiers, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986POIT2287.
Full textENDAMNE, EMMANUEL. "Faisabilite technico-economique d'un systeme de sechage solaire de feves de cacao au gabon, constitue d'un sechoir situe a l'interieur d'une serre agricole." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077193.
Full textKhedari, Joseph. "Methode scientifique simple de dimensionnement d'un systeme de chauffage partiellement solaire utilisant un mur capteur-accumulateur. Applications au chauffage domestique et aux sechoirs modulaires polyvalents." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4465.
Full textValette, François. "Simulation et optimisation de systemes micro-energetiques." Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0015.
Full textBolin, Bryce. "Identification de familles d’astéroïdes âgées de plus de 2 milliards d’années." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4035/document.
Full textAsteroid families are the remnant fragments of asteroids broken apart by collisions. There are only a few known Main Belt (MB) asteroid families with ages greater than 2 Gyr (Brož et al., 2013; Spoto et al., 2015). Estimates based on the family producing collision rate suggest that the lack of > 2 Gyr-old families may be due to a selection bias in classic techniques used to identify families. Family fragments disperse in their orbital elements, semimajor axis, a, eccentricity, e, and inclination, i, due to secular resonances, mean motion resonances, close encounters, secondary collisions and the nongravitational Yarkovsky force. This causes the family fragments to be more difficult to identify with the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which attempts to find cluster in orbital element space, when applied to family fragments’ elements as the fragments age. We have developed a new technique that is insensitive to the spreading of fragments in e and i by searching for V-shaped correlations of family members in a and asteroid diameter, D. A group of asteroids is identified as a collisional family if its boundary in the a vs. 1/D plane has a characteristic V-shape which is due to the size dependent Yarkovsky effect. The V-shape technique is demonstrated on the known families and families difficult to identify by HCM, and used to discover a 4 Gyr-old family linking most dark asteroids in the inner MB not included in any known family (Delbo' et al., 2017). The 4 Gyr-old family reveals asteroids with D > 35 km that do not belong to any asteroid family implying that they originally accreted from the protoplanetary disk and support recent theories on the formation of asteroids (Morbidelli et al., 2009). The V-shape detection tool is also a powerful analysis method for finding the boundary of an asteroid family and fitting for its shape. Thermal properties of the surfaces of asteroids such as the thermal inertia, Γ, determine the magnitude of the drift rate cause by the Yarkovsky force. Following the proposed anti-correlation between Γ and and D (Delbo' & Tanga, 2009; Delbo' et al., 2015), the Yarkovsky effect may have a more complex D dependence than previously thought, causing the family V-shape boundary to be curved in a vs. 1/D space. The V-shape tool is capable of detecting this curvature on synthetic families and was deployed on >20 families located throughout the MB to find this effect. The curvature of family V-shapes implies on average that the Yarkovsky drift rate scales with D^-(0.8-0.9). We find that there is no correlation between family age and V-shape curvature for families older than 100 Myrs. Additionally, the V-shape curvature decreases for asteroid families with larger a suggesting that the relationship between Γ and D is less anti-correlated in the Outer MB. By examining families <20 Myrs-old with the V-shape technique, we can separate family V-shapes caused by the initial ejection of fragments from those that are caused by the Yarkovsky effect. We constrain the initial velocity of young families by measuring the curvature of their fragments’ V-shape in a vs. 1/D space. We measure the V-shape curvature of 11 asteroid families that are too young for most of their known fragments to have undergone significant evolution in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. We find that the majority of asteroid families in our sample have initial ejection velocity fields that scale with 1/D supporting the laboratory impact experiments and computer simulations of disrupting asteroid family parent bodies (Fujiwara et al., 1989; Michel et al., 2001; Durda et al., 2004; Nesvorný et al., 2006). In addition, the difference in curvature between <20 Myr-old families from the curvature of older family V-shapes evolved is independent evidence separating initial ejection velocity V-shapes from Yarkovsky V-shapes
Devogèle, Maxime. "Propriétés des astéroïdes de type L : un lien avec le Système Solaire primordial ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4069/document.
Full textA few years ago, asteroid polarimetry allowed to discover a class of asteroids exhibiting peculiar phase polarization curves, collectively called "Barbarians" from the prototype of this class, the asteroid (234) Barbara. All such objects belong to the L visible plus near infrared based taxonomic class. The anomalous polarization has been tentatively interpreted in terms of high-albedo, spinel-rich Calcium-Aluminum inclusions (CAI) that could be abundant on the surfaces of some of these asteroids, according to their spectral reflectance properties and to analogies with CO3/CV3 meteorites. Such CAIs are among the oldest mineral assemblages ever found in the Solar System. Barbarians' surfaces could therefore be rich in this very ancient material and bring information on the early phases of planetary formation. During this thesis, a systematic campaign for photometric, polarimetric and spectroscopic characterization has been conducted. These observation campaigns allowed improving our general knowledge about these peculiar asteroids and highlighting the link between polarization and polarimetric properties. Our observation also allowed discarding the hypotheses involving peculiar shape for these asteroids. However, as it was suggested, a link between the presence of CAI and the polarimetric response was found. Our observations show that the relative abundance of CAI is correlated with the polarimetric inversion angle. This is the first time that a direct link between polarimetric and spectroscopic properties is found
Douté, Sylvain. "Modelisation numerique de la reflectance spectrale des surfaces glacees du systeme solaire. Application a l'analyse de spectres de triton et pluton et au traitement d'images hyperspectrales nims de io." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077041.
Full textBenmansour, Jaouad. "Contribution a l'etude des mecanismes de transferts radiatif, thermique et massique dans un systeme plan multiphases semi-transparent." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2281.
Full textHoang, Hoai-Nam. "Long term stability and diffusion in the solar system." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLO002.
