Journal articles: 'Systemic circulation'

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Prioreschi, P. "Andrea Cesalpino and systemic circulation." Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 62, no. 6 (2004): 382–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4509(04)94332-5.

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Rubin, Lewis J. "Endothelin and the Systemic Circulation." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53, no. 15 (2009): 1318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.032.

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Weiss, Branko M., Ludwig K. von Segesser, Marco I. Turina, Wilhelm Vetter, Burkhardt Seifert, and Thomas Pasch. "Assisted circulation without systemic heparinization." Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 8, no. 2 (1994): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1053-0770(94)90057-4.

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giusti, sandra. "closing remarks." Cardiology in the Young 14, S3 (2004): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951104006675.

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in the 17th century, william harvey discovered the circulation of the blood, describing at this time the pumping function of the heart and the “in series” disposition of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. these concepts provided the foundation for the development of modern cardiac physiology. during the three centuries that followed the discovery of circulation, many scientists studied and expanded our knowledge of cardiac and pulmonary function. with the description of complex congenital cardiac diseases, in particular functionally univentricular hearts, and with the development of their palliative surgical treatment, we have uncovered another type of cardiac physiology. in these cases, the circulation of the blood is characterized by an “in parallel” disposition of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, with direct venous–arterial connections in the absence of one pumping ventricle.

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Mitzner, Wayne, and Elizabeth M. Wagner. "Vascular remodeling in the circulations of the lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (2004): 1999–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00473.2004.

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The lung is unique in its double sources of perfusion from the pulmonary and systemic circulations. One striking difference between the two circulations is the capacity for angiogenesis. The bronchial circulation has a capacity that seems quite similar to all systemic arteries, whereas the pulmonary circulation seems relatively inert in this regard. Extra-alveolar pulmonary arteries can grow somewhat in length, and septal capillaries seem to have the capability of reforming, but these processes do not seem to occur with nearly the same intensity associated with the bronchial arteries. In this review, we emphasize these differences between the two circulations of the lung, anticipating that future research will allow more focused probing into the molecular signaling that regulates the novel mechanistic and pathological pathways of each.

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Iancu, Raluca, Ioana-Cristina Coman, Cosmina Barac, Mohammad Al Hammoud, and Alina Popa Cherecheanu. "Endocannabinoid System and Ocular Vascularization." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (2018): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v10i2.20464.

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The focus of this review is the role of endocannabinoid system in ocular and systemic circulation. By critically examining preclinical and clinical research, we explore the cannabinoid receptors localization and vascular implications as well as their interaction with other anti-inflammatory drugs. The objective is to transfer knowledge on the use of cannabinoids, specifically their effect on ocular circulation and intraocular pressure, and provide a better understanding of the endocannabinoid system complexity in modulating local and systemic circulations in order to identify potential uses and limitations of cannabinoid-based therapeutics.

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Harris, Michael T., and Blair S. Lewis. "Systemic Diseases Affecting the Mesenteric Circulation." Surgical Clinics of North America 72, no. 1 (1992): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(16)45637-9.

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Jadhav, Shreyas, Sudipta Tripathi, Anil Chandrekar, Sushrut S. Waikar, and Li-Li Hsiao. "A novel antibody for the detection of alternatively spliced secreted KLOTHO isoform in human plasma." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245614.

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αKlotho is primarily known to express as a transmembrane protein. Proteolytic cleavage results in shedding of the extracellular domain which enters systemic circulation. A truncated form of αKlotho resulting from alternative splicing of the αKLOTHO transcript exists and is believed to be secreted, thereby also entering systemic circulation. Existing ELISA methods fail to distinguish between the two circulating isoforms resulting in inconsistencies in assessing circulating αKlotho levels. We have exploited a unique 15aa peptide sequence present in the alternatively spliced secreted isoform to generate an antibody and show that it is able to specifically detect only the secreted Klotho isoform in human plasma. This finding will facilitate in distinguishing the levels of different circulating Klotho isoforms in health and disease and enhance their potential to serve as a biomarker for CKD and other conditions.

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Friedgen, B., T. Halbrugge, and K. H. Graefe. "Roles of uptake1 and catechol-O-methyltransferase in removal of circulating catecholamines in the rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 267, no. 6 (1994): E814—E821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e814.

