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Sanchez, Ramos Guisella Johanna. "Factores relacionados a la violencia física, sexual y psicológica o emocional en mujeres violentadas por sus parejas de la base ENDES 2015, aplicando el modelo log-lineal para datos cualitativos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5845.
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Determina los factores relacionados significativamente con la violencia física, sexual y psicológica o emocional en las mujeres violentadas por sus parejas. Utiliza la técnica de modelos log lineales. Obtiene que la violencia física está relacionada con el tipo de residencia, el estado civil actual y si la esposa gana más dinero que el esposo, para la violencia sexual se asocian el grupo de edad, nivel educativo, estado civil del esposo o conyugue y el tipo de residencia, y para la violencia psicológica se asocian el nivel educativo, estado civil del esposo o conyugue y el tipo de residencia; por último la violencia emocional, violencia sexual, violencia física, se relacionan con si el padre golpeo a la madre de la esposa y el grupo de edad.Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Cacsire, Davalos María Luisa. "Aplicación del análisis de correspondencia en un estudio sobre la reinserción familiar de niños y niñas en situación de abandono, de los centros de atención residencial del INABIF - Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11985.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorPresenta la teoría y aplicación del análisis de correspondencia simple y múltiple en datos sobre Reinserción Familiar de Niños y Niñas en Situación de Abandono en los Centros de Atención Residencial del Programa Integral para el Bienestar Familiar - INABIF, presentado en las tablas de contingencia para dos o más variables de tipo social, el cual permitió describir, analizar, interpretar y evaluar el grado de asociación entre las diferentes características o factores que están asociados o relacionados con la Reinserción familiar, además de rescatar la experiencia de trabajo por parte de quienes tiene una intervención directa en la Reinserción Familiar.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Martín, Marín Jorge. "Análisis de la incertidumbre en la estimación de la movilidad electoral mediante el procedimiento LPHOM." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/157638.
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[ES] La estimación del trasvase de votos de unos partidos a otros entre dos procesos electorales es un tema relevante dentro de la sociología política. Dadas las limitaciones de las encuestas en este campo, existe un interés creciente en los procedimientos de estimación que utilizan exclusivamente la realidad incuestionable de los propios resultados electorales. lphom es uno de estos métodos. lphom es un procedimiento, relativamente sencillo, que, tras ser aplicado en estos últimos años en algunos estudios reales, ha proporcionado, en todos los casos, resultados muy razonables.
En la presente tesis se aborda el problema, hasta ahora no investigado, de desarrollar procedimientos para estimar los márgenes de incertidumbre de los resultados obtenidos al aplicar este procedimiento en estudios reales. Tras definir unos indicadores adecuados, EI y EP, para cuantificar dicha incertidumbre, el proceso se basa en utilizar los residuos del modelo lphom para (i) evaluar el grado de incumplimiento de la hipótesis de homogeneidad en la que se sustenta lphom, y (ii) investigar, mediante un conjunto de estudios de simulación desarrollados en diferentes escenarios, las relaciones entre estos indicadores.
Las conclusiones generales de estos estudios permiten desarrollar unos procedimientos para estimar los valores previsibles de EI y EP en estudios reales, así como los límites de confianza superior para los mismos. También se desarrolla un procedimiento para obtener intervalos de confianza para las diferentes probabilidades de transición de votos pjk estimadas mediante lphom. Los métodos desarrollados se ilustran aplicándolos a la estimación del trasvase de votos entre la primera y la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales francesas de 2017.