Full textBecause the Solar System is chaotic, the orbital evolution of the Earth's orbit beyond 60 Myr cannot be reliably predicted. On the other hand, Earth's orbital variations control insolation which leads to long-term climate change, and were thus imprinted in the geological records. The recovery of this astronomical forcing in geological data has revolutionized the determination of the geological time scales. Taking into account the chaotic uncertainty of the astronomical forcing is necessary for a complete astronomical calibration of geological records. To address this problem, we obtain, benchmark and illustrate the application of probability density functions of the secular frequencies using kernel density estimation, whose uncertainty determined by the moving block bootstrap method.Apart from being chaotic, the inner planets of the Solar System can also be unstable. Despite the lack of apparent constraints that bound the chaotic dynamics, the probability of instability is remarkably low in 5 billion years, especially considering it is 1000 times longer than the Lyapunov time of the system. We attempt to resolve the paradox in this thesis by studying the destabilization in its total complexity of a high dimensional system. As a first step, we provide an exhaustive statistical analysis of instability up to 100 Gyr from a hierarchy of secular models at different degrees in eccentricities and inclinations. We find that the Hamiltonian truncated at degree 4, despite its comprehensiveness, is overly stable and not sufficient to reproduce the instability statistics. This is due to the unexpectedly significant contribution of the terms at degree 6 to the frontier of instability. As a second step, we show that the dynamics of the inner planets over its chaotic timescale is slow-fast with a wide separation of timescales. The first evidence is found in its Lyapunov spectrum, where a hierarchy of characteristic exponents spans two orders of magnitude. The smallest Lyapunov exponents can be related to the slow variables, which vary on a timescale much longer than the Lyapunov time. Concretely, from a systematic analysis of the leading secular resonances, we demonstrate three quasi-symmetries, which define three quasi-integral of motion. By a novel utilization of a traditional statistical method - principal component analysis, we confirm that these quasi-integrals are among the slowest degrees of freedom of the chaotic dynamics. The quasi-integrals constrain the long-term chaotic diffusion of the orbits, thereby slowing down the system in their pathway towards planetary collision
Landais, François. "Lois d’échelles et propriétés statistiques multifractales de la topographie des planètes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS453/document.
Full textOver the past 20 years, the development of remote sensing methods and the success of space missions have considerably enriched our knowledge of planetary surfaces revealing an immense diversity of morphologies. Being the reflection of the interaction and the competition between geological processes whose modalities are variable from one body to the other, they are widely studied to trace the geological history of the telluric planets. In particular, precise information on the nature of processes and general laws controlling the formation and evolution of landscapes is recorded in the topographic field which can be analyzed as a statistical field. We report in this thesis the results of a comparative study of the statistical properties of the topography of the main bodies of the solar system based on the increasing volume of altimetric and photogrammetric data. Our approach focuses on the notion of scaling law which aims to characterize the symmetries of the field by translating the self-similar nature of natural surfaces: the details of a surface generally look like reduced versions of the whole. We use several methods of analyzing so-called "multifractal" to derive the best statistical model capable of describing the topography in different contexts and propose new indicators of roughness at the global, regional and local scale. We show that in spite of their diversity, the surface of the solar system respects similar statistical laws. In particular, we show that the overall distribution of the slopes of a body generally respects multifractal laws for scales greater than 10-20 km and presents a different statistical structure for the lower scales. Finally, we propose a method for generating spherical synthetic topographies whose statistical properties are similar to the topographies in the solar system
Baguet, Daniel. "Modélisation de l'origine de la ceinture de Kuiper." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD046.
Full textThe dynamically hot population of the Kuiper belt is characterized by a broad inclination distribution whereas the dynamically cold population shows smaller inclinations and a narrower distribution. In order to reproduce the difference between those two populations, current dynamical evolution models consider that they originated from two distinct regions. The hot population mainly stemmed from a massive planetesimal disk extending from the primordial position of the outermost planet to 30 au. The cold population formed in situ, from a light disk extending beyond 30 au. In current numerical integrations aiming to reproduce it, the action of the massive disk on the giant planets is mainly performed through a forced migration of the semi-major axes and a damping of the eccentricities and inclinations, whereas the action on the light disk is always neglected. The secular effects of the precessions of the longitudes of the perihelion and of the longitudes of the node, are thus not included, leading to a wrong representation of the positions of the secular resonances. Therefore, we aim to introduce this action in the linear secular theory in order to determine the positions of the linear secular resonances. Under the effect of the massive disk, the total angular momentum of the giant planets is not conserved and has a motion of precession. Its frequency allows the apparition of a nodal secular resonance which may have been located in the region of the current cold population, when the giant planets were in their compact configuration before their migration
Sorlin, Olivier. "Mesures de periode et de probabilite d'emission de neutrons retardes des isotopes #4#4s, #4#5#-#4#7cl a l'aide du spectrometre lise : leur implication pour la comprehension du rapport #4#8ca/#4#6ca dans le systeme solaire." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077262.
Full textNepveu, François. "Production décentralisée d’électricité et de chaleur par système Parabole/Stirling : application au système EURODISH." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP1268.