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Anesthetized rabbits were simultaneously infused with [3H]norepinephrine (NE), [3H]epinephrine (Epi), [3H]dopamine (DA), and [3H]isoproterenol (Iso), and their plasma clearances and fractional extractions across the systemic (ERS), as well as pulmonary (ERP), circulation were determined before and after blockade of uptake1 by desipramine (2 mg/kg). Desipramine reduced the clearance of NE, Epi, and DA by 39, 13, and 14%, respectively, but did not affect Iso clearance. Similar results were obtained with respect to the effects of desipramine on ERS. By contrast, desipramine reduced ERP of NE and DA (which for both amines was markedly lower than ERS) by > 70%; its effect on the very low ERP of Epi was not determinable. Comparison of the desipramine-sensitive components of ERS and ERP indicated that for uptake1 NE was the preferred substrate in the systemic circulation and DA was preferred in the pulmonary circulation. In the absence and presence of desipramine, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition had no effect on the clearance of NE, Epi, and DA and decreased Iso clearance by 25%. Hence the contribution by uptake1 to the removal of circulating catecholamines depends on the type of amine and on whether the systemic or pulmonary circulation is considered. Moreover catechol-O-methyltransferase does not appear to contribute to the clearance of NE, Epi, and DA but plays a definite role in the removal of circulating Iso.

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Suresh, Karthik, and Larissa A. Shimoda. "Lung Circulation." Comprehensive Physiology 6, no. 2 (2016): 897–943. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00688.x.

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ABSTRACTThe circulation of the lung is unique both in volume and function. For example, it is the only organ with two circulations: the pulmonary circulation, the main function of which is gas exchange, and the bronchial circulation, a systemic vascular supply that provides oxygenated blood to the walls of the conducting airways, pulmonary arteries and veins. The pulmonary circulation accommodates the entire cardiac output, maintaining high blood flow at low intravascular arterial pressure. As compared with the systemic circulation, pulmonary arteries have thinner walls with much less vascular smooth muscle and a relative lack of basal tone. Factors controlling pulmonary blood flow include vascular structure, gravity, mechanical effects of breathing, and the influence of neural and humoral factors. Pulmonary vascular tone is also altered by hypoxia, which causes pulmonary vasoconstriction. If the hypoxic stimulus persists for a prolonged period, contraction is accompanied by remodeling of the vasculature, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. In addition, genetic and environmental factors can also confer susceptibility to development of pulmonary hypertension. Under normal conditions, the endothelium forms a tight barrier, actively regulating interstitial fluid homeostasis. Infection and inflammation compromise normal barrier homeostasis, resulting in increased permeability and edema formation. This article focuses on reviewing the basics of the lung circulation (pulmonary and bronchial), normal development and transition at birth and vasoregulation. Mechanisms contributing to pathological conditions in the pulmonary circulation, in particular when barrier function is disrupted and during development of pulmonary hypertension, will also be discussed. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:897‐943, 2016.

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Dubini, Gabriele, Paolo M. Arciprete, and Vincenzo Stefano Luisi. "Anatomic substrates for, and function of, the functionally univentricular circulation before and after surgical procedures." Cardiology in the Young 15, S3 (2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795110500154x.

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Whatever the specific anatomy, the Fontan circulation, be it created directly or subsequent to a bi-directional cavopulmonary anastomosis, transforms completely the pattern of circulation of the blood. In essence, it converts a network of circulations in parallel into one in series. The haemodynamic consequences are numerous. The most important and direct among them is, perhaps, the increase in afterload, as well as the reduction in preload, for the systemic ventricle. From the clinical point of view, the most immediate and relevant implication is the amelioration of cyanosis, this being the consequence of removing the common mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous blood within the heart.

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12

Agostoni, P. G., M. E. Deffebach, W. Kirk, S. Lakshminarayan, and J. Butler. "Upstream pressure for systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 2 (1987): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.2.485.

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Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation, important in perfusing potentially ischemic regions distal to pulmonary vascular obstructions, depends on driving pressure between an upstream site in intrathoracic systemic arterial network and pulmonary vascular bed. The reported increase of pulmonary infarctions in heart failure may be due to a reduction of this driving pressure. We measured upstream element for driving pressure for systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation by raising pulmonary venous pressure (Ppv) until the systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation ceased. We assumed that this was the same as upstream pressure when there was flow. Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation was measured in left lower lobes (LLL) of 21 anesthetized open-chest dogs from volume of blood that overflowed from pump-perfused (90–110 ml/min) pulmonary vascular circuit of LLL and was corrected by any changes of LLL fluid volume (wt). Systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation upstream pressure was linearly related to systemic arterial pressure (slope = 0.24, R = 0.845). Increasing Ppv caused a progressive reduction of systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation, which stopped when Ppv was 44 +/- 6 cmH2O and pulmonary arterial pressure was 46 +/- 7 cmH2O. A further increase in Ppv reversed systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation with blood flowing back into the dog. When net systemic to pulmonary flow from bronchial circulation by the overflow and weight change technique was zero a small bidirectional flow (3.7 +/- 2.9 ml.min-1 X 100 g dry lobe wt-1) was detected by dispersion of tagged red blood cells that had been injected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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13

NONAKA, HIDEO. "Systemic circulation and kidney circulation in hypertension.Effect of .ALPHA.-hANP administration." Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 1 (1991): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3999/jscpt.22.141.

