Dissertations / Theses: 'T-Lymphocyte Epitopes'

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DeMille, Janet. "Mapping the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes of Pichinde virus." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6495.

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One of the aims of this study was to determine whether the glycoproteins of Pichinde virus harbour any cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes on the murine haplotypes, H-2$\sp{\rm b}$ and H-2$\sp{\rm d}$ since, on neither of these MHC backgrounds are there any CTL epitopes on the nucleoprotein of this virus. Using a vaccinia virus recombinant, vvGPC, which expresses the full-length glycoprotein precursor (GPC) of Pichinde virus, standard chromium release CTL assays were performed. Three independent assays are shown for each of the haplotypes. In each of these assays for both of the haplotypes, it was observed that CTL derived against Pichinde virus did not recognize vvGPC-infected target cells nor did CTL derived against vvGPc recognize Pichinde-infected target cells. This indicates that no CTL were generated with either virus that might recognize the glycoproteins of Pichinde virus and, therefore, that the glycoproteins do not contain CTL epitopes on these murine MHC backgrounds. A second aim of this work was to compare the CTL epitopes of Pichinde wild-type virus with two temperature sensitive mutants derived from it. Both these mutants have been shown to be defective in their glycoprotein processing. The H-2$\sp{\rm d}$-restricted epitopes appear to be disrupted in TS13 as it is not recognized by Pichinde-specific CTL derived on this background. TS908 is not recognized by Pichinde-specific CTL on either haplotype suggesting that the wild-type virus' epitopes were probably disrupted during the derivation of this mutant. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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2

Petersson, Max. "Immunity and immunosuppression in the tumor-host interaction /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3931-4/.

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3

Borgo, Adriana Coutinho. "Caracterização fenotípica e funcional de linfócitos T de memória de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV reativos a epitopos T CD4+ derivados de sequências do consenso B do HIV-1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-28042010-171033/.

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A persistência de células T de memória funcionais é importante para garantir uma imunidade protetora na infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). As células T de memória têm sido subdivididas em memória central (TCM), memória efetora (TEM) e memória efetora altamente diferenciada (TEMRA) com base na expressão de moléculas de superfície como CCR7 e CD45RA, e na capacidade de produzir citocinas e proliferar. Recentemente, identificamos 18 peptídeos derivados de seqüências do consenso B do HIV-1, ligadores de múltiplas moléculas HLA-DR e amplamente reconhecidos por linfócitos T de sangue periférico de pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Diante disso e considerando a importância das células T de memória na manutenção da resposta imune específica, nosso objetivo foi caracterizar fenotípica e funcionalmente as subpopulações de células T de memória de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV envolvidas no reconhecimento in vitro desses epitopos. Foram incluídos 14 indivíduos controles sadios e 61 pacientes HIV+ com contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ maior que 250 células/mm3. Os pacientes HIV+ foram divididos em seis diferentes grupos clínicos de acordo com o estágio da infecção, carga viral (CV) plasmática e uso de terapia anti-retroviral (ART): não progressores por longo tempo (LTNP), avirêmicos em uso de ART (AV-ART), virêmicos em uso de ART (VI-ART), virêmicos sem uso de ART (VI sem ART), virêmicos recéminfectados sem uso de ART (VI-RI) e controladores. Células mononucleares do sangue periférico dos indivíduos do estudo foram estimuladas com o conjunto de peptídeos do HIV-1 e com um conjunto de peptídeos do Citomegalovírus (CMV). A freqüência de células de memória produtoras de IFN- e IL-2 e a proliferação celular antígeno-específica foram detectadas por citometria de fluxo de multiparâmetros. Nossos resultados mostraram que o conjunto de peptídeos do HIV-1 foi capaz de ativar subpopulações funcionais de memória TCM, TEM e TEMRA secretoras de IFN- e IL-2 em 100% dos pacientes HIV+ dos diferentes grupos clínicos. O conjunto de peptídeos do HIV-1 também induziu proliferação das subpopulações de linfócitos T de memória. As freqüências de TEMRA CD4+IFN-+, TEMRA CD4+IFN-+ total, TCM CD8+IFN-+, TCM CD8+IFN-+ total, TEM CD8+IFN-+, TEM CD8+IFN-+ total e TEMRA CD8+IFN-+ correlacionaram-se negativamente com a carga viral do HIV em pacientes virêmicos. Esses dados sugerem que essas subpopulações de memória funcionais são importantes no controle da viremia. Comparando as respostas HIV e CMVespecíficas observamos freqüências mais elevadas de células T de memória produtoras de IL-2, IFN-/IL-2 e IFN- em respostas ao pool de peptídeos do HIV. Esses dados sugerem que esse conjunto de peptídeos derivados de seqüências do HIV-1 ativa respostas polifuncionais de subpopulações de linfócitos T de memória. Nossos resultados mostraram que o conjunto de peptídeos do HIV-1 foi capaz de estimular diferentes subpopulações distintas de linfócitos T de memória produtores de IFN-, IFN-,/IL-2 e IL-2 de indivíduos em diferentes estágios da infecção pelo HIV e sugerem o envolvimento de subpopulações de memória funcionais no controle da viremia. Estes achados fortalecem a possibilidade de uso desses peptídeos em uma formulação vacinal bem-sucedida em humanos
The persistence of functional memory T cell is important to ensure a protective immunity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Memory T cells have been subdivided into central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM) and highly differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) based on the expression of surface molecules such as CCR7 and CD45RA, and the ability to produce cytokines and proliferate. Recently, we identified 18 peptides derived from B consensus sequences of HIV-1 that bind to multiple HLA-DR molecules and are widely recognized by peripheral blood T lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients. Given this and considering the importance of memory T cells in the maintenance of specific immune response, our objective was to characterize phenotypic and functionally memory T cell subsets from HIV-infected individuals involved in the recognition of these epitopes in vitro. The study included 14 healthy control subjects and 61 HIV+ patients with CD4+ lymphocytes counts higher than 250 cells/mm3. The HIV+ patients were divided into six different clinical groups according to the stage of infection, plasma viral load (VL) and antiretroviral therapy use (ART): long-term non-progressors (LTNP), aviremic under ART (AV-ART), viremic under ART (VI-ART), viremic without using ART (VI without ART), recently infected viremic without using ART (VI-RI) and controllers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from study subjects were stimulated with HIV-1 peptide pool and with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) peptide pool. The frequencies of IFN- and IL-2 producing memory cells and antigenspecific cell proliferation were detected by multiparametric flow cytometry. Our results showed that the HIV-1 set of peptides was able to activate TCM, TEM and TEMRA functional memory subsets that secrete IFN- and IL-2 in 100% of the HIV patients from the different clinical groups. The HIV-1 set of peptides also induced memory T lymphocyte subsets proliferation. TEMRA CD4+IFN-+, total TEMRA CD4+IFN-+, TCM CD8+IFN-+, total TCM CD8+IFN-+, total TEM CD8+IFN-+, TEM CD8+IFN-+ and TEMRA CD8+IFN- + frequencies negatively correlated with HIV viral load in viremic patients. These data suggest that these functional memory subsets are important to control the viremia. When comparing the HIV and CMV-specific responses we observed higher frequencies of IL-2, IFN-/IL-2 and IFN- producing memory T cells in response to HIV peptide pool. These data suggest that this set of HIV sequence derived peptides activates polyfunctional response of memory T lymphocyte subsets. Our results showed that the HIV-1 peptide set was able to stimulate different IFN-, IFN-/IL-2 e IL-2 producing memory T lymphocytes from individuals in different stages of HIV infection and suggest the involvement of functional memory subsets in the control of viremia. These findings strengthen the possibility of using these peptides in a successful vaccine formulation in humans

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Novak, Erik Joseph. "Tracking antigen-specific immune responses in human infection and disease /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5084.

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Wipke, Brian Todd. "Epitope immunodominance and the murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to Listeria monocytogenes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8345.

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McMahan, Rachel H. "Relating TCR-peptide-MHC affinity to immunogenicity for the design of tumor vaccines /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Immunology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-156). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

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7

Yin, Liusong. "Studies of HLA-DM in Antigen Presentation and CD4+ T Cell Epitope Selection: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/700.

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Antigen presented to CD4+ T cells by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHCII) plays a key role in adaptive immunity. Antigen presentation is initiated by the proteolytic cleavage of pathogenic or self proteins and loading of resultant peptides to MHCII. The loading and exchange of peptides to MHCII is catalyzed by a nonclassical MHCII molecule, HLA-DM (DM). It is well established that DM promotes peptide exchange in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of DM-catalyzed peptide association and dissociation, and how this would affect epitope selection in human responses to infectious disease remain unclear. The work presented in this thesis was directed towards the understanding of mechanism of DM-mediated peptide exchange and its role in epitope selection. In Chapter II, I measured the binding affinity, intrinsic dissociation half-life and DM-mediated dissociation half-life for a large set of peptides derived from vaccinia virus and compared these properties to the peptide-specific CD4+ T cell responses. These data indicated that DM shapes the peptide repertoire during epitope selection by favoring the presentation of peptides with greater DM-mediated kinetic stability, and DM-susceptibility is a strong and independent factor governing peptide immunogenicity. In Chapter III, I computationally simulated peptide binding competition reactions and found that DM influences the IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) of peptides based on their susceptibility to DM, which was confirmed by experimental data. Therefore, I developed a novel fluorescence polarization-based method to measure DM-susceptibility, reported as a IC50 (change in IC50 in the absence and presence of DM). Traditional assays to measure DM-susceptibility based on differential peptide dissociation rates are cumbersome because each test peptide has to be individually labeled and multiple time point samples have to be collected. However, in this method developed here only single probe peptide has to be labeled and only single reading have to be done, which allows for fast and high throughput measure of DM-susceptibility for a large set of peptides. In Chapter IV, we generated a series of peptide and MHCII mutants, and investigated their interactions with DM. We found that peptides with non-optimal P1 pocket residues exhibit low MHCII affinity, low kinetic stability and high DM-susceptibility. These changes were accompanied with conformational alterations detected by surface plasmon resonance, gel filtration, dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray light scattering, antibody-binding, and nuclear magnetic resonance assays. Surprisingly, all these kinetic and conformational changes could be reversed by reconstitution with a more optimal P9 pocket residue. Taken together, our data demonstrated that conformation of MHCII-peptide complex constrained by interactions throughout the peptide binding groove is a key determinant of DM-susceptibility. B cells recognizing cognate antigen on the virion can internalize and process the whole virion for antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells specific for an epitope from any of the virion proteins. In turn, the epitope-specific CD4+ T cells provide intermolecular (also known as noncognate or heterotypic) help to B cells to generate antibody responses against any protein from the whole virion. This viral intermolecular help model in which CD4+ T cells provide help to B cells with different protein specificities was established in small size influenza virus, hepatitis B virus and viral particle systems. For large and complex pathogens such as vaccinia virus and bacteria, the CD4+ T cell-B cell interaction model may be complicated because B cells might not be able to internalize the large whole pathogen. Recently, a study in mice observed that CD4+ T cell help is preferentially provided to B cells with the same protein specificity to generate antibody responses against vaccinia virus. However, for larger pathogens such as vaccinia virus and bacteria the CD4+ T cell-B cell interaction model has yet to be tested in humans. In Chapter V, I measured in 90 recently vaccinated and 7 long-term vaccinia-immunized human donors the CD4+ T cell responses and antibody responses against four vaccinia viral proteins (A27L, A33R, B5R and L1R) known to be strongly targeted by cellular and humoral responses. We found that there is no direct linkage between antibody and CD4+ T cell responses against each protein. However, the presence of immune responses against these four proteins is linked together within donors. Taken together, our data indicated that individual viral proteins are not the primary recognition unit and CD4+ T cells provide intermolecular help to B cells to generate robust antibody responses against large and complicated vaccinia virus in humans.

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Smidt, Werner. "In silico discovery of novel cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes in the HIV-1 Pol region in response to antiretroviral resistance mutations." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46185.

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The Acquired Immunode ciency Syndrome pandemic continues to have a large social impact. Many advances in the treatment of infection by the causative agent, Human Immunode ciency Virus, have been made in the last three decades. However, this treatment often means a life-long rigorous adherence to treatment and acquisition of resistance mutations to antiretrovirals. Thus far, the e cacy of promising vaccines has been disappointing. In the last decade, interest has grown concerning the interaction between mutations conferring resistance to antiretrovirals and the e ect this has on epitopes recognized by cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes (CTL). Investigating this is a di cult task, owing to both the extreme polymorphism of HIV and the polymorphism of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules that present peptides to the CTLs. A large amount of HLA-associated CTL escape mutations have been discovered. Together with this, computational approaches in CTL epitope discovery is becoming increasingly accurate. Here, a method of imputing HLA type from patients together with predicting the in uence of anitretroviral mutations was used to discover potential epitopes for the HLA B*15 and B*48 types in the HIV-1 Subtype B pol region.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Biochemistry
PhD
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Yaciuk, Jane Cherie. "Mechanisms of T cell tolerance to the RNA-binding nuclear autoantigen human La/SS-B." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2008.

