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1
Cheng, Haobo. Pose-varied Multi-axis Optical Finishing Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44182-4.
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Abraham, Ralph. Manifolds, tensor analysis, and applications. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
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3
Office, General Accounting. Defense trade: Contractors engage in varied international alliances : report to the Chairman and ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Defense trade: Contractors engage in varied international alliances : report to the Chairman and ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Klimenko, Irina, Nikolay Kozlov, Sergey Kostenko, Anastasia Shamustakimova, and Yulian Mavlyutov. Identification and certification of forage grasses (meadow clover, alfalfa, sowing and hop) based on DNA markers. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/978-5-6043194-9-9.
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A technology has been developed for DNA identification and certification of varieties of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.), Sowing (M. sativa L.) and hop (M. lupuli-na L.) based on molecular analysis with using SSR and SRAP markers. The recommendations contain a description of the sequence of experiments and protocols for DNA typing procedures. The presented methods were developed by the authors on the basis of their own experimental research and using the data available in the literature. A characteristic of informative primers for each marking system is given, a set of DNA identification markers is proposed, and unique molecular genetic formulas of varieties are drawn up as the basis for a reference genetic passport. Methodological recommendations were prepared with the aim of mastering the technology of DNA certification of forage grasses in practice. Designed for managers and specialists of research and control laboratories, can serve as a textbook for students and postgraduates in specialized specialties.
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Pose-varied Multi-axis Optical Finishing Systems: Theory and Process Validation. Springer, 2014.
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Ltd, ICON Group. VARIAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2000.
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Ltd, ICON Group. VARIAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2000.
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1940-, Mancini Giuseppe, Johannsen Gunnar, Mårtensson L. 1943-, International Federation of Automatic Control., and IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems (2nd : 1985 : Varese, Italy), eds. Analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems: Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA conference, Varese, Italy, 10-12 September 1985. Oxford: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, 1986.
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Redding, Gordon. The Smaller Economies of Pacific Asia and Their Business Systems. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0024.
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What came to be known as the Asian miracle took place in a number of quite varied contexts in countries outside the major states Japan and China, and the way in which these smaller economies have built their development trajectories in the years after 1960 has been a matter of serious attention among policymakers worldwide. Japan and China are given specific attention elsewhere in this volume and so this article considers the rest of Pacific Asia. It aims to outline the systems of business which have come to characterize the following clusters of countries: first, South Korea which stands on its own as a distinct case; second, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore which are essentially Chinese in their ethnic make-up, their current political structures, and their business behaviour, but which nevertheless display great differences among themselves; third, the ASEAN group outside Singapore, again containing variety but with certain key common denominators.
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Smalskys, Vainius, and Jolanta Urbanovič. Civil Service Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160.
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Civil service consists of civil servants and their activity when implementing the assigned functions and decisions made by politicians. In other words, it is a system of civil servants who perform the assigned functions of public administration. The corpus of civil servants consists of people who work in central and local public administration institutions. The concept and scope of civil service in a particular country depends on the legal framework that defines the areas of public and private sectors and their relationship. In many countries, civil service consists of an upper level, a mid-level, and civil servants who work for coordinating, independent, and auxiliary institutions. However, the scope of civil service in different countries varies. When analyzing/comparing civil service systems of different countries, researchers often categorize them as Western European, continental European, Anglo-American, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Asian, or African.All European Union member states can be classified into two groups: the career system—dominant in continental Europe, with the prevalence of traditional-hierarchical public administration, rational bureaucracy, and formalized operational rules—and the position system—dominant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the prevalence of managerial principles, pragmatic administration, and charismatic leadership. Neither of the two models exists in pure form. If features of the career model dominate in the civil service of a country, it is identified as a country with the career CS model; if elements of the position model dominate the country is identified as a country with the position civil service model. An intermediate version of this model, characteristic of a number of countries, is the mixed/hybrid model.Many civil service researchers claim that in the case of two competing systems of civil service—closed (the career model) and open (the position model)—reforms of the open civil service system win. It has been argued that the organizing principles of the open, result-oriented civil service system (the position model), which is under the influence of “new public management,” will permanently “drive out” the closed, vertically integrated and formal procedure-oriented career model. Scholars argue that civil servants of the future will have to be at ease with more complexity and flexibility. They will have to be comfortable with change, often rapid change. At the same time, they will make more autonomous decisions and be more responsible, accountable, performance-oriented, and subject to new competency and skill requirements.
