Academic literature on the topic 'Szondi Test'

The article presents the data provided by the research of adolescents’ aggressive behavior with the help of projective psychological tests. Indicators of various personal characteristics in the manifestation of destructive tendencies are observed. Psychodiagnostics possibilities of Lusher M., Szondi L. and «Hand-test» projective tests joint application are revealed. Areas of relevant social-pedagogical impact on adolescents with the purpose of psycho-pedagogical correction of their aggressive behavior are identified.

One of the major concerns of the aviation health safety management is enhancement of the flight personnel medical certification system. The investigation was focused on individual typology of civil pilots prone to alcoholism. Subjects were 112 pilots suspected in alcohol abuse and 189 normal pilots as controls. The standard protocol of investigations was complemented by the clinical psychological tests including MMPI, Szondi test, H. Eysenck intelligence test, and projective drawing tests. It was proven that ethanol degrades pilot's personality. The initial stage of this process can be diagnosed using the clinical psychological tests listed above. The authors propose a testing algorithm for inclusion in the crew medical certification procedure.

Après l’arrestation et le jugement ultérieur en Israël (1961) de Adolf Eichmann, de temps en temps on trouve dans la litérature américaine des avis divergents sur son degré de psychopathologie – ou même l’absence de celle-ci – le plus connu étant l’explication du cas par le concept de “la banalité du mal” de Arendt (1963) . La publication éventuelle de son protocole Rorschach ( Miale & Selzer, 1975 ) n’a pas éclairci les contradictions: La majorité des auteurs qui l’ont examiné, sûrement dû en bonne partie aux déficiences de l’administration du test, l’ont considéré superficiellement sans en faire un dépouillement individuel poussé; seul McCully (1980) a tracé, et ouvertement publié, les lignes générales d’un abord plus attentif. En considérant conjointement le protocole Szondi obtenu simultanément – mais largement ignoré – chez notre sujet ( Szondi, 1983 ), nous entreprenons une réinterprétation approfondie. En profitant des travaux de Mélon (1975 , 1976 ) et Peralta (1995a) sur les correspondances structurales entre les deux épreuves, et en nous appuyant sur la technique Classique Suisse du Rorschach (Bohm, 1951) perfectionnée par Salomon (1962) et Peralta (1996) dans le sens psychanalytique, nous arrivons à un diagnostic défini qui nous permet de situer les conceptualisations de Arendt dans un autre contexte. Nos résultats nous conduisent à insister, comme Rorschach le fit en son temps, sur l’importance capitale d’un dépouillement formel – perceptanalytique – détaillé conduisant à une intégration globale des réponses dans un Psychogramme avant tout essai interprétatif, même (ou peut-être plus) dans des protocoles partiellement déficients comme celui-ci.