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10

Townsley, Elizabeth. "CD8+ T Cell and NK Responses to a Novel Dengue Epitope: A Possible Role for KIR3DL1 in Dengue Pathogenesis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/709.

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Variation in the sequence of T cell epitopes between dengue virus (DENV) serotypes is believed to alter memory T cell responses during second heterologous infections contributing to pathology following DENV infection. We identified a highly conserved, novel, HLA-B57-restricted epitope on the DENV NS1 protein, NS126-34. We predicted higher frequencies of NS126-34-specific CD8+ T cells in PBMC from individuals undergoing secondary, rather than primary, DENV infection due to the expansion of memory CD8+T cells. We generated a tetramer against this epitope (B57-NS126-34TET) and used it to assess the frequencies and phenotype of antigen-specific T cells in samples from a clinical cohort of children with acute DENV infection established in Bangkok, Thailand. High tetramer-positive T cell frequencies during acute infection were seen in only 1 of 9 subjects with secondary infection. B57-NS126-34-specific, other DENV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as total CD8+ T cells, expressed an activated phenotype (CD69+ and/or CD38+) during acute infection. In contrast, expression of CD71 was largely limited to DENV-specific CD8+ T cells. In vitro stimulation of CD8+ T cell lines, generated against three different DENV epitopes, indicated that CD71 expression was differentially sensitive to stimulation by homologous and heterologous variant peptides with substantial upregulation of CD71 detected to peptides which also elicited strong functional responses. CD71 may therefore represent a useful marker of antigenspecific T cell activation. During the course of our analysis we found substantial binding of B57-NS126-34 TET to CD8- cells. We demonstrated that the B57-NS126-34 TET bound KIR3DL1, an inhibitory receptor on natural killer (NK) cells. NK sensitive target cells presenting the NS126-34 peptide in the context of HLA-B57 were able to dampen functional responses of only KIR3DL1+ NK cells. Analysis of the activation of an NK enriched population in our Thai cohort revealed peak activation during the critical time phase in patients with severe dengue illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever, compared to people with mild illness. Our data identified CD71 as biologically useful marker to study DENV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and highlighted the role of viral peptides in modulating NK cell activation through KIR-MHC class I interactions during DENV infection.

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Townsley, Elizabeth. "CD8+ T Cell and NK Responses to a Novel Dengue Epitope: A Possible Role for KIR3DL1 in Dengue Pathogenesis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/709.

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Variation in the sequence of T cell epitopes between dengue virus (DENV) serotypes is believed to alter memory T cell responses during second heterologous infections contributing to pathology following DENV infection. We identified a highly conserved, novel, HLA-B57-restricted epitope on the DENV NS1 protein, NS126-34. We predicted higher frequencies of NS126-34-specific CD8+ T cells in PBMC from individuals undergoing secondary, rather than primary, DENV infection due to the expansion of memory CD8+T cells. We generated a tetramer against this epitope (B57-NS126-34TET) and used it to assess the frequencies and phenotype of antigen-specific T cells in samples from a clinical cohort of children with acute DENV infection established in Bangkok, Thailand. High tetramer-positive T cell frequencies during acute infection were seen in only 1 of 9 subjects with secondary infection. B57-NS126-34-specific, other DENV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as total CD8+ T cells, expressed an activated phenotype (CD69+ and/or CD38+) during acute infection. In contrast, expression of CD71 was largely limited to DENV-specific CD8+ T cells. In vitro stimulation of CD8+ T cell lines, generated against three different DENV epitopes, indicated that CD71 expression was differentially sensitive to stimulation by homologous and heterologous variant peptides with substantial upregulation of CD71 detected to peptides which also elicited strong functional responses. CD71 may therefore represent a useful marker of antigenspecific T cell activation. During the course of our analysis we found substantial binding of B57-NS126-34 TET to CD8- cells. We demonstrated that the B57-NS126-34 TET bound KIR3DL1, an inhibitory receptor on natural killer (NK) cells. NK sensitive target cells presenting the NS126-34 peptide in the context of HLA-B57 were able to dampen functional responses of only KIR3DL1+ NK cells. Analysis of the activation of an NK enriched population in our Thai cohort revealed peak activation during the critical time phase in patients with severe dengue illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever, compared to people with mild illness. Our data identified CD71 as biologically useful marker to study DENV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and highlighted the role of viral peptides in modulating NK cell activation through KIR-MHC class I interactions during DENV infection.

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12

Silva, Bosco Christiano Maciel da. "Estudo do reconhecimento de epitopos das proteínas Gag e Nef do HIV-1 por linfócitos T em indivíduos cronicamente infectados pelo HIV-1 não progressores por longo tempo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-04082008-102804/.

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Os linfócitos T têm um papel central no controle da infecção pelo HIV-1. As respostas mediadas por esses linfócitos contra epitopos do HIV-1 restritos a moléculas HLA de classe I podem estar associadas à proteção natural em indivíduos LTNP. Relatos sugerem que determinados alelos HLA apresentamse mais representados entre os LTNP. Para avaliar esses aspectos na coorte francesa ALT, coletamos células mononucleares de sangue periférico (CMSP) de 24 indivíduos LTNP e verificamos a freqüência de respostas específicas para o HIV-1. Para isso, utilizamos pools de peptídeos sobrepostos de Gag e regiões imunodominantes da RT e Nef, e identificamos epitopos do HIV-1 restritos a moléculas HLA de classe I, associados ou não à proteção, através do ensaio de ELISPOT IFN-?. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram respostas específicas aos pools testados, com uma mediana de 5 (2-12). Todas as proteínas do HIV-1 foram reconhecidas, sendo que Gag-p24 e Nef foram as mais freqüentemente reconhecidas pelas CMSP dos indivíduos avaliados. A intensidade total de resposta de linfócitos T específicos aos pools de Gag, RT e Nef do HIV-1 em cada indivíduo variou de 160 a 12307 SFC/106 CMSP (mediana: 2025). Observamos o reconhecimento de 22 epitopos já descritos na literatura, contidos nas proteínas Gag-p17, Gag-p24 e Nef do HIV-1, restritos a moléculas HLA de classe I, a maioria descrita como protetoras da progressão para a doença. Quatro novos epitopos ainda não descritos na literatura também foram observados. Concluímos que: respostas específicas mediadas por linfócitos T, eficazes e dirigidas contra um amplo painel de epitopos do HIV-1, estão presentes nos indivíduos LTNP; a presença de moléculas HLA de classe I associadas à proteção favorece o reconhecimento preferencial de epitopos do HIV-1 restritos por elas na maioria dos indivíduos LTNP; esses aspectos devem ser levados em conta na perspectiva do desenvolvimento de uma vacina candidata contra o HIV-1.
T lymphocytes (T-L) have a paramount role in the control of HIV-1 infection. The responses mediated by these cells against HLA class I epitopes may be associated to the natural protection in long-term non-progressors (LTNP). The literature suggests that some HLA alleles relate to the protection against the immune dysfunction. The aim of this research is to study the recognition of HIV-1 Gag, Nef and RT epitopes by T-L through an ELISPOT IFN-? assay in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 24 LTNP selected from French ALT study group. We evaluated the frequency of anti-HIV-1 responses and identified HLA class I epitopes. All individuals presented specific responses to the pools of peptides tested with a median of 5 (2-12). Gag-p24 and Nef were the most frequently recognized proteins. The magnitude of the responses varied from 160 to 12307 SFC/106 PBMC (median=2025). We observed the recognition of 22 epitopes already described in HIV-1 Gag-p17, Gag-p24 and Nef, restricted to HLA class I molecules reported as protective. We have also observed four new epitopes not already described in the literature. Our results suggest that: HIV-1 responses by T-L are present in LTNP; the presence of HLA class I molecules associated with protection in the majority of LTNP are related to the recognition of MHC restricted HIV-1 epitopes; these aspects must be taken into account in the development of a candidate vaccine against HIV-1.

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Ribeiro, Susan Pereira. "Análise da imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando epitopos CD4 promíscuos e conservados do HIV-1 em camundongos BALB/c e transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-22092010-120821/.

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Abordagens atuais no desenho de vacinas contra o HIV-1 estão focadas em imunógenos que codificam proteínas inteiras do HIV-1 e visam induzir respostas citotóxicas específicas. É concebível que vacinas bem-sucedidas devem induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos do HIV-1, coincidindo com seqüências das cepas circulantes do vírus, conhecido por sua grande variabilidade genética. Sabe-se que células T CD4+ são necessárias para indução de respostas efetivas de linfócitos T CD8+ citotóxicos. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+, conservados e ligadores de múltiplas moléculas HLA-DR em camundongos BALB/c e em quatro linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Os camundongos imunizados apresentaram respostas de amplitude e magnitude significativas com proliferação e secreção de citocinas por linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+. Onze dos 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+ presentes na vacina foram reconhecidos pelas linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Em suma, 17 dos 18 epitopos codificados pela vacina foram reconhecidos. As células induzidas pela vacina apresentaram um perfil polifuncional com tipo 1 de citocinas, incluindo produção de IFN- , TNF- e IL-2. A vacina também induziu células T CD4+ de memória central de longa duração, capazes de fornecer auxílio contínuo para células T CD8 +. Pela capacidade da vacina HIVBr18 de induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos de linfócitos T CD4+ conservados que podem ser reconhecidos no contexto de múltiplas moléculas de HLA classe II, esse conceito vacinal pode solucionar o problema da variabilidade genética viral assim como aumentar a cobertura populacional. Portanto, essa vacina, pode ser útil se utilizada isoladamente ou como fonte de auxílio cognato para células T CD8+ HIV-específicas induzidas por outros imunógenos gerando resposta em uma grande proporção dos vacinados
Current HIV vaccine approaches are focused on immunogens encoding whole HIV antigenic proteins that elicit cytotoxic CD8+ responses. It is conceivable that successful vaccines have to elicit responses to multiple epitopes, to match circulating strains of HIV, a virus known for its high genetic variability. It is known that CD4+ T cell responses are necessary for effective CD8+ antiviral responses. Here we assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved, multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV CD4 epitopes in BALB/c and four strains of HLA class II-transgenic mice. Immunized mice displayed CD4+ and CD8+ proliferative and cytokine T cell responses of significant breadth and magnitude. Eleven out of the 18 encoded epitopes were recognized by CD4+ T cells from HLA class IItransgenic strain. Overall, 17 out of the 18 encoded peptides were recognized. The induced T cell response had a polyfunctional type 1 cytokine profile, including IFN- , TNF- and IL-2. The vaccine also induced long-lived central memory CD4+ T cells, which might provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells. By virtue of inducing broad responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be recognized in the context of widely diverse, common HLA class II alleles, this vaccine concept may cope both with HIV genetic variability and increased population coverage. The vaccine may thus be usefull either as a standalone approach or as a source of cognate help for HIV-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by conventional immunogens, eliciting responses in a wide proportion of vaccinees

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Bashyam, Hema Sundara. "Serotype Cross-Reactive CD8+ T Cell Response to Heterologous Secondary Dengue Virus Infections in Humans: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2006. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/258.