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Kenny, Paul D. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0010.
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This final chapter draws out the two main conclusions from the book. First, it discusses the policy implications of its findings. It suggests caution in the decentralization of political authority as a remedy for democratic underperformance in patronage-based democracies. Rather than making government more accountable, it may instead exacerbate principal–agent conflicts between center and periphery. More important than decentralization in the short term may be institutional reforms at the center that make parties more programmatic and responsive to citizens. Second, it sets out some of the implications of the book’s findings for the study of populism and party-system change more generally. It shows that the varied ways in which voters and parties are linked creates different pathways to the decline of establishment parties and the success of populist alternatives. Further comparative research across party systems might contribute positively to institutional reform and political change.
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Lawson, Gary, and Guy I. Seidman. Deference. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190273408.001.0001.
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Deference is perhaps the most important concept and practice in law. It lies at the core of every system of precedent, appellate review, federalism, and separation of powers, all of which center on how one actor should deal with previous decisions. Oddly enough, deference is also one of the most underanalyzed and undertheorized legal concepts and practices, perhaps because its applications are so varied. This book’s goal is to provide a definition of and vocabulary for deference that can be used to describe, explain, and/or criticize deference in all of its manifestations in the law, including some manifestations that are not always identified by legal actors as instances of deference, such as practices of precedent in which institutional actors consider their own prior decisions. This book undertakes a descriptive and conceptual, not normative or critical, analysis of deference. It leaves to others the question whether deference, in any particular context, is “legitimate” or “bad,” and it does not seek to prescribe whether and how any legal system should apply deference in any specific circumstance or to critique any particular deference doctrines. Rather, it hopes to bring the very concept of deference to the forefront of legal discussion; to identify, catalogue, and analyze at least the chief among its many legal applications; to set forth the many and varied rationales that can be and have been offered in support of (some species of) deference in different legal contexts; and thereby to provide a vocabulary and conceptual framework that can be employed in future projects, whether those projects are descriptive or prescriptive. While this book draws its material almost entirely from American law and practice, we hope in future work, perhaps with the help of other scholars, to expand the study to include the law and practice in other countries and particularly in non-common-law legal systems.
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Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. A Protean Presentation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0026.
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Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a rare but often dramatic cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Its varied clinical course, in combination with high false-negative rates of cerebral angiography and brain biopsy, makes it a difficult disease to definitively diagnosis. Consider a diagnosis of vasculitis in patients with atypical-appearing or multifocal vascular lesions, particularly if they involve both ischemic and hemorrhagic components. Central nervous system angiitis can result in a high degree of mortality and morbidity despite immunosuppressant therapy.
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Nielsen, David A., Dmitri Proudnikov, and Mary Jeanne Kreek. The Genetics of Impulsivity. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0080.
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Impulsivity is a complex trait that varies across healthy individuals, although when excessive, it is generally regarded as dysfunctional. Impulsive behavior may lead to initiation of drug addiction that interferes with inhibitory controls, which may in turn result in facilitation of the individual’s impulsive acts. Although environmental factors play a considerable role in impulsive behavior, a body of evidence collected in twin studies suggests that about 45% of the variance in impulsivity is accounted for by genetic factors. Genetic variants studied in association with impulsivity include those fortryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (TPH1 and TPH2), the serotonintransporter (SERT), serotonin receptors, and genes of the monoamine metabolism pathway (e.g., monoamine oxidase A, MAOA). Other systems may also play a role in these behaviors, such as the dopaminergic system (the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4, and the dopamine transporter, DAT), the catecholaminergic system (catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT), and the GABAergic system (GABAreceptor subunit alpha-1, GABRA1; GABA receptor subunit alpha-6, GABRA6; and GABA receptor subunit beta-1, GABRB1). Taking into account involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the number of candidate genes implicated in impulsivity may be increased significantly and, therefore, may go far beyond those of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. For a number of years, our group has conducted studies of the association of genes involved in the modulation of the stress-responsive HPA axis and several neurotransmitter systems, all involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders, impulse control and compulsive disorders, with drug addiction. These genes include those of the opioid system: the mu- and kappa-opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) and the nociceptin/orphaninFQ receptor (OPRL1); the serotonergic system: TPH1 and TPH2 and the serotonin receptor 1B (5THR1B); the catecholamine system: COMT; the HPA axis: themelanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R or adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTHR); and the cannabinoid system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). In this chapter we will focus on these findings.