Se indican finalmente una serie de líneas futuras de investigación sugeridas por los resultados de esta tesis.[CAT] L'estimació del transvasament de vots d'uns partits a altres entre dos processos electorals és un tema rellevant dins de la sociología política. Donades les limitacions de les enquestes en aquest camp, hi ha un creixent interés en els procediments d'estimació que utilitzen exclusivamente la realitat inqüestionable dels propis resultats electorals. En aquest sentit, lphom és un mètode senzill que després de ser aplicat aquestos últims anys en alguns estudis reals, ha proporcionat en tots els casos resultats molt razonables. En la següent tesi, s'aborda el problema, encara no investigat, de desenvolupar procediments per a estimar els margens d'incentidumbre dels resultats obtenguts al aplicar aquest procediment en els estudis reals. Després d'haber definit uns indicadors adecuats, EI y EP, per a quantificar dita incertidumbre, el procés es basa en utilitzar els residus del model lphom per a (i) evaluar el grau de incompliment de la hipótesis d'homogeneïtat en què es sustenta lphom, i (ii) investigar, mitjançant un conjunt d'estudis de simulacions desenvolupades en diferents escenaris, les relacions entre aquestos indicadors. Les conclusions generals d'aquestos estudis permeten desenvolupar uns procediments per a estimar els valors previsibles de EI y EP en estudis reals, així com els límits de confianza superior per als mateixos. També s'aconsegueix un procediment per a obtindre intervals de confiança per a les diferents probabilitats de transició de vots pjk estimats mediant lphom. Els métodes desenvolupats s'ilustren aplicats a l'estimació del transvasament de vots entre la primera y segona volta de les eleccions presidencials franceses de 2017. S'indiquen finalment una sèrie de línies futures d'investigació suggerides pels resultats d'aquesta tesi.
[EN] The estimation of the transfer of votes from some political parties to another between two electoral processes is a relevant issue within political sociology. Given the limitations of the surveys in this field, there is a growing interest in estimation procedures that exclusively use the unquestionable reality of the electoral results themselves. In this sense, lphom is a simple method that, after being applied in recent years in some real studies, has provided, in all cases, very reasonable results. This thesis addresses the problem, so far not investigated, of developing procedures to estimate the margins of uncertainty of the results obtained by applying this procedure in real studies. After defining suitable indicators, EI and EP, to quantify this uncertainty, the process is based on using the residuals of the lphom model to (i) evaluate the degree of non-compliance with the homogeneity hypothesis on which lphom is based, and (ii) investigate, through a set of simulation studies developed in different scenarios, the relationships between these indicators. The general conclusions of these studies allow the development of procedures to estimate the predictable values of IE and PE in real studies, as well as the upper confidence limits for them. A procedure is also developed to obtain confidence intervals for the different transition probabilities of votes pjk estimated by lphom. The methods developed are illustrated by applying them to the estimation of the transfer of votes between the first and second rounds of the 2017 French presidential elections. A series of future lines of research suggested by the results of this thesis are finally indicated.
Martín Marín, J. (2020). Análisis de la incertidumbre en la estimación de la movilidad electoral mediante el procedimiento LPHOM [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/157638
TESIS
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Perri, Silvia Helena Venturoli. "Geometria das tabelas de contingencia 2x2." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307055.
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Orientador: Euclydes Custodio de Lima FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Ciencia da Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perri_SilviaHelenaVenturoli_M.pdf: 1637350 bytes, checksum: c9557e613c8f33139a4e533c3a1d4e60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990
Resumo: Não informado.
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Estatística
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Brink, Anton Meredith. "Bayesian analysis of contingency tables." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8948.
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Samusenko, Pavel. "Nonparametric criteria for sparse contingency tables." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130218_142205-74244.
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In the dissertation, the problem of nonparametric testing for sparse contingency tables is addressed.
Statistical inference problems caused by sparsity of contingency tables are widely discussed in the literature. Traditionally, the expected (under null the hypothesis) frequency is required to exceed 5 in almost all cells of the contingency table. If this condition is violated, the χ2 approximations of goodness of fit statistics may be inaccurate and the table is said to be sparse . Several techniques have been proposed to tackle the problem: exact tests, alternative approximations, parametric and nonparametric bootstrap, Bayes approach and other methods. However they all are not applicable or have some limitations in nonparametric statistical inference of very sparse contingency tables.