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The generation of memory T cells following primary exposure to a pathogen is a critical feature of the vertebrate immune system which has evolved as a protective mechanism in order to defend the host against repeated assaults by the patnogen. Memory T cells are long-lived, undergo rapid proliferation upon re-activation, mediate a robust secondary response and clear the pathogen much more efficiently. These aspects have made the generation of memory T cells an attractive goal for the production of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, the degeneracy of the T cell receptor, whereby a given T cell recognizes more than one epitope, allows the T cell to be modulated by epitope variants which could be self-ligands, ligands related to the original epitope but altered in sequence, or completely unrelated epitopes. Experiments in both mice and humans show that such cross-reactive stimulation of memory T cells results in complete, partial, or no activation of T cells, and in some cases, even alters the functional identity of the T cell (for example, T helper 1 cells start secreting IL-4, IL-5 and become part of a T helper 2 response). In the context of secondary infection of immune organisms with pathogens containing mutated or related T cell epitopes, such alterations at the cellular level translate into drastic changes in the overall clinical outcome of the infection. Thus, the presence of cross-reactive T cells in the memory population implies that the protective or pathologic nature of the secondary immune response is a consequence of the host's infection history. Although several murine models of heterologous infection resulting in altered pathological outcome have been studied, the exact immune correlates of protection versus immunopathology are still unclear. This thesis addresses this issue in dengue virus infections in humans. Dengue fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) are two disease manifestations caused by infections of humans by the dengue viruses. These are a group of 4 serologically distinct flaviviruses (D1-4) which often co-circulate among endemic populations. While primary infection with any of the four serotypes can result in the more severe clinical disease characterized by DHF, epidemiological data from several outbreaks show that 80% - 90% of DHF cases occur among individuals with secondary infection. This implies that prior immunity to dengue is actually a risk factor for developing severe disease. In these DHF cases, there are increased numbers of CD69+ CD8+ T cells in circulation, with increases observed in the frequency of epitope-specific T cells, and the serum levels of several T cell produced cytokines, chemokines, and immune receptors are highly elevated. Since the four serotypes share 65% - 75% amino acid sequence homology, the possibility that unconserved T cell epitope sequences stimulated cross-reactive responses was borne out in in vitroexaminations. In these studies, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cloned T cells from both vaccinated and infected donors contained large populations of memory T cells that were cross-reactive for heterologous viral serotypes in proliferation and CTL assays. These data suggest that the severity of disease seen in DHF patients can be attributed to an immunopathologic secondary response during heterologous infection, and highlight a role for serotype cross-reactive T cells in this process. This thesis addresses the hypothesis that the recognition of the natural variants of dengue virus T cell epitopes by serotype cross-reactive CD8+ T cells of a dengue-immune donor results in an altered secondary response profile, with the changes reflected in both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the response. In order to compare the functional profile of the secondary response of dengue-immune PBMC re-activated with heterologous serotypes, we focused on a panel of 4 donors who were vaccinated with live attenuated monovalent vaccines corresponding to D1, D2, or D4 serotypes. We screened a panel of peptides predicted to bind to HLA-A*0201 for cytokine responses and identified 4 novel epitopes that were highly immunogenic in all four donors. Direct ex vivo stimulation of donor PBMC with the heterologous sequences of these epitopes also showed sizeable serotype cross-reactive T cell populations. CFSE- and intracellular staining for cytokines and chemokines showed that these cross-reactive T cells not only expanded but also produced IFNγ, TNFα, and MIP-1β. Multi-parameter staining revealed functionally diverse populations comprised of single cytokine (IFNγ+, TNFα+, MIP-1β+, double cytokine (IFNγ+TNFα+, IFNγ+MIP-1β+, TNFα+MIP-1β+, and triple cytokine (IFNγ+TNFα+MIP-1β+ secreting sub-sets. Stimulation with the epitope variants altered the magnitude of the overall response as well as the relative sizes of these sub-sets. The patterns of responses revealed the effects of epitope immunogenicity, infection history and donor-specific variability. All 4 donors showed the highest cytokine response to a -single epitope (NS4b 2353). The same two peptide variants (D2 NS4a 2148 and D3 NS4b 2343) induced the highest response in all 4 donors regardless of the serotype of primary dengue infection. Interestingly, the epitope variants which showed the highest immunogenecity in our donors corresponded to the D2 and D3 serotypes which have been documented as being more virulent as well as a viral risk factor for DHF. In one donor, the response to all peptide variants was dominated by the same cytokine sub-sets. These data suggested that the dengue-immune memory T cell repertoire was functionally diverse and underwent alterations in size after secondary stimulation. Therefore, we also investigated the effect of epitope variants on dengue-specific CD8+T cell clones isolated from vaccinated and infected donors in order to determine if epitope variants induced altered functional outcomes at the clonal level. The epitope variants functioned either as strong agonists (particularly the D2 and D3 sequences), partial agonists, or null ligands. Some variants were able to induce cytolysis but not other effector functions at low concentrations. The variant ligands also influenced the hierarchy of cytokine responses within each clone. The third part of this thesis focused on the characterization of the frequency and phenotypic profile of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with DHF and DF at different times in the disease course in order to better understand the kinetics of the response and delineate any differences between the immune profile of severe vs. moderate disease. Tetramer staining for a previously identified HLA-B*07 restricted epitope was combined with staining for activation markers (CD69, CD38, HLA-DR), homing receptors (CCR7, CD62L), and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1). The DHF subjects had early T cell activation with higher frequencies of tetramer+CD69+ cells as compared to DF subjects, in whom T cell frequencies peaked around the time of defervescence. While each subject had a unique phenotypic profile of tetramer+ cells, there was a difference between DF and DHF subjects in terms of CCR 7 expression; all subjects expressed low levels of CCR7 during acute illness but only the DHF subjects did not show upregulation of CCR7 on tetramer+ cells during convalescence. These data suggest that there is a sustained alteration in memory phenotype in those who recovered from severe dengue disease. A majority of the tetramer+cells also expressed PD-1 during acute illness but not during convalescence. Double-staining with variant tetramers allowed us to directly visualize serotype cross-reactivity of the epitope-specific population, and showed that secondary stimulation did induce the expansion of cells with low avidity for that secondary serotype and higher avidity to the variant. Furthermore, the ratios of these sub-sets changed during the course of the response. Taken together, these studies suggest that the immune response to heterologous secondary dengue infection is mediated by a heterogeneous population of serotype-cross reactive T cells that have different functional avidities to epitope variants and is influenced by the serotype of the secondary infection as well as the prior infection history of the individual. The preferential expansion of clones which secrete IFNγ but not inflammatory MIP-1β or TNFα or a repertoire characterized by a higher ratio of cytolytic to cytokine producing clones could limit immune mediated damage while efficiently clearing the virus. This information will be useful in the design of vaccine strategies aimed at inducing protective cross-reactive responses against all 4 dengue serotypes while preventing immunopathological outcomes following secondary infection.

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Apostolico, Juliana de Souza. "Influência da imunização inicial com a vacina codificando epítopos para linfócitos T CD4 + do HIV na resposta imune direcionada a proteína env." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-04122013-162031/.

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A epidemia causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) é a mais importante das ultimas décadas. A despeito dos avanços no conhecimento da patogenia do vírus e da resposta imune à infecção, até o momento não existe uma vacina eficaz contra a aquisição do HIV. Diversas linhas de evidência indicam que anticorpos neutralizantes ou ligadores, linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ desempenham um papel importante na imunidade contra o HIV. Os anticorpos que são capazes de neutralizar o HIV são direcionados principalmente à glicoproteína do envelope do vírus (env), mas os candidatos vacinais baseados na proteína de envelope gp120 monomérica testados até hoje falharam em induzir proteção nos ensaios de eficácia. Avanços no entendimento da estrutura e função da glicoproteína env tem facilitado o desenvolvimento de uma nova geração de imunógenos baseada em trímeros mais estáveis e solúveis da glicoproteína gp140. Em uma formulação vacinal além da escolha do antígeno, os adjuvantes desempenham um papel fundamental. Os adjuvantes são conhecidos por aumentar a imunogenicidade das vacinas, e nos últimos anos vários compostos, incluindo agonistas de receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) e NOD (NLR) têm demonstrado eficácia em ensaios clínicos. Em estudos prévios, nosso grupo demonstrou que a imunização de camundongos com uma vacina de DNA codificando 18 epítopos para linfócitos T CD4+ do HIV-1 (HIVBr18), foi capaz de induzir resposta específica e ampla de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+. Devido ao importante papel do efeito auxiliar de linfócitos T CD4+ na resposta humoral nas imunizações assistidas por diversos adjuvantes, o objetivo central do trabalho foi verificar se a imunização inicial com a vacina de DNA HIVBr18 seria capaz de aumentar a magnitude/qualidade de resposta imune humoral e celular induzida pelo trímero de gp140 na presença de diferentes adjuvantes. Para tal, camundongos BALB/c foram imunizados inicialmente com a vacina HIVBr18 ou com o vetor vazio e posteriormente com a proteína gp140 na presença dos adjuvantes: completo de Freund (ACF), poly IC, CpG ODN 1826, Monofosforil lipídeo A (MPL), Muramildipeptídeo (MDP), Imiquimod (R837), e Resiquimod (R848). Observamos que a imunização inicial com HIVBr18 foi capaz de fornecer um auxílio cognato para a proliferação específica de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ e também para a produção da citocina IFNy. A análise da xx resposta humoral mostrou que a imunização inicial com a vacina HIVBr18, foi capaz de influenciar a produção das subclasses de imunoglobulinas, independente do adjuvante testado. No presente trabalho, também analisamos a influência dos adjuvantes na imunogenicidade da gp140. Os animais que receberam os adjuvantes MPL, poly IC e CpG ODN 1826 apresentaram títulos de anticorpos estatisticamente superiores quando comparados aos animais que receberam os adjuvantes Alum, MDP, R837 e R848. Observamos que os animais imunizados com a gp140 na presença dos diferentes adjuvantes desenvolveram células B do centro germinativo e células TCD4+ auxiliar foliculares. Estes resultados nos permitem concluir que a imunização inicial com HIVBr18 é capaz de alterar a qualidade da resposta humoral e celular gp140- específica. Assim, essa formulação poderia ser utilizada para auxiliar e/ou direcionar a resposta imune induzida por outros imunógenos como por exemplo o trímero de gp140. Podemos concluir também que diferentes formulações de adjuvantes que se encontram em ensaios clínicos como poly IC, CpG ODN e MPL podem ser capazes de induzir um resposta imune humoral e celular tão ou mais potente que aquela induzida pelo ACF
The epidemic caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most important in the last decades. Despite advances in the knowledge about virus pathogenesis and immune response to infection, until now there is not an effective vaccine against HIV acquisition. Several evidences indicate that neutralizing or binding antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes play an important role in immunity against HIV. The antibodies that are able to neutralize HIV are primarily directed against the virus envelope glycoprotein (env), but the vaccine candidates based on monomeric gp120 envelope protein tested so far failed to induce protection in efficacy trials. Advances in understanding the structure and function of the env glycoprotein have facilitated the development of a new generation of immunogens based on trimers, a more stable and soluble form of gp140 glycoprotein. In a vaccine formulation, in addition to the antigen, adjuvants play a pivotal role. Adjuvants are known to increase the immunogenicity of vaccines and, in the last years, several compounds, including agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD (NLR), have presented efficacy in clinical trials. In previous work, our group demonstrated that immunization of mice with a DNA vaccine (HIVBr18) encoding 18 CD4+ T cells epitopes from HIV-1 was able to induce a broad CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells specific response.. Given the important role of CD4+ T cells in the humoral response after adjuvant-assisted immunization, the aim of the study was to verify whether an initial immunization with the DNA vaccine HIVBr18 could increase the magnitude/quality of humoral and cellular immune response induced by gp140 trimer in the presence of different adjuvants. Therefore, BALB/c mice were initially immunized with the vaccine HIVBr18 or empty vector and then with gp140 in the presence of the following adjuvants: Freund\'s complete (CFA), poly IC, CpG ODN 1826, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), Imiquimod (R837), and Resiquimod (R848). We observed that initial immunization with HIVBr18 was able to provide cognate help for specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells proliferation and also for IFN-y production. Analysis of humoral response showed that initial immunization with the HIVBr18 vaccine was able to alter the production of immunoglobulin subclasses independent of the adjuvant tested. This work also analyzed the influence of adjuvants on the immunogenicity of gp140. Mice that received the adjuvant MPL, poly IC and CpG ODN 1826 presented higher antibody titers when compared to animals that received Alum, MDP, R837 and R848. We observed that mice immunized with gp140 in the presence of all adjuvants tested developed germinal center B cells and follicular helper T cells (TFH). We conclude that initial immunization with HIVBr18 is able to alter the quality of specific humoral and cellular immune responses.. Therefore, this formulation could be used in combination with other immunogens, such as gp140, to help/redirect the immune response. We also conclude that the adjuvants that are in clinical trials such as poly IC, MPL and CpG ODN 1826 may be able to induce stronger humoral and cellular response than CFA

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Grufman, Per. "T-cell competition as a mechanism for immunodominance and the role for IL-12 in CTL responses /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-356-2/.

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Morrison, Alan R. "Poly(ADP)-Ribose Polymerase Activity in the Eukaryotic Mono-ADP-Ribosyl Transferase, ART2: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2003. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/126.