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Shaw, Christopher M., Akin Cil, and Lyle J. Micheli. Upper extremity and trunk injuries. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0044.
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As the rate and level of youth athletic participation continues to rise, so does the frequency of injury to the trunk and upper extremities in these young athletes. Injuries are varied in severity and frequency. Additionally, injury patterns are unique to the growing musculoskeletal system and specific to the demands of the sport. The treatment of these injuries is also varied, ranging from preventative, to non-operative, to operative. Recognition of injury patterns with early activity modification and the initiation of efficacious treatment can potentially prevent invasive treatments, future deformity, or disability, and return the young athlete to sport. This chapter discusses the diagnosis and management of common upper extremity and trunk injuries in the paediatric athlete, including joint injuries, fractures, repetitive microtrauma, tendonitis, ligament injuries, and back pain.
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John, Borrows. Part I Constitutional History, A Indigenous Legal Systems and Governance, Ch.2 Indigenous Constitutionalism: Pre-existing Legal Genealogies in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0002.
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This chapter examines aspects of Canada’s constitution related to its Indigenous roots. It explores the different ways in which Indigenous peoples in Canada possessed constitutional structures prior to European arrival. Indigenous constitutionalism has provided standards through which Indigenous societies have resisted or engaged with the broader Canadian state. Traditions of Indigenous constitutionalism are varied and diverse because they developed in diverse ecological spaces over vast epochs of time. This vast range of Indigenous constitutional practices has contributed to Canada’s broader constitutional order in many ways. Inuit, Métis, Mikmaq, Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabe, Cree, Secwepmec, and Gitksan constitutional traditions are reviewed to illustrate these themes.
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Madsen, Mikael Rask. International Court Authority. Edited by Karen J. Alter and Laurence R. Helfer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.001.0001.
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Identifying the “varied authority” of international adjudicators as a common object of inquiry, this book develops a framework to conceptualize and analyze international court authority with the goal of assessing how contextual factors affect international courts’ authority, and therby their political and legal influence. Scholars drawn from a range of academic disciplines—namely law, political science, and sociology—have contributed to this book and examine the varied authority of thirteen international courts with jurisdictions that range from economic to human rights, to international criminal matters. Interdisciplinary commentaries reflect on what the framework and findings imply for the study of international court authority and legitimacy. Focusing on both global and regional adjudicatory systems, the chapters explore different ways in which contextual factors contribute to the fragility of each court’s authority over time and across the breadth of their jurisdiction. A conclusion pulls together the collective insights of how context shapes the authority of international courts.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
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Nadkarni, Vidya, and J. Michael Williams. International Relations and Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.408.
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Both the political science fields of International Relations (IR) and Comparative Politics (CP) developed around a scholarly concern with the nature of the state. IR focused on the nature, sources, and dynamics of inter-state interaction, while CP delved into the structure, functioning, and development of the state itself. The natural synergies between these two lines of scholarly inquiry found expression in the works of classical and neo-classical realists, liberals, and Marxists, all of whom, to varying degrees and in varied ways, recognized that the line dividing domestic and international politics was not hermetically sealed. As processes of economic globalization, on the one hand, and the globalization of the state system, on the other, have expanded the realm of political and economic interaction, the need for greater cross-fertilization between IR and CP has become even more evident. The global expansion of the interstate system has incorporated non-European societies into world politics and increased the salience of cultural and religious variables. These dynamics suggest that a study of cultures, religions, and histories, which shape the world views of states and peoples, is therefore necessary before assessments can be made about how individual states may respond to varied global pressures in their domestic and foreign policy choices.
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Shea, Nicholas. How Content Explains. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0008.
