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Journal articles on the topic 'Tabacco manufacture and trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Apriani, Ely, M. Ikhwan Maulana Haeruddin, Anwar Rauf, Muhammad Ichwan Musa, and Andi Mustika Amin. "ANALISIS RISIKO DAN PENGEMBALIAN DALAM INVESTASI SAHAM STUDI KASUS PADA SUB SEKTOR FOOD AND BEVERAGES DAN TABACCO MANUFACTURE PERIODE 2019-2022." JURNAL EKONOMI KREATIF DAN MANAJEMEN BISNIS DIGITAL 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/jekombital.v2i1.487.

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This study aims to classify the value of shares that have high or low risk and return in stock investment in each company using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) method so that it is easier for investors to make the right investment decisions in the Food and Beverages and Tabacco Manufacture sub-sectors. 2019-2022. The population in this research is shares in the Food and Beverages sub-sector and Tabacco Manufacture for the 2019-2022 period using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques using documentation and literature study. The data analysis used in this study is dat

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Dos Santos Nunes, Wagner, Leandro Pinheiro Vieira, Rodrigo Da Rocha Gonçalves, and Cassius Rocha de Oliveira. "A CADEIA PRODUTIVA DO TABACO NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA: UMA ANÁLISE MULTISSETORIAL/ The tobacco production chain in the Brazilian economy: a multisectoral analysis." Informe GEPEC 28, no. 2 (2024): 353–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/igepec.v28i2.33427.

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Este estudo investigou a interrupção parcial ou total do setor/atividade de fabricação de produtos de fumo, com o objetivo de quantificar a perda percentual na produção nacional em caso de uma interrupção hipotética deste setor, parte da cadeia produtiva do tabaco. Utilizando a abordagem da Matriz Insumo Produto (MIP) e o Método de Extração Hipotética (MEH), a fabricação de produtos de fumo foi artificialmente excluída, e o impacto dessa exclusão sobre o valor total da produção da economia brasileira foi avaliado. Foram utilizados os dados da Matriz de Insumo-produto Nacional de 2018, estimada

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3

Jesus, Sabrina Silva de, Attawan Guerino Locatel Suela, Attawan Guerino Locatel Suela, et al. "Analysis of Brazilian Inter and Intra Industry Tabacco Trade: from 1961 TO 2022." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 12 (2024): e010606. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n12-211.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to present an overview of national and international tobacco production, with an emphasis on analyzing inter- and intra-industry trade in Brazilian tobacco between 1961 and 2022. The aim is to estimate the product's trade balance and the inter- and intra-industry trade index. Theoretical Framework: This research was based on the theory of inter- and intra-industry trade and on public policies for agricultural diversification and sustainability. Method: The methodology adopted for the study is based on a qualitative approach, including documentary and s

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Sarkar, Prabirjit, and H. W. Singer. "Manufacture—manufacture terms of trade deterioration: A reply." World Development 21, no. 10 (1993): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(93)90096-r.

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5

Torelli, Guido. "Protecting local manufacture in international trade agreements." Lancet Global Health 11, no. 9 (2023): e1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00311-x.

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6

Rojas García, Daniela María. "How WTO Sanctions Are Hurting Aircraft Exports." Air and Space Law 45, Issue 1 (2020): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2020003.

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This article broadly analyses the circumstance of non-compliance with the rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (the ‘DSB’) of the World Trade Organization (the ‘WTO’) and the remedies provided by WTO law. The issue of non-compliance opens the gateway to the imposition of remedies, largely affecting free trade and hindering the objectives of the system. This problem is strongly evidenced in bigger markets like the aircraft manufacture and export sectors. This article aims at establishing the justification for finding alternative answers to the imposition of trade barriers, advocating for the

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Nwogwugwu, Uchechukwu C., and Collins C. Umeghalu. "International Trade and Economic Misery in African Countries with Low Human Development." International Journal of Finance Research 2, no. 4 (2021): 212–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijfr.v2i4.446.

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Puzzled by the demeaning level of poverty most African countries continue to grapple with despite their extensive participation in international trade, the study attempts to examine the encumbrances that tend to impede African countries from optimally reaping the developmental gains inherent in partaking in international trade, which seems to also worsen the economic misery the inhabitants endlessly contend with. The System Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM) estimation technique was used in the study which involves 17 African countries and spans from 1995 - 2018. While misery index is

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Ambrulevičiūtė, Aelita. "Expansion of a stationary retail trading network in Vilnius and the Vilnius district in 1861-1904." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 22 (December 28, 2008): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2008.36975.