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The glycophosphatidylinositol(GPI)-linked membrane protein ART2 is an antigenic determinant for T lymphocytes that regulate the expression of diabetes in the BB/W rat model. Though little is understood of the physiologic role of ART2 on T lymphocytes, ART2 is a member of the mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase subgroup ofthe ADP-ribosyl transferase (ART) protein family. The ART protein family, which traditionally has been divided into mono-ADP-ribosyl transferases (mono-ARTs), poly(ADP)-ribose polymerases (PARPs), and ADP-ribosyl cyclases, influences various aspects of cellular physiology including: apoptosis, DNA damage repair, chromatin remodeling, telomere replication, cellular transport, immune regulation, neuronal function, and bacterial virulence. A structural alignment of ART2.2 with chicken PARP indicated the potential for ART2.2 to catalyze ADP-ribose polymers in an activity thought to be specific to the PARP subgroup and important for their regulation of nuclear processes. Kinetic studies determined that the auto-ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of ART2.2 is multitmeric and heterogeneous in nature. Hydroxylamine-cleaved ADP-ribose moieties from the ART2.2 multimers ran as polymers on a modified sequencing gel, and digestion of the polymers with snake-venom phosphodiesterase produced AMP and the poly(ADP)ribose-specific product, PR-AMP, which was resolved by analytical HPLC and structurally confirmed by ESI-MS. The ratio of AMP to PR-AMP was higher than that of PARP raising the possibility that the ART2.2 polymers had a different branching structure than those of PARP. This alternative branching was confirmed by the presence of ribose phosphate polymers in the snake venom phophodiesterase treated samples. The site of the auto-poly(ADP)-ribose modification was determined to be R185, a residue previously proposed to influence the level of auto-ADP ribosylation of ART2.2 by mutational analysis. These data provide the first demonstration of a hybrid between mono-ARTs and PARPs and are the earliest indication that PARP-like enzymes can exist outside the nucleus and on the cell surface.

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Patel, Sarju Dilipkumar. "Analysis of myelin-reactive T lymphocyte function in models of multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3489.

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Immune tolerance to self antigens prevents the onset of autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). There are three branches of tolerance which allow the auto-aggressive potential of T lymphocytes to be limited; these are death, anergy-adaptation and regulation. The main body of this work attempts to clarify a role for adaptation in maintaining the sensitivity of the autoreactive T cell repertoire below a ‘threshold for harm’ in the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The well defined myelin basic protein (MBP) Ac1-9 epitope altered peptide ligand (APL) system has been used to develop a model allowing the examination of mechanisms underlying the adaptation of cells. Previous data showed immunisation with the 4Lys (wild-type) epitope mediated disease whereas a superagonist APL with a tyrosine substitution at position 4 (4Tyr) did not, despite showing potency in vitro. This was shown to be a result of both activation induced cell death and adaptation. Here an in vitro model was developed using MBP-reactive TCR transgenic cells to make predictions about the mechanisms underlying adaptation. These data lead to the conclusion that T cells can adapt (become less sensitive) either before or after encounter with the wild-type peptide, leading to a reversal of their pathogenic potential. The MBP APL system and MBP reactive transgenic cells were also used to assess the contribution of epitope spreading in a relapsing-remitting (RR) model of EAE induced with proteolipid protein. The cells were tracked and changes in phenotype and behaviour were monitored. The data show that disease induced with one antigen can be manipulated with cells relevant to a different antigen and that bystander suppression may be an effective weapon in controlling the progression to RR-EAE.

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Vollaro, Cindy M. "Definition of a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope of the Sin Nombre Hantavirus G2 Glycoprotein." Digital WPI, 1999. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1063.

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"Sin Nombre virus is a hantavirus first recognized in New Mexico in 1993. This virus is responsible for causing Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, an acute, life threatening illness characterized by pulmonary edema, capillary leaking, and extreme respiratory distress. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lines specific for Sin Nombre virus were isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a donor (NM3) who was naturally infected with the Sin Nombre virus, and has survived hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays showed that one of these cell lines, 10K, specifically recognizes a nine amino acid epitope, TAHGVGIIP (amino acids 664-672 of the precursor GPC protein), which is located in the G2 protein after cleavage. Another cell line, 10c27, specifically recognized an eight amino acid epitope, AHGVGIIP (amino acids 665-672 of the precursor GPC protein), located in the G2 protein after cleavage. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CTL assays, the recognition of these epitopes was shown to be restricted by the B35.01 Class 1 human leukocyte associated antigen (HLA) allele. This information will be useful in creating a vaccine for use in immunizing people against the Sin Nombre hantavirus, as well as elucidating the pathogenesis of this disease. "

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20

Walter, Steffen. "Unconventional T lymphocytes - recombinant MHC molecules pave the way." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11719721.

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21

Meraba, Rebone Leboreng. "Evaluating the predictive performance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope prediction tools using Elispot assay data." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27972.

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Computational T-cell epitope prediction tools have been previously devised to predict potential human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding peptides from protein sequences. These tools are complements of Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays - a very commonly applied immunological technique that is used both to identify regions of pathogen genomes that trigger an immune response and to characterize the relationships between an individual's complement of HLA alleles and the degree of immunity that they display. If computational tools could accurately predict HLA-peptide binding, then these tools might be useable as a cheap and reliable alternative to ELISpot assays. A web-based IFN γ ELISpot assay dataset sharing resource, called IMMUNO-SHARE, was developed to enable the simple and straightforward storage and dissemination amongst researchers of large volumes of IFN γ ELISpot assay data. Such experimental data was next used to make HLA-peptide binding predictions with four frequently used T-cell epitope prediction tools - netMHC 3.2, IEDB_ANN, IEDB_ARB Matrix and IEDB_SMM. The predictive performances of all four tools individually and collectively was statistically assessed using non-parametric Spearman rank-order correlation tests. It was found that none of the four tested tools yielded binding affinity predictions that were detectably correlated with the observed ELISpot data. High false positive rates, where high predicted binding affinities between peptides and patient HLAs corresponded in these patients with no appreciable immune responses, were apparent for all four of the tested methods. The low degree of correlation between ELISpot data and HLA-peptide binding predictions and in particular, high false positive rates and relatively low true positive and true negative rates, indicate that the four tested tools would require substantial improvement before they could be seen as a viable alternative to ELISpot assays. Given that the accuracy of predictions of each of the four methods tested is largely dependent on both the quantity and quality of known true binder and true non-binder datasets that were used to train the HLA-peptide binding prediction methods implemented by the tools, it is plausible that the accuracy of these tools could be increased with larger training datasets. Retraining either the current methods or the next generation of prediction tools would therefore be greatly facilitated by the availability of large quantities of publically available HLA-peptide binding interaction information. It is hoped that IMMUNO-SHARE or some other ELISpot data sharing resource could eventually meet this need.

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Hamrouni, Sarra. "Peptides multi-épitopiques d’intérêt vaccinal appliqués aux leishmanioses humaines." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT045.

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Les leishmanioses sont des maladies tropicales négligées ayant un impact important sur la santé humaine en raison de la fréquence et la gravité de certaines de leurs formes cliniques. En l'absence de vaccins à usage humain, la chimiothérapie constitue le moyen principal de lutte contre la leishmaniose, malgré tous ses inconvénients, à savoir, effets secondaires et résistance au traitement. La guérison est généralement associée à une protection contre une réinfection ce qui constitue un argument solide en faveur de la faisabilité d’un vaccin.Les vaccins peptidiques basés sur l'identification, in silico, d’épitopes T immunodominants capables d'induire des réponses immunitaires T spécifiques, présentent une stratégie prometteuse, en raison de leur spécificité, stabilité, facilité de production à grande échelle et leur faible coût.Notre objectif a été d’évaluer l’immunogénicité de peptides multi-épitopiques constitués d’épitopes T, affins à différents allèles du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité humain ou HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) de classe-I (HLA-I) ou -II (HLA-II). Ces épitopes ont été identifiés à partir des protéines Histone (H2B), Promastigote surface Antigen (PSA) et L. major large RABGTPase (LmLRAB), déjà décrites comme candidats vaccin contre la leishmaniose humaine ou animale. 12 peptides multi-épitopiques ont été conçus et utilisés sous forme de pools de peptides pour stimuler des PBMC issus d’individus guéris de leishmaniose cutanée. La production d'IFN-γ, d'IL-10, de TNF-α et de granzyme B (GrB), a été évaluée par ELISA ou CBA. La fréquence des cellules T productrices d'IFN-γ a été quantifiée par ELISpot. Les phénotypes des populations lymphocytaires T productrices de cytokines ainsi que les lymphocytes T mémoires ont été analysés par cytométrie en flux.Nous avons démontré que 16 parmi les 25 pools de peptides, contenant des peptides affins aux molécules HLA-I, HLA-II ou HLA-I et II, parmi les plus représentés dans la population mondiale, ont été capables d'induire des taux spécifiques et significatifs d'IFN-γ mais pas d’IL-10, chez les individus guéris de LC. 6 pools de peptides parmi ceux induisant les taux les plus élevés d'IFN-γ ont été sélectionnés afin de mieux caractériser leur réponse immunitaire. Nous avons démontré que certains d’entre eux ont été capables d’induire une augmentation significative des pourcentages de lymphocytes (i) TCD4+ et TCD8 + producteurs d’IFN-γ (ii) TCD4+ producteurs de GrB (iii) TCD4+ bifonctionnels, sécrétant de l’IFN-γ et du TNF-α et/ou du TNF-α et de l’IL-2 et (iv) TCD4+ et TCD8+ mémoires centraux.En conclusion, nous avons démontré que des peptides multi-épitopiques dérivés des protéines H2B, PSA et LmlRAB, ont été capables d’induire des réponses lymphocytaires TCD4+ et TCD8+ avec production de cytokines associées à la résistance contre l'infection par Leishmania. Nos résultats suggèrent que ces peptides pourraient être exploités, en tant que candidats vaccins contre la leishmaniose humaine
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with a significant impact on human health because of the frequency and the severity of some of their clinical forms. In the absence of effective human vaccines, chemotherapy remains the major tool for the control of leishmaniasis, despite serious side effects and resistance to treatment. Healing is associated with the development of a life-long immunity to infection, arguing for vaccine feasibility.Peptide vaccines based on in silico identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes able to induce T cell specific immune responses constitute a promising strategy because of their specificity, stability and large-scale production/low cost.Our purpose was to evaluate the immunogenicity of multi-epitope peptides composed of T cell epitopes with binding affinities to the most frequent human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) and -II (HLA-II) alleles. These epitopes were derived from Histone (H2B), Promastigote surface Antigen (PSA) and L. major large RABGTPase (LmLRAB) proteins, which were previously described as potential Leishmania candidate vaccines.12 multi-epitope peptides were designed and were used as peptide pools to stimulate PBMC from individuals with healed cutaneous leishmaniasis. IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and granzyme B (GrB) production was evaluated by ELISA or CBA. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot. T cells secreting cytokines as well as memory T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.We showed that 16 of 25 peptide pools containing HLA-I, HLA-II or both HLA-I and -II peptides were able to induce specific and significant IFN-γ but not IL-10 production. 6 peptide pools were selected among those inducing the highest levels of IFN-γ for further characterization. We showed that, some of them were able to induce a significant increase of the percentages of (i) both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ (ii) CD4+ T cells producing GrB (iii) bifunctional CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-γ+/TNF-α+ and/or TNF-α+/IL-2+ and (iv) CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells.In conclusion, we demonstrated that multi-epitope peptides derived from H2B, PSA and LmlRAB proteins were able to induce both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, both associated with protection against Leishmania infection, suggesting that they may be exploited as potential polytope vaccine candidates against human leishmaniasis

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23

Dadaglio, Gilles. "Lymphocytes t cytotoxiques specifiques du vih. Etude de l'activite cytotoxique chez un suivi de patients seropositifs. Definition moleculaire des epitopes t." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066452.