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The varitel accounts of content allow us to see how the practice of representational explanation works and why content has an explanatory role to play. They establish the causal-explanatory relevance of semantic properties and are neutral about causal efficacy. Exploitable relations give the accounts an advantage over views based only on outputs. Content does valuable explanatory work in areas beyond psychology, but it need not be explanatorily valuable in every case. The varitel accounts illuminate why there should be a tight connection between content and the circumstances in which a representation develops. The accounts have some epistemological consequences. Representations at the personal level are different in a variety of ways that are relevant to content determination. Naturalizing personal-level content thus becomes a tractable research programme. Most importantly, varitel semantics offers a naturalistic account of the content of representations in the brain and other subpersonal representational systems.
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Rao, Chethan P. Venkatasubba, and Jose Ignacio Suarez. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment on non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0238.
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Non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (ntSAH) is a neurological emergency. Clinical presentation is usually with severe headache, with or without abnormal neurological signs on clinical examination. NtSAH affects both males and females from 30 to 70 years, and the incidence increases with age. The incidence varies widely around the world. The gender distribution also varies in different countries, although overall the incidence is higher in women than in men. The commonest cause is rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, accounting for around 80% of cases. Diagnosis is usually by finding blood in the classical subarachnoid distribution on a cranial computed tomography scan. A number of grading systems are used to classify ntSAH.
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Rosenfeld, Myrna R., Maarten J. Titulaer, and Josep Dalmau. Overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0142.
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The chapter reviews a diversity of neurologic syndromes that are either proven or putatively autoimmune. The disorders affect all levels of the nervous system from neuromuscular junction, autonomic nervous system, spinal cord, brain, to retina. The pathologic substrates underlying the neurologic dysfunction are varied and include vasculitis (Behçets, Susac’s), encephalitis (NMDA receptor encephalitis), channelopathies (myasthenia, LEMS) and even an inflammatory granulomatous disease (neuro-sarcoid). The resulting syndromes cover myriad aspects of clinical neurology and neuropsychiatry. The understanding of and continued identification of autoimmune neurologic disorders is a very active area. With time some of these disorders may be moved to other sections while new disorders will join the autoimmune list. In this chapter we briefly review the emergence of the field of autoimmunity as it relates to the nervous system and make note of some of the open questions that remain.
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Weissman, Jacqueline, and Lisa Emrick. Diseases of Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0061.
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Mitochondrial disorders are a group of inherited diseases of energy metabolism caused by impairment of mitochondrial function-primarily disorders of the oxidative phosphorylation system but also the more recently described disorders of mitochondrial transport and fission. This review will focus on primary disorders of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The neurologic system is one of the most profoundly affected by mitochondrial dysfunction and the effects can be varied and widespread. This has led to these diseases being commonly called mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, neuroimaging findings, pathologic findings, and genetic findings in these diseases make diagnosis extremely difficult. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders is currently lacking a solid evidence base but this is a rapidly expanding area of research.
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Saylor, Deanna, and John C. Probasco. Nutritional Deficiencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0184.
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Nutritional deficiencies are estimated to affect at least one third of the world’s population. Although they are most common in developing countries, they are also found in the developed world where they often occur in the setting of alcoholism, eating disorders, post bariatric surgery, and malabsorptive disorders. Neurologic manifestations of vitamin deficiencies are varied, reflecting the diversity of biochemical activity of vitamins throughout the nervous system. Here the neurological manifestations of common vitamin deficiencies are examoned, beginning with a discussion of relevant biochemistry and pathophysiology of each respective vitamin. Several micronutrients are included in the tables within this chapter.
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Bashevkin, Sylvia. Interpreting Women, War, and Feminism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875374.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 foregrounds the discussion of policy impact by individual foreign policy leaders. It explores the varied perspectives toward war and equality that are associated with women in Western cultures. The discussion shows how efforts to present half of humanity as a homogeneous unit have fallen short—whether those attempts portray the group as consistently pacifist, feminist, or otherwise. The chapter develops a normative proposition that in liberal democratic systems, executives should ideally carry forward disparate outlooks that roughly approximate the distribution of policy views in the general population. It argues that positions toward political conflict and women’s rights are ideally considered along a spectrum or continuum of opinion.
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Cuomo, Chris. Sexual Politics in Environmental Ethics. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.26.