Full textSince July 2004, a 10 kW el Dish/Stirling unit is in operation at the PROMES laboratory in Odeillo in France. This system is one of the several country reference units of the EnviroDish project. In the area of this project, the objective of this doctorate is to evaluate the technico-economical potential of this micro-concentrated solar plant. In a first time, after an introduction on the development potential of the concentrated solar plant, a state of art concerning Dish/Stirling systems is achieved. In a second time, the EURODISH system operation is described and the instantaneous, daily and monthly performances and operation experiences of this system are presented on a period from July 2004 to February 2008. In one hand, the solar to electricity efficiency has reached instantaneous and monthly record values for a EURODISH unit of 23. 6 % and 22 % respectively. But in the other hand, the system reliability is too low and 963 breakdowns have been noticed. The next chapter presents a global thermal model of the energy conversion of the EURODISH Dish/Stirling unit, from solar energy to electricity provided to the grid. In addition to study problem linked to the modelling of the parabolic concentrator, solar receiver and Stirling engine, the objective is to develop a tool to evaluate the optical and thermal losses of the system components, to identify the key parameters of the design and to study their influences on the performances of the components according to various operation conditions. The parabolic concentrator behaviour is simulated using the ray-tracing code SOLTRACE. The comparison between simulation results and experimental measurements made in July 2006 by a PROMES/DLR team shows a good agreement and that SOLTRACE is a good code to simulate a parabolic concentrator. Then, a nodal method is used to calculate the heat losses by reflection, thermal radiation, convection out of the cavity and conduction through the ceramic walls. The absorber is divided in 8 control-volumes in order to take into account the inhomogeneous solar flux distribution. Compared to experimental measurements, simulations give results with a good agreement in particular for the absorber temperatures. To complete the global model, a nodal analysis of the Solo V161 Stirling engine is performed using some assumptions to simplify mass equation and energy equation written for each control-volume. A comparison of the model results with experimental measurements of the power input and output of the EURODISH unit shows that the differences are dues to Stirling engine model. A difference of 6 % is calculated for the Stirling cycle efficiency. The last chapter is dedicated to the technico-economical study of a Dish/Stirling based cogeneration system electricity/domestic hot water. In a first time, a dynamic model of the conversion from solar energy to electricity and heat of the EURODISH Dish/Stirling unit coupled to a solar domestic hot water system is built using results of the last chapter and a classical nodal analysis. Then, the hourly Direct Normal Insolation are calculated from DNI measurements data over a period upper than 5 year in two locations in France (Vignola, Corsica island and Odeillo, Pyrenees). Simulations are performed for a domestic hot water supply of 15 rooms corresponding to the consumption of a “summer” hotel in Vignola, a “winter” hotel in Odeillo and a “classical” hotel in both cases. Simulations show that the recovery of the thermal energy evacuated by the Stirling engine could improve performances of the EURODISH dish/Stirling unit. Levelised Electricity Cost reaches 25 c€. KWh -1 under some assumptions and a EURODISH unit based cogeneration system could be a very good investment without economical risk
Baek, Nam-Choon. "Analyse technico-économique d' un système solaire de production d'air chaud pour le séchage du tabac "Virginie" et le chauffage d'un batiment." Perpignan, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PERP0054.
Full textJabbour, Noel. "Intégration des systèmes à absorption solaire de petites puissances aux bâtiments - approche multifonction solaire : chauffage, ECS et rafraîchissement." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0085/document.
Full textThe introduction of new low capacity absorption chillers opens new prospects for the multifunction multisource solar systems (MFSSYS) which exploit the full potential of the solar energy for heating, cooling and production of domestic hot water (DHW) purposes. The solar combisystems (SCS), which preceded the MFSSYS, lacked an adapted procedure for the sizing of their main components: the solar collector and the solar thermal storage tank. From the point of view of the energy and investment cost, a sizing method based on the peak load may fail if the energy source is not guaranteed to be stable. An optimization of the main components by simulation may be then a key solution for an optimal sizing of the MFSSYS. An initial hydraulic schematic is elaborated for the MFSSYS based on information found in the literature about the SCS and the data made available by the chiller manufacture. The modeling of this schematic is complex as redundant simulation and modification were necessary in order to eliminate the potential problems of solution convergence. From this experience, a method of simulation aided design is elaborated. Parametric runs were carried out on the MFSSYS model. They offer needed information for the comparison of the optimization algorithms which are tested later on. The outcome of these parametric runs is a response surface which represents the cost of the MFSSYS as a function of the solar collector surface area and the volume of the solar thermal storage tank. In order to reduce the number of simulations required by a complete parametric runs method, the use of optimization algorithm become a necessity. An optimization algorithm based on the design of experiments (OptDOE) is developed; its performance is compared with the one of a hybrid optimization algorithm in two cases: a reference function of Rosenbrock and the model of the MFSSYS. Compared to the hybrid optimization algorithm, OptDOE has showed good performance. The number of simulations is reduced and the optimized values, found by this method, are close to those of the parametric runs. The main advantage of OptDOE is to describe the behavior of the cost function in the neighborhood of the optimum. This information is valuable especially when the cost function has a valley-like form, which is the case for the systems we studied. In this case, the cost has approximately the same value for a large variation range of the optimized parameters
Bonnet, Jean-Yves. "L'azote comme élément mineur dans les macromolécules organiques chondritiques et cométaires : simulations expérimentales contraintes par les cosmomatériaux." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU004/document.
Full textThe aim of my PhD work was to add some new constraints on the organic precursors compositions in the early solar system. Thermal degradation experiments have been performed, using N-rich analog materials. High resolution mass spectrometry gives us the possibility to better characterize the HCN polymers another type of analog materials. This part of the study provides us new informations about the molecular diversity of HCN polymers and also new constraints on their structure. The thremal degradation experiments were then performed. The aim of this study was to provide some new constraints on the composition of the organic precursors present in the early solar system and incorporated in the different bodies (carbonaceous chondrites, IDPs, UCAMMs). We can conclude that the organic precursor of the IOMs was poor in nitrogen while the organic matter accreted by the parent bodies of IDPs and UCAMMs was probably nitrogen rich
Carle, Frederick. "Analyse des performances d'un système de concentrateurs photovoltaïques prototypes en utilisant deux sites de tests différents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31644.
Full textIbrahim, Idowu David. "Development of Smart Parabolic Trough Solar Collector for Water Heating and Hybrid Polymeric Composite Water Storage Tank." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG049.
