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Journal articles on the topic 'T4 (Thyroxine) and (Thyroid stimulating hormone)'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Franklyn, J. A., D. B. Ramsden, and M. C. Sheppard. "The Influence of Age and Sex on Tests of Thyroid Function." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 22, no. 5 (1985): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200506.

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Serum concentrations of total thyroid hormones, thyroid hormone binding proteins, free thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in a large group of healthy normal subjects ( n = 218) to determine the influence of age and sex on tests of thyroid function. No effect of age on measurements of total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3) or reverse T3 was evident. Concentrations of free T4, free T3 and TSH were similarly unaffected, suggesting that increasing age alone does not significantly influence thyroid hormone measurements. There was, however, a rise in thyr

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2

Awadh Auda, Shaimaa, Eqbal Awadh Gatea, and Zainab Awaad Radhi. "Evaluation of thyroid autoimmunity markers in polycystic ovarian syndrome in women." Biomedicine 43, no. 3 (2023): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v43i3.2823.

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Introduction and Aim: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. PCOS also affects thyroid hormones, with multiple studies showing a link between autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and polycystic ovarian syndrome, although the exact pathophysiology of this interaction remains unknown. In this study the autoimmune thyroid indicators in women with PCOS were examined in order to demonstrate a link between polycystic ovarian syndrome and autoimmune thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: The study included 85 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) p

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3

Muller, A. F., A. Verhoeff, M. J. Mantel, F. H. de Jong, and A. Berghout. "Decrease of Free Thyroxine Levels after Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 2 (2000): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.2.6374.

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Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation could lead to opposing effects on thyroid function. Therefore, in a prospective study of 65 women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, thyroid hormones, T4-binding globulin, TPO antibodies, gonadotropins, estradiol, and PRL were measured before and after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. After ovarian stimulation (mean ± se of mean): free T4 decreased, 14.4 ± 0.2 vs. 12.9 ± 0.2 pmol/L (P &lt; 0.0001); thyroid-stimulating hormone increased, 2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 3.0 ± 0.4 mU/L (P &lt; 0.0001); T4-binding globulin increased, 25.2 ± 0.7 vs. 33.9 ±

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4

Taresh, Hashim Rahim, Rawaa Behlul Majhul Al-Fatlawi, and Salman Aziz Al-Juburi. "The Relation-Ship Between Anti-Thyroidal Peroxidise Antibodies (TPO-Abs) and Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4 and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH) among Patients of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD)." Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences 4, no. 3 (2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20143.2754.

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Objectives: This Study was designed to investigate the role of the auto antibodies against thyroid peroxidise (TPO-Abs) and thyroid Hormones (T3, T4, TSH) in pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD). Methodology: Blood parameters of (90) individual who were attended to hormonal center at AlSadder Medical City, in the period of January 2013 to June 2013 were measured, which includes Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and auto antibodies of thyroid peroxidise (TPO-Abs), the biostatic use difference between the maximum and minim

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5

Ollis, C. A., S. Tomlinson, and D. S. Munro. "Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins: Measurement and Clinical use." Clinical Science 69, no. 2 (1985): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0690113.

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Graves’ disease is the commonest form of hyperthyroidism in which excessive production of thyroid hormones by the hyperplastic overactive thyroid gland produces elevated serum levels of the thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Many of the manifestations of Graves’ disease, increased basal metabolic rate, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, sweating and nervousness, can be attributed to the peripheral actions of the excess thyroid hormones. The pathogenesis of many of the other dramatic features of Graves’ disease, such as the eye involvement or localized skin changes

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Chirag, Chadha, Jadhav Vikrant, Gugle Anil, and Agiwal Paresh. "Analytical Cross-Sectional Study of Thyroid Function Test among Psoriasis Cases and Comparative Group." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 12 (2023): 1401–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11202658.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Psoriasis is a chronically relapsing autoimmune skin disorder. It is characterised by complex alterations in epidermal growth and differentiation. Thyroid hormone plays a major role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones have hyper-proliferative effect on epidermis of skin. Evidences regarding thyroid abnormalities in psoriasis are limited by less number of studies and in-conclusive outcome. <strong>Objective: </strong>To detect thyroid hormone abnormality in cases of psoriasis disease.