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Matters related to sex and gender are central in environmental ethics, intersecting with class and race. In Western capitalist and other colonizing systems, negative views about nature are deeply interwoven with derogatory views about those people who are associated with nature, including women and the feminine. Gendered relationships with nature and other species are highly varied across classes and cultures. Nonetheless, these days nearly everywhere females are more directly and negatively impacted by environmental harms, because gendered work and labor roles, including unpaid, domestic, caretaking and “flexible” work, often put women in closest proximity to environmental risks and challenges. Critical and reconstructive attention to specific systems and realities of sex and gender is therefore needed to develop adequate understanding of many issues at the heart of environmental ethics, and to bring diverse knowledge and more caring, empowering and effective moral responses to the fore.
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Braithwaite, Jeffrey, and Liam Donaldson. Patient Safety and Quality. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.16.
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Over the last 25 years we have learned how providers can fall short of their goals, and deliver care which is below expectations. In response, nations and the international community including the World Health Organization have developed strategies to tackle harm and improve the quality of care. Key approaches include strengthening management and leadership; designing improvement tools, models and approaches; enhancing teamwork, communication and local cultures; and leveraging opinion leaders and champions. A shift towards a systems perspective, factoring in the challenges of complexity and network characteristics, is evident. A safety-II approach, building on the naturally-occurring resilience of health systems, show much promise. But progress has been slow. We will need to be better at diffusing what we know works, scaling up localized, demonstrated successes, and supporting clinicians’ everyday capacities to succeed under varied conditions. Progress requires partnerships between politicians, policymakers, managers, clinicians, patients, researchers and other groups.
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Vu, Tuong. Workers under Communism. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.027.
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This essay compares the experience of workers and workplace politics under communism in the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, China, and Vietnam. State–labour relations in these contexts were fraught with tension from the start. Workers’ experience varied widely over time and space. Nevertheless, all workers were subject to state-imposed forms of domination at the workplace and in society at large. This domination was the effect of a powerful ideology, dense organizations, and social hierarchies that were mutually reinforcing. Many workers actively supported communist goals and were rewarded, but the system failed to motivate enough workers to make it work in the long term. Against the background of stagnant or declining living standards, propaganda failed to enlighten most workers while coercion could not produce disciplined and efficient ones. Socialist workers were disempowered but not powerless to manipulate and resist the system.
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Ratiu, Tudor, Ralph Abraham, and Jerrold E. Marsden. Manifolds, Tensor Analysis, and Applications. Springer, 2011.
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Ratiu, Tudor, Ralph Abraham, and Jerrold E. Marsden. Manifolds, Tensor Analysis, and Applications. Springer, 2012.
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Palus, Christine Kelleher. Local Policy and Democratic Representation. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.024.
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In this chapter the author examines the existing literature addressing the broad topic of local policy and democratic representation. She begins with foundational works, lingering controversies, and those explicitly focused on the question of the link between citizen opinion and public policies. The chapter also covers the varied components of the political system and how each serves as a mechanism for policymaking and democracy, including citizenship and political participation, institutions of governance, and elected and appointed officials. She concludes with critiques, future questions, and a call to utilize the great variation of local governments to further our knowledge about the manifestation of democracy and governance.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0007.
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is involved in nervous system and muscle function and is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency is common in Asia, where diets are often high in thiamine-depleted polished rice and can be low in other food sources. Pregnancy imposes an increasing requirement for thiamine over the course of gestation, and deficiency can lead to widespread metabolic disturbances affecting the placenta and fetus. Nutritional deficiency for thiamine is rare in people who consume a moderately varied diet that contains whole grains. However, excessive vomiting in pregnancy can cause thiamine depletion, in which case antenatal vitamins containing thiamine and other B vitamins may be beneficial.
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Farjoun, Moshe, Wendy Smith, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827436.003.0001.
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Organizational contradictions and process studies offer interwoven and complementary insights. Studies of dialectics, paradox, and dualities depict organizational contradictions that are oppositional as well as interrelated such that they persistently morph and shift over time. Studies of process often examine how contradictions fuel emergent, dynamic systems and stimulate novelty, adaptation, and transformation. Drawing largely from rich conversations at the Eighth International Symposium on Process Organization Studies, this volume unpacks these relationships in more depth. In this introduction, the authors provide an overview of the topic at hand, review the papers in this volume, outlining how the varied lenses of dialectics, paradoxes, and dualities help articulate the interplay between organizational process themes and contradictions, and offer suggestions for further research.