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From a local point of view, Vilnius city and its suburbs were chosen to analyze the stationary trading development process. Vilnius, a city that is the center of gubernatorial and general gubernatorial administration, became the biggest Russian imperial North-West Land retail trade center in the 19th century and therefore clearly shows the stationary retail trade net development and citizens' needs changes in the Lithuanian and Byelorussian territories when industrial manufacture extended from the 19th century's second half until the beginning of the 20th century. The organization of the trade

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Stahl, Ann B., and Peter W. Stahl. "Ivory production & consumption in Ghana in the early second millennium AD." Antiquity 78, no. 299 (2004): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092954.

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In the eighteenth to nineteenth century West Africa was the scene of the infamous Atlantic trade in ivory and slaves. The authors' researches show a different situation in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries, when the people of Ghana were engaged in the indigenous procurement, manufacture and trade in ivory with neighbours across the Sahara

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Strauss, Alan E. "Jack's Reef Corner Notched Points in New England: Site Distribution, Raw Material Preference, and Implications for Trade." North American Archaeologist 13, no. 4 (1993): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gv2k-0tjr-0qjy-gn36.

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This article examines the type and distribution of raw materials used to manufacture Middle Woodland Corner-Notched (Jack's Reef) points across the six-state New England region. A data base of several hundred points was used to determine if this point type clustered in certain geographical areas or features and what raw materials were used for their manufacture. Finally, the implications for trade and social interaction are examined.

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McClenaghan, Adam, James Gopsill, Owen Peckham, and Ben Hicks. "Examining the trade-offs in generating designs for many manufacture." Procedia CIRP 128 (2024): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2024.07.061.

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Pratama, Muhammad Fiqri, Rangga Anugrah Alifrianto, Alfin Khoirun Niam, Tiara Mardhatillah, Ratna Yuliawati, and Erien Dwi Wahyu. "Analysis of Factors Affecting International Trade on Economic Growth in Indonesia." ASIAN Economic and Business Development 6, no. 1 (2023): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/aebd/vol6no1august2023007.

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International trade has become an important factor in a country's economic growth. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that influence international trade and their affect on economic growth. In this study, identification of economic factors that influence international trade, such as exports and imports, and how these factors relate to economic growth. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach to literature study which provides an in-depth description of the phenomenon under study. The outcome of the study show that differences in the manufacture and price of goods be

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Michael Isaac, OPUSUNJU, AKYUZ Murat, and INIM E. Victor. "Assessment Of China – Nigeria Trade Relations (1990-2018)." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v1i1.4.

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The study assessed China- Nigeria trade relations covering a period of 29 years from 1990 to 2018. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design and obtained data for export and import transactions from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The study used T-test, charts, and tables to address the engagement of China-Nigeria trade relations. The study used Microsoft excel software package and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 to analysis the data. The study found that Nigeria has not gained from trade relations with China from 1990 to 2018 and it is onl

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OPUSUNJU, Michael Isaac Ph.D.*1 AKYUZ Murat Ph.D.2 &. INIM E. Victor Ph.D.3. "ASSESSMENT OF CHINA –NIGERIA TRADE RELATIONS (1990-2018)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 7, no. 4 (2020): 8–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773685.

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The study assessed China- Nigeria trade relations covering a period of 29 years from 1990 to 2018. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design and obtained data for export and import transactions from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The study used T-test, charts, and tables to address the engagement of China-Nigeria trade relations. The study used Microsoft excel software package and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 to analysis the data. The study found that Nigeria has not gained from trade relations with China from 1990 to 2018 and it is onl

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Balassiano, Andrea Weiss. "Rules of Origin in Brazil." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 3/4 (2020): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020027.