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14

Laughlin, M. Harold, Michael J. Davis, Niels H. Secher, et al. "Peripheral Circulation." Comprehensive Physiology 2, no. 1 (2012): 321–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00398.x.

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AbstractBlood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:321‐447, 2012.

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15

Toda, K., E. Tatsumi, Y. Taenaka, T. Masuzawa, and H. Takano. "Sympathetic nerve activities in pulsatile and nonpulsatile systemic circulation in anesthetized goats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 1 (1996): H15—H22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.1.h15.

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To investigate the effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile systemic circulation on the sympathetic nerve activity, using a left heart bypass technique, we converted systemic circulation between the pulsatile and the nonpulsatile mode in anesthetized goats and analyzed differences in periodicity and quantity of renal nerve activity (RNA). After pulsatile systemic circulation was converted to the nonpulsatile mode, the mean RNA was significantly increased from 10.7 +/- 3.6 to 13.1 +/- 3.4 microV and periodic discharges of RNA, which corresponded to pulse-related rhythm during pulsatile circulation, became obscure, whereas an 8-12 cycle/s rhythm, which was distinguished and accounted for 30 +/- 9% of total intervals during pulsatile circulation, became dominant (48 +/- 11%). These results clarified a significant increase in mean RNA after depulsation of the systemic circulation and indicated that the cardiac-related rhythm in RNA could be produced by periodic inputs from arterial baroceptors alone, whereas the 8-12 cycle/s rhythm that was present regardless of the type of circulation was the fundamental rhythm originating from the vasomotor center.

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Bucci, Mariarosaria, and Giuseppe Cirino. "Hydrogen Sulphide in Heart and Systemic Circulation." Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets 10, no. 2 (2011): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152811794776204.

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17

Parkin, Geoff. "Book Review: Albumin and the Systemic Circulation." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 15, no. 2 (1987): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8701500225.

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Lemos, Diogo, Amaral Nunes, José Machado, et al. "Mechanical simulation model of the systemic circulation." Measurement 66 (April 2015): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.01.026.

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Bakshi, Mandeep Singh. "Nanotoxicity in Systemic Circulation and Wound Healing." Chemical Research in Toxicology 30, no. 6 (2017): 1253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00068.

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20

Evans, William N., Alvaro Galindo, Abraham Rothman, et al. "Hybrid Palliation for Ductal-Dependent Systemic Circulation." Pediatric Cardiology 37, no. 5 (2016): 868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00246-016-1361-3.

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Gürbüz, Hatice, H. Ongun Onaran, and T. Arda Bökesoy. "Regional histaminergic potencies in rabbit systemic circulation." General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 22, no. 4 (1991): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(91)90073-f.

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Fagard, Robert, Paul Lijnen, Jan Staessen, Johan Verschuere, and Antoon Amery. "The pulmonary circulation in essential systemic hypertension." American Journal of Cardiology 61, no. 13 (1988): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90126-9.

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Cox, Blair E., Carrie E. Williams, and Charles R. Rosenfeld. "Angiotensin II indirectly vasoconstricts the ovine uterine circulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 2 (2000): R337—R344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r337.

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The uterine vasculature of women and sheep predominantly expresses type 2 ANG II receptors that do not mediate vasoconstriction. Although systemic ANG II infusions increase uterine vascular resistance (UVR), this could reflect indirect mechanisms. Thus we compared systemic and local intra-arterial ANG II infusions in six near-term pregnant and five ovariectomized nonpregnant ewes to determine how ANG II increases UVR. Systemic ANG II dose-dependently ( P > 0.001) increased arterial pressure (MAP) and UVR and decreased uterine blood flow (UBF) in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes; however, nonpregnant responses exceeded pregnant ( P < 0.001). In contrast, local ANG II infusions at rates designed to acheive concentrations in the uterine circulation comparable to those seen during systemic infusions did not significantly decrease UBF in either group, and changes in MAP and UVR were absent or markedly attenuated. When MAP rose during local ANG II, which only occurred with doses ≥2 ng/ml, increases in MAP were delayed more than twofold compared with responses during systemic ANG II infusions and always preceded decreases in UBF, resembling that observed during systemic ANG II infusions. These observations demonstrate attenuated uterine vascular responses to systemic ANG II during pregnancy and suggest that systemic ANG II may increase UVR through release of another potent vasoconstrictor(s) into the systemic circulation.