Célkitűzés: A tanulmány a Rorschach projektív személyiségvizsgálat meghonosodásának, elterjedésének és a – főként klinikai területeken való – alkalmazásának útját kívánja nyomon követni. Mindmáig nincs rendezett és hiteles történeti feldolgozása a tesztnek a hazai alkalmazott lélektani fejlődés kereteibe helyezve. Ezt pótolja jelen munkánk.Módszer: Történeti és alkalmazásfejlődési adatgyűjtés forrásmunkákból merítve, valamint időrendben követett publikációs aktivitás tükrében öt időrendi-folyamati fejlődési szakasz különíthető el. Legmarkánsabb fejlődési ugrás a Közös Rorschach-próba bevezetése és képzése volt, valamint a nemzetközi szintű Rorschachmegújulásban hazánkban is bevezetés alatt álló R-PAS, a teljesítményelvű Rorschach-teszt.Eredmények: A tanulmány követhetővé teszi a hazai betelepítésben és meghonosításban a Szondi-iskola munkatársainak szerepét. A klinikai pszichológiai gyakorlatban Mérei Ferenc és Szakács Ferenc jelentőségét, a Közös Rorschach hazai kultúrában pedig Bagdy Emőke tevékenységének szerepét.Konklúzió: A teszt megújulva tovább él, módszertani eljárásaiban követve a változó pszichológiai szemléletnek a gyakorlati munkában érvényesülő kihatásait. A tesztkövetelmények (validitás, megbízhatóság standardok megújítása stb.) azonban időt átívelő módon állandóak.Objective: This study aims to trace the establishment, spread and application of the Rorschach projective personality examination, mainly in clinical fields. To date, there has been no systematic and scientific examination of the history of the test within the framework of the development of Hungarian applied psychology, which the present study aims to redress.Method: This study is based on an analysis of historical sources and data on the development of the application of the Rorschach test, as well as a chronological examination of relevant publications. The development process can be divided into five stages. The most significant developmental leaps were the introduction of and training for the Joint Rorschach test and the introduction of the R-PAS, an empirically based scoring system for the Rorschach test, in the framework of the international Rorschach renewal.Results: The study highlights the importance of the Szondi School in the introduction and establishment of the Rorschach test in Hungary, and the role of Ferenc Mérei and Ferenc Szakács in Hungarian clinical psychological practice, as well as that of Emőke Bagdy in the Hungarian application of the Joint Rorschach.Conclusion: The study shows that the test has been given a new lease of life, in line with the latest methodology and the effects of changing approaches to psychological practice. At the same time, the testing requirements (validity, reliability, renewal of standards, etc.) are constant across time.

AbstractThe sexual index included in the Szondi test makes it possible to define the domains of an individuals “internal sex” or gender – especially the degree of the subject's bisexuality. This index was employed in a comparison between partners reared together in 62 monozygotic and 23 dizygotic pairs of twins. The observed incongruence in 1/3 MZ pairs would not appear to derive totally from errors of measurement. In most of these pairs it is competition which underlies the incongruence seen on the sexual index. It was further observed that the congruence here as in general in female pairs is clearly more marked than in males. A hypothesis was proposed, whereby competition for dominance is a distinctively major-tonality (masculinity) characteristic. The incongruence is more conspicuous among males because males are in general more markedly major-toned than females. This hypothesis was borne out. It is thus necessary here as in general to adopt two sex variables in parallel: external (i.e. matricular) sex and internal sex (gender). It is due to the presence of these competitive pairs that the means and especially deviations of twins' test results will consistently diverge from those in the population at large.

