Academic literature on the topic 'Systems Extrapolate Perception Humanistic Approach'

Organizations can adopt various systems extrapolate perception humanistic approach empowerment practices to enhance employee satisfaction. This paper considers the extrinsic incentive management. The strategic importance of workers is discussed and their interaction, as an asset, with other important organization assets. The basic methodologies for workers are then explained and their limitations are considered. The systems extrapolate perception revolution moves recording and analysis activities that were traditionally professional performance lines of activities focused to high operational content. The scientific and systems extrapolate perception progress, growth and internationalization of markets, processors are processes in which the accounting profession plays a leading role of extrinsic incentive management. This study has reviewed how organizations, as powerful systems extrapolate perception humanistic approach empowerment and development eating institutions, have applied normative expectations and established boundaries for the acceptable expression of emotion among employees through tactics such as applicant screening and selection measures.

Organizations can adopt various systems extrapolate perception humanistic approach empowerment practices to enhance employee satisfaction. This paper considers the extrinsic incentive management. The strategic importance of workers is discussed and their interaction, as an asset, with other important organization assets. The basic methodologies for workers are then explained and their limitations are considered. The systems extrapolate perception revolution moves recording and analysis activities that were traditionally professional performance lines of activities focused to high operational content. The scientific and systems extrapolate perception progress, growth and internationalization of markets, processors are processes in which the accounting profession plays a leading role of extrinsic incentive management. This study has reviewed how organizations, as powerful systems extrapolate perception humanistic approach empowerment and development eating institutions, have applied normative expectations and established boundaries for the acceptable expression of emotion among employees through tactics such as applicant screening and selection measures.

Traditional livestock systems have generated unfavorable changes in the ecosystem and, in turn, its management does not present sustainability in the property that runs it as the main economic activity. Therefore, the imaginary of the producer regarding the approach of livestock reconversion from traditional livestock systems to sustainable systems is unknown. The work was carried out on the Los Laureles farm, belonging to the municipality of Cartagena del Chairá, which presented extensive livestock farming as the only activity that generates economic resources. Data collection was carried out through an interview. In results and discussion, three perceptions focused on technical-productive, socio-humanistic and economic areas were obtained. The perception of the producer was positive, although the implementation of the reconversion presents external factors that directly influence the economy and availability of time of the farmer.

This study analyzes the perception of biophilic values in the Rocuant-Andalién wetland, located in the Concepción Metropolitan Area, Chile, and examines how these perceptions vary according to neighborhood typologies. The main objective is to understand how different urban and sociodemographic characteristics influence the valuation of this natural space. For this purpose, a geo-referenced questionnaire was applied to 326 residents of different neighborhood typologies, assessing nine types of biophilic values (utilitarian, naturalistic, ecological-scientific, aesthetic, symbolic, humanistic, moralistic, dominionist, and negativist). A Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) approach and hot spot analysis were used to identify perception clusters. Results revealed that wetland perceptions vary significantly by neighborhood typology, with a higher valuation of utilitarian and aesthetic values in low-density areas standing out. Hotspots were identified that indicate areas with a high valuation of certain biophilic values. The integration of PPGIS and biophilic values demonstrates how spatial patterns influence the perception of urban wetlands. The results suggest that improving infrastructure and accessibility could strengthen residents' connections to these natural spaces. The findings underscore the importance of developing inclusive and effective conservation and urban planning policies to promote a more favorable perception and management of urban wetlands.

Background: Healthcare systems worldwide will be increasingly challenged to meet the complex needs of aging populations. In particular, the operation of residential aged care facilities will require improved surveillance and monitoring to ensure that quality assurance systems are in place that support holistic and humane care of all aged care residents.Objectives: To undertake a selected literature search including a focus on Australian based case studies with the intention of a) developing a philosophical orientation towards improving awareness and understandings among policy makers and residential aged care workers to transform residential aged care into an environment that protects human rights b) drawing attention to how the adoption of an attitude that sees aged care recipients as having left while still living has the potential to create a minimalist approach to care and c) highlighting the need for emotionally intelligent leadership as a core component for establishing, facilitating and coordinating the delivery of quality assurance systems in residential aged care.Methodology: This is not a quantitative study but one essentially focused on offering a professional perspective on residential aged care resulting from a reading of selected literature and the combined existential experiences and understandings of both authors. The preceding approach provided the groundwork for presenting a case for honouring human rights in tune with the adoption of a substantive philosophy for the overall operation of residential age care facilities.Conclusion: While entry into residential aged care can be seen to represent the final chapter in an older person’s life, there remains the ever-present mandate for formal caregivers to not stray from the moral obligations associated with ‘ethical caregiving’.

