Journal articles on the topic 'Systemness'

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SYSTEMThe key feature of international law is that states are primary subjects of this law. This results in other features of international law like high relevance of customary law, ambiguous meaning of the term “treaty”, considerable role of soft law, uncertainty about the effects of reservations to treaties, and above all, the lack of collision rules when two or more treaties bind partly different parties. This all supports the weaker thesis about systemness of international law. The weaker thesis about systemness of international law is not the answer to all questions that can be put in this respect. This is particularly evident in the case of consistency of international law which is seriously jeopardized by the progressive fragmentation. But the conviction of the systemness of international law has also somewhat different purpose than it seems. Namely, it strengthens the argument that international law is the law in the proper sense of the word. It fulfils therefore, to some extent, a persuasive function. International law confronted with domestic law is a kind of so-called “positive morality” for many lawyers. Therefore, the thesis about systemness of international law is so important. For similar reasons, H. Kelsen so firmly stressed that war is a sanction, what justified the view that international law is the law in the proper sense of the word.

A range of alternative media outlets focusing on criticizing immigration politics and mainstream media have emerged in Sweden in recent years. Although they have quite different ideological profiles, they share a clear and critical focus on immigration and mainstream journalistic representations of reality. Their message is that mainstream media conceal or distort information about negative societal and cultural consequences of immigration and that mainstream journalists have teamed up with the political elites and engage in witch-hunts of critics, while ignoring abuses by those in power. Such media outlets (especially online participatory media) need to be analyzed in the light of their position as <em>self</em>-<em>perceived correctives</em> of traditional media. There has been a remarkable surge of alternative media in Sweden with these traits in common during the past few years, and it is important to be able to discuss these media together as a phenomenon, while at the same time taking their differences into account. In relation to this, I argue that the notion of anti-systemness is useful in discussions of the impact these alternative media may (or may not) have on public discourse. In the article, I present a matrix that distinguishes between different types of anti-systemness: ideological anti-systemness and relational anti-systemness. The article therefore mainly presents a theoretical argument, rather than empirical findings, with the aim of pointing to a way forward for research about alternative media.

In the Dutch nursing context, work remains in strengthening the voice of nurses serving as frontline health care providers and board members alike. Conceptual clarity of Public Opinion Leadership (POL) in nursing practice is needed to provide attributes, antecedents and consequences for nurses and nurse leaders so they can contribute in the public debate and policy making processes. Using Rodgers’ method of evolutionary concept analysis and the key words “POL,” “lobbying” and “public affairs,” we searched PubMed (including MEDLINE), CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library for articles written in English, published between January 1999 and May 2020, which resulted in a final selection of seven studies. In addition, transcripts of an expert panel discussion regarding POL were analyzed. Attributes of POL are credibility, accessibility, altruism, dynamic networking and sense of systemness. Antecedents are a clinical background, authentic authority, policy and political awareness and strategic skills. The main consequences of POL entail influencing those who are involved in policy making processes, a new generation of public opinion leaders, and the raising of bottom-up political leaders. POL is a relatively new concept for nursing, with increasing interest given the need to ensure quality of care by increasing the use of evidence in clinical practice. POL in nursing practice is defined as the action of influencing public debate regarding policy making processes by maintaining dynamic (social) networks, having a high sense of systemness, and being (clinically) credible, altruistic and accessible to peers and a wide variety of stakeholders.

Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan fenomena umum yang tergambar dari kehidupan kekuatan sosial politik (Orde Baru, Parpol dan Golkar) terkesan terlalu kaku, struktural, institusional dan formalistik. Seluruh kekuatan sosial politik baik secara diam – diam maupun terang – terangan diarahkan untuk memberikan dukungan berupa legitimasi yang kuat kepada pemerintahan Orde Baru. Runtuhnya rezim orde baru “Soeharto” selaku Ketua Dewan Pembina partai golkar pada tahun 1998 ternyata tidak membawa dampak negatif terhadap kesisteman partai Golkar DIY walaupun di tingkat pusat terjadi pergolakan yang sangat luar biasa, sehingga atas kebijakan anggota partai golkar di dewan pusat mendesak diadakannya Munaslub yang dihadiri oleh semua perwakilan partai golkar baik ditingkat kabupaten/kota maupun propinsi di seluruh Indonesia guna menata kembali (restrukturisasi) kesisteman partai. Penelitin ini menggunakan metode penelitian diskriptif. Fokus penelitiannya adalah derajat kesisteman (systemness) terdiri dari : Asal usul partai, sumber pendanaan, peran pemimpin partai, faksionalisme (pengelompokan), klientelisme (pertukaran dukungan). Jenis dan sumber data didapatkan dari data primer dan data sekunder. Populasi dan sample adalah pengurus DPD Partai golkar DIY. Teknik pengumpulan datanya yaitu melalui, dokumentasi serta wawancara langsung. Teknis analisis data yang di gunakan adalah teknis analisis data kualitatif. Nilai-nilai dan praktik demokrasi sangatlah penting bagi institusionalisasi demokratis dan perkembangan ketangguhan partai Golkar. Tingkat Kesisteman di DPD Partai Golkar Propinsi DIY khususnya, dalam proses internal organisasi partai politik menuju sebuah organisasi yang terlembaga secara mapan, kompleksitas, norma dan perilakunya berdasarkan nilai-nilai yang disepakati bersama yang ditentukan oleh dimensi derajat kesisteman (systemness).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi Partai Perindo jelang pemilu 2019. Strategi tersebut dilihat berdasarkan strategi pendekatan yang dilakukan di internal dan eksternal partai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus yang memfasilitasi eksplorasi dari fenomena yang terjadi melalui proses wawancara, dokumentasi, dan kajian literasi. Penelitian menggunakan konsep teori Huntington terkait pelembagaan partai politik, yang dikembangkan kembali oleh Vicky Randall dan Lars Svasand dengan menjelaskan aspek eksternal - internal dan struktural - kultural. Kesimpulan utama, Partai Perindo menggunakan strategi yang sesuai dengan derajat kesisteman (systemness), derajat identitas nilai (value infusion), derajat otonomi (decisional autonomy), dan citra publik (reification). Pemilu 2019 menjadi pertaruhan bagi Partai Perindo, figur ketua umum Hary Tanoesoedibjo (HT) menjadi penentu, karena sepakterjangnya otomatis berimbas pada keberlangsungan partai.

IS SYSTEMNESS A NECESSARY FEATURE OF LAW? This question is a metaphysical question, as it relates to the nature of law. The answer must be based on the conceptual analysis. The method of conceptual analysis applied by contemporary analytic theories of law may be interpreted as a „modest” conceptual analysis in the terminology of F. Jackson. The basis of such an analysis are platitudes about law, generally accepted in a given society and the purpose of analysis is the rational reconstruction of the folk theory of law. Using this method, the authors come to the conclusion that necessarily any rationally reconstructed folk theory of law must contain the claim that the law constitutes a system, at least in the weak sense of the word.

Abstract The 2016 Elections to the National Council in Slovakia are considered a political earthquake. Social Democrats lost 34 out of 83 seats, the Euro sceptic party SaS almost doubled its representation, the nationalistic Slovak National Party returned to the Parliament with 15 seats and three „newcomers” entered the Parliament: the (neo) fascist Kotleba – ĽSNS, conservative We are Family (SME RODINA – Boris Kollár) and centrist #Network (#Sieť). Changes in composition raised questions about party system institutionalization and opened a debate about challenging trends within the Slovak party system including fragmentation, aggregation, high volatility, anti-systemness or alternation. Moreover, it again opened the issue of party newness and consolidation. This article deals with current trends in the context of the 2016 elections and tries to examine the current state of the Slovak Party system.

AbstractThis article explores the rise of the Azov movement and explains the process through the political opportunity structure theory. We argue that a loosely coherent winning coalition of the post-Euromaidan ruling elites enabled Azov’s participation in conventional politics. As a result, Azov launched the ongoing institutionalization process which is largely responsible for Azov’s success as compared to other far-right movements. We show that two movement entrepreneurs’ profiles, namely political activist and radical, dominated the Azov leadership structure and managed to promote their strategic vision on cooperation with state officials effectively combined with contentious action. We find that political activist entrepreneurs tend to push institutionalization alongside particular institutionalization axes, namely adaptability, reification, and systemness, whereas radical entrepreneurs are responsible for Azov’s transformation into an intense policy demander.

