Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Systèmes d'aide à la décision – Aspect environnemental'
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Chardon, Xavier. "Évaluation environnementale des exploitations laitières par modélisation dynamique de leur fonctionnement et des flux de matière : développement et application du simulateur MELODIE." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004548.
Full textBoudes, Nicole. "L'anticipation dans le contrôle des environnements dynamiques : le cas du contrôle du trafic aérien." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20057.
Full textThis cognitive ergonomics research is part of an on-going effort to analyze time management in dynamic environments, which is an evolving domain. Its objective is to construct a cognitive model of anticipation in air traffic control, which could be used for decision support system design in this situation. Numerous studies have previously emphasized, on one hand the need for operators to anticipate the future development of the controlled environment so as to avoid the development of disturbances, and on the other hand, the complexity and the demand associated with this activity. The anticipation activity implies temporal information processing and concerns three dimensions: spontaneous evolutions, effects of actions, evolutions related to the team members' activity. In air traffic control, we analyzed the anticipation with interviews and written data gathered in a dynamic and realistic simulated control situation. We showed that anticipation depends on filtering strategies, which leads to some variations in the content of the anticipation range, according to the task objectives. Concerning the accuracy of the estimations, we studied the time horizon effects on the possibility for operators to anticipate the future positions of certain aircraft. Results showed some biases that were analyzed in relation to the operator's objectives and the characteristics of the task. The experimental study expressed the importance of the context in anticipation and its links with the whole set of cognitive activities. On the applied aspect, we got a better understanding of anticipation, which is a central activity in air traffic control, and that allowed us to consider the possibilities to use this knowledge in decision support system design
Sassi, Ebtissem. "L'intégration de la logistique dans les domaines d'aménagement du territoire : contribution à la conception d'un système d'aide à la décision dédié." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMLH04/document.
Full textIt is well known that the territorial industrial ecosystem is now a major issue in territory planning policies. As a result, it constitutes a system of action in which the various actors involved use different approaches and whose objectives are not always close and sometimes conflicting points of view. In all approaches, an ideal type of dashboard incorporating indicators and focusing on performance pilotage is emerging today from the literature.In this context, it appears the importance of the treatment of the problem of evaluation of a territorial industrial ecosystem and more precisely the evaluation of the performance of a distribution system in a port area: the hinterland.This subject has not been sufficiently developed in the literature since it has not been treated with a multidisciplinary approach.This problem is characterized by the strong link between the transport infrastructure, the territorial system and the logistics zones following the exchange of goods flows in the territory through the transport infrastructure.The theoretical contribution of this work is presented in the original investigation approach, which involves different theoretical approaches in order to understand and solve a problem related to two complex systems (the logistics system and the territorial system).For clarity, this work is a decision aid through the reflection on distribution solutions by integrating territorial specificities and not as a tool for optimizing tours or logistics organization
Martinez-Leal, Jorge. "Développement d’outils d’aide à la décision en conception pilotés par l’analyse multicritère de la valorisabilité du produit et l’outillage des lignes directrices d’écoconception pour la fin de vie." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0062.
Full textCurrent regulations encourage designers and manufacturers to engage in circular economy and eco-design approaches in order to mitigate the environmental impact of their products. Today, design choices are mainly driven by product recoverability assessment. Guidelines associated with design for X approaches are then used as a decision-making tool for finding solutions. It is therefore necessary to establish a link between the assessed recoverability and eco-design guidelines so that designers can better interpret the information they are given and simplify their design process accordingly. An inventory of these guidelines combined with an eco-design for an end-of-life approach makes it possible to identify the associated levers for action. However, there is only minimal correlation between recoverability indicators and the levers associated with the guidelines. Therefore, this proposal aims to build an indicator-based decision-making design methodology based on a multi-criteria analysis of the product's recoverability. It is enhanced by a tooled guide based on eco-design for end-of-life guidelines. The proposed approach has been validated through the study of a Fairphone® included in the WEEE recycling chain
Bernard, Françoise. "Un système d’information collaboratif en appui à la gouvernance des territoires d’action agro-environnementale à enjeu eau-pesticides." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0022.