At present, training of specialists in technical universities does not go without involving automated cognitive learning systems, the effectiveness of which depends on a number of factors, and for the reason, there is a need to study their interrelation and impact on the efficiency of the educational process. The objective of the article — to study the learning process in order to identify factors affecting the effectiveness of the educational process. The methodological basis of the research is the use of philosophical–pedagogical theories and concepts, as well as the complex application of complementary approaches and methods based on the principles of general scientific methodology. Taking into account the complexity of the factors affecting the learning process, the following approaches were used in the course of the research: humanistic, competency–based, personality–oriented, culturological, and system–functioning. Results: Factors of understanding, memorization and digestion are considered in the article. An author approach has been suggested to some aspects of the human perception of information flows of new knowledge. The hypothesis of increasing the efficiency of the educational process with the attunement of students’ awareness of the perception of new knowledge and influence of attunement on awareness on understanding, memorization and assimilation are considered. The necessity of using the cognitive learning systems of the psychodiagnostic module in the composition of software and hardware devices in order to take into account students’ and teachers’ personal characteristics, as well as the factors affecting the effectiveness of the educational process,  has been substantiated.

The aim of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is to build machines with cognitive abilities on par with humans. These abilities include sensing, reasoning, decision-making, and social interaction. Although great strides have been achieved in creating intelligent agents that can observe and form opinions about their surroundings, problems still arise when it comes to their ability to reason and make decisions. The lack of a narrative structure inside these intelligent beings is a major drawback. This study suggests creating a narrative memory model with a dedicated module for use by self-aware agents. The model incorporates narrative memory to improve the agent's perception, understanding, and decision-making capabilities. The conscious agent will be able to create, store, and recall narrative-like representations of prior experiences with the help of the narrative memory module. To help the agent make sense of its surroundings, this narrative structure will give a method for categorizing and linking data. The agent will be able to recognize patterns, determine causal linkages, and extrapolate future outcomes by drawing on its narrative memory. There are several benefits to incorporating narrative memory into the brain of a self-aware agent. First, it'll give the agent a richer context from which to draw insights and make judgments. Second, the agent's perception and interpretation of complicated circumstances, as well as its general reasoning abilities, will be bolstered by the narrative memory module. Thirdly, the agent will be able to develop over time by absorbing new information and incorporating it into its preexisting narrative memory. This study uses a narrative memory-based approach to close the gap between conscious agents and human-like reasoning. The goal of this study is to improve the cognitive capacities of conscious agents by giving them the capacity to create and employ narrative memories, thus facilitating more nuanced perception, comprehension, and decision-making. The findings of this study could have far-reaching implications for the fields of artificial intelligence, robotics, and human-computer interaction by accelerating the creation of AGI systems with human-level cognitive capacities.