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7

LEUNG, ALEXANDER K. C., and ROBERT G. MCARTHUR. "Hypothyroidism With Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Excess." Pediatrics 83, no. 1 (1989): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.1.147.

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We read the article by Alain and Zipf who reported a 4-year-old boy with elevated thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) level, elevated serum concentrations of both tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), short stature, delayed bone age, and an exaggerated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation. The child showed a marked improvement in growth with T3 therapy. In searching through the literature, we have come across a few more examples of TBG excess associated with hypothyroidism.

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Costigan, D. Colm, F. John Holland, Denis Daneman, Peter S. Hesslein, Michael Vogel, and Graham Ellis. "Amiodarone Therapy Effects on Childhood Thyroid Function." Pediatrics 77, no. 5 (1986): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.5.703.

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Thyroid function was systematically evaluated in 15 consecutive children (mean age 13.7 years, range 0.5 to 19.5 years) before and serially during treatment with amiodarone (Cordarone), a potent antiarrhythmic agent. Amiodarone is known to affect thyroid homeostasis by competitive inhibition of 5'-monodeiodinase, which converts l-thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) to 3,3'-diodothyronine (T2), and also by the direct effects of its high iodine content (37% by weight). Clinical and/or biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism occurred in three patients, two of whom required

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Khatimah, Husnul, Abdul Fandir, Reny Rahmawati, Andi Hardianti, and Nur Afia Amin. "Iodine, Cyanide, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Free Thyroxine Levels." Asian Journal of Healthcare Analytics 4, no. 1 (2025): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.55927/ajha.v4i1.14067.

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Nutrients that play an important role in the formation of thyroxin (T4, pro-hormone) and triiodotironim (T3, the active hormone) which are elements of the formation of thyroid hormone in thyroid follicle cells are iodine. However, iodine absorption is affected by goitrogen, one of which is cyanide. This study is an observational analytical study with a Cross Sectional design on 50 hyperthyroid patients undergoing treatment at the Magelang Health Research and Development Center. Intake data was obtained by the 2x24-hour recall method while TSH and FT4 data were obtained from laboratory examinat

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T. Al-Mofarji, Sarah, Hameed M. Jasim, and Sanad B. Mohammed. "Thyroid Hormones and Autoantibodies in Iraqi Hyperthyroid Patients." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 26, no. 2 (2023): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.26.2.09.

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Hyperthyroidism can be defined as the status of over production of thyroid hormones: tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) as a results of thyroid gland dysfunction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between the abnormalities of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and serum levels of thyroid auto-antibodies: anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) and anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TR-Ab) and the state of hyperthyroidism. Blood samples were collected from 75 Iraqi individualswere early diagnosed as hyperthyroidism patients in addition to 25 Iraqi individuals as

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Chatterjee, S., BP O'Malley, DE Price, AM Fielding, and R. Aitken. "Low but detectable serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in ambulant subjects not receiving thyroxine." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 40, no. 6 (2003): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/000456303770367225.

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Background: In laboratories employing 'front-line' sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement, it is generally accepted that a fully suppressed serum TSH concentration (third-generation assay) alongside normal serum concentrations of free thyroid hormones indicates subclinical hyperthyroidism. However, other explanations are often provided for low but detectable serum TSH concentrations, such as drug effects or non-thyroidal illness. Methods: We investigated 25 consecutive ambulant individuals, identified over an 18-month period as having low but not fully suppressed TSH concentra

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Khdayer Tuma Rotha. "Study the changing that happen in the concentration of thyroid hormones values in healthy persons of Wasit Province." Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine 8, no. 3 (2022): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/jwsm.280.

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The principal hormones of thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of age, gender of Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in normal healthy individuals were measure in healthy subject. Methods: Serum levels of T4, T3 and TSH in 534 normal healthy individuals belonging to different districts to Wasit Province, of deferent parts to the city center alkarama and al Zahra AL-Hai AL-Aziziya AL-Nomania Wasit, Iraq, were examined. Serum T4 , T3 and TSH were analyzed by enzyme linked im

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Pant, Dinesh Raj, and Pooja Kumari. "Effect of exogenously administered thyroid hormones on gonadotropin, thyrotropin and deiodinases encoding genes in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)." Environment Conservation Journal 24, no. 1 (2023): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.17222519.