Full textIn recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. The known sources for water heating include electrical energy and solar radiation energy in the urban regions or burning of firewood in the rural areas. Several water heating methods may be used such as electrical heating elements, solar concentrators, flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. This thesis focuses on ways to further improve the system’s performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator technique. Furthermore, the study proposed an alternative design method for the hot water storage tank.The solar collector-supporting frame was designed and analysed using Solidworks®. The forces acting on the structural members were simulated to determine the capacity of the frame to sustain the load, and the possible regions on the supporting frame, which could potentially fail while in operation.Energy performance was simulated for five years of operation using Matlab Simulink® software. This simulation was based on the use of three different data. The first is a five-year weather database of the City of Tshwane in South Africa. The second is a hot water consumption profile for a typical household. The third is the cost of additional heating with electricity depending on the time of use. This simulation allowed the validation of the choices of the different elements of the heating system.This study allowed the development of an approach for the design of a solar heating system by optimising the dimensions of the different elements for a typical household and a specific region.In addition, the use of polymeric materials and other materials like polyurethane, salt and aluminium is possible for the development of a hot water storage tank based on their inherent properties.Extending the findings in this thesis will further improve the designs for solar concentrator technologies and solar water heating systems. Therefore, some recommendations and suggestions are highlighted in order to improve the overall system design, analysis and performance
Duchemin, Yann. "La navigation astronomique d'une sonde autonome, pour l'exploration du système solaire à l'ère de Gaia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEO002.
Full textSpacecrafts are nowadays mainly guided by Deep Space Network (DSN) radio telescopes. Stellar sensors can only provide the attitude (orientation) of the probe. The increasing number of spacecrafts, the use of ion thrusters involving the abandonment of ballistic trajectories, will raise the load on DSN tracking arrays. Totally autonomous navigation is becoming essential. A probe must be able to « take a bearing », like a ship at sea, except that the environment is a three-dimensionnal space (four, with time). So far, spacecrafts have experimented autonomous navigation only while approaching a planet, using onboard mapping. A few automated space missions have allowed to explore asteroids, to get close to comets or to photography the Moon. But the issue remains unresolved in the case of a remote probe for which permanent contact can’t be kept. The aim of my research works was to investigate the possibilities for a spacecraft to know its position at different stages of the mission without any information from the ground. It is essential for autonomous localization to properly identify solar system mobile bodies and evaluate their magnitude. During mission, the choice and use of an object will depend on the accuracy of its ephemerides. Moreover, constraints due to on-board equipment have to be taken into consideration. In the case of successive positionning on an estimated trajectory during cruise travel, effective means must be used. Therefore, I have chosen a probabilistic method of localization from an a priori known position
Joiret, Sarah. "Déterminer l'origine des éléments volatils terrestres à l'aide de simulations dynamiques et de mesures isotopiques de gaz rares dans les météorites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0162.
Full textThe origin of volatiles, such as water or noble gases, on the terrestrial planets is closely related to the early dynamical evolution of the solar system. In particular, it is believed that a dynamical instability among the giant planets triggered a bombardment of comets and asteroids in the inner solar system. The timing of this instability is constrained to the first 100 million years after gas disk dispersal, possibly before the last giant impact on Earth. Such a timing, however, appears in conflict with the disparate signatures of xenon isotopes in Earth's mantle compared to its atmosphere. In this thesis, I assess the dynamical effects of an Early Instability on the delivery of carbonaceous asteroids and comets to the terrestrial planets, in particular Earth, and address the implications for their volatile budget. I approach this issue with N-body simulations of the solar system's early evolution, calculations of collision probability, impact simulations and isotopic measurements of noble gases. In Joiret et al. (2023), the stochasticity of the cometary bombardment is emphasized, as very large comets should have been numerous in the primordial outer disk of cometesimals. Building from these results, Joiret et al. (2024) demonstrate that an increase in cometary flux relative to carbonaceous asteroids at late times is possible, and may notably offer an explanation for the xenon signature dichotomy between the Earth’s mantle and atmosphere. Hydrocode simulations show that comets implanted in the inner solar system as a result of the instability could have been highly efficient at delivering volatiles to Earth. Finally, our mass spectrometry measurements indicate that HED meteorites, thought to originate from Vesta's crust, do not contain any cometary signature. Using numerical simulations, I show that it is likely related to Vesta's weak gravitational attraction resulting in a low accretion efficiency of cometary impactors having realistic velocities
Castro, Moema Soares de. "Système de pompage de l'eau utilisant une pompe gas-lift et alimenté par énergie solaire." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT060G.
Full textAguilar, Guido Javier Rostegui. "Metodologia para avaliação do dimensionamento de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-01102018-150148/.
Full textThis work presents the evaluation of the sizing of grid-connected photovoltaic systems by means of energy costs indicators; several simulations of power generation for photovoltaic systems with different configurations and sizes were carried out to verify the applicability of the proposed method to any system. By using the indicators it is sought to determine a suitable configuration of photovoltaic modules within the system, that is, the spacing between rows of modules, their tilt angle, the number of strings and the number of modules per string, considering the impact that these variables have on system power generation. In order to evaluate this impact, three indicators are used, namely the cost of the generated energy, understood as the cost of installing a photovoltaic system (including cost of equipment, structures, electrical components, labor, profit of the installer, etc.) divided by the amount of energy that the system is able to deliver to the grid in the first year of operation, the Simple Levelized Cost of Energy (sLCOE) and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) calculated by the Fixed Charge Rate (FCR) method. The indicators are presented in values in USD/kWh. The simulations were carried out in two locations using commercially available equipment, for fixed-tilt and single axis tracker systems. The software used to perform the simulations was the SAM, free software developed by NREL for sizing and calculation of photovoltaic systems.
Griveaud, Philippine. "Migration de planètes géantes dans des disques à faible viscosité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5050.