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The article compiles essential information regarding the Rules of Origin provided in the trade agreements to which Brazil is a party, including the Free Trade Agreement (FTA)’s signed by Mercosur. The focus is to point out the differences in the preferential Rules of origin provided in the different trade agreements signed by Brazil and Mercosur, especially in relation to the value-added requirement when imported inputs from non-state parties are used to manufacture a finished product. Rules of origin, preferential rules of origin, non-preferential rules of origin, Brazil, Certificates of Orig

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Budwal, Nikita, Kent Kasper, Jon Goering, and Carwyn Ward. "Tooling and Infusion Design Strategies to Reduce Trade-Offs in Forming and Infusion Quality of Multi-Textile CFRPs." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6, no. 3 (2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6030062.

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Achieving right-first-time-manufacture (RFTM) of co-infused textile assemblies is challenging, without improving the accessibility to design knowledge of trade-offs between different tooling and infusion strategies. As demonstrated in previous work, the choice between a flexible or rigid mould material can result in trade-offs between dimensional accuracy and geometrical precision. Similarly, the choice of an infusion strategy can result in trade-offs in infusion quality and time. Building on past work, an investigation into forming variability across the length of six co-infused multi-textile

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CARDOSO, João Luís. "Mineração, circulação e transformação de produtos geológicos não metálicos no Neolítico e no Calcolítico do Ocidente peninsular." Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 33 (December 18, 2023): 169–252. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10402483.

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This paper will successively address the main raw materials of non-metallic geological origin that were used for the manufacture of artifacts of different nature throughout the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in Portuguese territory. This is an essay that will be partially supported by case studies, to understand the importance of such raw materials, whether used for the manufacture of everyday artifacts, whether they are of an exotic nature, or intended for pieces of exception, including adornment objects and ideotechnic productions, as a result, in some cases, of long distance trade.

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Leonard, A., M. Hughes, A. Middleton, and L. Schofield. "The making of Aegean stirrup jars: technique, tradition, and trade." Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015902.

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This paper presents the results of a project designed to investigate the techniques used to make late bronze age Aegean stirrup-jars and to determine whether the identified techniques were influenced by regional-cultural factors. The project was initiated by the need to address the question of whether 12th-cent. BC stirrup-jars from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh in the Jordan valley, apparently of local clay, were made by local potters or by immigrant Mycenaeans. The stirrup-jars studied comprised examples from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Gezer, the Greek mainland, Aegina, Rhodes, Cyprus, Caria, and Egypt. Xerorad

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Lohi, Julie. "The Implications of HO and IRS Theories in Bilateral Trade Flows within Sub-Saharan Africa." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 2 (2013): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0020.

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Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries tend to trade less among themselves. This article analyzes the driving forces of bilateral trades within the SSA region. To do so, I use the gravity equations from Evenett and Keller (2002) and study what trade theories, the Heckscher–Ohlin theory of factor abundance or the increasing return to scale theory of product differentiation, account for the bilateral trade flows within this region. My results indicate that trades within this region do not arise from factor abundance or product differentiation. Trade policies that are aimed to promote trade within t

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Elizarkov, Nikita A. "Vyg old believers, traditional shipping and shipbuilding of the White Sea-Onega basin." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 1-2020 (2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.1.18.004.

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The author suggests social & cultural problems considered economic & technological aspect of surviving the Old Believer religious community within historical context of the Russian North on the base of published narrative sources. It’s known about shipbuilding, navigation, trade and manufacture tradition of the Vygoretsia priestless Old Believer cloister —a great center of the Ortodox religious minority in the XVIIIth century Russian Empire. But what meant cooperation within the Vyg river Pomorian priestless “Old Belief”community for national commerce and trade on the European North?

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Pratt, Peter P. "Glass Trade Beads of Europe: Their Manufacture, Their History, and Their Identification, by Peter Francis, Jr. (1988)." Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 2 (January 1, 1990): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/beads/2.6080.

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The Glass Trade Beads of Europe: Their Manufacture, Their History, and Their Identification. Peter Francis, Jr. The World of Beads Monograph Series 8, 1988. Lapis Route Books, Center for Bead Research, Lake Placid, New York. 69 pp., 1 map, 9 B&W figs., 1 color plate, index. $11.00 (paper).

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22

Sarkar, Prabirjit. "Rising manufacture exports and terms of trade: the case study of Korea." Progress in Development Studies 5, no. 2 (2005): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1464993405ps103oa.

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Abbott, Frederick M. "World Trade Organization Canada First Notice to Manufacture Generic Drug for Export." International Legal Materials 46, no. 6 (2007): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900032289.