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Paffett, Michael L., and Benjimen R. Walker. "Vascular adaptations to hypoxia: molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular tone." Essays in Biochemistry 43 (August 10, 2007): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0430105.

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Several molecular and cellular adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia exist within the vasculature. Many of these processes involve oxygen sensing which is transduced into mediators of vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation and vasodilation in the systemic circulation. A variety of oxygen-responsive pathways, such as HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1 and HOs (haem oxygenases), contribute to the overall adaptive process during hypoxia and are currently an area of intense research. Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) may also differentially regulate vascular tone in these circulations. Potential candidates underlying the divergent responses between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may include Nox (NADPH oxidase)-derived ROS and mitochondrial-derived ROS. In addition to alterations in ROS production governing vascular tone in the hypoxic setting, other vascular adaptations are likely to be involved. HPV (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction) and CH (chronic hypoxia)-induced alterations in cellular proliferation, ionic conductances and changes in the contractile apparatus sensitivity to calcium, all occur as adaptive processes within the vasculature.

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Overgaard, Johannes, Jonathan A. W. Stecyk, Anthony P. Farrell, and Tobias Wang. "Adrenergic control of the cardiovascular system in the turtleTrachemys scripta." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 21 (2002): 3335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.21.3335.

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SUMMARYFreshwater turtles, Trachemys scripta, like all non-crocodilian reptiles, are able to shunt blood between the pulmonary and systemic circulations owing to their undivided ventricle. The prevailing hypothesis is that the ratio of pulmonary and systemic resistances is the primary determinant of cardiac shunting in turtles. In the present study, we have examined the adrenergic influences on vascular resistances in the pulmonary and systemic circulations and the associated effects on cardiac shunts in turtles. To achieve this objective, systemic blood flow and pressures and pulmonary blood flow and pressures were measured simultaneously in anaesthetised turtles during bolus injections of α- andβ-adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Total cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, heart rate and cardiac stroke volume were derived from these measurements. Anaesthetised turtles showed cardiovascular characteristics that were similar to those of non-apnoeic non-anaesthetised turtles, because anaesthesia blocked the cholinergically mediated constriction of the pulmonary artery that is normally associated with apnoea. As a result, the anaesthetised turtles exhibited a large net left-to-right shunt, and the adrenergic responses could be observed without confounding changes resulting from apnoea. Potent α-adrenergic vasoconstriction and weaker β-adrenergic vasodilation were discovered in the systemic circulation. Modest β-adrenergic vasodilation and possible weak α-adrenergic vasodilation were discovered in the pulmonary circulation. This adrenergically mediated vasoactivity produced the largest range of cardiac shunts observed so far in turtles. Regression analysis revealed that 97% of the variability in the cardiac shunts could be accounted for by the ratio of the pulmonary and systemic resistances. Thus, we conclude that, independent of whether the pulmonary vascular resistance is modulated(as during apnoea) or the systemic resistance is modulated with adrenergic mechanisms (as shown here), the consequences on the cardiac shunt patterns are the same because they are determined primarily by the ratios of the pulmonary and systemic resistance.

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Mathur, Pooja, Arpana Rana, Kamal Saroha, and Kanchan Mathur. "Sublingual Route: An Approach to Administered Drugs in Systemic Circulation." International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 2869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijprhs.2019.01.01.

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van de Poll, Marcel C. G., Gerdien C. Ligthart-Melis, Steven W. M. Olde Damink, et al. "The gut does not contribute to systemic ammonia release in humans without portosystemic shunting." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 295, no. 4 (2008): G760—G765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2007.