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Les lymphocytes t cytotoxiques cd8 et hla classe 1 restreints constituent une partie essentielle de la reponse immunitaire dirigee contre le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (vih), mais leur role durant l'infection reste encore inconnu. Dans un premier temps, le role protecteur eventuel des ctl specifiques du vih a ete etudie en considerant la reponse cytotoxique en fonction de l'evolution de la maladie. De fortes frequences de ctl anti-vih et de leurs precurseurs ont ete trouves chez des patients seropositifs, suggerant que le vih est tres immunogene. Lors de l'etude sequentielle, ces frequences diminuent fortement lorsque l'etat clinique des patients se deteriore, et pouvaient etre restaurees a court terme par un traitement a l'azt. Ces resultats suggerent que les ctl anti-vih ont un effet benefique sur l'evolution de la maladie. Dans un second temps, a l'aide de peptides synthetiques, six epitopes conserves dans la gp120 reconnus par des lignees polyclonales de ctl anti-vih en association avec la molecule hla-a2 ont ete identifies. Enfin, l'utilisation de peptides synthetiques a permis de montrer qu'un epitope pouvait persister in vivo malgre une activite cytotoxique detectee in vitro, indiquant que les ctl ne peuvent supprimer le virus lors de l'infection

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24

Ewins, David Laurence. "Characterisation of autoantigenic epitopes on thyroid peroxidase recognised by antibodies and T lymphocytes in autoimmune thryroid disease." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240770.

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Huseby, Eric Sigurd. "Helper and cytotoxic T cell responses specific for myelin basic protein /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8361.

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26

Wang, Xiaoting Z. "Organ-Dependent and Epitope-Dependent Repertoire Usage and Apoptosis of Antigen-Specific T Cells in Viral Infections: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/285.

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During virus infections, activation of CD8 T cells takes place in secondary lymphoid organs including spleen and lymph nodes. The kinetics of the T cell response in lymphoid tissues has been clearly studied. However, a large number of virus-specific T cells disseminate into various nonlymphoid tissues. As reservoirs for effector and memory cells, nonlymphoid organs play an important role for defending against infections. T cell responses in nonlymphoid organs may differ from lymphoid organs. T cell repertoire usage in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues was studied in an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected murine model. The hierarchy of CD8 T cell specificities was examined with cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) sodium 51 chromate (51Cr) release assays and intracellular interferon (IFN)γ assays. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire usage was determined by complementarity determining region (CDR)3 length spectratyping analysis. Both T cell specificity and TCR repertoire usage revealed some similarities and differences between several organs. Within an epitope-specific CD8 T cell population, the TCR repertoire usage was similar in different organs of the same mouse, but highly heterogeneous between individual mice with genetically identical backgrounds. A very restricted CD4 TCR repertoire was observed in BALB/c mice after secondary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Most of the CD4 T cells of BALB/c mice pre-immunized with RSV glycoprotein (GP) predominantly express Vβ14 TCR with discrete oligoclonal CDR3 regions. Depletion of Vβ14 CD4 T cells dramatically reduced immunopathology. The apoptotic phenotype of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells was studied in various lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues during acute and memory stages of infections. Peripheral tissues (peritoneal cavity (PEC), fat pad, and lung) reacted with a much lower frequency with the early apoptotic marker Annexin V than those in spleen and lymph nodes. This was not due to a TCR-based selection because similar TCR spectratypes were seen in different organs. Activated lymphoid and nonlymphoid T cells from LCMV GP33 transgenic mice, which have identical TCR α and β chains on all T cells, had differential Annexin V binding. When incubated shortly in vitro, most Annexin V+ T cells rapidly fragmented their DNA and became terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling positive (TUNEL+), while much fewer Annexin V- cells became TUNEL+. Therefore, those Annexin-V+ cells were truly in a pre-apoptotic stage. The differential spontaneous apoptosis in different tissues is independent of several death/survival-related molecules, including Fas/Fas ligand (FasL), turner necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL-15), perforin, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and independent of virus tropism. I further investigated the significance of the high Annexin V reactivity of lymphoid T cells. Pre-apoptotic cells were prevented from fragmenting their DNA by anti-CD3 or IL-2 stimulation in vitro. However, this pre-apoptotic phenotype precluded generation of memory. Annexin V reactive cells did not give rise to long-lived memory after being transferred into naïve hosts. The pre-apoptotic phenotype is also an intrinsic property of the epitope. Different proportions of apoptotic cells were found in LCMV effector and, memory T cells specific to two different epitopes, nucleoprotein (NP)396 and GP33. Higher Annexin V reactivity of NP396-specific CD8 T cells was independent of virus tropism and duration of encounter with antigen. Higher expression of IL-7R was found in peripheral, Annexin V- and GP33-specific CD8 T cells, indicating that IL-7-dependent signals may inhibit apoptosis. Nonlymphoid T cells were more resistant than lymphoid T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD). When stimulated with anti-CD3 in vitro for 40 hours (hr), a significantly reduced number of splenic transgenic T cells were recovered with much higher frequency of Annexin V reactivity and TUNEL staining than transgenic T cells from PEC. Consistent with the finding that Fas and FasL regulates AICD, a much lower expression of Fas and FasL was observed in PEC and lung transgenic T cells than spleen and lymph nodes after short time stimulation. FasL blockage largely increased cell-number recovery and reduced Annexin V and TUNEL staining of spleen transgenic T cells. Interestingly, the leukocyte environment played an important role of deciding the fate of transgenic T cells. When placing activated spleen transgenic T cells with excess infected PEC cells, spleen transgenic cells rapidly reduced their Annexin V staining and TUNEL staining and were recovered with greater number after stimulation. Vice versa, PEC transgenic T cells became Annexin V and TUNEL positive with lower numbers of cells recovered when placed with excess splenocytes. Less detection of Annexin V+ cells in peripheral tissues was not due to rapid phagocytosis by macrophages, because Cytochalasin D, which can inhibit phagocytosis, did not induce equal amount of pre-apoptotic cells in spleen and PEC. This reduced death in the periphery may contribute to the long-term maintenance of nondividing nonlymphoid memory T cells, enabling them to efficiently function without being driven into apoptosis. Overall, this study characterizes in detail the different T cell repertoire usage and apoptosis of virus-specific T cells based on their organ localization and specificities and helps to better understand T cell immunity after infections and vaccine design.

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Muller, Natalie Guida. "Identificação de epitopos da protease de HIV-1 alvos de respostas de células T CD4+ em pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-05032010-170301/.

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Introdução: Uma proporção significante de pacientes infectados por HIV-1 (pacientes HIV-1+) tratados com inibidores de protease (IPs) desenvolve mutações de resistência. Estudos recentes têm mostrado que células T CD8+ de pacientes HIV- 1+ reconhecem epitopos de Pol incluindo mutações selecionadas por drogas. Nenhum epitopo CD4+ da protease foi descrito na base de dados de Los Alamos. Objetivo: Considerando que a protease de HIV-1 é alvo de terapia antiretroviral e que essa pressão pode selecionar mutações, nós investigamos se mutações selecionadas por IPs afetariam o reconhecimento de epitopos da protease de HIV-1 por células T CD4+ em pacientes tratados com IPs. Nós investigamos o reconhecimento de três regiões da protease preditas de conter epitopos de células T CD4+ bem como mutações induzidas por IPs por células T CD4+ em pacientes HIV- 1+ tratados com IPs. Materiais e Métodos: Quarenta pacientes HIV-1+ tratados com IPs foram incluídos (30 em uso de Lopinavir/ritonavir, 9 em uso de Atazanavir/Ritonavir e 1 em uso exclusivo de Atazanavir). Para cada paciente determinou-se a seqüência endógena da protease de HIV-1, genotipagem viral e tipagem HLA classe II. Utilizamos o algoritmo TEPITOPE para selecionar peptídeos promíscuos, ligadores de múltiplas moléculas HLA-DR, codificando as três regiões da protease de HIV-1 cepa HXB2 (HXB2 4-23, 45-64, e 76-95) e 32 peptídeos adicionais contidos nas mesmas regiões incorporando as mutações induzidas por IPs mais freqüentes no Brasil. Os 35 peptídeos foram sintetizados. Respostas proliferativas de células T CD4+ e CD8+ aos peptídeos foram determinadas por ensaios de proliferação com diluição do corante CFSE. Ensaios de ligação a alelos HLA classe II foram realizados para confirmar a promiscuidade desses peptídeos e avaliar a habilidade de se ligarem a moléculas HLA presentes em cada paciente. Resultados: Todos os peptídeos foram reconhecidos por pelo menos um paciente e respostas proliferativas de células T CD4+ e CD8+ a pelo menos um peptídeo da protease de HIV-1 foram encontradas em 78% e 75% dos pacientes, respectivamente. A terceira região (Protease 76 95) foi a mais freqüentemente reconhecida. Ao compararmos as respostas de células T às seqüências da protease do HIV-1 endógeno, observamos que a maioria dos pacientes não foi capaz de reconhecer peptídeos idênticos às essas seqüências, porém reconheceram peptídeos variantes diferentes das mesmas regiões. Apenas sete pacientes responderam às seqüências endógenas. Verificamos que diversos peptídeos endógenos que não foram reconhecidos apresentaram ausência de ligação a alelos HLA portados por estes pacientes, sugerindo que mutações selecionadas por pressão imune tenham levado ao escape de apresentação de antígeno e evasão de resposta de linfócitos T CD4+. Alternativamente, isso poderia ser explicado pela presença de um vírus replicante distinto presente no plasma uma vez que somente foram obtidas seqüências provirais. Conclusão: Epitopos selvagens e mutantes da protease do HIV-1 reconhecidos por células T CD4+ foram identificados. Também verificamos que a maior parte dos pacientes não reconheceu as seqüências da protease endógena enquanto que reconheceram seqüências variantes. O reconhecimento de seqüências não-endógenas poderia ser hipoteticamente conseqüência de alvo de populações HIV-1 minoritárias; protease de HERV que contém regiões de similaridade com a protease do HIV-1; ou seqüências de HIV-1 presentes apenas em parceiros virêmicos. A falha de reconhecimento de seqüências endógenas seria mais provável devido ao escape imune, do que ao nível de apresentação ou reconhecimento por células T. Isso implica em uma conseqüência patofisiológica na evasão de respostas de células T contra a protease de HIV-1 e no fato de ser tradicionalmente considerada uma proteína pouco antigênica
Introduction: A significant proportion of protease inhibitor (PI)-treated HIV-1 infected (HIV-1+) patients develop resistance mutations. Recent studies have shown that CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 patients can recognize antiretroviral drug-induced mutant Pol epitopes. No HIV-1 protease CD4 epitopes are described in the Los Alamos database. Aims: Given that the protease of HIV-1 is a target of antiretroviral therapy and this pressure may lead to the selection of mutations, we investigated whether PI-induced mutations affect the recognition of HIV-1 protease epitopes by CD4 + T cells in PI-treated patients. We investigated the recognition of three protease regions predicted to harbor CD4+ T cell epitopes as well as PI-induced mutations by CD4+ T cells of PI-treated HIV-1+ patients. Methods: Forty PI-treated HIV-1+ patients were included (30 undergoing Lopinavir/ritonavir, 9 undergoing Atazanavir/ritonavir and 1 undergoing exclusively Atazanavir treatment). For each patients, the endogenous HIV-1 protease sequence, viral genotype and HLA class II typing were determined. We used the TEPITOPE algorithm to select promiscuous, multiple HLA-DR-binding peptides encoding 3 regions of HIV-1 HXB2 strain protease (HXB2 4-23, 45-64, and 76-95) and 32 additional peptides contained in the same regions, but encompassing the most frequent PI-induced mutations in Brazil. The 35 peptides were thus synthesized. Proliferative responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against peptides were determined by the CFSE dilution assay. HLA class II binding assays were made to confirm the promiscuity of these peptides and evaluate their ability to bind the HLA molecules carried by each patient. Results: All tested peptides were recognized by at least one patient and proliferative responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against at least one HIV-1 protease peptide were found in 78% and 75% patients, respectively. The third region (Protease 76-95) was the most frequently recognized. By comparing T-cell responses to HIV-1 endogenous protease sequences, we found that most patients failed to recognize identical peptides of those sequences, but recognized different variant peptides of the same region. Only seven patients responded to endogenous sequences. We found that several endogenous peptides that failed to be recognized showed no binding to the HLA alleles carried by that given patient, suggesting that mutations selected by immune pressure have led to escape of antigen presentation, as well as direct escape of the CD4+ T cell response. Alternatively, it could have been due to the presence of a different replicating virus in the plasma-since we only obtained proviral sequences. Conclusion: Wild-type and mutant HIV-1 protease epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells were identified. We also found that most patients failed to recognize their endogenous protease sequences, while they recognized variant sequences. The recognition of non-endogenous sequences could hypothetically be a consequence of targeting a minor HIV-1 population; HERV protease, that contains regions of similarity with HIV-1 protease; or HIV-1 sequences present only in viremic partners. The failure to recognize endogenous sequences is most likely due to immune escape, either at the level of presentation or direct T cell recognition. This may have a pathophysiological consequence on evasion of T cell responses against protease and the fact that it has been considered traditionally a poorly antigenic HIV-1 protein.