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Thyroid hormones are known to regulate the basal metabolism rate of an organism. They are also known to regulate the seasonal reproduction of long-day breeding vertebrates in response to thyrotropin induced deiodinase enzymes switching in the brain. The current study attempted to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal administration of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormones at various doses on gonadal recrudescence, plasma estradiol-17β and quantitative expression analysis of genes encoding for gonadotropin, thyrotropin, and deiodinases. The estradiol-17β levels were not affecte

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Ogbe, SE, MU Kawu, KV Olorunshola, and AM Danborno. "Effect of Reproductive Status and Body Mass Index on Serum Concentrations of Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone in Women in Zaria, Northern Nigeria." J Med & Bas Sci Res 2, no. 2 (2021): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5809627.

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<strong>Background</strong>: Optimum thyroid hormones level is important for the well-being of the fetus and mother. Thyroid hormones disorders have negative impact on female reproduction resulting in reduced fertility and pregnancy morbidities. There is paucity of data on normal levels of circulating thyroid hormones in women of reproductive age in Zaria, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine reference values of serum thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormones and the influence of reproductive status and body mass index (BMI) on the reference values of thyroid hormones and thy

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15

Kantrowitz, Lawrence B., Mark E. Peterson, Lauren A. Trepanier, Carlos Melián, and Rhett Nichols. "Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with anticonvulsants." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, no. 12 (1999): 1804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.214.12.1804.

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Objective To determine whether administration of phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or both drugs concurrently was associated with abnormalities in baseline serum total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, or thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) concentrations in epileptic dogs. Design Prospective case series. Animals 78 dogs with seizure disorders that did not have any evidence of a thyroid disorder (55 treated with phenobarbital alone, 15 treated with phenobarbital and bromide, and 8 treated with bromide alone) and 150 clinically normal dogs that were not receiving any me

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16

Sojka, Janice E., M. A. Johnson, and G. D. Bottoms. "Serum triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, no. 1 (1993): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1993.54.01.52.

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SUMMARY The objectives of this experiment were to determine serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (fT4) at rest, following thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) administration, and following phenylbutazone administration in healthy horses. This was done to determine which available laboratory test can best be used for diagnosis of hypothyroid conditions in horses. Serum T3, T4, and fT4 concentrations in serum samples obtained before and after tsh stimulation and following phenylbutazone administration for 7 days were determined. Baseline values ranged fr

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Hazra, Nandita, Binay Mitra, and Reetika Pal. "Specific Reference Intervals of Serum Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone in Normal Pregnant Indian Women as per Trimester." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 21, no. 1 (2017): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0012.

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ABSTRACT Aim Maternal thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy are vital for the health of the mother as well as the developing child. Fetal growth is affected by maternal thyroid levels. Various physiological changes like alterations of thyroxine-binding globulins, human chorionic gonadotropin level, and changes in iodide metabolism affect maternal thyroid hormone levels. Therefore, reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid hormones in pregnant population require to be established separately from the general population. Materials and methods The RIs of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4),

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Hazra, Nandita, Binay Mitra, and Reetika Pal. "Specific Reference Intervals of Serum Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone in Normal Pregnant Indian Women as per Trimester." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 21, no. 2 (2017): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0029.

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ABSTRACT Aim Maternal thyroid hormone level during pregnancy is a vital parameter for the health of mother as well as developing child. Fetal growth is affected by maternal thyroid levels. Various physiological changes like alterations of thyroxine binding globulins (TBGs), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) level, and change of iodide metabolism affect maternal thyroid hormone levels. Therefore, reference intervals (RI) for thyroid hormones in pregnant population require to be established separately from general population. Materials and methods The RIs of serum triiodothyronine (T3),

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Lee, Myeong Soo, Chang Won Kang, Yong Sub Shin, et al. "Acute Effects of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training on Blood Concentrations of TSH, Calcitonin, PTH and Thyroid Hormones in Elderly Subjects." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 26, no. 03n04 (1998): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x98000312.