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The gut is classically seen as the main source of circulating ammonia. However, the contribution of the intestines to systemic ammonia production may be limited by hepatic extraction of portal-derived ammonia. Recent data suggest that the kidney may be more important than the gut for systemic ammonia production. The aim of this study was to quantify the role of the kidney, intestines, and liver in interorgan ammonia trafficking in humans with normal liver function. In addition, we studied changes in interorgan nitrogen metabolism caused by major hepatectomy. From 21 patients undergoing surgery, blood was sampled from the portal, hepatic, and renal veins to assess intestinal, hepatic, and renal ammonia metabolism. In seven cases, blood sampling was repeated after major hepatectomy. At steady state during surgery, intestinal ammonia release was equaled by hepatic ammonia uptake, precluding significant systemic release of intestinal-derived ammonia. In contrast, the kidneys released ammonia to the systemic circulation. Major hepatectomy led to increased concentrations of ammonia and amino acids in the systemic circulation. However, transsplanchnic concentration gradients after major hepatectomy were similar to baseline values, indicating the rapid institution of a new metabolic equilibrium. In conclusion, since hepatic ammonia uptake exactly equals intestinal ammonia release, the splanchnic area, and hence the gut, probably does not contribute significantly to systemic ammonia release. After major hepatectomy, hepatic ammonia clearance is well preserved, probably related to higher circulating ammonia concentrations.

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Endre Nagy, Tibor. "Human blood circulation model based on flow laws of intensity and continuity in relation to earth’s surface gravity." Journal of Lung, Pulmonary & Respiratory Research 10, no. 2 (2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2023.10.00301.

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With the help of the physical laws of flow, it is possible to describe the entire human blood circulation. However, this requires precise knowledge of the individual parameters. Within this, the determination of the flow rate included in the law of continuity is essential. Together with the data of the heart and circulation examination procedures, in order to establish the average human blood circulation, an intermediate velocity value must be selected, which is located in the middle between the two extreme velocities of the blood circulation. Another important factor from the point of view of the structure and operation of the model is the value of the earth's surface gravity. By finding the average flow speed value and using ‘g’, a torus-shaped circulation can be created, which can actually reflect the circulation conditions. By further refining the model, the pulmonary and systemic circulations can be separated and a ‘folded figure eight’ model can be formed. This realistically reflects the different sizes, flow and pressure conditions of the two blood circulations, as well as the work of the left and right sides of the heart.

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Shamszad, Pirouz, Ryan A. Moore, Nancy Ghanayem, and David S. Cooper. "Intensive care management of neonates with d-transposition of the great arteries and common arterial trunk." Cardiology in the Young 22, no. 6 (2012): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951112001965.

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AbstractAlthough mortality rates for patients with d-transposition of the great arteries remain quite low, these patients have a unique circulation that requires careful management in the peri-operative period. Despite the improved mortality for patients with common arterial trunk, the course in the intensive care unit is remarkable for significant morbidity and utilisation of significant resources. Pre-operative patient management focuses on balancing competing circulations, pulmonary and systemic, which exist in parallel rather than in series, as in the normal circulation. Post-operative patient management in both lesions focuses on optimising systemic output, respiratory status, and mitigating the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. In this article, we review pre- and post-operative intensive care management in neonates with d-transposition of the great arteries and common arterial trunk.

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Samat, Anoushka Ashok Kumar, Jolijn van der Geest, Sebastiaan J. Vastert, Jorg van Loosdregt, and Femke van Wijk. "Tissue–Resident Memory T Cells in Chronic Inflammation—Local Cells with Systemic Effects?" Cells 10, no. 2 (2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020409.

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Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are characterized by systemic as well as local tissue inflammation, often with a relapsing-remitting course. Tissue–resident memory T cells (TRM) enter non-lymphoid tissue (NLT) as part of the anamnestic immune response, especially in barrier tissues, and have been proposed to fuel chronic inflammation. TRM display a distinct gene expression profile, including upregulation of CD69 and downregulation of CD62L, CCR7, and S1PR1. However, not all TRM are consistent with this profile, and it is now more evident that the TRM compartment comprises a heterogeneous population, with differences in their function and activation state. Interestingly, the paradigm of TRM remaining resident in NLT has also been challenged. T cells with TRM characteristics were identified in both lymph and circulation in murine and human studies, displaying similarities with circulating memory T cells. This suggests that re-activated TRM are capable of retrograde migration from NLT via differential gene expression, mediating tissue egress and circulation. Circulating ‘ex-TRM’ retain a propensity for return to NLT, especially to their tissue of origin. Additionally, memory T cells with TRM characteristics have been identified in blood from patients with chronic inflammatory disease, leading to the hypothesis that TRM egress from inflamed tissue as well. The presence of TRM in both tissue and circulation has important implications for the development of novel therapies targeting chronic inflammation, and circulating ‘ex-TRM’ may provide a vital diagnostic tool in the form of biomarkers. This review elaborates on the recent developments in the field of TRM in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Torres, Marta, Mauricio Rojas, Noelia Campillo, et al. "Parabiotic model for differentiating local and systemic effects of continuous and intermittent hypoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 1 (2015): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2014.