Full textDiffuse pollution generated by pesticides is a major problem both for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Despite years of efforts by policy-makers to limit their use and impact, the volumes of chemicals used by farmers have remained the same, and even increased in some areas, with no reduction in their presence in water. To address this situation, public policy is aiming to become more effective by using more localised, participative solutions. Local stakeholders in charge of action plans are looking for decision tools to help them assess the potential impact of agro-environmental measures, as well as applying them to the best areas. The aim of this thesis is to develop a tool suitable for this purpose, namely a multi-scale collaborative information system. The first main contribution made by this thesis is the creation of "SIGPA" (Information System for Action Plan Governance), which models assisted governance in pesticide action programs in various contexts. The second contribution is a method for modelling exchanges of information within a network of institutional stakeholders, based on a "Grenelle" action plan in the Charente river basin. The "Stakeholder" model represents exchanges between stakeholders, as well as the production of the information available within their networks. The third contribution is the "Scenario" model, which organises information in order to aid decision making based on possible developments in agriculture in the area studied. The fourth contribution is the design of a method by which to identify agricultural systems and practices and assess future developments in agriculture. The fifth and final contribution of this thesis is the creation of a spatial data warehouse and the use of a number of multidimensional cubes to represent stakeholders’ needs at various scales. The conceptual models presented provide an interactive way to discuss the most effective and least expensive ways of limiting pesticide pollution within the stakeholder network. A prototype of the spatial data warehouse has been implemented using field data collected within the BAC Coulonge action plan and the outputs discussed with stakeholders. By allowing for data and knowledge from stakeholder networks in multiple action plans to be pooled, the SIGPA approach is in keeping with the OSAGE model (Loireau et al, 2017), which provides the making process of an agro-environmental and multifunctional observatory
Roy, Loraine. "The relevance of monetary valuations of biodiversity for public decision making." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12019/document.
Full textThere is a profusion of research on environmental monetary valuation methods, and particularly in ‘biodiversity valuations’ because biodiversity losses have become one of today’s two environmental iconic problems. Often, it is the neoclassical/welfare theory of the economic value and environmental asset valuation that is applied to value biodiversity. However, this theory raises many concerns, by itself, but also regarding its applicability to biodiversity. This PhD attempts to identify some major factors playing a role in the relevance of valuations for public decision makers, a relevance that schematically results from the content and the legitimacy of valuations. The first factor we deal with is the influential power of money and the Cost Benefit Analysis, the second is the shift in ethical approach that monetary valuations risk to bring to the general economic approach (strongly anthropocentric and merely instrumental), the third factor is the methodological recourse to discounting and the fourth factor is the complexity of the notion biodiversity and particularly of its functional dimension. To work on those factors, we emphasize the relevance and necessity, of an interdisciplinary research, and of a constant effort on the part of economists, to clarify the nature of their fundamental approach to biodiversity when having recourse to monetary valuations
Grégoire, Pascal. "Modèle conceptuel d'aide à la décision multicritère pour le choix négocié d'un scénario de dragage maritime." Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0201.
Full textDredging works pose the problem of the transfer and what to do with the products to be evacuated, taking into account the economic repercussions and environmental aspects linked to protection of the environment. The environmental asssessment process, reinforced by study of the impact on the environment, within a context of information and participation of the actors concerned enables orientation of an iterative and negotiated approach that correponds to a social logic. Our aim is to make available to the numerous participants an oprerational tool for piloting operations that corresponds to the choice of thebest techniques and to theproblem what to do with the products. The approach we are proposing is based on multi-criteria analysis. This analysis takes into account the technical, economic,environmental, regulatory, health and social parameters, as well as their weighting. This weighting of criteria is necessary to assess the solutions or alternative variants in a context of durable development
Evrard, Damien. "Approche intégrée pour une évaluation multicritère des meilleures techniques disponibles." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEM015/document.