In the dissertation, it is shown that, for sparse categorical data, the likelihood ratio statistic and Pearson’s χ2 statistic may become noninformative: they do not anymore measure the goodness-of-fit of null hypotheses to data. Thus, they can be inconsistent even in cases where a simple consistent test does exist.
An improvement of the classical criteria for sparse contingency tables is proposed. The improvement is achieved by grouping and smoothing of sparse categorical data by making use of a new sparse asymptotics model relying on (extended) empirical Bayes approach. Under general conditions, the consistency of the proposed criteria based on grouping is proved. Finite-sample behavior of... [to full text]Disertacijoje sprendžiami neparametrinių hipotezių tikrinimo uždaviniai išretintoms dažnių lentelėms. Problemos, susijusios su retų įvykių dažnių lentelėmis yra plačiai aptartos mokslinėje literatūroje. Yra pasiūlyta visa eilė metodų: tikslieji testai, alternatyvūs aproksimavimo būdai parametrinė ir neparametrinė saviranka, Bayeso ir kiti metodai. Tačiau jie nepritaikomi arba yra neefektyvūs neparametrinėje labai išretintų dažnių lentelių analizėje. Disertacijoje parodyta, kad labai išretintiems kategoriniams duomenims tikėtinumo santykio statistika ir Pearsono χ2 statistika gali pasidaryti neinformatyviomis: jos jau nėra tinkamos nulinės hipotezės ir duomenų suderinamumui matuoti. Vadinasi, jų pagrindu sudaryti kriterijai gali būti net nepagrįsti net tuo atveju, kai egzistuoja paprastas pagrįstas kriterijus. Darbe yra pasiūlytas klasikinių kriterijų patobulinimas išretintų dažnių lentelėms. Siūlomi kriterijai remiasi išretintų kategorinių duomenų grupavimu ir glodinimu naudojant naują išretinimo asimtotikos modelį, kuris remiasi (išplėstine) empirine Bayeso metodologija. Prie bendrų sąlygų yra įrodytas siūlomų kriterijų, naudojančių grupavimą, pagrįstumas. Kriterijų elgesys baigtinių imčių atveju tiriamas taikant Monte Carlo modeliavimą. Disertacija susideda iš įvado, 4 skyrių, literatūros sąrašo, bendrų išvadų ir priedo. Įvade atskleidžiama nagrinėjamos mokslinės problemos svarba, aprašomi darbo tikslai ir uždaviniai, tyrimo metodai, mokslinis naujumas, praktinė gautų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Pavan, Julia Maria 1961. "Analise de tabelas de contingencia 2x2 : aplicações a epidemiologia." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307056.
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Orientador: Euclydes Custodio de Lima FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Ciencia da Computação
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Resumo: É realizada uma revisão da teoria estatística apropriada para análise de tabelas de contingência 2x2, dando ênfase à aplicação destes resultados a dados gerados de estudos epidemiológicos. O desenvolvimento teórico explora a noção de condicionar a distribuição da estatística do teste em uma estatística ancilar, o que implica na tão polêmica análise de tabelas de contingência usando marginais fixadas. São apresentadas também outras formulações te6ricas como a revisão de vários procedimentos de estimação pontual ou por intervalo do parâmetro razão de produtos cruzados através de expressões exatas empregando métodos numéricos (CornField, 1956) ou expressões aproximadas (Cox, 1958; Gart, 1962.; Wolf, 1954), considerando métodos condicionais ou não condicionais. A quantidade razão de produto: cruzados se destaca como uma medida de associação superando outras quantidades devido a suas propriedades estatísticas e de aplicações. Três exemplos da área aplicada à Epidemiologia são desenvolvidos caracterizando cada tipo de estudo observacional prospectivo, retrospectivo e transversal e analisando criticamente os intervalos de confiança calculados
Abstract: Not informed
Mestrado
Mestre em Estatística
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Nguyên, Dominique Van. "Plausibilité et applications aux tables de contingence." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376000429.
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Nguyen, Van Dominique. "Plausibilité et applications aux tables de contingence." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30100.