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The present study investigated how the systemic treatment of a programmed exercise, ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training, affects the secretion of thyroid and parathyroid hormones in elderly subjects (10 male and 5 female). Plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and calcitonin were determined. CDSB Qi-training induces a slight increase in TSH. Both T4 and T3 were increased at the mid-time of CDSB Qi-training (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations only between T3 and T4 at mid-training

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Fong, Yeap Cai, and Alexis Lordudass. "WHEN THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE AND FREE THYROXINE MISMATCH." Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 40, S1 (2025): 159–60. https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.040.s1.269.

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INTRODUCTIONThyroid hormone resistance (THR) is characterized by lack of end-organ responsiveness to thyroid hormone with high serum free thyroxine (FT4) with inappropriately high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). CASEWe report a 3-month-old male, born term via spontaneous vaginal delivery was referred to us at day 13 of life for inappropriately high TSH: 7.69 mIU/L (NV: 0.39–7.0) and high FT4: 57.5 mIU/L (NV: 8.7–16.2). His birth weight was 3.5 kg. Antenatally, his mother has no thyroid disorder. He is the only child of non-consanguineous parents. The cord TSH was 22.01 mIU/L. At day 3 of li

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Myers, D. H., R. A. Carter, B. H. Burns, A. Armond, S. B. Hussain, and Vinnie K. Chengapa. "A prospective study of the effects of lithium on thyroid function and on the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies." Psychological Medicine 15, no. 1 (1985): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020924.

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SynopsisTests of thyroid function and pathology were carried out on 133 patients before they were treated with lithium (Li+). Of the 12 patients who subsequently became hypothyroid during treatment with lithium 9 had, before the commencement of treatment, thyroid autoantibodies and/or an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), whereas 3 patients had neither of these indicators. Lithium administration was accompanied by a rise in thyroid antibody titre in 20 patients but a fall in only 5, a statistically significant difference. Evidence tha

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Iqbal, Arsheed, Arif Habib, Sheikh Zahoor Ahmad, et al. "Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Commiphora muku (Muqil) on thyroid function in hypothyroidism." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 9 (2023): 3257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20232687.

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Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in which there is deficient production of thyroid hormone. Even though hormone replacement therapy is the mainstay treatment of hypothyroidism, but due to adverse effects on long term use, safe and effective Unani herbal drugs need to be researched. A decrease in serum concentrations of thyroid hormone causes an increased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thus resulting in elevated serum TSH concentration. Methods: The methods used to determine thyroid dysfunction are still serum thyroid stimulating hormone and the main ci

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Babić Leko, Mirjana, Ivana Gunjača, Nikolina Pleić, and Tatijana Zemunik. "Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126521.

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Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smokin

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Abdulla, AJJ, and Y. Chan. "Subclinical hypothyroidism in elderly patients." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 8, no. 3 (1998): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259898008399.

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Symptoms of thyroid disease in older people are often subtle, and in most cases the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made on the biochemical findings of high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) combined with a low thyroxine (T4) level. However, with the routine use of sensitive assays, a significant number of patients have been identified with elevated TSH but normal T4 level and few or no symptoms. These patients have subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).

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Balwan, Wahied Khawar, and Sachdeep Kour. "Thyroid Health & Methylation: What is the Link?" Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, no. 12 (2022): 2460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i12.065.

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Thyroid is a ductless alveolar gland found in the neck just below the laryngeal prominence commonly known as Adam’s apple. Thyroid function is controlled by the pituitary gland located in the brain. The pituitary produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The thyroid hormones play multifaceted roles in organ development and in the homeostatic control of fundamental physiological mechanisms such as body growth and energy expenditure in all vertebrates. In this article, we discuss the anato

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Negrev, Negrin, Yuri Nyagolov, Margarita Stefanova, and Emiliya Stancheva. "Thyroid hormonal axis regulates protein C anticoagulation pathway in rats." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 4 (2011): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0031-y.