The emerging system at the European level can be conceptualized as a pattern of relations among member states that tends to be reproduced despite disturbances in individual trajectories. The Markov property is used as an indicator of systemness in the distribution. The individual trajectories of nations participating in the European Monetary System are assessed using an information theoretical model that is consistent with the Markov property in the multivariate case. Economic and monetary integration are analysed using independent data sets. Increasing integration can be retrieved in both of these dimensions, notably since the currency crises of 1992 and 1993. However, the dynamics for countries which have strongly coupled their currency to the German Mark are different from those which did not. Additionally, developments in inflation and exchange rates at the European level are assessed in relation to global developments.

Defined as the ability to think and move quickly and easily, the importance of agility as an essential element in the move forward for leaders of schools and systems postpandemic, as a result of the impact of COVID-19 on children, is examined. The smartness of a leader’s continuous interactions with the multi-faceted features of their environment, the very nature of the ever-evolving educational landscape of today, is of tremendous value for the leadership of tomorrow. Through the prioritization of strategic objectives in balanced measure, connectivity through relationships and partnership building, proactivity for effective change management, ingenuity in the optimization of resources over time, and the cultivation of systemness throughout the organization—as aspects of agility—educational leaders have the bona fide chance of a lifetime to transform school systems in the pursuit of achievement, equity, and well-being for the benefit of all students, staff, and school communities. Additional considerations, including barriers to agility, are also addressed as are recommendations for leaders of schools and systems as they navigate the shifts in organizational terrain caused by the disruption.

The author discusses further evolution of linguoconceptology – a branch of science located at the junction of language and culture studies. The author notes that it is still passing the stage of formation. This is manifested in the ongoing discussions about its key notions, in insufficiently hard and fast lines between the meanings of its terms, in partial intersection of notion volumes. As to the level of systemness, linguoconceptology is still inferior to lexical semantics, which in the 20th Сentury became a highly systemized discipline under the influence of structuralism. In this regard, the author set the task to clarify the ratio of the volumes and contents of some related notions of linguoconceptology, to reveal the nature of the connections between them, to eliminate terminological duplication, to avoid intersection of term meanings and, in general, to sharply outline the semantic grid that linguoconceptology imposes on its object. In particular, the author describes the types of relations between members of the conceptual field (incorporation, hyper-hyponymy, centering), offers an interpretation of the relationship between the notions of “concept zone”, “conceptual field” and “conceptual sphere”, discusses the possibility of using the allo-emic approach in linguoconceptology.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis proses pelembagaan Partai Solidaritas Indonesia (PSI) Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini didesain dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Bertolak dari kerangka teoritik pelembagaan partai politik, penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan yang berfokus pada empat derajat pelembagaan. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan derajat kesisteman (systemness) dalam proses pelembagaan di tubuh PSI Kota Bandung masih jauh dari kata ideal. Faktor-faktor seperti penggunaan aturan, prosedur, dan mekanisme yang disepakati dan ditetapkan dalam konstitusi partai belum mampu diterjemahkan PSI Kota Bandung dalam menajemen keorganisasian. Di level derajat identitas nilai (value infusion), PSI Kota Bandung konsisten mengusung nilai yang menjadi landasan partai. Namun, secara prakis beberapa narasi yang diusung partai tidak terlalu mendatangkan insentif secara elektoral. Di level decisional autonomy, kondisi PSI Kota Bandung yang hanya mengandalkan sumber pembiayaan partai dari sumber internal, kendati kondisi ini memberikan keleluasaan dan derajat otonomi suatu partai dalam pembuatan keputusan, namun keterbatasan kemampuan keuangan berdampak pada efektifitas jalannya organisasi. Di level value infusion, narasi dan isu yang dibawa parrtai menjadikan mereka dekat dengan segmen pemilih dari kelompok minoritas, baik dari kelompok keagamaan maupun etnis. Di level keempat (reification), diferensiasi identitas yang dibawa partai nampak belum membumi di tengah publik Kota Bandung.