Le Diagnostic Expérimental des Pulsions, aussi connu comme le « Test de Szondi », est une méthode projective conçue par Léopold Szondi afin d'explorer les aspirations pulsionnelles inconscientes chez le sujet. Les aspects théorico-cliniques développés par Szondi ou ses successeurs ne sont plus à démontrer, mais il est une zone d'ombre qui est présente et qui n'a toujours pas trouvé de réponse objective, qui est la suivante : « Comment ce test fonctionne-t-il, dans une compréhension et une démarche scientifique ? ». C'est donc pour cela qu'à l'aide des outils et des moyens modernes, nous avons pu mettre à l'épreuve ce qu'il se cachait derrière ces visages, derrière ces fameux « caractères évocateurs » que nous décrivait Szondi lui-même dans son ouvrage Diagnostic Expérimental des Pulsions. Notre recherche nous a amené à étudier chaque visage sous l'angle de la reconnaissance émotionnelle, afin de comprendre l'émotion qui y est présente sur chacun d'entre-eux, pour ainsi établir des ponts théorico-empiriques satisfaisants du point de vue scientifique. Au-delà de cette reconnaissance émotionnelle de chaque visage, nous avons mis au point un modèle, que nous avons appelé la Dialectique Emotionnelle, qui est un modèle multidimensionnel permettant de rendre compte de la théorie szondienne à la lumière de sa compréhension scientifique, modèle reprenant les travaux de Szondi ainsi que ceux de ses successeurs, afin de rendre clair ce point d'obscurité qui est venu entacher la compréhension de l'oeuvre szondienne, et qui a fortement participé à ce que cette oeuvre soit presque oubliée. Dans l'objectif de comprendre toutes les facettes et la richesse de l'oeuvre szondienne, nous avons aussi réalisé certaines expérimentations relevant de la méthode des jugements libres ainsi que l'élaboration d'un protocole de cotation relevant du quantum émotionnel et non pas du quantum pulsionnel, afin d'apporter une compréhension plus fine du Diagnostic Expérimental des Pulsions et de ses possibilités.La compréhension moderne du Diagnostic Expérimental des Pulsions trouve aussi son corollaire dans l'oeuvre première szondienne, qui est l'Analyse du Destin, où il y sera proposé une réflexion croisée entre la pensée szondienne de la première moitié du XXe siècle et la pensée moderne qui vient apporter une compréhension scientifique à l'intuition szondienne, notamment au regard de l'épigénétique et de la psychogénéalogie.La clinique szondienne a aussi été mise à l'épreuve, repensée, remaniée ou augmentée d'autres tests ou pratiques (comme le Test de Rorschach, le Test de la Maison ou même la Psychoboxe), et où nous avons pu constater qu'elle se révélait d'une grande efficacité, et d'un intérêt clinique des plus intéressants mais aussi des plus pertinents.Cette thèse, dans son aspect à rendre compréhensible la théorie szondienne ainsi que la méthode projective qui la sous-tend sur des fondements scientifiques, a pour objectif de rendre hommage à une pensée féconde et toujours d'actualité, mais qui est arrivée trop tôt dans l'Histoire des sciences humaines
The Experimental Diagnosis of Drives, also known as the "Szondi Test", is a projective method created by Léopold Szondi to explore the subject's unconscious drive aspirations. The theoretical-clinical aspects developed by Szondi or his successors are no longer to be demonstrated, but there is a gray area which is present and which has still not found an objective answer, which is the following: "How does this test work, in a scientific understanding and approach? ". This is why, using modern tools and means, we were able to test what was hidden behind these faces, behind these famous "evocative characters" that Szondi himself described to us in his book Experimental Diagnosis of Drives. Our research led us to study each face from the angle of emotional recognition, in order to understand the emotion that is present on each of them, in order to establish satisfactory theoretical-empirical bridges from the scientific point of view. Beyond this emotional recognition of each face, we have developed a model, which we have called the Emotional Dialectic, which is a multidimensional model making it possible to account for the Szondian theory in the light of its scientific understanding, a model taking up the works of Szondi as well as those of his successors, in order to make clear a point of obscurity which has come to taint the understanding of the work of Szondi, and which has strongly contributed to this work being almost forgotten. With the aim of understanding all the facets and the richness of the Szondian work, we also carried out certain experiments relating to the method of free judgments as well as the development of a rating protocol relating to the emotional quantum and not the drive quantum, in order to provide a finer understanding of the Experimental Diagnosis of Drives and its possibilities.The modern understanding of the Experimental Diagnosis of Drives also finds its corollary in the first Szondian work, which is the Analysis of Destiny, where a cross-reflection between Szondian thought of the first half of the 20th century and modern thought will be proposed, which comes to bring a scientific understanding to the Szondian intuition, in particular with regard to epigenetics and psychogenealogy.The Szondian clinic has also been put to the test, redesigned or augmented with other tests or practices (such as the Rorschach Test, the House Test or even Psychoboxing), and where we have been able to see that it proved to be very effective.This thesis, in its aspect of making understandable the Szondian theory as well as the projective method which underlies it on scientific foundations, aims to pay homage to a fruitful and still current thought, but which arrived too early in the history of the human sciences