Full textA paradigm shift in protoplanetary disc (PPD) modelling has recently occurred, favoring magnetically-driven disc winds in the upper layers over turbulence-driven accretion onto the central star. In this model, the disc's midplane would maintain very low viscosity levels. This shift in paradigm could have significant implications for planetary system formation. Over the past 30 years, the literature on planet-disc interactions has mostly considered highly viscous discs. This thesis investigates how a low-viscosity midplane influences the migration of multiple giant planets.In the first part of this thesis, we examine the migration of pairs of giant planets. Our results show a profoundly different migration behaviour of Jupiter and Saturn compared to that in a high-viscosity disc.Previously locked in a 3:2 mean motion resonance (MMR) and migrating outwards, we find them locked in a 2:1 MMR and migrating inwards. The study covers a wide parameter space, including the mass of the outer planet, which validates the robustness of our result. For any pair featuring an inner planet of Jupiter's mass, the 2:1 MMR is never crossed, resulting most likely in inward migration.In the second part of this thesis, we expand upon our initial study by adding Uranus and Neptune in the system. The aim of this project was to explore what resonant chains of multiple giant planets can form in a low-viscosity disc, and whether these configurations can evolve into forming the Solar System in the post gas disc phase. First, we find that building stable resonant chains of giant planets in a low-viscosity disc is quite challenging. Lower viscosity results in wider and deeper gaps opened by the giant planets, which reduces the disc's damping effect. Consequently, when planets enter a resonance, the resonant angle stays closer to circulation, weakening the chain. Despite these challenges, our exploration of numerous configurations revealed five stable resonant chains of four or five planets for two different disc thicknesses.Additionally, we discovered that in a thin (and thus cold) PPD, the four giant planets reverse their migration direction and move outwards. We then investigated whether these resonant chains could serve as initial conditions for the Nice Model -- a giant planet instability phase occurring after the gas disc dispersal.Through a statistical study of N-Body simulations, we found that chains formed in cold PPDs yield about a 1% success rate in reproducing the current Solar System, whereas those formed in a thicker disc are highly stable and do not replicate the Nice Model. This success rate is assessed against four criteria designed to match features of today's Solar System. A 1% success aligns with the Nice Model literature, and is sufficient to explain our uncommon system. We conclude that the Solar System could have emerged from a low-viscosity disc, provided the disc was cold and the leftover planetesimal disc was massive.This work presents the first fully consistent dynamical study of the giant planets in the Solar System, covering their migration in the protoplanetary disc up to the Nice Model instability.Finally, the only system with multiple protoplanets observed in a protoplanetary disc to date, PDS 70, has two giant planets located near the 2:1 MMR. It is compelling to compare these findings with those from the first part of this thesis. However, observations of protoplanetary discs trace the dust component of the disc. Therefore, to effectively compare numerical simulations with observed systems, it is crucial to incorporate dust into the numerical models. In an effort to replicate the PDS 70 system, we have begun integrating dust into our simulations from our initial work. This project aims to assess whether a low-viscosity disc can accurately reproduce both the dynamical evolution of the two planets in PDS 70 and the observed dust structure in the system
Espargilliere, Harold. "Système de refroidissement sec et de production d'eau pour centrale électrosolaire thermodynamique à cycle de Rankine." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0004.
Full textIndustrial concentrated solar power plants consume 4 m3/MWh of water to cool down their thermodynamic cycle. In arid area, it could induce conflicts of use on a more fundamental resource than electricity. This fact highlights the need to develop alternatives dry cooling technologies but equally effective. The solar field represents 50% of the investment cost of a CSP plant to be used only daily for the heat production needed for the thermodynamic cycle. The approach of the project is to use this huge area as macro-heat exchanger with its surrounding environment through a coupled heat transfer with the ambient air (convective) and with outer space at 3K (radiative). After validating the compatibility of solar field materials for a such application, these research works has shown experimentally that in addition to extract the waste heat of the thermodynamic cycle, it could also produce cold by night radiative cooling. An innovative alternative solution for cooling CSP plants offering two new features to their already existing solar field for the benefit of its paying off
Agrouaz, Younes. "Modélisation et simulation d’un système de rafraîchissement solaire basé sur la machine à absorption couplée aux chauffe-eaux solaires." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3008.
Full textIn the last few years, the use of conventional air conditioning system has known an important increase, which directly increase the electricity consumption in different type of building.Therefore, the development of solar cooling system applied to buildings is the new technology that could replace the conventional system of air conditioning. That way, there is a need to understand and evaluate this alternative solution. For that purpose, our Institute of Research in Solar energy and renewable energies (SPCM) has finance a project called Solar cooling in Morocco based on the absorption technology, in order to have a feasibility studies on this kind of systems, in the scope of implementing them in the new generation of buildings. Thus, this thesis treats the solar cooling system using an absorption chiller as the technology of cooling under different conditions and climates. Firstly, it presents a mathematical model of a single effect absorption chiller, in order to understand the dynamic behavior of this kind of machine when they are confronted to a variation in the external conditions such as (solar radiation, external temperature, cooling loads).Moreover, the analysis of the solar cooling system should take into account an energetic and a financial approach to predict all the energetic performances (solar fraction, coefficient of performance, thermal efficiency and exergetic efficiency…) and to optimize the size of the most important component which are the solar collector surface and the storage tank volume. A detailed assessment of these two parameters is investigated in the six climatic zones of Morocco and then it is generalized to nine African capitals in order to give a numerical tool to pre-sizing and optimizing the solar cooling system not only in Morocco but also in all Africa
Mathieu, Antoine. "Contribution à la conception et à l'optimisation thermodynamique d'une microcentrale solaire thermo-électrique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0027/document.
Full textAs a new millenium begins, 1.4 Billion people worldwide earn less than 2 dollars daily and have no access to the power grid. The need of electric power of these people represent small energy amounts but is very important regarding to the usage : acces to healthcare and education, communication, local economic development. In reponse to the situation, since 2009, Schneider Electric Industries takes up the challenge to design and realize micro solar power plants, competitive with other solutions, to supply these people with reliable and environment-friendly electricity. Dealing with this project, this work has been realized under contract, so it follows the development sequence of the industrial project. The first part is a State of the Art of the actual solar thermodynamical technologies. This task is extended to a qualitative evaluation of various technologies, as a contribution to select adapted technologies: concentrating solar thermal receivers, sensible heat thermal storage and Stirling engine. The secon step is a preliminary thermodynamics analysis of the whole system, that allowed to evaluate key features: the size of the solar receivers area, the thermal storage volume, and overall energy performance. This task is streched by a sensitivity analysis of the sizing and performances, according to various energy losses parameters, that shows the technical hard spots of the design. Finally, an exergy-based dynamical analysis of stationary operating solar receivers and Stirling engines leads to a propostion of basis methods and criteria for the optimal control of power, in order to maximize the energy performances of the system and to enhance its competitiveness
Morgado, Correia Alexandre Carlos. "Evolution à long terme de la rotation de Vénus." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077222.