The hopes regarding the positive impact of the Internet and digital participation in civic society have faded in recent years. The digital realm is now increasingly discussed regarding its role in putting democracy in jeopardy and polarizing public debate by propagating extremist views and falsehoods. Likewise, the perception of so-called alternative media as beneficial carriers of counter-public spheres and as important complements to mainstream positions in social debate has flipped. Alternative media are now often associated with the “Wicked web” of disinformation, political populism, or even radicalization. Following Quandt’s (2018) notion of ‘dark participation’ and Phillips and Milner’s (2017) description of the Internet as ambivalent, this article asks, whether the same holds true for the users of alternative media: a segment of the audience traditionally discussed in terms of community, engagement, participation, and strong ideological identification with progressive political causes. Do users of ‘dark’ alternative media bond with their media in similar ways to constitute communities of darkness? Based on interviews with 35 users of alternative media from a left-leaning, right-wing, Russian-tied and/or conspiracy spectrum users, uses of alternative media are pictured as grey rather than black or white. The findings illuminate the ambivalences within alternative media users as audiences and communities. Ambivalences are found regarding the use of alternative sources as audience or community members, regarding a shared attitude of criticality and anti-systemness, which connects trans-medially and trans-ideologically, as well as the experienced comfort of community, which can become a main motivation for use.

The specificity of the process of professional training and formation of future teachers of fine arts is due to the direction of art and pedagogical education, the peculiarities of communication with art, approaches to the use of its educational potential. Therefore, in determination of the principles of professional development of teachers of fine arts, the problem of theoretical and methodological understanding of the nature and content of decorative and applied arts in the preparation and professional development is actualized. On the one hand, this applies to how the artistic and aesthetic consciousness of the future teacher will be formed, and on the other - on what basis this teacher will educate his or her students. In accordance with the theoretical aspect of the formation of artistic and pedagogical competence of future teachers of fine arts in the process of studying of decorative and applied arts, a research was conducted. It made it possible to analyze the content, forms, methods and conditions of formation of artistic and pedagogical competence of future artists-teachers. Diagnostic research tools have been developed, which make it possible to identify the level of formation of the main structural components of artistic and pedagogical competence of future teachers of fine arts. The research showed an insufficient level of formation of artistic and pedagogical competence of future teachers of fine arts, which is characterized by a lack of thoroughness and systemness of knowledge in decorative and applied arts, by insufficient development of the emotional and sensual sphere of students and reproductive readiness for professional and creative activities.

Purpose – Recognition of the importance and difficulty of engaging physicians in organisational change has sparked an explosion of literature. The social identity approach, by considering engagement in terms of underlying group identifications and intergroup dynamics, may provide a framework for choosing among the plethora of proposed engagement techniques. This paper seeks to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined how four disparate organisations engaged physicians in change. Qualitative methods included interviews (109 managers and physicians), observation, and document review. Findings – Beyond a universal focus on relationship-building, sites differed radically in their preferred strategies. Each emphasised or downplayed professional and/or organisational identity as befit the existing level of inter-group closeness between physicians and managers: an independent practice association sought to enhance members' identity as independent physicians; a hospital, engaging community physicians suspicious of integration, stressed collaboration among separate, equal partners; a developing integrated-delivery system promoted alignment among diverse groups by balancing “systemness” with subgroup uniqueness; a medical group established a strong common identity among employed physicians, but practised pragmatic co-operation with its affiliates. Research limitations/implications – The authors cannot confirm the accuracy of managers' perceptions of the inter-group context or the efficacy of particular strategies. Nonetheless, the findings suggested the fruitfulness of social identity thinking in approaching physician engagement. Practical implications – Attention to inter-group dynamics may help organisations engage physicians more effectively. Originality/value – This study illuminates and explains variation in the way different organisations engage physicians, and offers a theoretical basis for selecting engagement strategies.

In the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), the Chinese Committee of Science, Technology and Education, the main body for the central government's innovation policy, highlights the strengthening of the scientific–technological base and the upgrading of domestic innovative competences, and places the industrial focus on seven new strategic industries. Available data show that the transition is underway, from a Chinese growth model based on the availability of inexpensive land, investments, exports and a very large low-cost workforce to science-based and innovation-driven growth. However, the poor outcomes from public S&T expenditures suggest that future growth will depend on a different growth formula and that the greatest impact will come from an innovative innovation model. This paper focuses on an emerging Chinese innovation model that applies elements of cluster theory and the regional innovation systems approach to the next development stage of Chinese Special Economic Zones. The model also adopts features of the Triple Helix model of university–industry–government relations such as ‘systemness’ and entrepreneurial universities to enforce regional innovativeness. The author outlines the management and governance challenges associated with the policy objective of moving from imitation to innovation. The paper is based on a study on cluster management for the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) 2009–2013 and on empirical research in collaboration with the Chinese Association of Developmental Zones (CADZ) in 2012. The study used 15 expert interviews with managers of Tianjin Wuqing Development Zone in the Beijing–Tianjin Corridor and with senior officials of CADZ, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology, at the Second China German Innovation Forum held in Berlin on 26 and 27 November 2012.