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AbstractEffects of the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis on some basic parameters of the activity of protein C anticoagulation pathway in rats are studied. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (0.06 mg/kg body mass), thyrotropin (1 IU/kg), triiodothyronine (T3) (0.08 mg/kg), thyroxine (T4) (0.08 mg/kg), administered subcutaneously for three consecutive days on four different groups of rats increased significantly activated protein C, free protein S and protein S activity, and reduced the soluble endothelial protein C receptor. Protein C antigen and total protein S were significantly

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Noor Ibrahem Hasan al kraie. "Hormonal biochemical study of patients with hyperthyroidism activity in the city of Samarra." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 22, no. 5 (2023): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i5.774.

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This study was designed to determine the effect of the increase of hyperthyrodisim on some hormones (Triiodothyronine, thyroxin, thyroid stimulating hormone) and some biochemical parameters (creatinine, magnesium) 58 sample used in this study at age (25-40 years), where the samples were divided into two groups and a sample rate of 29 per group. The totals were as follows: control group, and a group of patients. It was measured hormone Triiodothyronine level (T3), and hormone Tetraiodothyronine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone, creatinine and Magnesium. Results of the study showed for the

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Ha, Tae Kwun, Dong Wook Kim, Ha Kyoung Park, Yoo Jin Lee, Soo Jin Jung, and Hye Jin Baek. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESSFUL MAINTENANCE OF EUTHYROIDISM AFTER LOBECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH PAPILLARY THYROID MICROCARCINOMA: A SINGLE-CENTER STUDY." Endocrine Practice 25, no. 10 (2019): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep-2019-0153.

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate factors influencing the successful maintenance of postoperative euthyroidism in patients who did not undergo immediate thyroid hormone replacement after lobectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods: From September 2015 to June 2017, 186 patients underwent lobectomy for PTMC in our hospital. Patients taking medications for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism before and after lobectomy were excluded. Multiple parameters, including sex, age, pre-operative free thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroi

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W. Jihad, Tamara, and Huda Y. Al. Attar. "Correlation between Thyroid Hormones Levels and Some Sex Hormones in Pregnancy States." Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 6, no. 1 (2024): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v6n1.p51-59.

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Thyroid diseases in pregnant women pose a significant challenge for physicians, affecting 1.2% of pregnancies. Untreated conditions can lead to obstetric complications and fetal development disorders, including placental abruption, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal death. This research aims to compare levels of thyroid hormones with female sexual hormones such as estrogen and progesterone due to the change in their levels and to establish the relationship between BMI and (T3 and T4) every third during pregnancy. The research included measuring thyroid hormones that include the hormones tr

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Chigrinsky, E. A., L. K. Gerunova, T. V. Gerunov, and N. V. Shorin. "Morphofunctional state of the thyroid gland in rats with prolonged low-dose exposure to deltamethrin." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 3 (October 10, 2023): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2023.3.102.

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The thyroid gland is very sensitive to various stress factors, including chemical ones. Meanwhile, the effect that many ecotoxicants have on the animal endocrine system has not been studied. The effect of cyanide-containing synthetic pyrethroids on the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones during prolonged low-dose exposure remains an open question. This research was aimed at assessing the morphofunctional state of the thyroid gland in laboratory rats under the specified exposure regime. The studies were conducted on 48 male Wistar rats. When modeling the effect of low doses of deltameth

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Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan, and Jyoti Prakash. "Plasma Thyroid Hormone Concentration is Associated with Hepatic Triglyceride Content in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 8, no. 3 (2024): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v8i3.2849.

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This cross-sectional study investigated the association between plasma thyroid hormone levels and hepatic triglyceride content in 150 patients with type 2 diabetes. Our findings revealed a significant negative correlation between plasma triiodothyronine (T3) levels and hepatic triglyceride content, suggesting a protective metabolic role of T3. No significant correlations were observed with thyroxine (T4) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The study underscores the potential of T3 as a modulator of hepatic lipid metabolism in diabetic patients, highlighting its relevance in managing hepatic

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Hussein, Abd El-Aziz M., Amr M. Abbas, Gehan A. El Wakil, Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy, and Azza Abd El Aziz. "Effect of chronic excess iodine intake on thyroid function and oxidative stress in hypothyroid rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 90, no. 5 (2012): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y2012-046.