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On rappelle la définition et les propriétés des systèmes de b-lods (chapitre 1) et de l'estimation exacte (chapitre 2) afin d'introduire la plausibilité comme une des généralisations de l'estimation exacte dans le cadre des systèmes de b-lods. Afin d'appliquer les résultats de la plausibilité conditionnelle à l'analyse des tables de contingence, on est amené à définir la classe des hypothèses log-linéaires homogènes (chapitre 3). On donne en exemple les programmes de calcul de l'estimation et de la valeur du test de rapport de plausibilité sous certaines hypothèses. Un niveau approximatif de ce test est déterminé à l'aide de simulations (chapitre 4)
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Forster, Jonathan. "Models and marginal densities for multiway contingency tables." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334557.
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Pereira, Gislaine Rocha. "Uma revisão sobre o uso analítico de dados provenientes de amostras com estruturas complexas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-28112016-144856/.
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Neste trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das metodologias encontradas na literatura de como são aplicados os métodos para o uso analítico de dados provenientes de pesquisas que envolvem esquemas amostrais complexos. Objetivou-se mostrar e discutir alguns estudos que avaliam o impacto de ignorar o plano amostral na análise dos dados. Foi feito também um levantamento de artigos com o objetivo de fazer um estudo de trabalhos publicados em jornais, revistas ou periódicos, cujos assuntos abordados tratam da incorporação da estrutura complexa da amostra na análise. Essa revisão evidenciou que os métodos clássicos de análise, ou seja, aqueles que supõem que os dados provém de uma amostragem aleatória simples, podem levar a resultados incorretos produzindo conclusões errôneas ou equivocadas quando os dados provém de esquemas amostrais complexos.This work was carried out a literature review about the methodologies found in the literature of how the methods for data analytical use from research involving complex sampling schemes are applied. It was aimed to show and discuss some studies that assess the impact of ignoring the sampling scheme in the data analysis. It was also made a survey of articles in order to make a study of works published in newspapers, magazines or periodicals, which addressed issues dealing with the incorporation of the complex structure of the sample in the analysis. This review shown that the classical methods of analysis, i.e. those who assume that the data comes from a simple random sampling can lead to incorrect results producing quite erroneous and misleading conclusions when the data come from complex sample schemes.
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Meyer, David, Achim Zeileis, and Kurt Hornik. "The Strucplot Framework: Visualizing Multi-way Contingency Tables with vcd." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/480/1/document.pdf.
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This paper describes the `strucplot' framework for the visualization of multi-way contingency tables. Strucplot displays include hierarchical conditional plots such as mosaic, association, and sieve plots, and can be combined into more complex, specialized plots for visualizing conditional independence, GLMs, and the results of independence tests. The framework's modular design allows flexible customization of the plots' graphical appearance, including shading, labeling, spacing, and legend, by means of graphical appearance control (`grapcon') functions. The framework is provided by the R package vcd. (author's abstract)Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
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Hornik, Kurt, Achim Zeileis, and David Meyer. "The Strucplot Framework: Visualizing Multi-way Contingency Tables with vcd." American Statistical Association, 2006. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3984/1/strucplot.pdf.
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This paper describes the "strucplot" framework for the visualization of multi-way contingency
tables. Strucplot displays include hierarchical conditional plots such as mosaic,
association, and sieve plots, and can be combined into more complex, specialized plots for
visualizing conditional independence, GLMs, and the results of independence tests. The
framework's modular design allows flexible customization of the plots' graphical appearance,
including shading, labeling, spacing, and legend, by means of "graphical appearance
control" functions. The framework is provided by the R package vcd.
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Messatfa, Hammou. "Unification relationnelle des criteres et structures optimales des tables de contingences." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066241.