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Hypoxia can be damaging either because cells are directly sensitive to low oxygen pressure in their local microenvironment and/or because they are exposed to circulating factors systemically secreted in response to hypoxia. The conventional hypoxia model, breathing hypoxic air, does not allow one to distinguish between these local and systemic effects. Here we propose and validate a model for differentially applying local and systemic hypoxic challenges in an animal. We used parabiosis, two mice sharing circulation by surgical union through the skin, and tested the hypothesis that when one of the parabionts breathes room air and the other one is subjected to hypoxic air, both mice share systemic circulation but remain normoxic and hypoxic, respectively. We tested two common hypoxic paradigms in 10 parabiotic pairs: continuous hypoxia (10% O2) mimicking chronic lung diseases, and intermittent hypoxia (40 s, 21% O2; 20 s, 5% O2) simulating sleep apnea. Arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure at muscle tissue were measured in both parabionts. Effective cross-circulation was assessed by intraperitoneally injecting a dye in one of the parabionts and measuring blood dye concentration in both animals after 2 h. The results confirmed the hypothesis that tissues of the parabiont under room air were perfused with normally oxygenated blood and, at the same time, were exposed to all of the systemic mediators secreted by the other parabiont actually subjected to hypoxia. In conclusion, combination of parabiosis and hypoxic/normoxic air breathing is a novel approach to investigate the effects of local and systemic hypoxia in respiratory diseases.

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Morin, M. J., A. Warner, and B. N. Fields. "A pathway for entry of reoviruses into the host through M cells of the respiratory tract." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 4 (1994): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.4.1523.

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Many microorganisms gain access to the systemic circulation after entering the respiratory tract. The precise pathways used to cross the mucosal barriers of the lungs have not been clearly described. We have used the mammalian reoviruses in order to determine the pathway that a systemic virus uses to penetrate the mucosal barrier and enter the systemic circulation after entering the airways of the lungs. Reoviruses enter through pulmonary M cells, which overlie bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and subsequently spread to regional lymph nodes. Thus, the pathway through M cells represents a strategy by which viruses and probably other microorganisms can penetrate the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract and thereby enter the systemic circulation.

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Han, Chunyan, Tiancheng Sun, Siri Kalyan Chirumamilla, Frederic Y. Bois, Mandy Xu, and Amin Rostami-Hodjegan. "Understanding Discordance between In Vitro Dissolution, Local Gut and Systemic Bioequivalence of Budesonide in Healthy and Crohn’s Disease Patients through PBPK Modeling." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 9 (2023): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092237.

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The most common method for establishing bioequivalence (BE) is to demonstrate similarity of concentration–time profiles in the systemic circulation, as a surrogate to the site of action. However, similarity of profiles from two formulations in the systemic circulation does not imply similarity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) nor local BE. We have explored the concordance of BE conclusions for a set of hypothetical formulations based on budesonide concentration profiles in various segments of gut vs. those in systemic circulation using virtual trials powered by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The impact of Crohn’s disease on the BE conclusions was explored by changing physiological and biological GIT attributes. Substantial ‘discordance’ between local and systemic outcomes of VBE was observed. Upper GIT segments were much more sensitive to formulation changes than systemic circulation, where the latter led to false conclusions for BE. The ileum and colon showed a lower frequency of discordance. In the case of Crohn’s disease, a product-specific similarity factor might be needed for products such as Entocort® EC to ensure local BE. Our results are specific to budesonide, but we demonstrate potential discordances between the local gut vs. systemic BE for the first time.

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Wang, Tobias, Jordi Altimiras, and Michael Axelsson. "Intracardiac flow separation in anin situperfused heart from Burmese pythonPython molurus." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 17 (2002): 2715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.17.2715.