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Our objective was to investigate the effects of chronic excess iodine intake on thyroid functions and thyroid oxidative stress state in hypothyroid rats. Sixty rats were divided into euthyroid and hypothyroid (thiocyanate-induced) groups with or without administration of excess iodine (3000 or 6000 μg/L) for 8 weeks. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes, and total antioxidants), and lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde; MDA) were measured. Reverse transcription – PCR gene expression for thyroidal

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Kollind, M., L. Iselius, T. Pettersson, U. Adamson, and A. Carlström. "Genetics and clinical significance of thyroxine binding globulin deficiency, an analysis of seven families." Acta Endocrinologica 109, no. 1 (1985): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1090083.

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Abstract. Seven families, ascertained through probands with undetectable levels of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) were studied from clinical and genetic points of view. The blood levels of TBG, thyroxine binding prealbumin (TBPA), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were determined in altogether 128 family members. The concentration of free thyroxine (FT4) was calculated from the concentrations of T4, TBG and TBPA. Only men (n = 15) were found to have total TBG deficiency. Their TSH levels were within normal range and they did not show any clinical sy

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Tamzil, Shelvi H., Ryadi Fadil, Diet S. Rustama, and Melinda D. Nataprawira. "Thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone levels in under-five severe malnourished children." Paediatrica Indonesiana 43, no. 2 (2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi43.2.2003.42-5.

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Background In Indonesia, protein energy malnutrition (PEM) inchildren is still a health problem. Malnourished children will havegrowth and development disruption, which is not only caused bynutritional factor, but might be associated with endocrine system,such as thyroid hormone metabolism. Hypothyroidism or thyroidhypofunction could be happened in malnourished children.Objective The purpose of this study was to assess thyroxine (T4)and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in under-five severemalnourished children.Methods This was a descriptive study with cross sectional design.Subjects we

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Fedorova, Anna V., Tatiana V. Brus, Andrei G. Vasiliev, et al. "The influence of Epstein–Barr-associated infection upon pituitary-thyroid system in children at different periods of the disease." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 14, no. 3 (2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped14343-50.

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BACKGROUND: The interest in infectious mononucleosis caused by the EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is currently apparent. EpsteinBarr virus reaches tropism for reticular and lymphoid tissues, does not eliminate from the body and causes an immunopathological process in which the endocrine system develops. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone determinations are the most widely used diagnostic tests to assess thyroid function. AIM: To study changes in T3, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone in children of older sex and age at the height and convalescence of infectious

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Gilbert, Mary E., Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy, Susan E. Thomas, et al. "Thyroid Disruptors: Extrathyroidal Sites of Chemical Action and Neurodevelopmental Outcome—An Examination Using Triclosan and Perfluorohexane Sulfonate." Toxicological Sciences 183, no. 1 (2021): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab080.

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Abstract Many xenobiotics are identified as potential thyroid disruptors due to their action to reduce circulating levels of thyroid hormone, most notably thyroxine (T4). Developmental neurotoxicity is a primary concern for thyroid disrupting chemicals yet correlating the impact of chemically induced changes in serum T4 to perturbed brain development remains elusive. A number of thyroid-specific neurodevelopmental assays have been proposed, based largely on the model thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor propylthiouracil (PTU). This study examined whether thyroid disrupting chemicals acting dist

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Khattak, Hira Ehsan, Jaleel Kamran, Nadia Latif, Muhammad Sameer Hanif, Wardah Naseer Khan, and Insha Fatima. "The Physiological Effects of Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters as A Clinical Probe to Evaluate Thyroid Stimulating Hormone as Well as Thyroid Hormones Production." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 32S (2025): 614–26. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i32s.7412.

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Objective: To evaluate how peripheral glutamate injection affects human thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones production. Methodology: In 2023, an exploratory inquiry was carried out from October 6 to December 30. Adult healthy men were randomly assigned to receive intravenous Monosodium Glutamate dosages of 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg BW (n = 4 per dose). For one hour before and three hours after the injection of MSG, sequential blood samples were obtained at 30-minute intervals. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were ass

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Kishori, Mokle*1 Gajanan Sanap2. "Review On Thyroid Disease." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 12 (2023): 640–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10427942.