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Reyerson, Kathryn. Urban Economies. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.033.
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Women's experience in the towns of medieval Europe was framed by the nature of the urban economy and the legal system in place. Women operated everywhere within a patriarchal system, but the limits and possibilities of their economic participation varied across time, marital status, social status, family ties, and training. Elite women managed households, but in some cities they can be found investing in trade and industry, engaging in financial operations, and exploiting real property. Middling women engaged in sales of luxury goods and agricultural commodities, in real-estate transactions, in partnerships and apprenticeships. Rarely did they enjoy guild membership, but they contributed to medieval artisanal industry. Poor women, domestic servants, prostitutes, and slaves were everywhere the disadvantaged in medieval cities, though some, such as hucksters, could overcome the makeshift transient economy of which they were a part. Gender dictated the fate of urban women, however historical assessments might differ.
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Theeler, Brett J., and Mark R. Gilbert. Primary Central Nervous System Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0129.
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Ependymomas are rare primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors that are thought to arise from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system located throughout the CNS. Ependymomas occur in all age groups but are more common in the pediatric population. Ependymomas typically present as mass lesions within the ventricular system, brain or spinal cord parenchyma. As with most central nervous system tumors, pathologic evaluation is required for definitive diagnosis. Ependymomas are typically treated with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy although this varies depending on tumor location, tumor grade, patient age, extent of tumor resection, and other pretreatment factors. Recent molecular studies demonstrate molecularly defined tumor heterogeneity that appears to have a region-specific pattern. Translating the emerging molecular profiles of ependymomas into improved treatment strategies is the primary goal of ongoing research efforts.
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Rie, Michael A. Medico-legal liability in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0027.
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The Oxford Textbook of Critical Care is an English language international text that recognizes the English Common Law as the foundation of contemporary judicial precedents governing obligations and responsibilities within the patient–doctor relationship. Although medical ethics and their recognition are generally known, Common Law interpretation of resource consumption and entitlement limits to critical care services has varied widely. Case examples of enduring professional negligence are offered. While legal systems may have differing origins, the imbalance between resource allocation and lawful definition of entitlement limitations requires further clarity within the law. Preserving professional integrity requires active public education and professional group dialogue with governments and the courts. Such patient advocacy will both preserve the rule of law and patient trust in all critical care professionals.
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Negus Cleary, Michelle. Social Complexity and Political Capitals in Ancient Eurasia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.19.
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This article draws upon archaeological evidence of settlement and enclosure sites as key indicators of social complexity in agro-pastoral societies of Central Asia and Inner Eurasia during the Late Iron Age–Late Antique periods. Large fortified enclosures (kalas) were the political capitals of mobile states and empires, embodying and displaying the power, status, and prestige of ruling elites. Low-density “urban” sites were located in dispersed settlement zones associated with rivers or water management systems in the Eurasian steppe and oases. These capitals were an alternative form of urbanism suited to the political organization of mobile ruling elites. This analysis provides insights into the varied modes of settlement utilized by agro-pastoral and mobile societies in extreme environmental zones.
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Gordon, Robert B., and Patrick M. Malone. The Texture of Industry. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195058857.001.0001.
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While historians have given ample attention to stories of entrepreneurship, invention, and labor conflict, they have told us little about actual work-places and how people worked. Workers seldom wrote about their daily employment. However, they did leave behind their tools, products, shops, and factories as well as the surrounding industrial landscapes and communities. In this book, Gordon and Malone look at the industrialization of North America from the perspective of the industrial archaeologist. Using material evidence from such varied sites as Indian steatite quarries, automobile plants, and coal mines, they examine manufacturing technology, transportation systems, and the effects of industrialization on the land. Their research greatly expands our understanding of industry and focuses attention on the contributions of anonymous artisans whose skills shaped our industrial heritage.
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Yeung, Karen, and Martin Lodge, eds. Algorithmic Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838494.001.0001.