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La premiere partie de notre these developpe une approche unificatrice et interpretative de plusieurs mesures d'association proposees dans la litterature. Nous utilisons les comparaisons par paires et quelques techniques de normalisation pour mettre en evidence les relations entre ces differentes mesures. Dans une deuxieme partie, nous abordons des problemes de structures optimales de tables de contingence: 1) nous montrons comment approximer la somme des carres d'une table de contingence a marge fixee. Nous examinons quelques approches deja etudiees et nous proposons: 1) une heuristique basee sur des techniques d'affectation, 2) une heuristique derivant d'un probleme de transport. Ces deux procedures ont ete appliquees au probleme de partitionnement de graphes: 1) nous resolvons le probleme de l'estimation d'une table de contingence a marges fixees, a partir d'une seconde table donnee, tout en conservant une certaine structure
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Kim, Seoung Bum. "Data Mining in Tree-Based Models and Large-Scale Contingency Tables." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6825.
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This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part pertains to tree-based models. The second part deals with multiple testing in large-scale contingency tables. Tree-based models have gained enormous popularity in statistical modeling and data mining. We propose a novel tree-pruning algorithm called frontier-based tree-pruning algorithm (FBP). The new method has an order of computational complexity comparable to cost-complexity pruning (CCP). Regarding tree pruning, it provides a full spectrum of information. Numerical study on real data sets reveals a surprise: in the complexity-penalization approach, most of the tree sizes are inadmissible. FBP facilitates a more faithful implementation of cross validation, which is favored by simulations.
One of the most common test procedures using two-way contingency tables is the test of independence between two categorizations. Current test procedures such as chi-square or likelihood ratio tests provide overall independency but bring limited information about the nature of the association in contingency tables. We propose an approach of testing independence of categories in individual cells of contingency tables based on a multiple testing framework. We then employ the proposed method to identify the patterns of pair-wise associations between amino acids involved in beta-sheet bridges of proteins. We identify a number of amino acid pairs that exhibit either strong or weak association. These patterns provide useful information for algorithms that predict secondary and tertiary structures of proteins.
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Khedri, Shiler. "Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for exact tests in contingency tables." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5579/.
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This thesis is mainly concerned with conditional inference for contingency tables, where the MCMC method is used to take a sample of the conditional distribution. One of the most common models to be investigated in contingency tables is the independence model. Classic test statistics for testing the independence hypothesis, Pearson and likelihood chi-square statistics rely on large sample distributions. The large sample distribution does not provide a good approximation when the sample size is small. The Fisher exact test is an alternative method which enables us to compute the exact p-value for testing the independence hypothesis. For contingency tables of large dimension, the Fisher exact test is not practical as it requires counting all tables in the sample space. We will review some enumeration methods which do not require us to count all tables in the sample space. However, these methods would also fail to compute the exact p-value for contingency tables of large dimensions. \cite{DiacStur98} introduced a method based on the Grobner basis. It is quite complicated to compute the Grobner basis for contingency tables as it is different for each individual table, not only for different sizes of table. We also review the method introduced by \citet{AokiTake03} using the minimal Markov basis for some particular tables. \cite{BuneBesa00} provided an algorithm using the most fundamental move to make the irreducible Markov chain over the sample space, defining an extra space. The algorithm is only introduced for $2\times J \times K$ tables using the Rasch model. We introduce direct proof for irreducibility of the Markov chain achieved by the Bunea and Besag algorithm. This is then used to prove that \cite{BuneBesa00} approach can be applied for some tables of higher dimensions, such as $3\times 3\times K$ and $3\times 4 \times 4$. The efficiency of the Bunea and Besag approach is extensively investigated for many different settings such as for tables of low/moderate/large dimensions, tables with special zero pattern, etc. The efficiency of algorithms is measured based on the effective sample size of the MCMC sample. We use two different metrics to penalise the effective sample size: running time of the algorithm and total number of bits used. These measures are also used to compute the efficiency of an adjustment of the Bunea and Besag algorithm which show that it outperforms the the original algorithm for some settings.
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Ye, Ping. "Tests of symmetry with ordered alternatives in three-dimensional contingency tables /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594480501&sid=17&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Khelladi, Mahieddine. "Analyse des tables de contingence : étude du problème de la contractilité." Grenoble 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE21050.