The relevance of the research topic. The article deals with the essence of the transcendental approach to determining the content of accounting systems, which the authors propose for praxological use not by philosophical interpretation (unknowable) but by linguistic understanding (what goes beyond) and subjective active perception (something no one used). It is proved that the definitive formogenesis of national wealth allows to determine the factors of legitimization of its use as a system-forming basis of existential-humanistic foundations of awareness of social relations and their quantitative reflection in accounting systems. Methodological approaches to the formation of national wealth by its system-forming elements have been improved through a combination of general theoretical and specifically historical approaches to understanding both the very essence of wealth and the broader sources and economic mechanisms of its accumulation and social distribution. It is substantiated that the methodological foundations of accounting and informational display of national wealth are structured by organizational provisions of accounting policy, which is detailed as an inter-level accounting and synthetic service of accentuated objectification of a research object. Goal. To study the theoretical and methodological provisions for substantiating the coherence of accounting systems, taking into account the transcendence of their content and the immanence of purpose in the plane of instrumental support for service management. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the philosophical and general scientific methods of cognition of the transcendence of their content and immanence of purpose in the plane of instrumental support of service management. Results. The scientific plane of the generalizations made has become a reliable support not only for the systematization of multi-vector calculus, but also for the improvement of methodological approaches to the formation of national wealth by its system-forming elements through the combination of general theoretical and concrete historical approaches to understanding as the most economical nature and the essence of the mechanism accumulation and social distribution. In particular, we propose to use a complex accounting methodology of epistemological dispersion of components of national wealth, which is based on the consideration of the sectoral specificity of different types of its potential, which is a dominant condition in the system of priorities of the respective stages of socio-economic growth. Conceptual approaches to the construction of accounting standard of social and environmental responsibility of business are systematized. The methodology for assessing national wealth, including its biological component in the context of nature-man dual communication, is presented. According to the results of accounting and information monitoring, the criterion apodicticity of the indicative verification of the growth of national wealth was factualized. In particular, multivariate indicator systems are dispersed in accordance with the level differentiation of the management itself. Key words: accounting system, accounting and information process, information-syntactic service, management, national riches.

<strong>Yevsovych</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Roman</strong><strong>.</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Research of humanization transformations of the higher education system of Ukraine at the end of the 20th - early 21st centuries (1985-2012)</strong><strong>.</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Journal of Education, Health and Sport. </strong><strong>2021;11(</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>):</strong><strong>290</strong><strong>-</strong><strong>307</strong><strong>. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.</strong><strong>02</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>28</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.</strong><strong>02</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>28</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/</strong><strong>5222394</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. &sect; 8. 2) and &sect; 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019.</strong> <strong>&copy; The Authors 2021;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed unde</strong><strong>r the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,</strong> <strong>provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Received: </strong><strong>0</strong><strong>5.</strong><strong>02</strong><strong>.202</strong><strong>1</strong><strong>. Revised: 14.</strong><strong>02</strong><strong>.202</strong><strong>1</strong><strong>. Accepted: 2</strong><strong>8</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>.2021.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГУМАНІЗАЦІЙНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ СИСТЕМИ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ </strong><strong>УКРАЇНИ НАПРИКІНЦІ ХХ &ndash; ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТЬ (1985-2012 рр.)</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Roman Yevsovych</strong> post-graduate of the Department of Pedagogy, Educational Management and Social Work, Rivne State University of the Humanities &nbsp; <strong>Роман Євсович,</strong> здобувач&nbsp;&nbsp;кафедри педагогіки, освітнього менеджменту &nbsp;та соціальної роботи Рівненського державного гуманітарного університету, E-mail:&nbsp;evsovychroman@ukr.net &nbsp; <strong>Анотація. </strong>У статті проаналізовано теоретичні та практичні основи гуманізації та гуманітаризації вітчизняної вищої освіти кінця ХХ &ndash; початку ХХІ ст. На основі всебічного історико-педагогічного аналізу виявлено та охарактеризовано сутність гуманізаційних трансформацій вищої освіти України. Виокремилено основні періоди: (перший (1985 &ndash; 1990 рр.) &ndash; директивна гуманізація та гуманітаризація вищої освіти України; другий (1990-1995 рр.) &ndash; гуманізація&nbsp;та гуманітаризація у процесі реформації вищої освіти; третій п (1995&ndash;2004 рр.)