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Algorithms have become a central theme in contemporary policy and public discussion. The varied and potentially profound social implications of our increasing reliance on algorithms in daily life has attracted considerable interest in recent years, especially with the rising awareness of ‘big data’ and predictive analytics. One of the most vivid examples is the widespread concern about the use of algorithms to manipulate information and affect political life, at least since the US elections and the Brexit referendum. This book offers a critical exploration of algorithmic regulation, understood both as a means of coordinating and regulating social action and decision-making, as well as the need for institutional mechanisms through which the power of algorithms and algorithmic systems might themselves be regulated.
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Grimshaw, Damian, Stefania Marino, Dominique Anxo, Jérôme Gautié, László Neumann, and Claudia Weinkopf. Negotiating Better Conditions for Workers during Austerity in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0002.
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This chapter compares union actions affecting local government workers during a period of austerity across five European countries: France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, and the UK. These five countries are characterized by different national industrial relations institutions, different systems of public sector wage-setting, and varied opportunities for local union influence. The study analyses the conditions under which trade unions have been able to reduce precarious work among local government workers (in-house and subcontracted) and to promote more equitable and solidaristic outcomes. It specifically focuses on union actions against pay precarity and employment precarity. It concludes by discussing the contributory roles played by national institutions, austerity measures, and unions’ power resources in shaping the prospects for pay equity and chain solidarities in Europe’s public sector.
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Shea, Nicholas. Standard Objections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0006.
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Varitel semantics has several resources for dealing with indeterminacy. It gives rise to more determinate contents than informational semantics or consumer-based teleosemantics. The remaining indeterminacy is a virtue: it is what we should expect in simpler systems with fewer interacting components. Some of the non-conceptual representations in our case studies exhibit some features exemplified by concepts: semantically significant constituent structure; unsaturated components; and limited, domain-specific generality. A historical component is needed to bring into view the explanandum to which representational explanation is directed, namely successful and unsuccessful behaviour. We should not expect representational explanation to get a grip, in these simple cases, without some period in which behavioural outcomes have been stabilized. Even a short period of interaction will establish some task functions and contents. Varitel semantics does not reduce misrepresentation to malfunction. Misrepresentation does not imply failure to perform a task function, nor the converse.
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Blaser, Annika Reintam, and Adam M. Deane. Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0172.
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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for digestion and absorption, but also has important endocrine, immune and barrier functions. Additionally, the GI system plays a major role in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The GI system is regulated by complex myogenic, neural and humoral mechanisms, and, in health, these are affected by the presence of luminal nutrient, thereby modulating function of the GI system. Accordingly, GI function varies depending on whether a person is fasted or in the postprandial state. Adequate fasting and postprandial perfusion, motility and exocrine secretion are required for ‘normal’ functioning. The protective mechanisms of the GI system consist of physical (intact gut mucosa), non-immune (gastric acid, intestinal mucin, bile and peristalsis) and immune (gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT) elements. Disruption of GI protection is a putative mechanism underlying the development of multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Maintenance of GI function is increasingly recognised as an important factor underlying survival in critical illness.
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Deacon, Terrence W. Towards a general theory of evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0012.
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Towards a general theory of evolution argues that defining natural selection in terms of “blind variation and selective retention”— as in A-life and replicator selection—ignores the fact that what varies is necessarily part of a far-from-equilibrium physical system that requires physical work to be produced. But natural selection theory is agnostic about the physical-chemical mechanisms underlying the maintenance, repair, and reproduction of organism structures and functions. A more general theory of evolution is proposed that includes an account of a type of process able to reconstitute the organization of the physical system capable of producing that process if damaged.
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Cutter, David, and Martin Scott-Brown. Presentations in suspected cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0323.
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Malignant neoplastic disease includes a vast range of conditions that can originate from and can directly or indirectly affect virtually every organ system of the body. As a consequence of this, the presentation of malignancy can be similarly varied. While a diagnosis of malignancy may be clinically obvious in some cases, in others diagnosis and investigation may be delayed due to non-specific presentations and the attribution of symptoms to non-malignant conditions. Early diagnosis of cancer has an impact on the success of subsequent treatment and overall survival. It is therefore vital to maintain an appropriate level of clinical suspicion when deciding whether and how much to investigate patients with symptoms that could be secondary to an underlying malignancy.