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Dans une table de contingence, l'elimination d'une ou plusieurs variables se fait en sommant le contenu des cases (effectif ou frequence) sur toutes ou certaines modalites de(s) variable(s) a eliminer, on obtient ainsi une table de contingence marginale ou contractee des variables restantes. Cette operation s'appelle contracter une table. Nous etudions en premier lieu, l'effet de contraction sur ce certaines structures d'association, le rapport des cotes et les parametres d'un modele log-lineaire. On distingue alors trois types de contractilite: la contractilite forte, la contractilite stricte et la pseud-contractilite. Ensuite nous developpons un test statistique conditionnel de contractilite dans les tables de contingence 2x2xk. Le procede est par suite generalise aux tables de contingence rxcxk proposant ainsi une solution a un probleme non encore completement resolu a notre connaissanceIn a contingency table, the elimination of one or several variables is one by summing the effet or frequencies of cells over all or some categories (modalities) of variables to be eliminated, we get then a marginal or collapsed contingency table of the remaining variables. This operation is called collapsing a table. We study first, the effect of collapsibility on some mesures of association, the odds ratio and the parameters of log-linear models. We distinguish then between three types of collapsibility : the strong collapsibility, the strict collapsibility and the pseudo-collapsibility. Then, we developp a conditional test statistic of collapsibility in 2x2xk contingency tables. The process is then generalised to rxcxk contingency tables. We give thus a solution to a problem not completely solved to our knowledge
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Maia, Aline de Holanda Nunes. "O metodo de quadrados minimos ponderados na analise de tabelas de contingencia : aplicações em pesquisa agricola." [s.n.], 1994. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307052.
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Orientador: Euclides Custodio de Lima FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Ciencia da Computação
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Resumo: Não informado.
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Estatística
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Ait, Sidi Allal Moulay Lahcen. "Contributions à l'étude des modèles d'association dans l'analyse des tables de contingence." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30011.
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Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes interesses a deux problemes relatifs au modele d'association: la distribution asymptotique des estimateurs maximum de vraisemblance (emv) et le choix de la dimension. La premiere partie est consacree a la determination de la matrice des co variances asymptotiques des emv dans le modele d'association, ainsi que dans d'autres modeles voisins. La deuxieme partie passe en revue differents criteres de choix de la dimension optimale d'un modele. Nous nous sommes plus particulierement interesses dans cette partie a deux criteres relativement recents icomp et icompifim. A chaque fois, plusieurs illustrations ont ete proposees
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Johnson, Justin Scott Escobar Martha Cecilia. "Initially held hypothesis does not affect encoding of event frequencies in contingency based causal judgment." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1948.
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Pan, Xuemei. "Factors influencing the mixture index of model fit in contingency tables showing indenpendence." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4101.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Measurement, Statistics and Evaluation. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Espendiller, Michael [Verfasser], Maria [Akademischer Betreuer] Kateri, and Udo [Akademischer Betreuer] Kamps. "Association in contingency tables : an informationtheoretic approach / Michael Espendiller ; Maria Kateri, Udo Kamps." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1158599560/34.
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Bhatta, Dilli. "A Bayesian Test of Independence for Two-way Contingency Tables Under Cluster Sampling." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/128.