&nbsp;- нормативно-правова інституалізація процесу гуманізації та гуманітаризації вищої школи; четвертий (2005 &ndash; 2012 рр.) &ndash; міжнародна інтеграція вищої освіти України у процесі гуманізації та гуманітаризації) з властивими їм тенденціями; комплексно досліджено тенденції, шляхи, інноваційні технології гуманізації і гуманітаризації вищої освіти України, з&rsquo;ясовано можливості її вдосконалення з урахуванням європейських освітніх стандартів, нагромадженого позитивного досвіду, національних традицій і сучасних тенденцій в організації вищої освіти в умовах інтеграції України в європейський освітній простір. У ході наукового пошуку доведено, що аксіологічний підхід до гуманізації та гуманітаризації процесу підготовки майбутніх фахівців з вищою освітою полягає в орієнтації процесу навчання на особистісного росту студента, забезпечення його всебічного, загальнокультурного, соціально-морального й професійного розвитку. Викладання фахових і методичних дисциплін при цьому виступає не як трансляція інформації, а як активізація й стимуляція процесу самостійного пошуку власної ціннісної позиції відносно навколишнього світу, формування світогляду, розвитку світосприйняття молоді, забезпечення розуміння студентом пріоритетності загальнолюдських цінностей і гармонійності відносин людини й довкілля. Результати дослідження підтвердили ефективність авторського підходу до формування гуманістичної спрямованості майбутніх фахівців у системі вищої освіти України впродовж досліджуваного періоду. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Ключові слова:</strong>&nbsp;аксіологічний підхід, вища освіта, гуманізм, гуманізація, гуманітаризація, гуманізація і гуманітаризація вищої освіти, гуманістична педагогіка, освіта, практика гуманізації. <strong>Roman Yevsovych</strong> post-graduate of the Department of Pedagogy, Educational Management and Social Work, Rivne State University of the Humanities <strong>RESEARCH OF HUMANIZATION TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE AT THE END OF THE 20</strong><strong>^th</strong><strong>&nbsp;- EARLY 21</strong><strong>^st</strong><strong>&nbsp;CENTURIES (1985-2012)</strong> <strong>Abstract.</strong>&nbsp;The article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of humanization and humanization of domestic higher education in the late twentieth - early twenty-first century. Based on a comprehensive historical and pedagogical analysis, the research identifies and characterizes the essence of humanization transformations of higher education in Ukraine. The research hypothesis is based on the thesis that special value-oriented pedagogical conditions in the process of professional training are a prerequisite for the acquisition of values and sense experience of future specialists in foreign philology, which creates important prerequisites for the formation of axiological competencies. The proposed study is aimed at determining the level of formation of values and sense experience among future specialists in foreign philology at the initial and final stages of the experiment. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The paper analyzes the key concepts, the essence of humanization and humanitarianization and its established features. The main periods are singled out: the first (1985-1990) - directive humanization and humanitarianization of higher education in Ukraine; the second (1990-1995) - humanization and humanitarianization in the process of higher education reform; the third (1995-2004) - normative-legal institutionalization of the process of humanization and humanitarianization of higher education; fourth (2005-2012) - international integration of higher education in Ukraine in the process of humanization and humanitarianization with their inherent trends. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The article has comprehensively researched tendencies, ways, innovative technologies of humanization and humanitarianization of higher education of Ukraine, the possibilities of the improvement taking into account the European educational standards, accumulated positive experience, national traditions and modern tendencies in the organization of higher education in the conditions of Ukraine&rsquo;s integration into the European educational space. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The course of scientific research has proved that the axiological approach to humanization and humanitarianization of the process of training future specialists in higher education is to focus the learning process on personal growth of the student, ensuring his/her comprehensive, cultural, socio-moral and professional development. The teaching of professional and methodological disciplines does not act as a transfer of information, but as activation and stimulation of the process of independent search for one&rsquo;s own value position in relation to the world, formation of worldview, development of youth perception, ensuring students&rsquo; understanding of human values and harmony of human relations. The results of the study have confirmed the effectiveness of the author&rsquo;s approach to the formation of the humanistic orientation of future professionals in the higher education system of Ukraine during the study period. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The research on the humanization and humanitarianization of higher education in Ukraine in the late twentieth - early twenty-first centuries made it possible to involve in scientific circulation a wide range of materials that are representative in nature and reproduce certain aspects of the studied problem, and therefore need to be generalized. Various principles, methods and techniques of modern methodology used in the process of the research have allowed avoiding subjective and biased assessments, ensuring the scientific validity of the results obtained during the research, confirming a sufficiently representative character of the identified sources. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Key words:</strong>&nbsp;higher education, humanization and humanitarianization&nbsp;of higher education, humanistic pedagogy, humane and personal approach, quality assurance of higher education, model, reform of higher education, practice of humanization, educational process.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Complex systems are an invention of the universe. It is not at all clear that science has an a priori primacy claim to the study of complex systems. (Galanter 5) Introduction In popular dialogues, describing a system as “complex” is often the point of resignation, inferring that the system cannot be sufficiently described, predicted nor managed. Transport networks, management infrastructure and supply chain logistics are all often described in this way. In socio-cultural terms “complex” is used to describe those humanistic systems that are “intricate, involved, complicated, dynamic, multi-dimensional, interconnected systems [such as] transnational citizenship, communities, identities, multiple belongings, overlapping geographies and competing histories” (Cahir &amp; James). Academic dialogues have begun to explore the collective behaviors of complex systems to define a complex system specifically as an adaptive one; i.e. a system that demonstrates ‘self organising’ principles and ‘emergent’ properties. Based upon the key principles of interaction and emergence in relation to adaptive and self organising systems in cultural artifacts and processes, this paper will argue that complex systems are cultural systems. By introducing generic principles of complex systems, and looking at the exploration of such principles in art, design and media research, this paper argues that a science of cultural systems as part of complex systems theory is the post modern science for the digital age. Furthermore, that such a science was predicated by post structuralism and has been manifest in art, design and media practice since the late 1960s. Complex Systems Theory Complexity theory grew out of systems theory, an holistic approach to analysis that views whole systems based upon the links and interactions between the component parts and their relationship to each other and the environment within they exists. This stands in stark contrast to conventional science which is based upon Descartes’s reductionism, where the aim is to analyse systems by reducing something to its component parts (Wilson 3). As systems thinking is concerned with relationships more than elements, it proposes that in complex systems, small catalysts can cause large changes and that a change in one area of a system can adversely affect another area of the system. As is apparent, systems theory is a way of thinking rather than a specific set of rules, and similarly there is no single unified Theory of Complexity, but several different theories have arisen from the natural sciences, mathematics and computing. As such, the study of complex systems is very interdisciplinary and encompasses more than one theoretical framework. Whilst key ideas of complexity theory developed through artificial intelligence and robotics research, other important contributions came from thermodynamics, biology, sociology, physics, economics and law. In her volume for the Elsevier Advanced Management Series, “Complex Systems and Evolutionary Perspectives on Organisations”, Eve Mitleton-Kelly describes a comprehensive overview of this evolution as five main areas of research: complex adaptive systems dissipative structures autopoiesis (non-equilibrium) social systems chaos theory path dependence Here, Mitleton-Kelly points out that relatively little work has been done on developing a specific theory of complex social systems, despite much interest in complexity and its application to management (Mitleton-Kelly 4). To this end, she goes on to define the term “complex evolving system” as more appropriate to the field than ‘complex adaptive system’ and suggests that the term “complex behaviour” is thus more useful in social contexts (Mitleton-Kelly). For our purpose here, “complex systems” will be the general term used to describe those systems that are diverse and made up of multiple interdependent elements, that are often ‘adaptive’, in that they have the capacity to change and learn from events. This is in itself both ‘evolutionary’ and ‘behavioural’ and can be understood as emerging from the interaction of autonomous agents – especially people. Some generic principles of complex systems defined by Mitleton Kelly that are of concern here are: self-organisation emergence interdependence feedback space of possibilities co-evolving creation of new order Whilst the behaviours of complex systems clearly do not fall into our conventional top down perception of management and production, anticipating such behaviours is becoming more and more