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Hourigan, Christopher S. "The molecular basis of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the Epstein Barr virus epitome FLRGRAYGL." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400139.

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Toma, Andréa. "Reconnaissance de la préproinsuline humaine par les lymphocytes T HLA Classe I restreints dans le cadre du diabète autoimmun chez l'homme et chez les souris trangéniques HLA-A*0201." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066761.

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La préproinsuline est un autoantigène clé dans le diabète de type 1, maladie autoimmune médiée chez l’homme par les lymphocytes T CD8+. Le modèle de la souris NOD ne permet pas d’expliquer entièrement le développement de la maladie humaine. Nous nous sommes proposé d’étudier la reconnaissance de la préproinsuline dans le cadre de la présentation antigénique Classe I restreinte. Nous avons montré que des peptides de 8 à 11 acides aminés provenant de la préproinsuline humaine, obtenus par digestion par le protéasome 20S in vitro, sont reconnus par les PBMC du sang périphérique de sujets diabétiques. Nous avons utilisé un modèle murin humanisé constitué de souris transgéniques HHD HLA-A2. 1 pour démontrer que ces peptides sont immunogènes in vivo en utilisant des cibles transfectées avec le gène de l’insuline humaine. Chez la souris, ces peptides ont induit une réponse cytotoxique spécifique de la part des cellules T CD8+ spléniques. Chez les patients diabétiques de type 1, nous avons mis en évidence une réponse IFNγ spécifique dans le sang périphérique en réponse à ces peptides, réponse multi-épitopique chez la plupart des patients. En utilisant des tetrameres HLA-A2, nous avons montré que les cellules effectrices sécrétant de l’IFNγ en réponse à un peptide spécifique sont des cellules T CD8+. Nous avons ainsi décrit, pour la première fois, des épitopes T CD8+ au sein de la préproinsuline humaine, immunogènes ex vivo chez les patients diabétiques. Ces peptides ont été validés pour la présentation Classe I restreinte et pour leur immunogénicité in vivo en utilisant le modèle murin HHD HLA-A2. 1

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FERRIES, ESTELLE. "Etude de la reponse immunitaire dirigee contre l'antigene de tumeur p53 et des mecanismes de generation des epitopes cibles de lymphocytes t cd8+." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066090.

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La p53 est un facteur de transcription implique dans la repression des processus de transformation cellulaire. Suite a des mutations du gene p53 ou des interactions avec des proto-oncogenes, la p53 peut etre inactivee dans les cellules tumorales de nombreux patients (environ 50% des cancers humains). La structure et le niveau d'expression de la p53 sont alors modifies, ce qui peut donner lieu a une reponse immunitaire humorale et cellulaire. La p53 devient alors une cible potentiellement utilisable en immunotherapie. Nos objectifs principaux ont ete l'identification de nouveaux epitopes t cd8+ de la p53 et l'etude de la capacite des cellules tumorales a generer ces epitopes. La premiere partie de nos travaux a ete consacree a l'identification de peptides capables de se lier a un large eventail de molecules hla. Afin d'evaluer le potentiel immunogene de ces peptides, nous avons teste leur capacite a stimuler des lymphocytes t issus du sang peripherique de patients porteurs de tumeurs de la vessie. Cela nous a permis de proposer plusieurs nouveaux epitopes t cd8+ issus de la p53. Ces peptides sont a present utilises pour realiser le suivi longitudinal de la reponse immunitaire de ces patients. Enfin, nous avons etudie les capacites de degradation de cellules tumorales. Grace a l'analyse des produits de coupure du peptide p53 147-169, nous avons montre que les cellules tumorales ont l'equipement enzymatique necessaire a la generation de plusieurs epitopes t cd8+ de la p53. L'ensemble des resultats presentes montre, d'une part, l'existence d'un repertoire t residuel vis-a-vis de la p53 dans le sang peripherique, et d'autre part, la presence de plusieurs regions multi-epitopiques dans la sequence de cette derniere, qui pourraient etre utilisees dans une strategie d'immunotherapie. Une autre perspective majeure de ce travail est la caracterisation phenotypique et fonctionnelle de ce repertoire t anti-p53 et des effecteurs presents au site de la tumeur.

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Gilardin, Laurent. "Identification des épitopes T d’ADAMTS13 chez les patients atteints de Purpura Thrombotique Thrombocytopénique The ADAMTS13¹²³⁹-¹²⁵³ peptide is a dominant HLA-DR1-restricted CD4⁺ T-cell epitope Purpura Thrombotique Thrombocytopénique : physiopathologie, clinique, pronostic et traitement In silico calculated affinity of FVIII-derived peptides for HLA class II alleles predicts inhibitor development in haemophilia A patients with missense mutations in the F8 gene In silico prediction of immuno-dominant T-cell epitopes on human therapeutic factor VIII Predictive immunogenicity of Refacto AF Complement C3 is a novel modulator of the anti-factor VIII immune response Anti-ADAMTS13 Autoantibodies against Cryptic Epitopes in Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS520.

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Le purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique (PTT) est une maladie autoimmune rare et grave caractérisée par la présence d’anticorps dirigés contre ADAMTS13 (A13), une protéase impliquée dans l’hémostase primaire. L’implication des lymphocytes T CD4⁺ spécifiques d’ADAMTS13, dans la physiopathologie de la maladie est suggérée par une restriction pour l’haplotype HLA-DRB1*11 (DR11), l’isotype IgG des anticorps. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à identifier les épitopes T d’A13. Tout d’abord, nous avons sélectionné in silico les peptides d’A13 susceptibles d’être présentés par les molécules HLA-DR11. Ensuite, l’étude de la liaison de ces peptides à des molécules HLA-DR11 par des tests ELISA compétitifs a permis d’identifier les peptides les plus affins. Enfin, nous avons déterminé les peptides d’ADAMTS13 reconnus par les lymphocytes T CD4⁺ de donneurs sains et de patients porteurs de l’haplotype DR11. Ces travaux ont également été reproduits pour l’haplotype HLA-DR1 et dans un modèle murin de souris transgéniques humanisées exprimant l’haplotype HLA-DR1. Les résultats de ce travail nous permettent d’envisager d’isoler des lymphocytes T CD4⁺ spécifiques d’ADAMTS13 chez les patients afin de mieux les caractériser aux différents stades de la maladie et de suivre leur évolution sous traitement dans le but de mieux anticiper les rechutes
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare and severe disease characterized by auto-antibodies directed against ADAMTS13 (A13), a plasmatic protein involved in haemostasis. The implication of CD4⁺ T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease is suggested by the existence of a restriction to particular HLA-DR alleles and by the IgG isotype of the antibodies. In this study, we wished to determine the T cell epitopes of A13. First, we selected in silico the immunodominant peptides, based on their binding capacity to HLA-DR11 molecules. Second, their binding capacity to purified HLA-DR11 molecules using a ELISA competitive assay led us to identify the best binder peptides. Finally, we determined the peptides recognized by human CD4⁺ T cells from DR11 healthy donors and patients. These results were reproduced for the HLA-DR1 haplotype and in a transgenic humanized HLA-DR1 mouse model. In a perspective point of view, our results will allow us to further isolate the specific CD4⁺ T cells in order to characterize them at different steps of the disease and during follow-up to better anticipate relapses

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Chevaleyre, Claire. "Étude de la réponse en lymphocytes T CD4+ dirigée contre l’antigène tumoral Cycline B1." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T087.

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De nombreux antigènes de tumeur ont été identifiés depuis la découverte du premier antigène de tumeur humain il y a une vingtaine d’années, et plusieurs d’entre eux ont été utilisés comme antigène cible pour l’élaboration de vaccins thérapeutiques anti-Cancer. Cependant, les résultats des essais cliniques visant à évaluer l’efficacité de ces vaccins se sont la plupart du temps révélés décevants. Aussi, il reste indispensable d’identifier de nouveaux antigènes de tumeur cibles capables d’induire des réponses anti-Tumorales fortes et durables. Parmi les antigènes de tumeur considérés comme cibles potentielles pour un vaccin anti-Tumoral se trouve la Cycline B1, une protéine endogène impliquée dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire. Normalement exprimée de façon transitoire dans les cellules saines en division, cette protéine est surexprimée dans diverses tumeurs et est indispensable au développement tumoral. De plus, des réponses immunitaires spontanées spécifiques de cette protéine ont été observées chez des patients atteints de cancer. L’objectif de ma thèse était de caractériser la réponse en lymphocytes T CD4+, qui jouent un rôle capital dans la réponse immunitaire anti-Tumorale, spécifique de la Cycline B1 humaine chez des sujets sains et chez des patients atteints de cancer. Nous avons mis en évidence l’existence, chez des individus sains, de deux populations de lymphocytes T CD4+ préexistants spécifiques de cette protéine, à savoir des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs et des lymphocytes T CD4+ mémoires, cette seconde population lymphocytaire se retrouvant également chez des patients atteints de cancer. De multiples épitopes T CD4+ ont été identifiés dans cette protéine, et étaient différemment reconnus par ces deux populations de lymphocytes T CD4+. En outre, des anticorps IgG anti-Cycline B1 ont été détectés chez des patients atteints de cancer comme chez des individus sains, sans différence significative dans les taux d’anticorps entre ces deux catégories de sujets. Ainsi, cette étude montre que la Cycline B1 est un antigène de tumeur caractérisé par un profil singulier de réponses immunitaires, et confirme le potentiel vaccinal de cette protéine pour l’élaboration d’un vaccin anti-Cancer
Many tumor antigens have been identified since the discovery of the first human antigen about twenty years ago, and some of them have been used as targets for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. However, most of the time, the results of clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of these vaccines proved to be disappointing. Thus, it is still necessary to identify new tumor antigens able to induce strong and long-Lasting anti-Tumor responses that could be used as targets for cancer vaccine. Cyclin B1, an endogenous protein involved in cell cycle regulation, is one of the tumor antigens which are currently considered as potential targets for a cancer vaccine. Usually expressed transiently in healthy dividing cells, this protein is overexpressed in numerous tumors and is necessary for tumor development. Moreover, Cyclin B1 specific spontaneaous immune responses have been observed in cancer patients. My PhD work aimed at characterizing the response of CD4+ T cells, which play a major role in anti-Tumor immune responses, specific to human Cyclin B1 both in healthy individuals and cancer patients. We showed that, in healthy individuals, there exists two pre-Existing Cyclin B1 specific CD4+ T cell populations, namely naive CD4+ T cells and memory CD4+ T cells, the latter lymphocyte population being also found in cancer patients. Multiple CD4+ T cell epitopes have been identified in this protein, and were differently recognized by these two CD4+ T cell populations. Besides, anti-Cyclin B1 IgG antibodies have been detected both in healthy individuals and in cancer patients, without significant differences in antibody levels between these two groups of donors. Therefore, this work shows that Cyclin B1 is a tumor antigen characterized by a singular pattern of immune responses, and confirms the potential of this protein as a target for a cancer vaccine

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Paciello, Maurício Oviedo. "Avaliação da resposta imunológica de uma formulação vacinal contra leishmaniose visceral constituída de peptídeos sintéticos da gp63 de leishmania major com predição para MHC-I/MHC-II." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/439.