Full textIn order to reduce chronic emissions due to industrial activities, the Industrial Emission Directive (IED − 2010/75/CE) defines, for the Member States, a legal framework and the concept of Best Available Technique (BAT). This concept of BAT and their associated environmental performance levels (BATAEPL) enables to set common objectives in Europe while considering local specificities. Moreover, the application of the concept of BAT to non-IED sectors (e.g. Nuclear installations) makes it a major issue for the entire European industrial community. BAT reference documents (called BREFs) have become essential to help to choose techniques and are references for environmental performance assessment of installations. The process of their revision can be improved because of the differences of interpretation that exist among involved actors for industrial information analysis. Thus, the contribution of this thesis is a methodology structured in 5 steps based, on the one hand, on multicriteria statistical tools (hierarchical clustering, PCA, Pareto front) to help to determine reference installations and applicable BATs thanks to representative or performant approaches and, on the other hand, to define associated environmental performance levels, at international and national scales. This methodology has demonstrated its applicability and integration into current decision processes thanks to applications to both geographical scales, and to IED and non-IED activities
Pluchinotta, Irene. "Multi-Agent Modelling for Distributed Intelligent Decision in Water Management." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090006.
Full textWater resource management can be a complex, uncertain and conflictual domain. It faces numerous problems in many regions of the world, such as the disparity of interests associated with the water resource, multiple decision makers, complex networks of administration, inoperative water distribution, various socio-political events and climate change. Consequently, environmental decision-making takes place in a highly interconnected system, in which neither the decisional ramifications nor the complexity of its impacts can be neglected. In the Apulia Region, water scarcity is the main rising problem and is affecting human and more-than-human communities.Water scarcity generates the need to enhance collaborative multi-agent decision-making processes. Researchers suggest that the “tragedy of commons” could be avoided when a shared resource is at stake, provided that communities interact and operate in a collective way and avoid, for example, the market rules constraints. This requires the development of dynamic decision-aiding tools. They should be capable to integrate the different problem frames held by the decision makers, to clarify the differences among those frames, to support the creation of a collaborative problem structuring process and to provide shared platforms and interaction spaces.In this regard, we built a dynamic interaction space (DIS), highlighting the operative criticalities and allowing the analysts to identify a shared problem definition. The emerging issues of gathering and exchanging knowledge and representing structured concepts can be solved through a combined approach. Multi-agent systems joined with system dynamics can provide unconventional alternatives that use physical and social components, with a particular focus on individual and collective behaviours in resource management with multiple decision makers.In our case study, the model was used as a platform for modelling multi-agent organizations, in order to support collective decision-making in water management. The model is capable of representing a distributed complex water management system, where simulated behaviours are based on field observations and on the participation of stakeholders. What is more, the multi–agent system approach enables the interaction and allows to formalize theIrene Pluchinotta – “Multi-Agent Modelling For Distributed Intelligent Decision In Water Management”iibehaviours of water users in the management process. A system dynamics modelling in an environment of interacting decision agents, allows us to explicitly consider the different frames and to simulate interactions when adopting a new policy. The model can showcase how the limited understanding of the interaction space affects the actions followed by each decision-makers and, finally, how it could lead to policy resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, the result is the richest possible picture of the existing problem situation that deals with irrigation water management in agricultural systems
Krayem, Alaa. "Révéler l'utilisation énergétique spatio-temporelle d'une ville côtière méditerranéenne : le cas de Beyrouth." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30155.
Full textTo reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in urban areas, understanding buildings' energy performance and consumption patterns is essential for implanting effective energy management and efficiency strategies at a city scale. Such plans' implementation at large scale requires information on how the energy demands may change under specific interventions. Urban Building Energy Models (UBEM) are proposed tools to estimate current and future building's energy demand. These models rely on a bottom-up approach, combining both statistical techniques and physics-based methods. This study aims at providing an enhanced modeling approach that simulates buildings' energy demand at high spatial and temporal resolution, which can help in evaluating energy management strategies and decision-making energy policies. The methodology is applied for the city of Beirut, representative of the Mediterranean region where the similarity of buildings technologies and climatic concerns among its cities is pronounced. The main objectives of the thesis are to develop, investigate and adjust a bottom-up energy modeling tool at urban scale; to provide evidence of the tool's suitability to support guidelines for future interventions; and finally to investigate the impact of the city's compactness on daylight availability and thus citizens' well-being. In this case study based on two different districts within the city, a near-city-scale building energy model, BEirut Energy Model BEEM, is generated to estimate the building's stock electricity consumption. To reduce the modeling and computation time, an archetypal classification of the buildings based on their types and periods of construction is adopted. The additional information required to generate the 3D model of the buildings are the number of floors, buildings' areas and a topographic map of the study areas. By coupling the models to the hourly weather conditions, the thermodynamic model of 3,630 buildings is simulated in EnergyPlus. Adapting the model to Beirut's occupancy and users' behaviors is crucial to enhance the reliability of BEEM. The availability of metered electricity data allows the model calibration, which is based on buildings' clustering and finding the clusters' coefficients representative of specific energy patterns. After the training phase, the model's accuracy in predicting electricity consumption is improved. Comparing the actual consumption and the calibrated results, the averaged absolute percentage error of the electricity consumption was reduced from 310% to 41% in district A and from 326% to 39% in district B. The calibrated model is combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) for a spatiotemporal distribution of energy demand patterns, which can help in assessing the most suitable intervention technologies
Bisiaux, Justine. "La transition vers l'innovation soutenable pour les entreprises industrielles : une approche par les business models : application au domaine du génie industriel." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2216/document.