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We consider a Bayesian approach to the study of independence in a two-way contingency table obtained from a two-stage cluster sampling design. We study the association between two categorical variables when (a) there are no covariates and (b) there are covariates at both unit and cluster levels. Our main idea for the Bayesian test of independence is to convert the cluster sample into an equivalent simple random sample which provides a surrogate of the original sample. Then, this surrogate sample is used to compute the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. For the test of independence without covariates, the Rao-Scott corrections to the standard chi-squared (or likelihood ratio) statistic were developed. They are ``large sample' methods and provide appropriate inference when there are large cell counts. However, they are less successful when there are small cell counts. We have developed the methodology to overcome the limitations of Rao-Scott correction. We have used a hierarchical Bayesian model to convert the observed cluster samples to simple random samples. This provides the surrogate samples which can be used to derive the distribution of the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. We have used a sampling-based method to fit the model. For the test of independence with covariates, we first convert the cluster sample with covariates to a cluster sample without covariates. We use multinomial logistic regression model with random effects to accommodate the cluster effects. Our idea is to fit the cluster samples to the random effect models and predict the new samples by adjusting with the covariates. This provides the cluster sample without covariates. We then use a hierarchical Bayesian model to convert this cluster sample to a simple random sample which allows us to calculate the Bayes factor to make an inference about independence. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to fit our models. We apply our first method to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (1995) for third grade U.S. students in which we study the association between the mathematics test scores and the communities the students come from, and science test scores and the communities the students come from. We also provide a simulation study which establishes our methodology as a viable alternative to the Rao-Scott approximations for relatively small two-stage cluster samples. We apply our second method to the data from the Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study (2007) for fourth grade U.S. students to assess the association between the mathematics and science scores represented as categorical variables and also provide the simulation study. The result shows that if there is strong association between two categorical variables, there is no difference between the significance of the test in using the model (a) with covariates and (b) without covariates. However, in simulation studies, there is a noticeable difference in the significance of the test between the two models when there are borderline cases (i.e., situations where there is marginal significance).
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Basak, Tapati. "A Geometry-Based Multiple Testing Correction for Contingency Tables by Truncated Normal Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/264648.
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京都大学新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第23367号
医博第4736号
新制||医||1051(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授 森田 智視, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 佐藤 俊哉
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Medical Science
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Yenigun, Deniz C. "A Test of Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables Based on Maximal Correlation." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1182286318.
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Xi, Jing. "Polytopes Arising from Binary Multi-way Contingency Tables and Characteristic Imsets for Bayesian Networks." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/statistics_etds/5.
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The main theme of this dissertation is the study of polytopes arising from binary multi-way contingency tables and characteristic imsets for Bayesian networks.
Firstly, we study on three-way tables whose entries are independent Bernoulli ran- dom variables with canonical parameters under no three-way interaction generalized linear models. Here, we use the sequential importance sampling (SIS) method with the conditional Poisson (CP) distribution to sample binary three-way tables with the sufficient statistics, i.e., all two-way marginal sums, fixed. Compared with Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) approach with a Markov basis (MB), SIS procedure has the advantage that it does not require expensive or prohibitive pre-computations. Note that this problem can also be considered as estimating the number of lattice points inside the polytope defined by the zero-one and two-way marginal constraints. The theorems in Chapter 2 give the parameters for the CP distribution on each column when it is sampled. In this chapter, we also present the algorithms, the simulation results, and the results for Samson’s monks data.
Bayesian networks, a part of the family of probabilistic graphical models, are widely applied in many areas and much work has been done in model selections for Bayesian networks. The second part of this dissertation investigates the problem of finding the optimal graph by using characteristic imsets, where characteristic imsets are defined as 0-1 vector representations of Bayesian networks which are unique up to Markov equivalence. Characteristic imset polytopes are defined as the convex hull of all characteristic imsets we consider. It was proven that the problem of finding optimal Bayesian network for a specific dataset can be converted to a linear programming problem over the characteristic imset polytope [51]. In Chapter 3, we first consider characteristic imset polytopes for all diagnosis models and show that these polytopes are direct product of simplices. Then we give the combinatorial description of all edges and all facets of these polytopes. At the end of this chapter, we generalize these results to the characteristic imset polytopes for all Bayesian networks with a fixed underlying ordering of nodes.
Chapter 4 includes discussion and future work on these two topics.
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Mesbah, Mounir. "Estimation et tests dans les tables de contingence mixtes en présence d'erreurs de mesure." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S015.