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SUMMARYThe heart of non-crocodilian reptiles has two separate atria that receive blood from the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The ventricle is not fully divided, but is compartmentalised into two chambers (cavum dorsale and cavum pulmonale) by a muscular ridge that runs from the apex to the base of the ventricle. The muscular ridge is small in turtles, but is well developed in varanid lizards and many species of snakes. These anatomical differences correlate with an effective blood flow separation in varanid lizards, whereas turtles can exhibit very large cardiac shunts. Very little is known about the cardiac shunt patterns in other groups of reptiles.Here we characterise cardiac performance and flow dynamics in the Burmese python (Python molurus) using an in situ perfused heart preparation. The pericardium remained intact and the two atria were perfused separately (Ringer solution), and the two systemic and the pulmonary outflows were independently cannulated. Right and left atrial filling pressures and ventricular outflow pressures of the pulmonary and systemic vessels could be manipulated independently, permitting the establishment of large experimental intraventricular pressure gradients across the muscular ridge. The maximal power output generated by the systemic side of the ventricle exceeded the maximal power output that was generated by the cavum pulmonale that perfuse the pulmonary circulation. Furthermore, systemic flow could be generated against a higher outflow pressure than pulmonary flow. Perfusate entering the right atrium was preferentially distributed into the pulmonary circulation,whereas perfusate into the left atrium was distributed to the systemic circulation.Our study indicates that the well-developed muscular ridge can separate the cavum systemic and pulmonary sides of the heart to prevent mixing of systemic and pulmonary flows. Therefore, the heart of Python appears to exhibit a large degree of ventricular flow separation as previously described for varanid lizards. We speculate that the ventricular separation has evolved in response to the need of maintaining high oxygen delivery while protecting the pulmonary circulation from oedema as result of high vascular pressures.

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Garavet, Scott P., and Jeffrey C. Crowley. "Extracorporeal Circulation in Liver Transplantation." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 18, no. 2 (1986): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/1986182081.

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Extracorporeal circulation has recently expanded outside the realm of the traditional cardiac procedures. Extracorporeal circulation and cardiopulmonary bypass has expanded to include: left and right heart long and short term support, systemic and regional hyperthermic perfusion for cancer therapy, systemic rewarming for hypothermia victims due to exposure, repair of aortic tears and aneurysms, support for respiratory failure, and more recently involvement in support of the surgical process for liver transplantation. The first orthotopic liver graft was performed by Starzl and colleagues in 1963 at The University of Colorado at Denver. Then in 1982 Starzl began utilizing veno-veno extracorporeal circulation. Vena-arterial bypass has also been utilized in other centers. Presently, the use of extracorporeal circulation in liver transplantation is being implemented in an increasing number of centers. There have been a wide range of benefits with the use of extracorporeal circulation in liver transplantation. These benefits are the control of the systemic and perihepatic circulation, greater control of volume status through efficient rapid infusion systems and decreased morbidity and mortality. The increased confidence gained by the use of extracorporeal circulation, enables patients to be referred for transplant surgery at an earlier stage, with a more reasonable prospect for a successful surgery.

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Kamenskaya, O. V., I. Yu Loginova, Asya Stanislavovna Klinkova, and Andrey Anatol'evich Karpenko. "Vascular channel reserves in patients with systemic atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus." Diabetes mellitus 16, no. 1 (2013): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/2072-0351-3601.

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Aims. To determine vascular channel reserves in patients with systemic atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods. Study included 143 patients with systemic atherosclerosis, 40 of them also suffered from T2DM. We applied laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to evaluate vascular channel reserves and transcranial spectrometry to assess cerebral oxygenation status. Results. We found that 60% of patients with systemic atherosclerosis and T2DM show microcirculation parameters below critical level, which indicates failure of collateral circulation. This group also showed lower efficiency of cerebral perfusion and more pronounced vascular constriction in response to functional load as compared to diabetes-negative controls. Conclusion. Patients with T2DM, accompanied with systemic atherosclerosis showed lower circulation efficiency and more pronounced autonomous dysregulation of cerebral circulation against patients without diabetes mellitus.

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ITO, Takashi, Ko-ichi KAWAHARA, Teruto HASHIGUCHI, and Ikuro MARUYAMA. "Thrombomodulin maintains the systemic circulation in good condition." Japanese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis 20, no. 4 (2009): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2491/jjsth.20.418.

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Nechytailo, Yu N., T. N. Mikhiеieva, O. Ya Pidmurniak, and N. I. Kovtyuk. "Systemic circulation in children with diet-related diseases." CHILD`S HEALTH 14 (March 1, 2019): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0551.14.0.2019.165530.

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Lim, K. M., E. B. Shim, and S. H. Yang. "Systemic modelling of human bioenergetics and blood circulation." IET Systems Biology 6, no. 5 (2012): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-syb.2011.0035.

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Feldstein, C. A., R. P. Sabaris, A. Cohen, and R. Iermoli. "Dynamics of the Pulmonary Circulation in Systemic Hypertension." American Journal of Hypertension 1, no. 3 Pt 3 (1988): 113S—116S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/1.3.113s.