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Young, Jason. African and African American Religions in the Early Americas. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.26.
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This chapter chronicles the relationship between African religious practices on the continent and African American religion in the plantation Americas in the era of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. A new generation of scholars who emerged in the 1960s and 1970s have demonstrated not only that African religious practices exhibit remarkable subtlety and complexity but also that these cultures have played significant roles in the subsequent development of religious practices throughout the world. Christianity, Islam, and traditional African religion comprised a set of broad and varied religious practices that contributed to the development of creative, subtle, and complex belief systems that circulated around the African Diaspora. In addition, this chapter addresses some of the vexed epistemological challenges related to discussing and describing non-Western ritual and religious practices.
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Hendriks, Carolyn M., Selen A. Ercan, and John Boswell. Mending Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843054.001.0001.
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This book advances the idea of democratic mending in response to the growing problem of disconnections in contemporary democracies. Around the globe vital connections in our democratic systems are wearing thin, especially between citizens and their elected representatives, between citizens in polarized public spheres, and between citizens and their complex governance systems. The wide scale of disrepair in our democratic fabric cannot realistically be patched over through institutional redesign or one-off innovation. Instead this book calls for a more connective and systemic approach to repairing democracies. For reform inspiration the authors engage in a critical dialogue between systems thinking in deliberative democracy and contemporary practices of political participation. They present three rich empirical cases of how everyday actors — citizens, community groups, administrators, and elected officials—are seeking to create and strengthen democratic connections in unpromising or challenging circumstances. The cases uncover the practical and varied work of democratic mending; these are small-scale, incremental interventions aimed at repairing disconnects in different parts of democratic systems. The empirical insights revealed in this book push forward ideas on connectivity in democratic theory and practice. They demonstrate that even in moments of dysfunctional disconnection, considerable learning, adaptation, and improvisation for democratic renewal can emerge. Ultimately, this book pioneers an approach to analysing democratic politics which might spark a ‘connective turn’ in the way scholars and practitioners think about and seek to improve democracy at the large scale.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Understanding Public Health Informatics in Context of Health in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0002.
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This chapter places public health informatics within a public health context. An understanding of PHI must be built on the perspective of public health as the health of populations. In LMICs it is closely related to an understanding of the primary healthcare approach, and the role and functions of public health systems, including the measurement of health status and equity, the effective coverage of different health programmes, and the utilization of different health services. This requires an understanding of the social and environmental determinants of healthcare, which need relevant data from other sectors as well. The architecture and development of public health informatics varies across nations and is path-dependent and context-specific. Many have evolved as monitoring support to externally financed vertical programmes, some as support for comprehensive primary health programmes and some from support systems for health insurance. The current information needs of health systems, transcends their respective origins, and requires both individual-based clinical information and aggregate population-based data.
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Menotti, Gabriel, and Virginia Crisp, eds. Practices of Projection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934118.001.0001.
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This volume makes an intervention in the fields of film studies and visual culture by examining projection as a pivotal element in the continuing technological becoming of media systems. The chapters come together to paint a picture of projection that incorporates a range of practices across time and space. From studies of travelling projectionists in early twentieth-century Scotland and modern-day Uruguay to considerations of the (almost) lost mediums of the slide-tape and the magic lantern, the authors invite us to consider the varied nature of the technologies, apparatuses, practices, and histories of projection in a holistic manner. In doing so, the volume departs from the psychological metaphors of projection often employed by apparatus theory, instead emphasizing the performative character of the moving image and the labour of the various actors involved in the utterance of such texts.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Multiple Scotlands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0005.
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The parish database shows major variations in trends and timings of population changes in less urbanized areas of Scotland. Even within parishes, people increasingly concentrated into larger villages and towns at the expense of more remote areas. The critical minimum size for settlements increased over time, but depended on distance from other larger places and on whether a locality became more than just a centre for agricultural activity. Mining and factory industry were key sources of growth even in many rural areas but caused major legacy problems as they collapsed. Fishing and its related activities increasingly concentrated on a small number of large centres. Transport hubs, administrative and school infrastructure, and large-scale retail facilities were dependent on, but also supported, population size. Agrarian systems varied widely across Scotland and each produced its own pattern of population sex ratios, migration, and change.