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James, Liz. "Byzantine glass mosaic tesserae: some material considerations." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 30, no. 1 (2006): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307013100015032.

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Issues about the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics and the implications of these in wider terms relating to social and economic questions about the art form have been little discussed. This paper brings together evidence about Byzantine glass mosaic tesserae gathered from archaeology, glass technology and glass analysis, and synthesizes these into a discussion of three aspects: distribution; manufacture; trade and price. It looks to examine how these different elements can be used to form a more detailed composite picture about the production and distribution of Byzantine mosaics. It also propo

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Hamidi Musa, Haider, and Ruwaida Faisal Mosa Al Nawab. "The use of metal in ancient Syria in the manufacture of jewelry (ornamental tools in the third and second millennium BC and the molds used in their manufacture)." Al-Academy, no. 110 (December 15, 2023): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35560/jcofarts1191.

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This research sheds light on the use of metal in the manufacture of jewelry, which is represented by ornamental tools in the period between the third and second millennium BC, in addition to the most important molds used in their manufacture. Man has been interested in metals since early ages, and was able to make tools that he uses in his daily life, especially jewelry. And the Syrian people got acquainted with the types of minerals, their characteristics, and how to deal with them. Minerals played an effective and prominent role in the economy of ancient Syria. Trade with those countries and

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Chung, You Na. "Criminal law measures to protect trade secrets: focusing on the Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act." Institute for Legal Studies Chonnam National University 43, no. 2 (2023): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.38133/cnulawreview.2023.43.2.119.

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In the rapidly evolving high-tech industry, the significance of safeguarding trade secrets is growing exponentially as the risk of unauthorized access and information breaches continues to escalate. A “trade secret” is information, including a method of manufacture, method of sale, technical or business information useful in the conduct of business, which is not publicly known, is the subject of reasonable efforts to maintain its secrecy, and has independent economic value. The Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act in Korea serves to shield these trade secrets from infr

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KAZYBEK, A. R., and M. I. TLEUBAYEVA. "ANALYSIS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Farmaciâ Kazahstana, no. 6 (January 13, 2024): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53511/pharmkaz.2024.53.23.040.

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In accordance with the data of the State Register of Medicines of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023, the range of registered hepatoprotectors was analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of medicines registered in the state register by trade name, place of manufacture, country of origin, dosage form was carried out. According to the data of the State Register of Medicines of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 7544 medicines have been registered in the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Among them, hepatoprotective drugs are represented under 78 trade names (CA), of which 6 (8%) are acco

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Артемьев, А. А., and Е. Ю. Сидорова. "FOREIGN TRADE OPERATIONS WITH METALS – PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE CUSTOMS VALUE." Metallurg, no. 2 (May 28, 2024): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2024_2_6.

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Статья посвящена комплексу вопросов, связанных с оценкой и особенностями определения таможенной стоимости товаров, перемещаемых через таможенную границу Евразийского экономического союза (далее ЕАЭС), которые обсуждаются в рамках проведения внешнеторговых операций с металлами, а именно: – при заключении внешнеторговых договоров на поставку в РФ сложных товаров (Оборудование), предусматривающих необходимость для российского заказчика предоставления производителю-продавцу специальных видов металлов, необходимых для производства заказываемого Оборудования, без предоставления которых производитель

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Tandra, Hansen, Arif Imam Suroso, Yusman Syaukat, and Mukhamad Najib. "The Determinants of Competitiveness in Global Palm Oil Trade." Economies 10, no. 6 (2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10060132.

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Palm oil is an essential commodity used in the manufacture of various daily products and is highly competitive with vegetable oil. However, the palm oil competition is fierce and complex due to movement of palm oil trade. The study examined the determinant, stability, and duration of competitiveness in the global palm oil trade involving countries worldwide. This research was analyzed from 1996 to 2019 using descriptive analysis, panel regression, stability, and Kaplan–Meier tests. The results showed that palm oil supply in the global market is centralized with distributed demand. The competit

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Bhutta, Mahmood, and Olivia Roberts. "Fair and Ethical Trade in Health: Lessons from Surgical Instruments." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 4 (2009): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363509x424499.