O transexualismo é um transtorno da identidade sexual, associado a uma forte e persistente identificação com o sexo oposto. Há poucos estudos referentes à utilização de testes psicológicos para auxiliar no diagnóstico do transexualismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos da psicossexualidade de pacientes autodenominados transexuais através do teste de Szondi: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo no quais os pacientes com transtornos da identidade de gênero foram avaliados através de entrevistas livres; com aplicação dos critérios diagnósticos de transexualismo da DMS-IV da Associação Psiquiátrica Americana, seguido da aplicação dos testes projetivos de Szondi e H-T-P. O teste de Szondi foi aplicado por 8 vezes em cada indivíduo para avaliação quantitativa das proporções psicossexuais Dur e Moll. OS pacientes com diagnóstico de transtorno específico da identidade de gênero (transexualismo) foram acompanhados em psicoterapia de grupo por pelo menos 2 anos. Casuística: 105 indivíduos autodenominados transexuais (78 masculinos); grupo controle: 109 indivíduos (55 homens) autodenominados heterossexuais. Após aplicação dos critérios diagnósticos para transtorno da identidade de gênero do DMS-IV da Associação Psiquiátrica Americana e acompanhamento psicoterápico foram definidos como transexuais 41 indivíduos do sexo masculino e 17 indivíduos do sexo feminino. Na análise estatística as variáveis obtidas nos testes Szondi e H-T-P foram avaliadas por testes não paramétricos. Resultados: No grupo masculino, houve predomínio da proporção Moll total assim como na proporção Moll no vetor sexual e no do ego nos transexuais em comparação aos heterossexuais e aos portadores de transtorno da identidade de gênero não especificado (p<0,05). A sensibilidade do teste Szondi para identificação feminina nos transexuais masculinos foi de 80%, a especificidade de 86% e a acurácia de 83% enquanto que a sensibilidade do teste H-T-P foi de 88%, a especificidade de 54% e a acurácia de 72%. No grupo feminino houve predomínio da proporção Dur total assim como na proporção Dur do ego nas transexuais em comparação as heterossexuais e as portadoras de transtorno da identidade de gênero não especificado (p<0,05). A sensibilidade do teste Szondi para identificação masculina nos transexuais femininos foi de 94%, a especificidade de 67% e a acurácia de 85% enquanto que no teste H-T-P a sensibilidade foi de 94%, a especificidade foi de 33% e a acurácia de 73%. No período pós-cirúrgico todos os pacientes portadores de transtorno específico da identidade de gênero se mostraram satisfeitos, com alguma frustração pela limitação do processo transexualizador, por terem realizado a cirurgia, porém com melhora significativa dos vínculos sócio-familiares. Discussão: A validação de testes psicológicos para o diagnóstico dos transtornos de identidade de gênero é de grande importância visto o número crescente de pacientes com queixas de transtorno sexual que procuram tratamento. No estudo atual analisamos as propriedades do teste Szondi e do teste H-T-P num grupo de pacientes com transtornos da identidade de gênero classificados através dos critérios vigentes. Verificamos que a acurácia do teste Szondi foi maior que a do teste H-T-P no diagnóstico dos transtornos específicos da identidade de gênero a custa de uma maior especificidade frente a uma sensibilidade semelhante. Além disto, a detecção de transtornos psíquicos pelo teste Szondi, que podem ser causa ou efeito do transtorno da identidade de gênero, permite alertar o psicoterapeuta na indicação da cirurgia de transgenitalização. Conclusão: O teste Szondi mostrou ser um excelente teste auxiliar para o diagnóstico do transexualismo em ambos os sexos
Transsexualism is a disorder of sexual identity associated with strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex. There are few studies concerning the use of psychological tests as diagnostic tools for transsexualism. The objective of this study was to assess the psychosexual aspects of self-denominated transsexuals through the Szondi test. Retrospective and prospective study in which patients were firstly assessed through free interviews. monitoring psychotherapy, with assessment of DMS-IV diagnostic criteria for transsexualism from the American Psychiatric Association followed by the HTP projective personality test. The Szondi test was applied 5-10 times to each subject to quantitatively assess the Dur-Moll psychosexual reactions. Subjects: 105 self-determined transsexuals (78 men); control group: 109 selfdetermined heterosexuals (55 men). Twenty-two male subjects and 10 female subjects were defined as transsexuals DMS-IV diagnostic criteria for transsexualism from the American Psychiatric Association followed by monitoring psychotherapy. Statistical analysis of the variables obtained in SZONDI and HTP projective tests were evaluated by non-parametric tests. Results: In the male group, there was a predominance in total Moll proportion and in Moll proportion at the sexual and ego vectors in transsexuals compared to heterosexual and not specified gender identity disorder groups (p <0.05). The sensitivity of the SZONDI test to identify female gender identity in men was 80%, specificity 86% and accuracy 83% while the sensitivity of the H-T-P test was 88%, specificity 54% and accuracy 72%. In the female group total Dur proportion and Dur proportion at ego vector was predominant in transsexuals compared to heterosexual and not specified disorder of gender identity groups (p <0.05). The sensitivity of the SZONDI test to identify male gender identity in women was 94%, specificity 67% and accuracy 85% while for H-T-P test the sensitivity was 94%, specificity 33% and accuracy 73%. After surgery all transsexuals patients were happy but with some frustration with the transgender process limitation but with significant improvement of social and family contacts. Discussion: The validation of psychological tests for diagnosis of gender identity disorders is of great importance considering the increasing number of patients with sexual identity disorder seeking treatment. In the present study we analyzed the properties of SZONDI and H-T-P tests in a group of patients with of gender identity disorders classified by current criteria. We found that the accuracy of the SZONDI test was higher than the H-T-P test in the diagnosis of transsexualism due to greater specificity with similar sensitivity. Furthermore, the detection of mental disorders by SZONDI test, which may be the cause or effect of the gender identity disorder, can alert the psychotherapist in the indication of transgender surgery. Conclusion: The SZONDI test showed to be an excellent tool for transsexualism diagnosis in both sexes