essential for products, processes and policies. For example, compare the traditional top down model of news generation, distribution and consumption to the “emerging media eco-system” (Bowman and Willis 14). Figure 1 (Bowman &amp; Willis 10) Figure 2 (Bowman &amp; Willis 12) To the traditional news organisations, such a “democratization of production” (McLuhan 230) has been a huge cause for concern. The agencies once solely responsible for the representation of reality are now lost in a global miasma of competing perspectives. Can we anticipate and account for complex behaviours? Eve Mitleton Kelly states that “if organisations are understood as complex evolving systems co-evolving as part of a social ‘ecosystem’, then that changed perspective changes ways of acting and relating which lead to a different way of working. Thus, management strategy changes, and our organizational design paradigms evolve as new types of relationships and ways of working provide the conditions for the emergence of new organisational forms” (Mitleton-Kelly 6). Complexity in Design It is thus through design practice and processes that discovering methods for anticipating complex systems behaviours seem most possible. The Embracing Complexity in Design (ECiD) research programme, is a contemporary interdisciplinary research cluster consisting of academics and designers from architectural engineering, robotics, geography, digital media, sustainable design, and computing aiming to explore the possibility of trans disciplinary principles of complexity in design. Over arching this work is the conviction that design can be seen as model for complex systems researchers motivated by applying complexity science in particular domains. Key areas in which design and complexity interact have been established by this research cluster. Most immediately, many designed products and systems are inherently complex to design in the ordinary sense. For example, when designing vehicles, architecture, microchips designers need to understand complex dynamic processes used to fabricate and manufacture products and systems. The social and economic context of design is also complex, from market economics and legal regulation to social trends and mass culture. The process of designing can also involve complex social dynamics, with many people processing and exchanging complex heterogeneous information over complex human and communication networks, in the context of many changing constraints. Current key research questions are: how can the methods of complex systems science inform designers? how can design inform research into complex systems? Whilst ECiD acknowledges that to answer such questions effectively the theoretical and methodological relations between complexity science and design need further exploration and enquiry, there are no reliable precedents for such an activity across the sciences and the arts in general. Indeed, even in areas where a convergence of humanities methodology with scientific practice might seem to be most pertinent, most examples are few and far between. In his paper “Post Structuralism, Hypertext &amp; the World Wide Web”, Luke Tredennick states that “despite the concentration of post-structuralism on text and texts, the study of information has largely failed to exploit post-structuralist theory” (Tredennick 5). Yet it is surely in the convergence of art and design with computation and the media that a search for practical trans-metadisciplinary methodologies might be most fruitful. It is in design for interactive media, where algorithms meet graphics, where the user can interact, adapt and amend, that self-organisation, emergence, interdependence, feedback, the space of possibilities, co-evolution and the creation of new order are embraced on a day to day basis by designers. A digitally interactive environment such as the World Wide Web, clearly demonstrates all the key aspects of a complex system. Indeed, it has already been described as a ‘complexity machine’ (Qvortup 9). It is important to remember that this ‘complexity machine’ has been designed. It is an intentional facility. It may display all the characteristics of complexity but, whilst some of its attributes are most demonstrative of self organisation and emergence, the Internet itself has not emerged spontaneously. For example, Tredinnick details the evolution of the World Wide Web through the Memex machine of Vannevar Bush, through Ted Nelsons hypertext system Xanadu to Tim Berners-Lee’s Enquire (Tredennick 3). The Internet was engineered. So, whilst we may not be able to entirely predict complex behavior, we can, and do, quite clearly design for it. When designing digitally interactive artifacts we design parameters or co ordinates to define the space within which a conceptual process will take place. We can never begin to predict precisely what those processes might become through interaction, emergence and self organisation, but we can establish conceptual parameters that guide and delineate the space of possibilities. Indeed this fact is so transparently obvious that many commentators in the humanities have been pushed to remark that interaction is merely interpretation, and so called new media is not new at all; that one interacts with a book in much the same way as a digital artifact. After all, post-structuralist theory had established the “death of the author” in the 1970s – the a priori that all cultural artifacts are open to interpretation, where all meanings must be completed by the reader. The concept of the “open work” (Eco 6) has been an established post modern concept for over 30 years and is commonly recognised as a feature of surrealist