Full textOver the past decades, a new context in favor of sustainable development emerged. New models of consumption and production are developed. This shift from intensive innovation to sustainable innovation leads some companies to rethink their business model. However, this business model evolution requires strategic and organizational changes that some companies fail to overcome. These companies’ situations reveal a double challenge : the need to characterize sustainable innovation on the one hand and defining a strategy for disseminating sustainable innovation on the other hand.To characterize sustainable innovation, three notions are mobilized : the business model, sustainability and functionality. The results of this exploration suggest the use of the business modelas an intermediary object to promote the co-construction and the evolution of business models. The study of sustainable led us to associate functional economy - servicial business model - to eco-design- environmental design - as a declination of sustainable innovation. Functionality concept analysis revealed the complementarity of functional economy and eco-design approaches. This allows us to define new offers from the use-values point of view. The exploration of these three notions also leads to propose a paradigm shift in favor of sustainable paradigm. This paradigm shift is followed by the development and characterization of business models trajectories. These trajectories guide companies in achieving the highest levels of sustainable innovation on the long term. These theoretical results were used to develop a method called Business Model Explorer for Sustainability (BMES). The BMES method allows companies to develop sustainable business models and to define trajectories toward these business models. The method is based on the upgradability concept as operational application of sustainable innovation. The method was developed and tested with the two industrial partners of IDCyclUM project : Neopost and Rowenta. One of the main proposed research perspectives is to continue defining sustainable innovation. This concept remains indeed ambiguous and there is still no consensus about its definition at present
Salhi, Bilel. "Mutations socio-spatiales et environnementales du bassin minier de Gafsa (Sud Ouest de Tunisie) : apport des outils géomatiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3006/document.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the mining area of Gafsa (south-west Tunisia) has specialized in the single-activity extraction and enrichment of phosphate for reasons of economic profits. With these exports, this area has suffered an intense degradation of soil resources, vegetation cover and an advanced deterioration of agricultural areas. The management of the mining infrastructure has failed to meet environmental standards, causing social and spatial inequalities and increasing the level of environmental risks.The mining activity was at the origin of the birth and genesis of the mining towns in the Basin of Gafsa (BMG). The formation of spontaneous cities has caused the disarticulation of the urbanization. Urban extensions, including the expansion of anarchic cities, extending to laundries and to mines, thus created conflicts with the phosphatier domain. All these factors make costly and complicated attempts at development and rehabilitation that mining companies do not dare to commit.Taking into account the complexity of the many social, spatial and environmental aspects of the BMG, we used both the classical geographical approach and the geomatics approach that seemed appropriate for better decision-making. The interest of this latter approach makes it possible to identify, analyze, and model the state of the sites, the urban and environmental mutations in relation to the spatial-mining growth
Omrani, Hichem. "Développement d'une méthode et d'un outil d'aide à l'évaluation : application à la mobilité urbaine." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1717.