The thesis analyzes the Szondi's test and its theory in the light of current knowledge. Its aim is to examine the potential of this diagnostic method and to consider the possibilities of its application. On the basis of the free-association research, the direction of interest has divided into two studies. The first of them verifies the relationship of Szondi's theory with personal characteristics that are attributed to individual photos (stimulus material) on the scale of the semantic differential. In most cases, the results confirm significant differences between the factors. In the second study, the narrative approach is selected, it means "telling stories" method will be used for discover the projective potential. Qualitative analysis indicates that stories have some similarities- in the context of given factors, however, in most cases, they do not follow Szondi's assumptions. In order to confirm the potential of the possibility to know the proband's personality or life, the data obtained has not proved sufficient. The data does suggest, however, that after further research, the benefit of its application could be confirmed. KEY WORDS: Szondi test, projection, semantic differential, stories analysis

Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicologia Clínica Dinâmica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2011
Objectivo. Com este estudo pretendeu-se alargar a compreensão da depressão na Teoria Pulsional de Szondi tentando mostrar a especificidade dos resultados do Teste Szondi para indivíduos com esta perturbação. Método. Foi estudada uma amostra de 19 indivíduos com diagnóstico clínico de depressão e comparada com uma amostra compósita da população geral. Aos participantes da amostra clínica foram aplicados: Questionário sócio-demográfico, Escala de Depressão do Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) e o Teste de Szondi. A amostra da população geral respondeu apenas ao teste de Szondi. Resultados. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os perfis encontrados no Teste de Szondi, para as duas amostras. O perfil dos deprimidos confirma apenas parcialmente os resultados de investigações anteriores, mesmo quando se tem em conta a influência do nível sociocultural. Dezasseis sujeitos obtiveram resultados na CES-D acima de 20. Conclusão. Este estudo mostra a especificidade do esquema pulsional de Szondi para os indivíduos deprimidos e a validade da CES-D.
Objective. The aim of the present study is to enlarge the understanding of depression in Szondi's Drive Theory by trying to show the specificity of the results obtained on the Szondi test by depressed persons. Method. A sample of 19 persons with the clinical diagnosis of depression was compared with a composite sample of the general population. The following tests were applied to the depressed persons: a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Depression Scale Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) and the Szondi Test. The sample from the general population only responded to the Szondi test. Results. The results show significant differences between Szondi test profiles obtained by the two samples. The profile from the depressed sample confirms only in part results from other researches, even when sociocultural level is taken into account. Sixteen participants had a score above 20 on the CES-D. Conclusion. The findings of this study show the specificity of the Szondi’s drive schema of depressed individuals and the validity of the CES-D.

Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicologia Clínica Dinâmica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2012
Este estudo pretendeu investigar a relação existente entre orientação religiosa, depressão e características de personalidade avaliadas com o Teste de Szondi, explicando os resultados obtidos à luz do referencial teórico deste autor. Foram constituídas duas amostras, amostra clínica (n=33) e amostra comunitária (n=44), incluindo sujeitos de ambos os sexos e equiparáveis quanto às médias de idades e outras características sociodemográficas. Os participantes de ambas as amostras responderam à Escala de Depressão do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos (CES-D), à Escala de Orientação Religiosa (EOR; versão portuguesa de Linhares, 2009), ao Questionário de Prática Religiosa (QPR; que convertemos numa Escala de Prática Religiosa), e ao Teste de Szondi. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os perfis encontrados no Teste de Szondi, para as duas amostras. O perfil de deprimidos confirma parcialmente os resultados de investigações anteriores. Obtivemos uma correlação significativa entre as escalas EOR e QPR e, entre EOR e o nível de sintomatologia depressiva. Este estudo confirmou a validade da escala CES-D e a especificidade do Teste de Szondi relativamente à sintomatologia depressiva e religiosidade.
Cette étude visait à examiner la relation entre l'orientation religieuse, la dépression et les traits de personnalité évalués avec le Test de Szondi, en expliquant les résultats à la lumière du cadre théorique de cet auteur. Ont constitué deux échantillons, d'échantillon clinique (n = 33) et l'échantillon communauté (n = 44). Les participants des deux échantillons ont répondu à l'Échelle de Dépression du Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D), l'Échelle d'Orientation Religieuse (EOR; version portugaise de Linhares, 2009), le Questionnaire de la Pratique Religieuse (Échelle QPR), et le Test de Szondi. Il y avait des différences significatives entre les profils trouvés dans le Test de Szondi pour les deux échantillons. Le profil déprimé confirme partiellement les résultats des enquêtes précédentes. Nous avons obtenu une corrélation significative entre les échelles QPR e EOR et entre le niveau de symptômes dépressifs et l'orientation religieuse. Cette étude a confirmé la validité de l'échelle CES-D et la spécificité du Test de Szondi par rapport à des symptômes dépressifs et de religiosité.
This study examines the relationship between religious orientation, depression and character properties evaluated through the Szondi Test, providing meaningful results according to the theoretical framework of this author. A clinical population sample of 33 individuals was compared to a general population sample of 44 individuals. Participants of both samples were subject to CES-D Depression Scale, EOR Religious Orientation Scale, QPR Questionnaire of Religious Practice and the Szondi Test. Evidence of significant differences between general and clinical populations shows up in the Szondi Test. The Szondi profile of depressed individuals partially confirms results from previous research, and both scale scores correlate significantly as well. This study validates the applicability of CES-D depression scale and Szondi’s pulsional system to both depression and religiousness.

Ein »artistisches Ganzes«? - Zum rhetorischen, stilistischen und poetologischen Charakter von Marx` Hauptwerk. Das »Kapital« gehört zu den bekanntesten und wirkmächtigsten Texten der politischen Ökonomie und modernen Philosophie. Über den zahllosen Kontroversen um Marx` Hauptwerk wurde bislang jedoch vernachlässigt, wie sorgfältig und durchdacht dieses gestaltet ist, wie intensiv es sich auf literarische Texte bezieht und selbst immer wieder mit poetischen und stilistischen Mitteln wie Metaphern oder narrativen Einschüben arbeitet und wie sehr der theoretische Ansatz des »Kapitals« von der Darstellungsweise dieses Textes abhängt. In 14 Beiträgen wird die Frage nach der Poetik und Ästhetik des »Kapitals« aus verschiedenen Perspektiven untersucht: vom Zusammenhang von Rhetorik, Polemik und Kritik über das Wechselspiel von Darstellung und Wissen, die Rolle von Erzählungen bis zum Verhältnis des »Kapitals« zur Erzählliteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts, bevor an den Beispielen von Sergej Eisenstein und Alexander Kluge abschließend zwei produktive Rezeptionen von Marx` Text im 20. Jahrhundert betrachtet werden. Elisabetta Mengaldo, geb. 1977, ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an der Universität Padua. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Rhetorik und Poetik philosophischer Texte (Marx, Nietzsche, Adorno); Editionsphilologie und Textgenetik; Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts; Kurzprosa im Diskurs der Naturwissenschaften um 1800. Michael Bies, geb. 1979, ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Peter Szondi-Institut für Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft der FU Berlin. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Literatur- und Wissensgeschichte seit dem 18. Jahrhundert; Literatur und Ethnologie, Reisen und Wissen; Poetiken des Einfallens, Herstellens und Erfindens.