montage, poetry, the writings of James Joyce, even advertising design, where a purposive space for engagement and interpretation of a message is designated, without which the communication does not “work”. However, this concept is also most successfully employed in relation to installation art and, more recently, interactive art as a reflection of the artist’s conscious decision to leave part of a work open to interpretation and/or interaction. Art &amp; Complex Systems One of the key projects of Embracing Complexity in Design has been to look at the relationship between art and complex systems. There is a relatively well established history of exploring art objects as complex systems in themselves that finds its origins in the systems art movement of the 1970s. In his paper “Observing ‘Systems Art’ from a Systems-Theroretical Perspective”, Francis Halsall defines systems art as “emerging in the 1960s and 1970s as a new paradigm in artistic practice … displaying an interest in the aesthetics of networks, the exploitation of new technology and New Media, unstable or de-materialised physicality, the prioritising of non-visual aspects, and an engagement (often politicised) with the institutional systems of support (such as the gallery, discourse, or the market) within which it occurs” (Halsall 7). More contemporarily, “Open Systems: Rethinking Art c.1970”, at Tate Modern, London, focuses upon systems artists “rejection of art’s traditional focus on the object, to wide-ranging experiments al focus on the object, to wide-ranging experiments with media that included dance, performance and…film &amp; video” (De Salvo 3). Artists include Andy Warhol, Richard Long, Gilbert &amp; George, Sol Lewitt, Eva Hesse and Bruce Nauman. In 2002, the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, New York, held an international exhibition entitled “Complexity; Art &amp; Complex Systems”, that was concerned with “art as a distinct discipline offer[ing] its own unique approache[s] and epistemic standards in the consideration of complexity” (Galanter and Levy 5), and the organisers go on to describe four ways in which artists engage the realm of complexity: presentations of natural complex phenomena that transcend conventional scientific visualisation descriptive systems which describe complex systems in an innovative and often idiosyncratic way commentary on complexity science itself technical applications of genetic algorithms, neural networks and a-life ECiD artist Julian Burton makes work that visualises how companies operate in specific relation to their approach to change and innovation. He is a strategic artist and facilitator who makes “pictures of problems to help people talk about them” (Burton). Clients include public and private sector organisations such as Barclays, Shell, Prudential, KPMG and the NHS. He is quoted as saying “Pictures are a powerful way to engage and focus a group’s attention on crucial issues and challenges, and enable them to grasp complex situations quickly. I try and create visual catalysts that capture the major themes of a workshop, meeting or strategy and re-present them in an engaging way to provoke lively conversations” (Burton). This is a simple and direct method of using art as a knowledge elicitation tool that falls into the first and second categories above. The third category is demonstrated by the ground breaking TechnoSphere, that was specifically inspired by complexity theory, landscape and artificial life. Launched in 1995 as an Arts Council funded online digital environment it was created by Jane Prophet and Gordon Selley. TechnoSphere is a virtual world, populated by artificial life forms created by users of the World Wide Web. The digital ecology of the 3D world, housed on a server, depends on the participation of an on-line public who accesses the world via the Internet. At the time of writing it has attracted over a 100,000 users who have created over a million creatures. The artistic exploration of technical applications is by default a key field for researching the convergence of trans-metadisciplinary methodologies. Troy Innocent’s lifeSigns evolves multiple digital media languages “expressed as a virtual world – through form, structure, colour, sound, motion, surface and behaviour” (Innocent). The work explores the idea of “emergent language through play – the idea that new meanings may be generated through interaction between human and digital agents”. Thus this artwork combines three areas of converging research – artificial life; computational semiotics and digital games. In his paper “What Is Generative Art? Complexity Theory as a Context for Art Theory”, Philip Galanter describes all art as generative on the basis that it is created from the application of rules. Yet, as demonstrated above, what is significantly different and important about digital interactivity, as opposed to its predecessor, interpretation, is its provision of a graphical user interface (GUI) to component parts of a text such as symbol, metaphor, narrative, etc for the multiple “authors” and the multiple “readers” in a digitally interactive space of possibility. This offers us tangible, instantaneous reproduction and dissemination of interpretations of an artwork. Conclusion: Digital Interactivity – A Complex Medium Digital interaction of any sort is thus a graphic model of the complex process of communication. Here, complexity does not need deconstructing, representing nor modelling, as the aesthetics (as in apprehended by the senses) of the graphical user interface conveniently come first. Design for digital interactive media is thus design for complex adaptive systems. The theoretical and methodological