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A leishmaniose é considerada como uma das seis endemias prioritárias no mundo. Sua gravidade vai depender da espécie contaminante, podendo variar de uma lesão cutânea relativamente branda a uma infecção visceral que pode ser fatal na ausência de tratamento. Atualmente, um dos grandes desafios encontrados nos estudos acerca da crescente urbanização da leishmaniose visceral (LV), é o desenvolvimento de vacinas com elevada eficácia para induzir proteção contra infecção por Leishmania. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta imune humoral e celular de uma nova formulação vacinal contra a leishmaniose visceral (VL) usando hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) como modelo experimental. A formulação vacinal foi constituída por dois peptídeos sintéticos da protease gp63 na Leishmania major com alta predição de MHC-I e II. A preparação dos peptídeos teve início com a sua predição, utilizando o software SYFPEITHI, seguida da sintetize química destes, usando a metodologia de fase sólida, segundo o protocolo padrão de Merrifield (1963). A purificação e identificação dos peptídeos foi realizada por meio de cromatografia liquida sob condições de baixa pressão. Nove animais com idade de 4-8 semanas foram selecionados de forma aleatória e dividos em três grupos experimentais: o grupo controle, o grupo imunizado com o adjuvante montanide (ISA) e o grupo imunizado com a associação dos peptideos + ajuvante Montanide (Pep+ISA), cada grupo contendo três animais. Os inóculos dos diferentes grupos experimentais foram administrados via subcutânea em três doses vacinais em intervalos de 14 dias. O grupo controle recebeu 100 μL de solução salina estéril a 0,85%, o grupo ISA recebeu 30 μL do adjuvante oleoso Montanide ISA-61VG diluído em 70 μL de solução salina 0,85% e o grupo Pep+ISA recebeu 30 μL do peptídeo MHC-I + 30 μL do peptídeo MHC-II, emulsionados em 30 μL do adjuvante Montanide ISA-61VG e diluídos em 10 μL de solução salina 0,85%. Seis dias após a última dose da vacina, os animais foram sedados com Clortamina® (50 mg/mL) por via intraperitoneal e o sangue coletado para prosseguir com as análises hematológicas, bioquímicas e sorológica. Após 205 dias da última dose vacinal, os animais foram eutanasiados e seus baços coletados para avaliação da resposta linfoproliferativa. Os resultados bioquímicos demostraram que a composição vacinal não teve ação tóxica, apresentando níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina e das enzimas hepatocelulares dentro das taxas normalidade do funcionamento renal e hepático. A formulação vacinal também exibiu níveis significativos de anticorpos e a existência de memória imunológica, evidenciada pelo aumento da atividade linfoproliferativa nas culturas de esplenócitos, quando comparado o grupo que recebeu a vacina com os demais grupos experimentais.
Leishmaniasis is considered one of the six endemics priority in the world. Its severity will depend on the contaminating species, and may range from a relatively mild cutaneous lesion to a visceral infection that can be fatal in the absence of treatment. Now a days, one of the major challenges encountered in studies of the increasing urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the development of highly effective vaccines to induce protection against Leishmania infection. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response of a new vaccine formulation against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model. The vaccine formulation consists of two synthetic peptides of the gp63 protease in Leishmania major with high prediction of MHC-I and II. The preparation of the peptides started with their prediction, using SYFPEITHI software, followed by their chemical synthesis, using the solid phase methodology, according to the standard protocol of Merrifield (1963). The peptides’ purification and identification of th was performed by liquid chromatography under low pressure conditions. Nine animals aged 4-8 weeks were randomly selected and divided into three experimental groups: the control group, the group immunized with the adjuvant montanide (ISA) and the group immunized with peptide + adjuvant montanide association (Pep + ISA), each group containing three animals. Inoculations of the different experimental groups were administered subcutaneously at three vaccine doses at 14 day intervals. The control group received 100 μL of 0.85% sterile saline, the ISA group received 30 μL of the Montanide ISA-61VG oily adjuvant diluted in 70 μL of 0.85% saline and the Pep + ISA group received 30 μL of the MHC-I peptide + 30 μL of the MHC-II peptide, emulsified in 30 μL of the Montanide ISA-61VG adjuvant and diluted in 10 μL of 0.85% saline solution. Six days after the last vaccine dose, the animals were sedated with Chlortamine® (50 mg / mL) intraperitoneally and the blood collected to proceed with hematological, biochemical and serological analyzes. After 205 days of the last vaccine dose, the animals were euthanized and their spleens collected for evaluation of the lymphoproliferative response. The biochemical results showed that the vaccine composition had no toxic action, presenting serum levels of urea, creatinine and hepatocellular enzymes within the normal range for renal and hepatic functioning. The vaccine formulation also showed significant levels of antibodies and the existence of immunological memory evidenced by the increase in lymphoproliferative activity in splenocyte cultures, when compared to the group that received the vaccine with the other experimental groups.

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Azam, Aurélien. "Etude de la réponse des lymphocytes T spécifiques de l’hormone humaine H2-relaxine et de modifications non-naturelles : perspectives pour la réduction de l’immunogénicité des protéines et peptides thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS140/document.

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Ce projet a accompagné le développement pré-clinique de l'hormone humaine Relaxine-2 (Rln2) ayant induit des anticorps durant des essais cliniques, il est axée autour de 2 problématiques : (1) comprendre son immunogénicité, (2) étudier l’impact de modifications chimiques sur l’immunogénicité afin d'augmenter sa stabilité.Compte tenu du rôle des lymphocytes T CD4 dans les réponses immunitaires, la fréquence de cellules T spécifiques de la Rln2 dans un large panel de donneurs sains a été estimée et a permis d’expliquer le développement d’anticorps anti-Rln2. La cartographie des épitopes T a ensuite identifié les zones portant son immunogénicité. Puis, 6 modifications chimiques (acide aminé D, acide aminé isobutyrique, peptoïde, N-méthylation, C-méthylation et réduction de la liaison peptidique) utilisées pour augmenter la demi-vie ont été introduites à la plupart des positions d’un peptide hautement immunogène. La reconnaissance par des cellules T, la liaison aux molécules de présentation et la capacité à induire des lymphocytes T CD4 ont été étudiées pour les peptides analogues modifiés. La plupart des modifications se sont révélées être très efficaces pour minimiser les propriétés immunogéniques.Ce projet de thèse se situe donc à la croisée des chemins entre l’acquisition de connaissances nouvelles en immunologie et leur application dans des processus de conception et de gestion des risques de peptides thérapeutiques
This project has accompanied the pre-clinical development of the human hormone Relaxin-2 (Rln2) that induced antibodies during clinical trials, it focuses on two issues: (1) to understand its immunogenicity, (2) to study the impact of unnatural modifications on immunogenicity to increase its stability.Given the role of CD4 T-cells in immune responses, the frequency of Rln2-specific T-cells in a large panel of healthy donors was estimated, and explained the development of anti-Rln2 antibodies. The T epitope mapping then identified the areas responsible for its immunogenicity. Then, 6 unnatural modifications (D amino acid, amino isobutyric acid, peptoid, N-methylation, C-methylation & reduced peptide bond) used to increase the half-life were introduced at most positions of a highly immunogenic peptide. T-cell recognition, binding to HLA molecules and the ability to induce CD4 T-cells were studied for modified analog peptides. Most of the modifications were very effective in minimizing immunogenic properties.This thesis project is at the crossroads between the acquisition of new knowledge in immunology and its application in the process of design & risk management of therapeutic peptides

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Hulot, Sandrine. "Reconnaissance de variants d'un épitope viral par des lymphocytes T CD8+ induits par la vaccination de singes rhésus." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598370.

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La diversité génétique du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, le VIH-1 responsable de la pandémie du SIDA, représente un challenge dans le développement d'un vaccin qui doit conférer une protection contre différentes formes du virus pour être efficace. L'identification de populations de lymphocytes T CD8+ (CTL) capables de reconnaître des variants peptidiques d'un épitope est donc une étape importante. Dans le modèle singes rhésus, j'ai montré en utilisant des tétramères spécifiques de 9 variants peptidiques d'un épitope qu'une même population de CTL générés par la vaccination, peut reconnaître l'épitope relatif à l'immunogène et un certain nombre de ses variants provenant de diverses formes du VIH-1. Ces études ont également permis de caractériser les populations de CTL spécifiques de chaque variant de cet épitope en analysant l'expression des différents gènes codant pour la chaîne variable β du TCR (Vβ répertoire) et par un large séquençage des régions complémentaires déterminantes 3 (CDR3) du TCRβ. Ces travaux ont montré qu'une vaccination utilisant la séquence du clade C de l'enveloppe du VIH-1 conduit à des réponses divergentes chez 2 singes rhésus Mamu-A*01+. De plus, ces résultats ont mis en évidence que l'usage de certainβes nVe permet pas de déterminer le potentiel cross-réactif des CTL. Par ailleurs, une immunisation utilisant des séquences de l'enveloppe du clade B du VIH-1 peut générer des CTL capables de reconnaître un large nombre de variants de l'épitope testé. L'analyse de 8112 séquences CDR3 du TCRβ a permis de les caractériser. Cependant, les tests fonctionnels ont démontré que bon nombre de ces variants peptidiques stimulent une production suboptimale de cytokines par les CTL générés après vaccination. Ces résultats démontrent que la reconnaissance de variant peptidiques d'un épitope est nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour protéger contre différentes formes du VIH-1 exprimant ces séquences. L'identification de variants peptidiques capables d'induire une réponse fonctionnelle des CTL pourrait contribuer au développement d'un vaccin efficace contre le VIH-1.

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Bergmann, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Determination of quantitative peptide-binding motifs of four common equine MHC class I alleles, and identification of an equine herpesvirus type 1-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope / Tobias Bergmann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126505285/34.

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Kourjian, Georgio. "Effect of HIV antiretroviral drugs on antigen processing and epitope presentation by MHC-I to cytotoxic T cells." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ027/document.

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L’apprêtement antigénique par les protéases intracellulaires et la présentation des épitopes sont essentiels pour la reconnaissance des cellules infectées par les lymphocytes CD8+. Ici nous avons montré que certains inhibiteurs de la protéase de la VIH (IPs) modulent l’activité de la protéasome et aminopeptidase impliqué dans l’apprêtement antigénique endogène et l’activité cathepsins importante dans l’apprêtement croisée. Deux IPs agissent directement sur les cathepsins et leurs régulateurs en inhibant les activités kinase, NOX2 et en régulant le pH phagolysosomal. Les IPs ont changé la dégradation des protéines viral et la production des épitopes de façon séquence- et cellule-spécifique, ont altéré la présentation direct et croisée des épitopes, et ont partiellement changé l’auto-peptidome des cellules primaires. La modulation par les drogues de l’apprêtement et la présentation des épitopes peut fournir une approche thérapeutique alternative pour moduler la reconnaissance immunitaire
Antigen processing by intracellular proteases and peptidases and epitope presentation are critical for recognition of pathogen-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here we show that several HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) prescribed to HIV-infected persons variably modulate proteasome and aminopeptidase activities involved in endogenous antigen presentation and cathepsin activities involved in antigen cross-presentation. Two HIV PIs acted directly on cathepsins and on their regulators by inhibiting kinases, NOX2 and the regulation of phagolysosomal pH, subsequently enhancing cathepsin activities. HIV PIs modified HIV protein degradation and epitope production in a sequence- and cell-dependent manner, altered direct- and cross-presentation and T cell-mediated killing, and partly changed the self-peptidome of primary cells. Drug-induced modulation of antigen processing and peptidome may provide an alternate therapeutic approach to modulate immune recognition

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"Identification of T cell epitopes in the major shrimp allergen, Met e 1." 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893610.

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Kung, Wing Yee.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-115).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.ii
Acknowledgements --- p.vii
Table of contents --- p.ix
List of Tables --- p.xii
List of Figures --- p.xiii
List of Abbreviations --- p.xv
Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Food allergy and its prevalence --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Mechanism and clinical symptoms of food allergy --- p.6
Chapter 2.3 --- Tropomyosin as the major allergen in shellfish --- p.15
Chapter 2.4 --- Cross reactivity and epitope mapping of tropomyosin --- p.21
Chapter 2.5 --- Novel approaches for the treatment of food allergy --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Expression of shrimp recombinant tropomyosin and sensitization of mice --- p.36
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.36
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Recovery of E, coli with tropomyosin-carrying plasmid" --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of tropomyosin-carrying plasmid --- p.41
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Confirmation of DNA sequence of the tropomyosin --- p.41
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Identification of the recombinant protein --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Purification of the recombinant protein --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Sodium dedecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.7 --- Concentration measurement of the recombinant tropomyosin --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.8 --- Mice --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.9 --- Mice sensitization and challenging --- p.46
Chapter 3.2.10 --- Tropomyosin-specific IgE level in blood --- p.47
Chapter 3.2.11 --- Statistical analysis --- p.49
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.1 --- DNA sequence of the cloned tropomyosin --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Expression and purification of tropomyosin --- p.52
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Hypersensitivity symptoms after challenge --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Blood tropomyosin-specific IgE level --- p.53
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.62
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Identification of T cell epitopes --- p.67
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.67
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Soluble epitope peptide synthesis --- p.68
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Isolation of spleen cells from mice --- p.69
Chapter 4.2.3 --- T cell proliferation assay --- p.70
Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.71
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Splenocyte proliferation to synthetic peptide --- p.72
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Splenocyte proliferation to synthetic peptides pool --- p.72
Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.77
Chapter Chapter5 --- General conclusion --- p.89
References --- p.92

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Maness, Nicholas James. "AIDs virus specific T lymphocytes frequently target epitopes derived from novel translation events /." 2009. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Smidt, Werner. "In silico inference of immunological relationship between protein antigens based on their cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope repertoires." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25300.