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The NHS spends £20 billion on procuring a wide range of medical goods every year. Worldwide, the amount traded in products for health care runs into trillions of dollars. With such large sums of money we quite rightly ask about value for money as well as the quality of the goods we buy. But in addition to quality we should, but don't, ask about the conditions under which those goods are made. Unfortunately, recent research has found that some of the products we are using to promote health in the UK may actually be damaging health elsewhere, through unethical labour practices in their manufactu

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Sudaryati, Endang. "INDUSTRIALISASI DAN PERDAGANGAN: TANTANGAN INDONESIA DALAM ERA AFTA." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v3i1.3916.

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The target and trend of industrial and trade development in Indonesia, particularly related to overseas trade, is broadly influenced by the various challenges time to time, but mainly is influenced by international market and economy.Trade liberation which is marked with the establishment of World Trade Organization (WTO), and followed by the establishment of free trade territory such as APEC and NAFTA has created regional economic integrity. While AFTA which aims to create free trade in ASEAN territory through payable reduction will make manufacture sector in ASEAN more efficient and more com

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Singuwa, Chimuka, Kumafan Terzungwe Daniel, and Gospel Singuwa. "ZAMBIAN DETERGENT PASTE BRANDING STRATEGY IN AFRICA." Scientific heritage, no. 150 (December 11, 2024): 75–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14378776.

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The detergent industry is critical to maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in both domestic and industrial settings. The need for detergents in Zambia and Africa is constantly increasing due to population increase, urbanization, and higher living standards. For businesses and investors in the region, the detergent manufacture and supply sector represents a significant prospect. The goal of this paper is to critically examine Trade Kings' branding strategy in relation to the boom brand and determine how the company has managed to place its brand in the eyes of its customers. In the introduction,

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DAVIS, JENNIFER. "HOW THE TRADE MARKS ACT SHAPES UP TO PERPETUAL MONOPOLIES." Cambridge Law Journal 57, no. 2 (1998): 235–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197398310016.

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In British Sugar plc v. James Robertson & Sons Ltd. [1996] RPC 281, Jacob J. asked whether the 1994 Trade Marks Act enables “big business to buy ordinary words of the English language at comparatively little cost”. His answer was a resounding “no”. In Philips Electronics NV v. Remington Consumer Products, 22 December 1997, he asks whether trade mark law, by conferring a perpetual monopoly, can interfere with the freedom to manufacture artefacts of a “desirable and good engineering design”. The educated reader might hazard that he would again answer in the negative. And so it transpires. Th

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Napitupulu, Robert, and Rodika Rodika. "Iptek Bagi Masyarakat (IbM) Kelompok Usaha Pembuat Rusip." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 9, no. 01 (2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v9i01.34.

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Nabila Rusip is one of the IKM built Disperindag Pangkalpinang City which makes the traditional food of the people of Bangka became popular and famous. This success is inseparable from the role of Local Government of Pangkalpinang City which continues to encourage Nabila Rusip business with the provision of appropriate technology in 2015 in processing fish raw materials for the manufacture of rusip. However, at this time the machine can not be operated again due to operator error in using the tool. The purpose of science and technology for the community of the business group of the russians is

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Holden, Chris, Kelley Lee, Anna Gilmore, Gary Fooks, and Nathaniel Wander. "Trade Policy, Health, and Corporate Influence: British American Tobacco and China's Accession to the World Trade Organization." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (2010): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.c.

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Tobacco market liberalization can have a profound impact on health. This article analyzes internal documents of British American Tobacco (BAT), released as a result of litigation in the United States, in order to examine the company's attempts to influence negotiations over China's accession to the World Trade Organization. The documents demonstrate that BAT attempted to influence these negotiations through a range of mechanisms, including personal access of BAT employees and lobbyists to policymakers; employment of former civil servants from key U.K. government departments; use of organized b

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Rattray, Evelyn Childs. "New Findings on the Origins of Thin Orange Ceramics." Ancient Mesoamerica 1, no. 2 (1990): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000201.

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AbstractNew data are presented from a settlement pattern survey of the Tepexi de Rodríguez region of southern Puebla, Mexico, and from excavations of two ceramic Workshops where Thin Orange ceramics, “Teotihuacan's most important trade ware,” were manufactured. Results of the settlement pattern survey reveal that the Tepexi de Rodríguez region, where the trade ware was made, had a flourishing civilization during the Classic period (a.d. 300–750) which enjoyed continuous, intensive contact with Teotihuacan, yet the region was apparently not under the domination of the Teotihuacan state. Data ar

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Churekova, N. B. "STATISTICAL METHODS WHEN WORKING WITH AMPHORАE CATALOGUES AND THE APE DATABASE". Ancient World and Archaeology 21, № 21 (2023): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0320-961x-2023-21-226-239.