Full textThese works problem consists in evaluating projects of transport starting from a set of criteria having different degrees of importance, in interaction and evaluated by heterogeneous sources of information (experts, surveys, sensors, model etc). The collected data are generally sullied with uncertainty and inaccuracy. To solve this problem of projects evaluation related to transportation, we propose a hybrid approach entitled HA4IA (Hybrid Approach for Impacts Assessment). It is based on the theory of the multi criteria analysis, fuzzy logic and belief theory. These theoretical frameworks present a favourable framework for the management of the vague and uncertain data. We propose also a tool (DeSSIA), based on the proposed approach. The approach was applied for several projects of transport implemented (in La Rochelle - France) within the framework of a European project (SUCCESS under CIVITAS program). The developed tool is based on a data-processing environment open source (R, PHP, Mapserver, Mapscript, Jpgraph, XHTML, Ajax etc). It makes it possible to evaluate various impacts related to urban mobility. The results of evaluation can be represented in the form of graphs (using the techniques of chart) or of maps (traffic, pollution, acoustics). The cartography makes it possible to represent the space-time distribution of the impacts presenting an additional geo-space tool of evaluation aid
Perron, Laurence. "La réutilisation des connaissances en supervision de réseaux de télécommunications." Paris 8, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA081160.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is based on a combined psychological and ergonomic approach. It concerns research on analogical reasoning and on episodic memory retrieval. More precisely this research focused on knowledge reuse in telephone traffic monitoring in order to better design support tools. Case-based reasoning (cbr) in artificial intelligence has been studied in this thesis to see if it could possibly be used as a support system. Task analyses, activity analyses, behavior trace analyses, incident traces and an experiment using an incident categorisation task were conducted. These methodological approaches showed that two main factors were involved in traffic monitoring from the diagnosis of the incidents to their categorisation. These are the multiplicity of the task goals, and the heterogeneity of the operators' episodic knowledge. As postulated by the " episodic memory " theory on specific encoding, the encoding context determines knowledge retrieval and more specifically in work situations where the context is linked to the task and its goals but also to the work team and to the knowledge shared by the operators. The similarity between incidents has been shown to be " situated " in the context of a goal oriented activity and for each specific operator. It then appeared impossible to use a cbr support tool that would not take into account the operators' variability. The special relations linking the task and the operator that intervene in the process of describing and retrieving the incidents, lead to the study of a formal description. In fact these formal description should be significant, functional to the operators
Ventoso, y. Font Annick. "Se décider avec et pour d'autres : une approche paradoxale de la prise de décision : perspectives herméneutiques." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU1009.
Full textThe research interrogates about the decisions reached in consultation by teachers and the interveners of the French Network of Specialized Aides for Pupils with Problems (R. A. S. E. D. ) in order to offer “responses to the different needs of pupils with school problems” (Circular of 30th of April 2002). The specificity of this type of action is to decide “with” others “for” others who are quite often excluded from the deliberation. Considering in this manner the collective decision process in the viewpoint of otherness interrogates about the rationality of the decision-making act through the discursive interaction which actualises it and puts it into an institutional and social environment. The discursive, qualitative and pragmatic analysis methodology is based upon the recording of a consultation between teachers and members of a network of specialized aides. The theoretical foundations of this modelling focus on the psychical construction of the decision process (S. Lupasco, D. Hofstadter…) and on the language interaction on which the collective consultation is based (E. Benveniste, JL. Austin, M. Bakhtine, P. Ricoeur, CS. Peirce, JB. Grize, C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni…). At the conclusion of this reflection emerges a reflexive decisional interpretation model which is liable to integrate the paradoxical confusion of the debate and to reach a decision, that is to say to settle. The three decisional modalities developed by this dissertation defend decision procedures which are also times of listening and understanding of the “other” (pupil, teacher or parent) with respect to the autonomy of the individual (present and absent)
Barouch, Gilles. "La décision au fil de l'eau : systèmes de pensée et d'action à l'œuvre dans la gestion des milieux naturels en France." Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987pa090074.
Full textDelanoë, Agathe. "Influence des facteurs sociocognitifs et de la littératie en santé sur l'intention des femmes enceintes d'utiliser un outil d'aide à la décision dans le contexte du dépistage prénatal de la trisomie 21." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27642.