Full textVernazza, Pierre. "Etude des propriétés physiques des astéroïdes." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006OBSP0129.
Full textAs the primitive, remnant building blocks of the solar system formation, asteroids offer clues to the chemical mixture from which the planets formed some 4. 6 billion years ago. Their study will allow to constrain the models of the solar system formation. We deduce the mineralogical composition of asteroids by comparing their reflectance spectra with those of terrestrial and meteoritical samples. However, space weathering processes alter the optical properties of the asteroid surfaces. This alteration modifies the color of most asteroids but bot all. Thus, it appears fundamental to understand the effect of these processes on every type of meteorite in order to investigate in more detail the physical properties of asteroids. During my thesis, I used spectroscopy in order to the physical properties of main-belt asteroids and near-earth objects. The aim of the NEO survey has been to make a taxonomy of this population in order to determine the source(s) of re-supply of this population (maib-belt, comets). I also observed the Karin family, that formed 5. 8 Myr ago from the breakup of a single parent body, in order to have some hints on the internal structure and composition of the parent body (homogeneous or differentiated). Finally, I observed the targets (Lutetia and Steins) of the Rosetta mission, as well as the two candidates (Ceres and Vesta) of the Dawn mission. These data will allow to perform a comparison with the results obtained in-situ. I also performed irradiation experiments in a laboratory in order to reproduce the solar wind effects on differents samples. These experiments allowed to build a space weathering model which can be used with different scattering laws (Hapke, Shkuratov). The irradiation of an eucrite allowed to suggest the presence of a magnetic field on Vesta. This prediction can be confirmed by ground based observation and/or by the Dawn mission
Auge, Basile. "Effet du rayonnement cosmique galactique sur les petits corps glacés du système solaire externe : indices pour la formation de la matière organique des micrométéorites antarctiques ultra-carbonées." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC228.
Full textExtraterrestrial materials, such as meteorites and interplanetary dust particles, provide constraints on the formation and evolution of organic matter in the young solar system. Micrometeorites represent the dominant source of extraterrestrial matter at the Earth’s surface, some of them originating from large heliocentric distances.Micrometeorites recovered from Antarctica snows provide a unique source of pristine interplanetary dust particles, which underwent a minimal weathering at atmospheric entry. A few percent are characterized by very large carbon content with at least 50% in volume, much higher than the value found in meteorites. This organic matter exhibits extreme deuterium excesses and is unusually nitrogen-rich.Several formation scenarios have been proposed for the formation of the N-rich organic matter observed in UCAMMs, suggesting that these particles come from a parent body orbiting beyond the nitrogen snow line, in the outer Solar System where they are exposed to ions from the galactic cosmic rays. We experimentally evaluate the scenario involving high energy irradiation of icy bodies subsurface orbiting at large heliocentric distances by irradiating N2-CH4 ices with swift heavy ions provided by the GANIL facility. Chemical evolution was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with two experimental set-up : CASIMIR and IGLIAS. Ex situ mass spectroscopy measurement where also conducted. Results concerning the origin of the organic matter found in ultracarbonaceous micrometeorites and the origin of its deuterium enrichment will be presented and discussed
Kristofersson, Filip, and Sara Elfberg. "Maximizing Solar Energy Production for Västra Stenhagenskolan : Designing an Optimal PV System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384723.
Full textHersant, Franck. "Turbulence dans la nébuleuse solaire primitive et formation du système solaire externe." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00316082.
Full textKhalfallaoui, Saoussen. "Comportement dynamique et automatisation d’un système solaire thermique muni d’un traqueur solaire." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES020.
Full textThis work deals with the study of a thermal solar system. The thermal behaviour is investigated in unsteady state with regard to the intermittency of sunlight. The modelling of this system was carried out taking into account a global approach to make an energy balance for each component of the thermal solar system. A simulation tool was developed under the MATLAB environment using Simulink ® tool for solving this knowledge model. This model is validated by comparing simulation results to measurement data obtained on the experimental set-up. Energy efficiency of the solar system and the instantaneous efficiency of solar collectors have been studied in unsteady state. The realisation of a solar tracker has been completed. The gain in thermal energy with solar tracker has been studied in comparison with the configuration in which the solar collectors are fixed at different inclinations
Reis, Renato Candido. "Análise do efeito da convecção forçada para resfriamento de sistema térmico fotovoltaico /." Ilha Solteira, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192697.
Full textResumo: O presente trabalho consistiu na análise teórica e experimental de um sistema híbrido PVT - fotovoltaico/térmico. Este consiste de um painel fotovoltaico (PV), com sistema de rastreamento, para aproveitar a radiação solar direta e difusa, e de um sistema d e resfriamento por convecção forçada acoplado, permitindo gerar eletricidade e calor em um único processo além de reduzir a temperatura de operação de um painel solar fotovoltaico comercial e, assim, melhorar sua eficiência energética. O módulo PV está instalado na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. O conjunto experimental possui um sistema de rastreamento solar azimutal de eixo simples; a tensão e a corrente de saída do painel foram medidas para quantificar a potência produzida levando em consideração diferentes condições de operação. Todos os testes foram realizados in loco usando um painel fotovoltaico comercial, sempre levando em consideração as condições meteorológicas do dia. O rastreamento solar aumenta em 45,5% a energia gerada para um dia do mês de junho em relação a um sistema fixo. O painel fotovoltaico com a parte posterior isolada termicamente opera em condições 15 °C a 20 °C mais quente que um painel não isolado, o que implica em perdas energéticas da ordem de 7,6%. O trocador de calor tipo serpentina, com uso de água deionizada, não mostrou desempenho satisfatório ao resfriar o módulo fotovoltaico devido à significativa resistência térmica de contato com a face posterior do módulo. A análise teórica apre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present work consisted of a theoretical and experimental analysis of a hybrid PVT – photovoltaic/thermal system. This system consisted of a photovoltaic (PV) panel with a solar tracking system to take advantage of direct and diffuse solar radiation and a forced convection cooling system. This allows the generation of electricity and useful heat in a single process in addition to reducing the operating temperature of a commercial photovoltaic solar panel and thus improves its energy efficiency. The PV module is installed in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo. The experimental apparatus had a single axis, azimuth solar tracking system; the output voltage and current of the panel were measured to quantify the power produced taking into account different operating conditions. All tests were carried out in loco using a commercial photovoltaic panel, always taking into account the weather conditions of the day. Solar tracking increases the energy generated by one day of the month by 45.5% compared to a fixed system. The temperature of the module with a thermally insulated back sheet was 15° C to 20° C hotter than a non-insulated panel, which implies energy losses of the order of 7.6%. The serpentine type heat exchanger, using deionized water, did not show satisfactory performance when cooling the photovoltaic module due to the significant thermal resistance of contact with the rear face of the module. Theoretical analysis showed errors of less than 10% compared to t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Jourdan, Arnaud. "Conception d'un système de cogénération solaire applique à l'habitat, associant un concentrateur miniature et une turbine de telsa." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0103.