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the article is devoted to the possibilities of using statistical methods in the analysis of amphorae material contained in museum catalogues and the APE database. The composition of the collections of various museums by the centers of amphora production, the time of their manufacture, chronology and typology is analyzed and it is proposed to consider the potential of using these data to build models of trade relations in the Northern Black Sea region.

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Tsampiri, Mailinta. "Obsidian in the prehistoric Aegean: Trade and uses." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 53, no. 1 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18588.

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This paper studies the prehistoric use of obsidian quarries in the Aegean. Obsidian sources in the eastern Mediterranean have been traced on certain islands of the Aegean: Melos, Antiparos and Giali. Due to its hardness, this material was already being used by the end of the Upper Palaeolithic to produce blades with sharp edges to serve as knives, scrapers and razors, arrowheads and spears, axes, saws and mattocks. This naturally occurring glass was also used for ornamental purposes. During the Late and the Final Neolithic Period (ca. 5300-3200 B.C.), when the systematic habitation of the Cycl

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Lybecker, Kristina M., and Elisabeth Fowler. "Compulsory Licensing in Canada and Thailand: Comparing Regimes to Ensure Legitimate Use of the WTO Rules." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00367.x.

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The tension between economic policy and health policy is a longstanding dilemma, but one that was brought to the fore with the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement in 1994. The pharmaceutical industry has long argued that intellectual property protection (IPP) is vital for innovation. At the same time, there are those who counter that strong IPP negatively impacts the affordability and availability of essential medicines in developing countries. However, actors on both sides of the debate were in agreement that something neede

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Nerkar, A. G. "Pharmaceutical marketing scenario." Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 4, no. 2 (2022): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ctppc.2022.008.

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Pharmaceutical marketing is an integral part of pharmaceutical business or trade. There has been significant increase in pharmaceutical generic, branded, ethical and barded generic drugs being marketed in India and being manufactured on Third party contract basis. There are several companies which manufacture the pharmaceutical medicines on third party basis and rarely possess their own units or pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. In this context the good and evil in marketing practices has been reviewed in this editorial.

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Scanlan, Tony. "CIS Refineries – Survival or Collapse?" Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 6 (1994): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200603.

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The refineries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) need substantial investment for modernisation. The investment is required to reduce the proportion of heavy fuel oil produced and to manufacture high quality gasolines and distillates that would benefit the internal market and be suitable for world trade. However the investment required in the refining sector is in effect competing with investment required in many other sectors in a period of sharp economic decline with substantial inflation.

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Rankin, Mark. "John Day’s Production of Woodcut Prints from John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments." Library 23, no. 1 (2022): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/22.3.25.

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Abstract Scholars have long suspected the existence of John Day’s independent commercial trade in woodcut prints from the illustrations of Foxe’s Acts and Monuments. This essay supplies bibliographical evidence in support of this hypothesis. The evidence consists of changes in typesetting found within the textblocks and captions used to identify the images, as well as deterioration patterns discernable within Foxe woodcuts used from the first (1563) to seventh (1631–32) editions of Acts and Monuments. By examining surviving examples of prints which Day included within successive editions, the

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Li, Guotong. "Seeing the Muslim Gravestones in Medieval Quanzhou as an Integral Cultural Product." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 5, no. 1-2 (2024): 11–35. https://doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340055.

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Abstract Material cultural historians have promoted a new approach to the old discoveries of diasporic Muslim gravestones in maritime Asia, seeing the stones as an “integral cultural product.” Quanzhou has by far the richest trove of Islamic inscriptions. Many read through the inscribed texts, but their studies lack an integral examination of the wider social context of manufacturing. This research focuses on material remains of engraved gravestones and shifts the inquiry from the inscribed text to the circumstances of manufacture, such as material, technology, the social and political context

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Heller, Henry. "The Rise of Capitalist Manufacture in the Ancien Régime." Historical Materialism 25, no. 3 (2017): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341531.