Full textPregnant women face a choice about whether or not to have a prenatal test for Trisomy 21 (T21) or Down syndrome. This choice is difficult as it involves risk, possible loss or regret, and challenges to personal values. Using decision aids (DA) could help pregnant women make evidence-based decisions aligned with their values and preferences. However, in spite of their advantages, DA are not used systematically in prenatal care. The goal of this study was therefore to identify the psychosocial and health literacy variables that influence pregnant women’s intentions to use a DA for deciding about prenatal T21 testing. For this quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study, we surveyed 350 pregnant women in the province of Quebec (Canada) using a web panel. The women completed a self-administered questionnaire based on an expanded version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour evaluating seven psychosocial constructs (intention, attitude, anticipated regret, subjective norm, descriptive norm, moral norm and perceived control) and four health literacy variables. The survey also collected sociodemographic data. We performed descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses. In order of importance, factors identified as determining pregnant women’s intention to use a DA were: attitude (odds ratio/OR 9.16; 95% confidence interval/CI 4.02–20.85), moral norm (OR 7.97, 95% CI 4.49–14.14), descriptive norm (OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.63–4.92) and anticipated regret (OR 2.43; 95%CI 1.71–3.46). Health literacy showed no significant effect (P values range: 0.43-0.92) on pregnant women’s intention to use a DA. These conclusions could inform the design of an intervention that takes these determining factors into account.
Gottfried, Fabrice. "Vers un outil d'aide à la décision en ingénierie territoriale appliqué à la géolocalisation de centres de santé." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH012.
Full textEveryone knows that our western societies are getting older. Our elderly use also a lot of health care where costs go up and up year after year. Thus, health managers have to face conflicting challenges : how to offer top health protection for all at a reasonable cost for each of us and at an acceptable cost for our local health authorities. A health management that is too rigorous limited to the sole expenditure may undermine intergenerational solidarity by sacrificing the most vulnerable populations. In this way of mind, our aid decision tool could help health managers and politics find alternative solutions to restore some equity, in our case health care accessibility, to ensure sustainable social justice, the cement of all advanced societies. We have tested our tool with 2 territories having very different geographical and demographic characteristics : the densely populated Bas-Rhin region located in the Eastern part of France and the less densely populated region of Estrie located in the South-eastern Province of Quebec (Canada). Our tool may only be part of the solution to these health care costs mentioned above but, its utility and originality are also easily transferable to other possible organizational environments
Laurent, Achille Benjamin. "Développement d'un modèle d'aide à la décision basé sur l'optimisation multicritère, intégrant l'analyse de cycle de vie conséquentielle : application à une entreprise forestière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27933.
Full textHow can forest harvesting entrepreneurs consider environmental impacts in their business decisions? What technologies can reduce environmental impacts while making the company more profitable? To answer these questions, we developed a strategic decision support tool which integrated the minimization of environmental impacts with economic objectives environmental based on multi-criteria optimization. The consideration of environmental and economic impacts on the entire logistics network requires a holistic vision. That why a life-cycle approach was adopted all long of this thesis. Thus, the multi-criteria model is powered by environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). The first contribution of this thesis is to present a LCA of the product portfolio of a forestry company. LCA is a standardized and recognized method for quantifying the environmental impacts of a product or service. This analysis was realized with the IMPACT 2002+ method, which quantify damages on human health, ecosystem quality, climate changes and resource consumption, which are the four environmental criteria in this entire research project. The second contribution is the realization of an Activity-Based Life-Cycle Costing (AB-LCC) covering all the harvesting and processing activities of the same forestry company. The cost structure of the company was analyzed for each product of the portfolio along with an analysis of the life-cycle of each Harvested Wood Product (HWP) in the North American market context. With a consequential LCA approach, it is possible to consider the consequences of a change by integrating the substitution effects. Substition of building materials, such as steel or concrete, and of fossil fuels by HWP has positive greenhouse gas emission impacts. The third contribution, presented in chapter 4, use results of the previous analyzes to incorporate them in a multi-criteria optimization model which considers both profitability and environmental impacts. The decision support model provides optimization from an environmental, economic and all compromises between these criteria, on material flux and new technology acquisition. A graphical representation of the proposed network accompanies the calculation of expected annual profits and net GHG emissions of solutions. The case study is based on primary and historical data of the company activities as well as set of new technologies considered, for both environmental and economic criteria. The mathematical model is linear integer programming that is resolved by the exact method and a posteriori approach, by varying weights between 0 and 1 for each criterion, to generate 150 solutions. Several prospective technologies are proposed in the model while respecting the constraints of supplies, recipes and specific capacity to the context of the studied forestry company. A final contribution of this thesis is about the HWP delivery system, presented in chapter 5. The routing of prefabricated building systems directly on construction sites has several advantages, but it is a source of GHG emissions. CarbonRoadMap is a multicriteria and multimodal model supporting decisions about alternatives to truck only transport. The forestry company can suggest different routes based on the priorities of its customers, who may be the time, cost or carbon emissions. This whole thesis demonstrates that the integration of environmental criteria in the decision support tools allows a wider vision. In the applications, specific to forestry business, the solutions with an environmental impacts reduction are mostly a source of additional profit simultaneity.