Full textThe responsibility of our activity in the recent and sometimes brutal climate changes is recognized. Energy demand management and renewable energies appear as two solutions to overcome this disaster. In this work, we focus on combined heat and power applied to residential buildings. Two geographical areas are concerned, West Africa and France. For the moment, no system of very low power (< 10 kWe) solar cogeneration exists. In this work, considered solution consists to produce heat at 150 °C and with an efficiency greater than 50 %, then to use it in an ORC for producing electricity and low temperature heat. The whole system has to be resistant and low-cost. But to reach those performances with solar radiation, concentration is necessary. The first part of this thesis is to elaborate a solar concentrating panel which answer to these two thermal constraints. The new solar panel must be robust, reliable and easily integrable on the building envelope. In this context, parabolic trough is adopted, adapted and miniaturised. Regarding the thermodynamic part, technological lock is found mainly in the turbogenerator. The purpose of the second part of this thesis consists of the design of a an expansion equipement, requiring simplified maintenance and achievable by the team of Sirea. The Tesla turbine, patented in 1913 by Nikola Tesla, should satisfy this specification. Its characteristic is that the opposite other conventional turbines, the rotor is not bladed or vaned, only parallel disks. Fluid exerts shear stress on the disk surfaces resulting in a torque at the shaft
Kuga, Maïa. "Origine des fractionnements isotopiques de l'azote et des gaz rares dans les météorites et les atmosphères planétaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0087/document.
Full textNitrogen and noble gases present in asteroids, comets or planetary atmospheres are trapped in organic matter and bear a composition that is different from the composition of the Sun, which is representative of the primordial gas from which the different objects in the solar system were formed 4.5 billion years ago. During this thesis, experimental syntheses of organic matter from gas mixtures in a plasma setup called the Nebulotron were performed in order to better understand the processes responsible for this chemical difference between the meteorites and the Sun for nitrogen and noble gases. The characteristics of the organic matter and the signature of the noble gases trapped in meteorites are relatively well reproduced in the experiments, whereas the composition of nitrogen is not. These experimental results give hints about the key mechanisms that are responsible for the variations of the volatile elements composition in the solar system objects
Zambolin, Enrico. "Theoretical and experimental study of solar thermal collector systems and components." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422853.
Full textI collettori solari termici maggiormente impiegati per convertire la radiazione solare in calore sono i collettori a tipologia piana e a tubi evacuati. Nelle applicazioni convenzionali essi vengono utilizzati per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria o riscaldamento domestico in combinazione con sistemi a bassa temperatura. Prove d’efficienza termica ed ottimizzazione di questi dispositivi solari sono affrontati e discussi in questa tesi. Nuove prove sperimentali in varie condizioni sono state effettuate su collettori piani vetrati e a tubi evacuati per effettuare una nuova analisi comparativa. L’efficienza è stata misurata secondo le indicazioni della normativa europea EN 12975 ed inoltre si sono ricavate curve input-output e di efficienza media giornaliera. Questo approccio permette un confronto più ampio delle prestazioni effettive dei collettori solari considerati. Uno strumento di simulazione delle prestazioni dei collettori a geometria piana è anche proposto. Il modello numerico permette di ottenere un “collettore virtuale” e fornisce informazioni sulle prestazioni di un collettore senza costruirne un prototipo funzionale. Il modello tridimensionale stima le prestazioni di un collettore a geometria piana in condizioni stazionarie ed è stato validato confrontando le prestazioni stimate con i risultati sperimentali ottenuti su due collettori diversi. Misure di temperatura della piastra assorbente, della copertura vetrata, dei tubi dell’arpa ed analisi all’infrarosso sono stati utilizzati per investigare le dispersioni termiche e le caratteristiche ottiche della geometria considerata. Il modello è inoltre stato usato per analizzare gli effetti di alcune scelte progettuali riguardanti la geometria e i materiali dei componenti del collettore. I collettori solari a tubi evacuati sono in linea di principio più costosi dei collettori piani e sono idonei ad applicazioni a più alta temperatura (sistemi di riscaldamento, macchine ad assorbimento..). La loro geometria rende più difficile la caratterizzazione completa delle prestazioni del collettore. Una nuova procedura per caratterizzare questo tipo di collettori è stata sviluppata ed è qui descritta. Sono state eseguite prove sperimentali su un collettore a tubi evacuati, con tubi ad U, con assorbitore cilindrico, con e senza riflettori CPC (compound parabolic concentrator) esterni. I risultati sperimentali sono stati utilizzati per validare la nuova procedura e per fornire indicazioni sull’incremento dell’efficienza dovuto all’impiego dei riflettori CPC.
Luu, Tu-Han. "Datation à haute précision par l'26Al de l'histoire du disque d'accrétion." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0225/document.