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Thyroid diseases are the most common diseases that occur when conditions affect the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that is a butterfly-shaped and in front of the neck, wrapped around the windpipe (trachea), just below the larynx. The production of hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) is its main purpose. Its function affects nearly every organ of the human body. The thyroid is controlled by the pituitary gland secretes a hormone known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then instructed the thyroid gland on how much hormone to make and release. But it

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McMahon, Rebecca, Lenore DeMartino, Mycroft Sowizral, et al. "The Impact of Seasonal Changes on Thyroxine and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Newborns." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 7, no. 1 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns7010008.

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Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is performed by measuring the concentration of thyroxine (T4) and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in dried blood spots. Unfortunately, the levels of T4 and TSH vary due to multiple factors, and therefore the false-positive rate for the test is a challenge. We analyzed screening data from 2008 to 2017 to determine the effect of seasonal changes and manufacturer kit lot changes on T4 and TSH values and on numbers of infants referred. Over a 10-year period, we screened 2.4 million infants using commercially available fluoroimmunoassays to

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Robert, Tom. "Herbal Modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Hypothyroidism: A Comprehensive Review." IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 10, no. 1 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jbcp/25/101.1600.

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Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). While levothyroxine therapy remains the standard treatment, it may cause side effects and fail to provide complete symptom relief. Herbal medicine offers a complementary approach to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, promoting natural thyroid function. Several medicinal plants, including Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Commiphora mukul (Guggul), Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), and Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola), have demonstrated

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Moriello, Karen A., Richard E. W. Halliwell, and Matt Oakes. "Determination of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and Cortisol changes during simultaneous adrenal and thyroid function tests in healthy dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, no. 3 (1987): 458–62. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1987.48.03.458.

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SUMMARY Changes in thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and Cortisol during a combined adrenal (dexamethasone suppression/adrenocorticotrophic hormone response test) and thyroid function tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone [tsh] response test) were determined in 20 healthy hospitalized pet dogs. The effect of dexamethasone on T4 and T3 changes was evaluated during a simultaneous tsh response/dexamethasone suppression adrenocorticotrophic hormone response test. Greater ranges in basal Cortisol concentrations and slower changes after dexamethasone was administered were observed in healthy pet d

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Nankongnab, Noppanun, Pornpimol Kongtip, Nichcha Kallayanatham, Ritthirong Pundee, Jutharak Yimsabai, and Susan Woskie. "Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Hormones between Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." Toxics 8, no. 4 (2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040082.

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Many pesticides are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can interfere with hormone levels. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal impact of exposure to pesticides on thyroid hormone levels, including Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), Free Thyroxine (FT4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). Both conventional (i.e., pesticide using) and organic farmers were interviewed using questionnaires, and blood samples were collected at 7–9 a.m. to determine thyroid hormone levels for four rounds, with a duration of eight months between each round. A linear mixed

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Manger, Priyanka Thapa, Gyanendra Kumar Yadav, Dhananjay Tiwari, Richa Awasthi, and Durga Prasad Verma. "Serum Copper, Iron, and Total Iron Binding Capacity in Hypothyroidism: A Case Control Study." Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences 7, no. 3 (2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v7i3.336.

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Background: Thyroid hormone metabolism is linked to iron metabolism. Thyroperoxidase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, is iron-dependent. Thus, iron deficiency might be the primary cause of hypothyroidism. Copper is another trace element that has been linked to thyroid status. Copper regulates excessive thyroxine (T4) absorption and reduces cell damage during thyroid hormone synthesis. The present study clarified the possible correlations between iron and copper levels as well as total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and triiodothyronine (T3), T4, as well as thyroid-stimulati

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Kongtip, Pornpimol, Noppanun Nankongnab, Nichcha Kallayanatham, et al. "Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (2019): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152704.

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Pesticides can act as endocrine disruptors by different mechanisms including inhibition of iodine absorption, increases in thyroid hormone clearance, decreased cellular uptake of thyroid hormones, or changes in expression of thyroid hormone regulated genes. This study examined how exposure to pesticides impacts thyroid hormone levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) by comparing conventional (n = 195) and organic farmers (n = 222), and by evaluating which types of pesticides might be associated with changes in thyroid h

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Reckziegel, Ramona Paula Fernandes, Lenara Golbert, and Erika Laurini de Souza Meyer. "Role of Preoperative Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels in the Prediction of Thyroid Hormone Replacement after Hemithyroidectomy." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 29, no. 02 (2025): 001–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0045-1801852.