Prinçaud, Marion. "Développement d'un outil d'aide à la décision environnementale basé sur l'analyse de cycle de vie intégré au processus de conception." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00589315.
Full textTurki-Chichti, Fatma. "Adaptation du concept de veille industrielle à la mise en place d'un système d'exploitation économique ; vers l'innovation et le transfert technologique : analyse et réflexion à partir du contexte industriel tunisien." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30078.
Full textCzerkauer-Yamu, Claudia Hedwig. "Strategic planning for the development of sustainable metropolitan areas using a multi-scale decision support system : the Vienna case." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1041.
Full textA sustainable and sustaining planning strategy is globally important for metropolitan areas. Sustainable planning addresses the development of strategies to reduce the use of resources, increase economic efficiency and improve integration of social aspects (e.g. pedestrian-friendly environments, well-balanced public and private transport modes, efficient street networks, land use, movement economy; access for all to jobs, retail, services; healthcare, culture and leisure). In contrast, splinter development (e.g. urban sprawl) involves damage to nature and generation of an increasing volume of traffic (these are the main criticisms following a study by Newman and Kenworthy (1989) on the relationship between settlement density and energy consumption). Interestingly, the overly compact city also has this effect as it may generate traffic flows for accessing green and leisure areas, or changes of residence due to a favouring of sites that lie farther away from the centre than the inhabitants’ current places of residence. Households not only consume urban amenities integrated into densely populated areas, but also aspire to have access to green and leisure areas. Schwanen et al. (2004) showed that households usually optimize their residential choice with respect to accessibility to various types of amenities, which is inherently linked to the frequentation rate of these amenities (daily, weekly, monthly, and occasional) (c.f. spatial practice of people). Moreover, on an urban scale, over-compactness causes ecological problems such as a lack of green wedges for supplying the city with fresh air (urban microclimate).Thus, we aim to find a solution for managing dispersed development which marries the twin elements of green and built-up space in a highly efficient manner. This solution also needs to incorporate dynamic aspects of a city as well as minimizing traffic costs and emissions. Based on the observation that urban space is founded on the principle of fractal geometry, it seems interesting to explore to what extent fractal geometry may be drawn upon for solving the spatial antagonism of compactness and urban sprawl.The decision support system “Fractalopolis” developed herein allows an articulation of green areas and urbanised space based on the underlying hierarchical concept, thus providing leisure areas in the neighbourhood of urbanised space but avoiding fragmentation of open landscape. In addition, this concept introduces hierarchy of centres and sub-centres on a metropolitan scale, allowing accessibility to daily, weekly, monthly and occasionally frequented facilities to be improved. Larger distances are accepted for less frequented amenities
Sawadogo, Marie. "Intégration de l'impact environnemental, sociétal et économique du transport intermodal au sein des chaînes logistiques vertes : optimisation multiobjectif par les colonies de fourmis." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ037S/document.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is about environmental and societal impacts abatement within the green supply chain. This thesis is taking place in the Laboratory of Industrial Engineering and Production of Metz (LGIPM). Our goal is to develop a decision support system in choosing a path with the less environmental and societal impacts. For building our decision support system, we defined a mathematical model which computes for each part in our transportation network, the travel time, the transportation cost and the damage due to transshipment, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are emitted, the energy consumption, the noise emitted and the accident risk. From this graph, we built a multiobjective shortest path problem. A multiobjective ant colony algorithm MOSPACO (Ant colony optimization for multiobjective shortest path problem) is then proposed to solve the proposed multiobjective shortest path problem; this new algorithm aims to take into account the large number of criteria and intermodal network. The running of the algorithm gives a Pareto front from which the decision maker can choose his desired itinerary
Vernay, Laurent. "Mise au point d'un outil d'aide à la gestion et à la définition d'une politique de l'eau dans les îles méditerranéennes, s'appuyant sur des techniques adaptées : le cas de Formentera (Baléares, Espagne)." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20169.
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