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Abstract Viewing the development of French trade and manufacturing between 1650 and 1820, Jeff Horn underscores their great success based largely on overseas markets. His evidence supports the view of Friedrich Engels and Perry Anderson that capitalism developed within the pores of the Old Regime. Yet Horn attempts to deny the leading role of the bourgeoisie in this advance. He claims that it was through the Old Regime system of economic privileges rather than the agency of bourgeois capital accumulation that such progress was made. This article rejects Horn’s exclusive preoccupation with the

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Waksman, S. Y., N. D. Kontogiannis, S. S. Skartsis, and G. Vaxevanis. "THE MAIN ‘MIDDLE BYZANTINE PRODUCTION’ AND POTTERY MANUFACTURE IN THEBES AND CHALCIS." Annual of the British School at Athens 109 (November 2014): 379–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245414000148.

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The article relates the results of archaeometric and archaeological investigations of the relationships between some well-known types of Byzantine table wares and pottery manufacture in Thebes and Chalcis, focusing on the period from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries ad.We currently accept that several twelfth–thirteenth century types, such as ‘Green and Brown Painted Ware’, ‘Fine Sgraffito Ware’ and ‘Aegean Ware’, form part of a single, main, long-lasting production of Byzantine ceramics, called here main ‘Middle Byzantine Production’ (MBP), which was distributed and diffused in the who

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Tian, Gang, Wen Yu, Thi Thanh Huyen Vu, and Guo-Yong Ma. "Green Assessment of Imports and Exports of Wooden Forest Products Based on Forest Processing Industry: A Case Study of China." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020166.

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The research on international trade competitiveness is progressing continuously. Environmental factors have been gradually considered in the competitiveness of international trade. However, the green assessment system of international trade competitiveness is not perfect. Building a model based on the trade economy is complex. This study combines environmental pollution data based on the forest processing industry with trade flows. Environmental trade competitiveness, pollution treatment, and trade scale were selected as the three criterion levels to construct an assessment system. The weight

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Thopacu, Hilda. "The necessity for Zambia's vitamin A sugar fortification requirement." Law, Democracy and Development 25 (December 14, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2077-4907/2021/ldd.v25.12.

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Zambia faces a serious vitamin A deficiency (VAD) that affects most infants and expectant mothers, leading to night blindness, maternal deaths, and more. One of the efforts to address this is by permitting only the manufacture, sale, or import of household consumption sugar which is fortified with vitamin A - which is seen as a disguised restriction on international trade. Through a desk-top research study, the article examines the question, as to what extent Zambia's fortification requirement complies with the necessity principle in the Technical Barrier to Trade Annex to the Southern African

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Wasmuth, Verena. "Das verstaatlichte Glasgewerbe der Tschechoslowakei: Systemdefizite als Chancengeber für Qualitätssicherung und Innovationsfähigkeit." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 58, no. 2 (2017): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2017-0016.

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Abstract Following the political and territorial events of 1918, 1945, and 1989, the Czechoslovak glass industry was facing similar adversities in the search for new markets. The cooperation between industry, trade, and professional designers proved a successful way out of the crisis. A closer look at the players involved in the economic transformation reveals that the diversified promotion of design ensured the long-term survival of the manufacture and finishing of glass in the Czech Republic, and thus the traditional reputation of the industry as a whole.

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Kudashkin, Vladimir V. "Current legal issues of investments in the sphere of military-technical cooperation." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 11 (2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520022768-5.

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The article is devoted to studying the pressing legal questions of investments, transferring of licenses to a foreign state to manufacture Russian military products, joint ventures and acquisition of shares in such ventures in a foreign state, analysis of legal regime of investment services in the sphere of military-technical cooperation. The article pays a particular attention to the scope of terms “investment” and “investment service” because of the different administrative law regimes regarding their civilian and foreign trade turnover established by the state

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Zajaczkowski, Małgorzata. "Ethical aspects of the world trading system on the example of Fair Trade." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 7 (2018): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.7.03.

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The effect of globalization is not only an improvement of living conditions in developing countries, but also a widening of development disparities and economic inequalities between countries of the rich North and the poor South. The Fair Trade can be considered as a response to emerging problems of development. Therefore, it can be perceived as a form of assistance directed to the marginalized producers in the Global South by enabling them to manufacture, sell and distribute goods to markets in developed countries. This is an alternative to the existing formula of international trade; whose a

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