relations between complexity science and design can clearly be expounded especially well through post-structuralism. The work of Barthes, Derrida &amp; Foucault offers us the notion of all cultural artefacts as texts or systems of signs, whose meanings are not fixed but rather sustained by networks of relationships. Implemented in a digital environment post-structuralist theory is tangible complexity. Strangely, whilst Philip Galanter states that science has no necessary over reaching claim to the study of complexity, he then argues conversely that “contemporary art theory rooted in skeptical continental philosophy [reduces] art to social construction [as] postmodernism, deconstruction and critical theory [are] notoriously elusive, slippery, and overlapping terms and ideas…that in fact [are] in the business of destabilising apparently clear and universal propositions” (4). This seems to imply that for Galanter, post modern rejections of grand narratives necessarily will exclude the “new scientific paradigm” of complexity, a paradigm that he himself is looking to be universal. Whilst he cites Lyotard (6) describing both political and linguistic reasons why postmodern art celebrates plurality, denying any progress towards singular totalising views, he fails to appreciate what happens if that singular totalising view incorporates interactivity? Surely complexity is pluralistic by its very nature? In the same vein, if language for Derrida is “an unfixed system of traces and differences … regardless of the intent of the authored texts … with multiple equally legitimate meanings” (Galanter 7) then I have heard no better description of the signifiers, signifieds, connotations and denotations of digital culture. Complexity in its entirety can also be conversely understood as the impact of digital interactivity upon culture per se which has a complex causal relation in itself; Qvortups notion of a “communications event” (9) such as the Danish publication of the Mohammed cartoons falls into this category. Yet a complex causality could be traced further into cultural processes enlightening media theory; from the relationship between advertising campaigns and brand development; to the exposure and trajectory of the celebrity; describing the evolution of visual language in media cultures and informing the relationship between exposure to representation and behaviour. In digital interaction the terms art, design and media converge into a process driven, performative event that demonstrates emergence through autopoietic processes within a designated space of possibility. By insisting that all artwork is generative Galanter, like many other writers, negates the medium entirely which allows him to insist that generative art is “ideologically neutral” (Galanter 10). Generative art, like all digitally interactive artifacts are not neutral but rather ideologically plural. Thus, if one integrates Qvortups (8) delineation of medium theory and complexity theory we may have what we need; a first theory of a complex medium. Through interactive media complexity theory is the first post modern science; the first science of culture. References Bowman, Shane, and Chris Willis. We Media. 21 Sep. 2003. 9 March 2007 http://www.hypergene.net/wemedia/weblog.php&gt;. Burton, Julian. “Hedron People.” 9 March 2007 http://www.hedron.com/network/assoc.php4?associate_id=14&gt;. Cahir, Jayde, and Sarah James. “Complex: Call for Papers.” M/C Journal 9 Sep. 2006. 7 March 2007 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/journal/upcoming.php&gt;. De Salvo, Donna, ed. Open Systems: Rethinking Art c. 1970. London: Tate Gallery Press, 2005. Eco, Umberto. The Open Work. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1989. Galanter, Phillip, and Ellen K. Levy. Complexity: Art &amp; Complex Systems. SDMA Gallery Guide, 2002. Galanter, Phillip. “Against Reductionism: Science, Complexity, Art &amp; Complexity Studies.” 2003. 9 March 2007 http://isce.edu/ISCE_Group_Site/web-content/ISCE_Events/ Norwood_2002/Norwood_2002_Papers/Galanter.pdf&gt;. Halsall, Francis. “Observing ‘Systems-Art’ from a Systems-Theoretical Perspective”. CHArt 2005. 9 March 2007 http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2005/abstracts/halsall.htm&gt;. Innocent, Troy. “Life Signs.” 9 March 2007 http://www.iconica.org/main.htm&gt;. Johnson, Jeffrey. “Embracing Complexity in Design (ECiD).” 2007. 9 March 2007 http://www.complexityanddesign.net/&gt;. Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1984. McLuhan, Marshall. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1962. Mitleton-Kelly, Eve, ed. Complex Systems and Evolutionary Perspectives on Organisations. Elsevier Advanced Management Series, 2003. Prophet, Jane. “Jane Prophet.” 9 March 2007 http://www.janeprophet.co.uk/&gt;. Qvortup, Lars. “Understanding New Digital Media.” European Journal of Communication 21.3 (2006): 345-356. Tedinnick, Luke. “Post Structuralism, Hypertext &amp; the World Wide Web.” Aslib 59.2 (2007): 169-186. Wilson, Edward Osborne. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: A.A. Knoff, 1998. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Citation reference for this article&#x0D; &#x0D; MLA Style&#x0D; Cham, Karen, and Jeffrey Johnson. "Complexity Theory: A Science of Cultural Systems?." M/C Journal 10.3 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0706/08-cham-johnson.php&gt;. APA Style&#x0D; Cham, K., and J. Johnson. (Jun. 2007) "Complexity Theory: A Science of Cultural Systems?," M/C Journal, 10(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; from &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0706/08-cham-johnson.php&gt;. &#x0D;