Full textThe disk history is a very interesting period of the early Solar System history, i.e. the period during which occurred most of the processes leading from the mixing of nebular gas and dust to grains, and then planetesimals, which will then constitute the starting material for formation of planetary embryos and terrestrial planets. The witnesses of this period that we have in the laboratory are the chondrite constituents, mostly refractory inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules. One of the central questions regarding the processes leading to the formation of CAIs and chondrules is the timing. Villeneuve et al. (2009, 2011) have shown that 26Al and Mg isotopes were homogeneously distributed in the accretion disk, at a level allowing the use of the 26Al-26Mg system as the most precise short-lived chronometer to constrain the 2 or 3 first million years of the disk history. My PhD project aimed at reconsidering the 26Al study with more precise measurements, and by combining in-situ (by MC-SIMS) and bulk (by HR-MC-ICPMS) analyses. The analytical developments we set for Mg-isotope measurements (because of the high precision needed) were then applied to a set of extraterrestrial materials, including Mg-rich isolated olivines and Mg-rich olivines in porphyritic type I chondrules from the Allende CV3 meteorite, as well as chondrules from the same meteorite, and olivines from the Eagle Station pallasite. The whole data set allowed to answer questions such as (i) the origin of chondrule precursor materials and the time of chondrule formation, as well as (ii) the origin of Mg-rich refractory olivines, and the possibility that the latters were part of chondrule precursors
Thomas, Alex S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An analysis of distributed solar fuel systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76511.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89).
While solar fuel systems offer tremendous potential to address global clean energy needs, most existing analyses have focused on the feasibility of large centralized systems and applications. Not much research exists on the feasibility of distributed solar fuel systems. This thesis is an attempt to understand the larger context of solar fuel systems, to examine the case for going distributed and to critically analyze a distributed solar fuel system available today in the context of a specific application. In doing so, this thesis seeks to a) provide a baseline analysis for the economic feasibility of a distributed solar fuel system based on state-of-the-art technology b) draw some general conclusions about the nature of such systems in order to provide guidance to those engaged in the development of the next generation of solar fuel systems. This study also compares the chosen baseline solar fuel system with a traditional fossil fuel-based alternative and undertakes a cost-to-emissions trade-off analysis. A key finding of this thesis is that for solar fuel systems to be viable, cost and efficiency improvements in individual sub-systems won't be sufficient. Due attention needs to be given to bring down cost of the entire system. Another key finding is that if carbon emissions are considered as a decision-making criterion in addition to cost, even at current cost levels photovoltaic hydrogen systems compare favorably with existing fossil fuel-based alternatives such as diesel generators.
by Alex Thomas.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
Ghaghazanian, Arash. "System Integration of PV/T Collectors in Solar Cooling Systems." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19554.
Full textLetz, Thomas. "Modélisation et dimensionnement économique d'un système de chauffage domestique bi-énergie (solaire-electrique)." Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0041.
Full textWoillez, Éric. "Stochastic description of rare events for complex dynamics in the Solar System." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN046/document.
Full textThe present thesis describes four complex dynamical systems. In each system, the long-term behavior is controlled by a few number of slow variables that can be clearly identified. We show that in the limit of a large timescale separation between the slow variables and the other variables, stochastic averaging can be performed and leads to an effective dynamics for the set of slow variables. This thesis also deals with rare events predictions in the solar system. We consider two possible rare events. The first one is a very large variation of the spin axis orientation of a Moonless Earth. The second one is the disintegration of the inner solar system because of an instability in Mercury’s orbit. Both systems are controlled by non-trivial slow variables that are not given by simple physical quantities. Stochastic averaging has led to the discovery of the mechanism leading to those rare events and gives theoretical bases to compute the rare events probabilities. We also show that Mercury’s short-term destabilizations (compared to the age of the solar system) follow an instanton mechanism, and can be predicted using large deviation theory. The special algorithms devoted to the computation of rare event probabilities can thus find surprising applications in the field of celestial mechanics. We have used for the first time stochastic averaging in the field of celestial mechanics to give a relevant orders of magnitude for the long-term perturbation of planetary orbits by asteroids. A part of the work is about geophysical fluid mechanics. In Jupiter atmosphere, large scale structures (jets) can be observed, the typical time of evolution of which is much larger than that of the surrounding turbulence. We show for the first time that the mean wind velocity can be obtained explicitly by averaging the fast turbulent degrees of freedom
Chevrier, Michèle. "Towards new π-conjugated systems for photovoltaic applications." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT206/document.
Full textAmong renewable energies, the sunlight has by far the highest theoretical potential to meet the worldwide need in energy. Photovoltaic devices are thus currently the subject of intense research for low-cost conversion of sunlight into electrical power. In particular, organic photovoltaics have emerged as an interesting alternative to produce electricity due to their low manufacturing cost compared to silicon solar cells, their mechanical flexibility and the versatility of the possible chemical structures. In this dissertation, we focused our research on the development of new organic pi-conjugated materials for organic solar cells applications. Two types of solar cells have been studied during this work: bulk heterojunction and dye-sensitized solar cells. The charge transfer leading to the photocurrent is usually based on (i) a polymer donor and a fullerene acceptor in BHJ solar cells, such as the widely studied poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) materials and (ii) a metal oxide (titanium oxide) sensitized with a dye and an electrolyte in DSSCs. Despite power conversion efficiencies have reached 5 and 13 % respectively for these two types of devices, they still display several drawbacks that limit their commercialization. P3HT displays a narrow absorption of the solar spectrum thus limiting the conversion efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we combined P3HT with chromophores, i.e. porphyrins, having an extending absorption. Then, to ensure better charge transfer and extraction within the device, a cathode interfacial layer based on cationic pi-conjugated polyelectrolytes was added. Finally, dyes extracted from the biomass (chlorophyll a derivatives) were synthesized to replace the expensive ruthenium dyes in DSSCs. Since liquid electrolytes are volatile and corrosive, which considerably limit the DSSCs stability, solid polymer electrolytes were also developed as an alternative