E tanulmány a likvid fogyasztás rövid ismertetésére tesz kísérletet, melyhez értelmező szakirodalmi összefoglaló módszertanát használja. A tanulmány a nemzetközi és hazai kutatások legfőbb eredményeit rendszerezi és helyezi el a likvid fogyasztáshoz vezető előfeltételek magyarországi jelenlétében. Ahogy a fogyasztókat körülvevő társadalmi környezetben lazulnak a korábbi szolid normák és intézmények, úgy alakul a fogyasztás is a birtoklásalapú, materialista (szolid) formából likviddé. A likvid fogyasztás hozzáférés-alapú, dematerializált, rövid időtartamú fogyasztási forma (Bardhi és Eckhardt, 2017), melyet alacsony fogyasztói elkötelezettség és gyakoribb váltás jellemez. A likvid fogyasztás többek között a járműmegosztás, felhőalapú szolgáltatások, applikációk, illetve az előfizetéses digitális tartalom fogyasztásában ölt testet. A digitalizáció ledönti a tér és idő korlátait, és a fogyasztók egyre több területen igénylik a mobilitást. Az időszakos, elköteleződés nélküli likvid fogyasztáson keresztül a fogyasztók könnyebben elégítik ki gyorsan változó igényeiket és preferenciáikat. Az így bevonzott fogyasztók azonban a szolid fogyasztásban megszokottól eltérő motivációkat, értékeket és fogyasztói magatartást mutatnak. Mivel a likvid fogyasztás egyre több fogyasztói szegmenst ér el Magyarországon is, így a jelenség hazai környezetben történő vizsgálata segítheti, hogy a likvid fogyasztás által támasztott marketing kihívásokra megalapozottabb válaszokat fogalmazhassunk meg.

The main projective methods are conceived to be applied in a classic-paper style and the virtual-e-learning style represents the only possible learning experience for the students. The paper describes the experience of conceiving and using computer software in order to introduce the bases of projective psychology. The software (Matei Georgescu, Projective technique – interactive software, produced by Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romanian Office for Author Right: 0113 / 06. 02. 2001) was used in the benefit of the third year psychology students of a private university and support the direct experience with the virtual-stimulus-material of the main projective techniques such as Rotter, Düss, T.A.T., Rosenzweig, Rorschach, Szondi, Lüscher, Koch. Projective Psychology Lab was developed by se use of the computer and the Projective technique software over a semester of study, for three years under my assistence. The program contains the following items: the limits of the projection concept, the analytic relation and the projective relation, verbal associative experiment, completing sentences test and fables method, Thematic Apperception Test, the frustration test, the inkblot test, the drive analysis test, the color test, the tree test, draw a person test. Each method presentation contains information about the technique, the stimulus-material and the manner of interpretation. The access to stimulus-material of the Thematic Apperception Test, the frustration test, the inkblot test and the drive test analysis is possible in the order of test protocol. The software allows the color calibration of Lüscher test and also quotation examples. The Rorschach stimulus-material can be rotated within 360 degrees limit. The quotations index of the tree test is accessible in the order of the main interpretative zones. Despite the fact that the projective techniques were not conceived to be applied in the virtual-computerized style, during the three years pedagogical experiences with the Projective technique – interactive software, we have noticed the succes of such an introductory electronic way of learning.