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The importance of Cytotoxic T-Cell (CTL) reponses during the course of intracellular infections has received a lot of attention during the past few decades. CTLs respond to epitopes presented by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) originating from intracellular proteins for which they have an appropriate T-Cell Receptor (TCR) for. This response is crucial for the control of pathogens such as Influenza, Hepatitis, HIV and others by destroying the cell in which the pathogen replicates. Due to the extreme polymorphism of MHC molecules, Computational Immunology techniques have been developed to detect potential MHC ligands and as a consequence, potential CTL epitopes. The polymorphism factor needs to be taken into account especially when concerning the design of vaccines with a CTL response component to maximize population coverage. Tools have been constructed that combine the predictions tools concerning major steps in this pathway, that is, proteasomal cleavage, Transporter associated with Antigen Presentation (TAP) affinity, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) affinity and Immunogenicity. In this study, a novel method is developed to combine the different steps in the pathway, which includes the development of a novel TAP predictor. Furthermore, by using a BLOSUM-based score in conjunction with the epitope prediction results, a novel CTL epitopebased clustering method was developed. Two pathogens with major CTL epitope components, but vastly different mutation rates were chosen to infer whether the aforementioned methods can be used to detect potential CTL epitopes and group sequences together based on shared immunogenicity.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit
unrestricted

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Daigneault, Audrey. "Caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD4 spécifiques au VIH chez les donneurs non-infectés." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18889.

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Les réponses des cellules T CD4 (Thelper, TH) jouent un rôle clé dans l'immunité antivirale. Cependant, celles générées par l'infection au VIH et les vaccins candidats sont variables. Des données chez la souris et l'humain suggèrent que des réponses TH antivirales peuvent être générées avant l'exposition à l'antigène spécifique par réaction croisée avec d'autres microorganismes et influencer les réponses TH ultérieures. Les réponses TH au VIH chez des individus séronégatifs seront investiguées et comparées à celles de sujets infectés. Une haute prévalence de réponses TH prolifératives au VIH a été observée chez des sujets VIH-. Gag montre une légère prédominance sur les autres protéines du VIH Env, Nef et Pol (33% des donneurs VIH- ont une réponse contre Gag >1% par test CFSE), mais qui diffère de l’immunodominance observée chez les donneurs VIH+. Malgré les réponses prolifératives plus petites chez les donneurs VIH-, des lignées cellulaires de TH spécifiques pour Gag ou Env ont pu être générées. Un marquage intracellulaire a validé leur spécificité et leurs fonctions montrant des réponses dominées par l'expression de TNF et CD40L comparativement à celles dérivées de donneurs VIH+ produisant beaucoup d’IFN-γ. L’affinité antigénique varie chez les sujets VIH-, mais peut être améliorée chez certains donneurs en optimisant la présentation antigénique. Une cartographie d’épitopes pour Env gp41 à identifier des épitopes reconnus par les TH. Les résultats montrent la présence de TH spécifiques au VIH chez une proportion de donneurs séronégatifs. Ces cellules pourraient influencer le développement de réponses vaccinales et spécifique au VIH durant l’infection aiguë.
CD4+ T cell (Thelper, TH) responses play a key role in antiviral immunity. However, HIV-specific TH responses generated either by infection or by vaccine candidates are highly variable. Studies in mice and humans suggest that antiviral TH responses can be generated before exposure to the specific viral pathogen through cross-reactivity with other microorganisms These pre-existing responses may influence development of TH responses upon pathogen or immunogen exposure. We investigated HIV-specific TH responses in HIV-uninfected individuals (UD) and compared them to those of HIV-infected donors (HI). The prevalence of HIV-specific proliferative TH responses in UD was surprisingly high: 33% of UD had a robust Gag response >1% by CFSE assay. While Gag was more frequently targeted than the alternative HIV proteins Env, Nef and Pol, we did not observe the strong Gag immunodominance pattern seen in HI. Proliferative responses were overall lower in UD than HI, but strong expansion was occasionally observed. We derived Gag- and Env-specific short-term TH cell lines from UD and used intracellular staining to confirm their specificity and functions. TNF-α and CD40L dominated TH responses in UD lines, contrasting with HI lines that were robust IFN- producers. Functional affinity in UD was variable and could be improved in some subjects by optimization of antigen presentation. Gp41 epitope mapping identified peptides recognized by TH from UD. The results show that functional HIV-specific CD4 T cells exist in a substantial proportion of UD. Such pre-existing CD4 T cell could impact development of virus-specific TH responses at the time of acute HIV infection and influence responses to vaccine candidates.

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陳怡帆. "Cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitope peptide of hpv-16 e5 gene in c57bl/6 mice is identified and this peptide-based vaccination can regress tumor growth." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82675629263633908246.

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Chit, Fallah. "Les cadres de lectures alternatifs : une approche non-conventionnelle pour le développement de vecteurs vaccinaux." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9985.

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Introduction: Les cadres de lectures alternatifs (CLA) sont utilisés par de multiples virus afin de générer plusieurs protéines à partir d'une seule séquence nucléotidique. Les épitopes dits « cryptiques », c’est-à-dire les épitopes dérivés de protéines codées dans des CLAs, ont étés dernièrement l’objet de différentes études portant sur la réponse immunitaire antivirale et les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques. Méthodologie: Afin de vérifier le potentiel immunogène d'épitopes encodés dans des CLAs programmés, trois cassettes ont été construites pour mener à l'expression de trois épitopes bien caractérisés (épitope GAG77–85 du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1; épitope NS31406-1415 du virus de l'hépatite C; épitope core18-27 du virus de l'hépatite B) à partir de trois cadres de lectures superposés. La première cassette permet une initiation alternative de la traduction, la deuxième comprend deux signaux bipartites en tandem permettant un frameshift ribosomique et la troisième est une cassette contrôle. Ces éléments ont été introduits dans des vecteurs adénoviraux. Les virions générés ont servi à immuniser des souris C57BL/6 transgéniques pour HLA-A*0201 et HLA-DR1. La réponse immunitaire induite une semaine post-immunisation a été mesurée par essai ELISpot IFN . Résultats: Dans le contexte de cassettes vaccinales, les peptides dérivés d'une initiation alternative de traduction et de changement de cadre de lecture ribosomique ribosomal peuvent être exprimés et détectés par le système immunitaire dans un modèle animal. Conclusion: Ces expériences suggèrent la possibilité de développer de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales dans le but de prévenir ou de guérir certaines maladies associées aux infections virales chroniques telles que celles causées par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine et le virus de l’hépatite C.
Introduction: Alternative reading frames (ARFs) are used by multiple viruses in order to generate different proteins from a single nucleotide sequence. Cryptic epitopes, which comprise antigens derived from proteins encoded in ARFs, have recently been the focus of studies pertaining to antiviral immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Methodology: In order to verify the immunological potential of epitopes encoded in programmed ARFs, three cassettes were constructed to permit the expression of three welldescribed epitopes (GAG77–85 epitope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1; NS31406-1415 epitope of hepatitis C virus; core18-27 epitope of hepatitis B virus) from three overlapping reading frames. The first cassette permits alternative translation initiation, the second cassette includes signals inducing ribosomal frameshifting and the third cassette serves as a control. These elements were introduced into adenoviral vectors. Recombinant adenoviruses were used to immunize C57BL/6 transgenic mice expressing HLA-A*0201 and HLA-DR1. The immune response induced was measured one week following immunization using IFN ELISpot assays. Results: In the context of vaccine cassettes, peptides derived from alternative translation initiation and ribosomal frameshifting can be expressed and detected by the immune system in an animal model. Conclusion: These findings suggest the possibility of designing vaccination strategies in the hope of preventing or curing certain diseases associated with chronic viral infections, such as those caused by human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus.

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Doucet, Jean-Daniel. "Réponse cellulaire pan-spécifique : analyse de la présentation d’antigènes conservés du virus de l’influenza." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4928.

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Les méthodes de vaccination actuelles contre l’influenza, axées sur la réponse à anticorps dirigée contre des antigènes hautement variables, nécessitent la production d’un vaccin pour chaque nouvelle souche. Le défi est maintenant de stimuler simultanément une réponse cellulaire pan-spécifique ciblant des antigènes conservés du virus, tel que la protéine de la matrice (M1) ou la nucléoprotéine (NP). Or, la présentation antigénique de ces protéines est peu définie chez l’humain. Nous avons analysé la présentation endogène par les complexes majeurs d’histocompatibilité de classes (CMH)-I et -II de M1 et de NP. Ainsi, les protéines M1 et NP ont été exprimées dans des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs). Notamment, des épitopes de M1 et de NP endogènes peuvent être présentées par CMH-I et -II, ce qui résulte en une activation respectivement de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ précédemment isolés. Étant donné l’importance des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la réponse cellulaire, nous avons cloné M1 ou NP en fusion avec des séquences de la protéine gp100 permettant la mobilisation vers les compartiments du CMH-II sans affecter la présentation par CMH-I. Des CPAs exprimant de façon endogène ces constructions modifiées ou sauvages ont ensuite été utilisées pour stimuler in vitro des lymphocytes T humains dont la qualité a été évaluée selon la production de cytokines et la présence de molécules de surface (ELISA ou marquage de cytokines intracellulaire). Nous avons observé une expansion de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ effecteurs spécifiques sécrétant diverses cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IFN-γ, TNF, MIP-1β) dans des proportions comparables avec une présentation par CMH-II basale ou améliorée. Cette qualité indépendante du niveau de présentation endogène par CMH-II de M1 et de NP des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ suggère que cette présentation est suffisante à court terme. En outre, la présentation endogène de M1 et NP a permis de stimuler des lymphocytes T spécifiques à des épitopes conservés du virus, tel qu’identifié à l’aide une méthode d’identification originale basée sur des segments d’ARNm, « mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC) ». Ensemble, ces nouvelles connaissances sur la présentation antigénique de M1 et de NP pourraient servir à établir de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales pan-spécifiques contre l’influenza.
New vaccines targeting hyper-variable influenza determinants must be prepared against every new strain. The challenge is now to develop influenza vaccines also eliciting a strong and sustained cytotoxic response against highly-conserved determinants such as the matrix (M1) and nuclear (NP) proteins. However, their antigenic presentation properties in humans are less defined. We, therefore, analyzed major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)-I and -II presentation of endogenously processed M1 and NP in human antigen presenting cells (APCs). To do so, we used APCs endogenously-expressing the M1 and NP proteins. M1 and NP epitopes can be presented by MHC-I and -II, which results in the activation of previously-isolated antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Considering the importance of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the cellular immune response, we cloned M1 and NP proteins in fusion with gp100 MHC-II enhancing sequences, which do not disrupt MHC-I presentation. APCs expressing MHC-II-enhanced or wild type constructs were used to stimulate human T lymphocytes in vitro and quality of antigen presentation was evaluated on the basis of cytokine production and cell surface molecule expression (ELISA or intracellular cytokine staining). We expanded antigen-specific effector CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes which secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF and MIP-1β) to similar extents both with and without MHC-II enhancement. The quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes generated independent of the level of M1 and NP endogenous MHCII presentation suggests that this presentation is sufficient for short-term T lymphocyte stimulation. Thus, endogenous expression of M1 and NP have stimulated T lymphocytes specific to conserved influenza epitopes, as determined by an original identification technique based on mRNA segments called mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC). Overall, these new insights about T lymphocytes expanded following MHC-I and -II presentation of endogenous M1 and NP could prove useful for new complementary heterosubtypic vaccination strategies.

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Prokopová, Tereza. "In vitro test buněčné imunitní odpovědi pro diagnostiku Lymeské boreliózy." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367822.

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Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic disease affecting skin, joints, heart and central nervous system. The disease is caused by spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. These bacteria are spread by ticks of Ixodes genus. In 2016 there were almost 4,000 newly infected individuals reported in the Czech Republic. Contemporary serological diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis is not sensitive nor specific enough and does not even correlate with the pathology of the disease in the early or late phases. For the correct diagnosis of the disease it is necessary to detect the pathogen and its genotype. For this reason we had aimed at two goals. Through the digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) method we detected Borrelia-specific DNA and its genotype. The detection limit of borrelial DNA was set on gDNA samples isolated from the tick. Detection threshold for the initial amount of 1 ng of tick gDNA is at the range of 10-17 g of specific borrelial DNA. Borrelia spp. coinfection was detected in 5 out of 12 tested samples. The most frequent type was B. garinii which was detected in 5 samples. On the basis of published sequences for virulent factors we have designed specific primers in conserved regions of the genes flanking their variable segments to be PCR amplified. Gene variability will be monitored through...

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'T-Lymphocyte Epitopes'

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