Relevance. The modern world is special, unprecedented changes are taking place. At the same time, present-day education does not always meet the challenges of the new millennium. The foregoing has a negative impact on the rate of development of the society and the country as a whole. The problem of this study is to reveal the aspects associated with the rapid changes in the society and the World in general, and to determine the trajectory of educational development in the third millennium. The aim is to identify, generalize and interpret the ideas for building education in the 21st century, to determine and substantiate the ways of its development. Methodology. When preparing the material, the author assigned primary importance to the conceptual provisions of humanistic pedagogy, along with the principles of integrity and systemness; objectivity; universal interrelation between phenomena; combination of the development retrospective with the development prospects; regarding the process of education development as self-evolution and self-development. Results and discussion. The proposition that education of the 21st century should be the advance one in its nature is substantiated. There is a focus on the skills to be mastered by everyone who will live in the house of the third millennium. Some content-related and technological aspects of education at a new stage of its development are revealed. Much attention is devoted to the questions of what a Person of the 21st century should be and what role the education plays in this process. The most controversial are the issues regarding transformations in the educational system: what changes are needed to create advance education, what should be improved in the nurturing system to enable a person of the third millennium not only to protect the modern civilization from sliding to the abyss, but also to ensure its progressive development, etc. Conclusion. According to futurologists, in the next two or three decades education will have to cover the distance that used to take two or three centuries. This will contribute to changes in its organizational, content-related and technological aspects. Education should become the advance one, ensuring the advance development of all institutions of the society and the country as a whole.

SynopsisThis work is devoted to the study of subharmonic solutions of a second-order Hamiltonian systemnear an equilibrium point, say q = 0. The problem of existence of periodic solutions from the global point of view is also considered.This problem has been studied for the case where the potential is positive and superquadratic. In this work a potential V that has change in sign is considered. The potential is decomposed aswhere P is homogeneous, superquadratic and nondegenerate, and is of higher order near 0. In this paper the existence is shown of a sequence of subharmonic solutions of the equation above that converges to the equilibrium, such that their minimal periods converge to infinity.This problem is approached from a variational point of view. Existence of subharmonic and periodic solutions is obtained via minimax techniques.

We examine the impacts of a sustainable urban transport initiative, the first Bus Rapid Transit System launched in Lahore, Pakistan in year 2013.Wemeasure the socio-economic and environmental impacts of theBRTusing aquestionnaire-based survey that collected informationon customers’ travel purpose, travel frequency, travel time, mode access, previous travel mode choices (pre-BRT) and travel mode choices at present. Weestimate that,on average,a BRTpassenger savesabout 46 minutes per day on a singletrip. However, the modal shift from personal automobiles to theBRT system is found to be only 4 percent, i.e.,significantlyless than the shift found in otherworldwide BRT systems.Moreover, weestimate the reduction inthenumber of private vehicles on roads, total distance travelled in km and associated travelling costs and,subsequently,the reduction in the carbonemissions. We concludethat the Lahore BRTtransit systemneeds to be expandedto other parts of the city.

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AbstractDespite their alleged anti-systemness and ‘non-coalitionability’, radical right and radical left parties have, since the early 1990s, both supported and entered coalition governments in a number of European liberal democracies. Using the classical ‘size and ideology’ framework, this study sets out to examine how – or, put differently, under what circumstances – radical right and radical left parties are able to overcome the obstacles associated with governing and enter coalition governments. Inspired by previous observations regarding the complex and multicausal nature of radical government participation, the study relies on a configurational method. By means of a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 37 radical parties at 207 coalition formation instances in 22 (Western and Central and Eastern) European countries, the article sheds light on different paths that lead to government inclusion (and exclusion) of radical actors. The empirical evidence indicates that electoral success in combination with a fairly similar policy position to a weak prime minister party is sufficient for government inclusion. The paths to government exclusion, by contrast, underline the importance of ideological distance in combination with size-related factors.