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Abstract Introduction Hemithyroidectomy is performed for the treatment of symptomatic unilateral benign nodules, cytologically indeterminate nodules, and some cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Objective To evaluate the frequency of postlobectomy thyroid hormone replacement (THR), and to analyze the clinical-pathological factors predicting L-thyroxine (T4) use in patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy. Methods We conducted an observational, retrospective study in which clinical, biochemical, and anatomopathological parameters were analyzed and correlated with the need for THR after th

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Saffari, Fatemeh, Samieh Ahadi, Reza Dalirani, Nasrin Esfandiar, Zohreh Yazdi, and Banafsheh Arad. "Thyroid Dysfunction in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome Attending a Paediatric Hospital in Qazvin, Iran." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, no. 4 (2020): e332-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.009.

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Objectives: Nephrotic syndrome is a glomerular disease characterised by a loss of albumin and high-molecular-weight proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroid hormones, potentially resulting in subclinical or even overt hypothyroidism. This study aimed to compare thyroid hormone levels between nephrotic children and healthy controls as well as between nephrotic children in the active phase of the disease and those in remission. Methods: This case-control study was conducted between March 2016 and 2018 at a paediatric hospital in Qazvin, Iran. A total of 73 nephrotic children compr

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Davis, Paul J., Hung-Yun Lin, Aleck Hercbergs, and Shaker A. Mousa. "Actions of L-thyroxine (T4) and Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid (Tetrac) on Gene Expression in Thyroid Cancer Cells." Genes 11, no. 7 (2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070755.

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The clinical behavior of thyroid cancers is seen to reflect inherent transcriptional activities of mutated genes and trophic effects on tumors of circulating pituitary thyrotropin (TSH). The thyroid hormone, L-thyroxine (T4), has been shown to stimulate proliferation of a large number of different forms of cancer. This activity of T4 is mediated by a cell surface receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3. In this brief review, we describe what is known about T4 as a circulating trophic factor for differentiated (papillary and follicular) thyroid cancers. Given T4′s cancer-stimulati

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Vergadoro, Franca, Laura Tabacchi, Pietro Barbacini, Laura Vassena, Flavia Zanaboni, and Giorgio Bolis. "Thyroid Function in Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors." Tumori Journal 72, no. 2 (1986): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168607200216.

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Thyroid function was assessed in a total of 15 cases, 7 of whom had choriocarcinoma and 8 hydatidiform mole, by measuring free T3, free T4, thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG), basal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and after the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (ΔTSH). Free T3, free T4 and TBG were investigated in the same number of healthy women within the first three months of pregnancy. Only 13.4% of the cases presented elevated levels of free T3 and T4 and TBG; TSH and ΔTSH were within normal limits. Both thyroid hormones and TBG returned to within normal limits when β-human chorionic gona

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Emokpae, Mathias Abiodun, and Imwonghomwen Mercy Akinnuoye. "Asymptomatic thyroid dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected subjects." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 10, no. 02 (2018): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_172_16.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone abnormalities have been reported elsewhere in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, but such studies in Nigerians are scarce in literature. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate thyroid function in HIV-1-infected individuals and to correlate thyroid function parameters with cluster of differentiation (CD4+) cell count. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and CD4+ were estimated in 100 HIV-1-positive individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 100 HIV-1-positive

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Peterson, Mark E., Carlos Melián, and Rhett Nichols. "Measurement of serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, no. 11 (1997): 1396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.211.11.1396.

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Objective To determine whether measurement of baseline serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) would aid in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. Design Prospective case series. Animals 54 dogs with hypothyroidism, 54 euthyroid dogs with nonthyroidal disease initially suspected to have hypothyroidism, and 150 clinically normal dogs. Procedure In the 54 dogs with hypothyroidism, diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical signs, results of routine laboratory and TSH stimulation tests, exclusion of

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