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Nanayakkara, Shane, Thomas H. Marwick, and David M. Kaye. "The ageing heart: the systemic and coronary circulation." Heart 104, no. 5 (2017): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312114.

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Most cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs in patients over the age of 60. However, most evidence-based current cardiovascular guidelines lack evidence in an older population, due to the under-representation of older patients in randomised trials. Blood pressure rises with age due to increasing arterial stiffness, and stricter control results in improved outcomes. Myocardial ischaemia is also more common with increasing age, due to a combination of coronary artery disease and myocardial changes. However, despite higher rates of adverse outcomes, older patients are offered guideline-based therapy less frequently. Frailty is an independent predictor of mortality in adults over the age of 60, yet remains poorly assessed; slow gait speed is a key marker for the development of frailty and for adverse outcomes following intervention. Few trials have assessed frailty independent of age; however, there is evidence that non-frail older patients derive significant benefit from therapy, highlighting the urgent need to include frailty as a measure in clinical trials of treatment in CVD.In this review, the authors appraise the literature in regard to the cardiovascular changes with ageing, specifically in relation to the systemic and coronary circulation and with a particular emphasis on frailty and its implication in the evaluation and treatment of CVD.

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&NA;. "ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR AFFERENT ACTIVITY IN NONPULSATILE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION." ASAIO Journal 44, no. 2 (1998): 22A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199803000-00076.

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Palko, T. "Impedance methods for study of systemic pulmonary circulation." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84854-2.

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La Count, Terri D., Andrew Jajack, Jason Heikenfeld, and Gerald B. Kasting. "Modeling Glucose Transport From Systemic Circulation to Sweat." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 108, no. 1 (2019): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.026.

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Hinojosa-Laborde, C., A. S. Greene, and A. W. Cowley. "Autoregulation of the systemic circulation in conscious rats." Hypertension 11, no. 6_pt_2 (1988): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.11.6.685.

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Lanigan, Lumina P., Charles V. Clark, and David W. Hill. "Retinal circulation responses to systemic autonomic nerve stimulation." Eye 2, no. 4 (1988): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1988.75.

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Shomura, Yu, Keizo Tanaka, Shin Takabayashi, et al. "Arterial Baroreceptor Afferent Activity in Nonpulsatile Systemic Circulation." Artificial Organs 22, no. 12 (1998): 1056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1594.1998.06234.x.

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Yagi, Shusuke, Masashi Akaike, Ken-ichi Aihara, et al. "Bosentan improves systemic sclerosis-related peripheral circulation insufficiency." International Journal of Cardiology 147, no. 3 (2011): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.025.

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Michelassi, F., A. Pietrabissa, M. Ferrari, F. Mosca, T. Vargish, and H. H. Moosa. "Bullet emboli to the systemic and venous circulation." British Journal of Surgery 77, no. 4 (1990): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800770432.

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Csiszar, Anna, Nazar Labinskyy, Hanjoong Jo, Praveen Ballabh, and Zoltan Ungvari. "Differential proinflammatory and prooxidant effects of bone morphogenetic protein-4 in coronary and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 2 (2008): H569—H577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00180.2008.

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There is increasing evidence that TGF-β family member cytokine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 plays different pathophysiological roles in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Upregulation of BMP-4 has been linked to atherosclerosis and hypertension in the systemic circulation, whereas disruption of BMP-4 signaling is associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. To test the hypothesis that BMP-4 elicits differential effects in the pulmonary and systemic circulation, we compared the prooxidant and proinflammatory effects of BMP-4 in cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs) and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs). We found that BMP-4 (from 0.3 to 10 ng/ml) in CAECs increased O2•− and H2O2 generation, induced NF-κB activation, upregulated ICAM-1, and induced monocyte adhesiveness to ECs. In contrast, BMP-4 failed to induce oxidative stress or endothelial activation in PAECs. Also, BMP-4 treatment impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation and increased O2•− production in cultured rat carotid arteries, whereas cultured rat pulmonary arteries were protected from these adverse effects of BMP-4. Thus, we propose that BMP-4 exerts prooxidant, prohypertensive, and proinflammatory effects only in the systemic circulation, whereas pulmonary arteries are protected from these adverse effects of BMP-4. The vascular bed-specific endothelial effects of BMP-4 are likely to contribute to its differential pathophysiological role in the systemic and pulmonary circulation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Systemic circulation'

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