AbstractThis paper describes the winning strategy and institutionalization of political parties in the recruitment of PDIP candidates in 21 districts/cities in the 2020 simultaneous regional head and deputy regional head elections in Central Java Province. The research uses a literature study method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the recruitment of PDIP candidates in the simultaneous regional head elections was capitalized as part of a winning strategy rather than party institutionalization. Using Adman Nursal's concept, found 7 recruitment patterns, which are based on four strategies: a) reinforcement, b) rationalization, c) inducement, and d) confrontation.From the point of view of party institutionalization based on the concept of Vicky Randall and Lars Svasand, it can be seen that the magnitude of the push as a floating party is indicated by the degree of (1) systemness, (2) value identity, (3) autonomy in decision making, and (4) knowledge or public image (reification) of a political party.The pattern of PDIP regional election recruitment that is closed but seems open confirms the development of the character of a “floating party”, namely a political party that is less responsible and less responsive to its constituents. Luckily, in a floating mass atmosphere that is not politically literate, PDIP candidates won the majority of the 2020 simultaneous regional elections in Central Java.Keywords: Political Recruitment, Winning Strategy, Political Institutionalization, Floating PartyAbstrakPenelitian ini ingin menjelaskan strategi pemenangan dan pelembagaan partai politik dalam rekrutmen calon PDIP di 21 kabupaten/kota pada pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah serentak tahun 2020 di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rekrutmen calon PDIP pada pilkada serentak dikapitaliasi sebagai bagian strategi pemenangan dibanding pelembagaan partai. Menggunakan konsep Adman Nursal, ditemukan 7 pola rekrutmen, yang didasarkan pada empat strategi: a) penguatan (reinforcement strategy), b) rasionalisasi (rationalization strategy), c) bujukan (inducement srategy), dan d) konfrontasi (confrontation strategy). Dari sudut pelembagaan partai berdasarkan konsep Vicky Randall dan Lars Svasand terlihat besarnya dorongan sebagai partai mengambang (floating party) yang diindikasikan dari derajat (1) kesisteman (systemness), (2) identitas nilai (value infusion), (3) otonomi dalam pembuatan keputusan (decisional autonomy), dan (4) pengetahuan atau citra publik (reification) terhadap suatu partai politik. Pola rekrutmen pilkada PDIP yang tertutup tapi terkesan terbuka mengkonfirmasikan terbangunnya watak “partai mengambang” (floating party), yakni partai politik yang kurang bertanggungjawab dan kurang tanggap terhadap konstituen. Beruntung, dalam atmosfer massa mengambang (floting mass) yang tidak melek politik, calon-calon PDIP memenangi mayoritas pilkada serentak tahun 2020 di Jawa Tengah.Kata Kunci : Rekrutmen Politik, Strategi Pemenangan, Pelembagaan Politik, Partai Mengambang

AbstractThis paper aims at analysing and comparing regional innovation support Systems in South Korea and Japan and explaining the differences found between the countries' Systems. Based on empirical research on innovation support agencies in Kyongbuk-Taegu, South Korea, and Hiroshima, Japan, it will be shown that South Korea is characterised by dirigiste regio nal innovation support Systems, whereas Japan's regions have a mixture of relatively well co-ordinated national and regional agencies with higher levels of local interaction and systemness (integrated Systems). The dirigiste kind of system found in South Korea generates both too homogenous innovation support agen cies, which are not enough focused on specific regional economic demand, and horizontal policy co-ordination problems due to strong vertical dependencies of agencies in the regions to their Sponsors in the central government. The difference in type of Systems found in South Korea and Japan cannot be explained only by a time lag of development policies between the two countries, but also by other factors, such as the long history of supporting small and medium- sized enterprises by Japanese prefectures, differences in collective trust and the size of the countries.

Abstract Background Long-term care facilities offer shelter and care for Canadian seniors; however, there are great variances in the quality of care that is provided to older adults across facilities. One factor that could contribute to this variation in quality is the diffusion and implementation of advice and innovations within this sector. This study sought to understand the motivations of identified opinion leaders within the Canadian long-term care sector to disseminate advice within their social networks. Research questions addressed specific drivers of motivation and the potential outcomes of having motivated opinion leaders present within interpersonal advice-seeking networks with respect to diffusion and implementation of innovations in the Canadian long-term care sector. Methods This secondary analysis study analyzed semi-structured qualitative interviews with opinion leaders (n = 13) and advice seekers of opinion leaders (n = 13) from a national, social network study, Advice Seeking Networks in Long Term Care (Cranley et al. 2019; Dearing et al. 2017). Constant comparison analysis was used and supported by a theoretical framework developed from diffusion of innovation theory and the COM-B framework. Results The motivations of opinion leaders in the Canadian long-term care sector were represented across seven themes: obligations of the position, value of education, systemness, relationships, supportiveness, passion, and caring nature. Conclusions This research provides further evidence that opinion leaders in the long-term care sector are motivated individuals and that they are using this motivation as a driver to create change and improve care practices. As residents of the long-term care sector continue to increase in number and complexity, the presence of motivated opinion leaders represents a promising outlook for the future through achieving specific outcomes such as the diffusion and implementation of innovations, an increased sense of community within the network, and increased readiness for the future.

Abstract Background Community-based health care (CBHC) is a shift towards healthcare integration and community services closer to home. Variation in system approaches harkens the need for a conceptual framework to evaluate outcomes and impacts. We set out to develop a CBHC-specific evaluation framework in the context of a provincial ministry of health planning process in Canada. Methods A multi-step approach was used to develop the CBHC evaluation framework. Modified Delphi informed conceptualization and prioritization of indicators. Formative research identified evaluation framework elements (triple aim, global measures, and impact), health system levels (tiers), and potential CBHC indicators (n = 461). Two Delphi rounds were held. Round 1, panelists independently ranked indicators on CBHC relevance and health system tiering. Results were analyzed by coding agreement/disagreement frequency and central tendency measures. Round 2, a consensus meeting was used to discuss disagreement, identify Tier 1 indicators and concepts, and define indicators not relevant to CBHC (Tier 4). Post-Delphi, indicators and concepts were refined, Tier 1 concepts mapped to the evaluation framework, and indicator narratives developed. Three stakeholder consultations (scientific, government, and public/patient communities) were held for endorsement and recommendation. Results Round 1 Delphi results showed agreement for 300 and disagreement for 161 indicators. Round 2 consensus resulted in 103 top tier indicators (Tier 1 = 19, Tier 2 = 84), 358 bottom Tier 3 and 4 indicators, non-CBHC measure definitions, and eight Tier 1 indicator concepts—Mortality/Suicide; Quality of Life, and Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Global Patient Reported Experience Measures; Cost of Care, Access to Integrated Primary Care; Avoidable Emergency Department Use; Avoidable Hospitalization; and E-health Penetration. Post Delphi results refined Tier 3 (n = 289) and 4 (n = 69) indicators, and identified 18 Tier 2 and 3 concepts. When mapped to the evaluation framework, Tier 1 concepts showed full coverage across the elements. ‘Indicator narratives’ depicted systemness and integration for evaluating CBHC. Stakeholder consultations affirmed endorsement of the approach and evaluation framework; refined concepts; and provided key considerations to further operationalize and contextualize indicators, and evaluate CBHC as a health system approach. Conclusions This research produced a novel evaluation framework to conceptualize and evaluate CBHC initiatives. The evaluation framework revealed the importance of a health system approach for evaluating CBHC.

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Plant cultivation using hydroponic is very popular today. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system is commonly used by people. It can be applied indoor or outdoor. Plants in this systemneed nutrient solution to grow well. pH, TDS and temperature of the nutrient solution must be check to ensure plant gets sufficient nutrients. This research aims todevelop monitoring system of NFT hydroponic. Farmer will be able to monitor pH, TDS and temperature online. It will ease farmer to decide which plant is suitable to be cultivated and time to boost growth.Delay of the system will be measured to know system performance. Result shows that pH is directly proportional with TDS. Temperature value has no correlation with pH and TDS. System has highest delay during daylight and afternoon but it will decline in the night and morning. Average of delay in the morning is 11 s, 28.5 s in daylight, 32 s in the afternoon and 17.5 s in the night. </span></p></div></div></div>