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Le chapitre 1 de cette thèse porte sur la construction des distributions conditionnellement gaussiennes. Dans le chapitre 2, nous présentons des résultats sur l'effet des erreurs de mesures sur les estimations et les tests dans les tables de contingence mixtes. Nous montrons qu'en présence de certaines indépendances conditionnelles particulières, l'association entre variables est soit toujours diminuée, soit toujours augmentée. Néanmoins dans certains cas les tests d'indépendance restent de niveau correct. Leur puissance est, pour certains types de modèles, toujours diminuée. Nous caractérisons ensuite la classe des modèles graphiques invariants par erreurs de type Korn. Le chapitre 3 porte sur la correction des erreurs de mesure, si l'on dispose d'un deuxième échantillon, ou l'on observe conjointement la variable mesurée correctement et sa version erronée. Une méthode générale consiste à construire une table de contingence partiellement observée croisant l'ensemble des variables des deux échantillons et à estimer ces effectifs à l'aide d'un modèle conditionnellement gaussiens particulier. Le chapitre 4 porte sur le choix de ce modèle. Nous montrons que certains de ces modèles sont incompatibles avec les observations et nous donnons des règles simples pour les déterminer
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Fonseca, Cristina Moreira. "Contingência e contigüidade no responder de ratos submetidos a esquemas de razão e intervalo variáveis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-25092006-005520/.
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O presente estudo é formado por dois experimentos (Experimento 1 e Experimento 2) que empregaram procedimento de atraso de reforço não sinalizado non-resetting [esquema tandem em que o segundo componente ocorre em tempo fixo (FT)]. Os experimentos tiveram como objetivo geral manipular experimentalmente relações de contingência e contigüidade utilizando diferentes esquemas de reforço (esquema dependente de resposta, esquema dependente da resposta com liberação atrasada do reforço e esquema independente de resposta). Mais especificamente, os experimentos tiveram como objetivo verificar os efeitos produzidos pela introdução do atraso do reforço sobre a taxa e a distribuição de freqüência no tempo das respostas de pressão à barra, emitidas por ratos submetidos a esquemas de intervalo variável (VI) e razão variável (VR).No Experimento 1, os efeitos da introdução de um atraso de 5 s foram comparados à liberação de água independente da resposta (VT). Os resultados do experimento mostraram que, em linha de base (presença de contingência e contigüidade), o esquema VR gerou, relativamente ao VI, taxas de respostas mais elevadas. Com a introdução do atraso de reforço (presença de contingência e contigüidade reduzida) houve diminuição nas taxas de respostas dos sujeitos de ambos os grupos em relação à linha de base, com diminuição maior nas taxas de respostas dos sujeitos do Grupo VI. Na vigência do VT (ausência de contingência, mas não de contigüidade), esta diminuição foi ainda mais acentuada. Os efeitos diferenciados do atraso nos esquemas VI e VR foram detalhados por meio da distribuição de freqüência de respostas no tempo, de modo a se identificarem os valores de atraso que efetivamente ocorreram (isto é, o intervalo entre a liberação do reforço e a última resposta anteriormente emitida). Para os sujeitos do Grupo VI, os valores de atrasos registrados se concentraram geralmente em valores próximos ao atraso programado de 5 s enquanto que, para os sujeitos do Grupo VR, os intervalos efetivamente registrados assumiram valores menores. Uma explicação para esses resultados deve-se às próprias características dos esquemas. Deste modo, a probabilidade dos atrasos registrados se concentrarem no valor do atraso programado é maior no VI do que no VR. No Experimento 2, foi verificado o efeito da introdução de diferentes valores de atraso - 2, 5 e 8 s - sobre a taxa e a distribuição de freqüência de respostas, submetendo-se ratos ingênuos aos esquemas de VI e VR, com e sem atraso de reforço. Os resultados do Experimento 2 mostraram que, com a introdução dos diferentes valores de atraso de reforço (presença de contingência e contigüidade parametricamente manipulada), houve diminuições nas taxas de respostas dos sujeitos de ambos os grupos. A análise por meio da distribuição de freqüência dos valores de atrasos mostrou que para os sujeitos de ambos os grupos - VI e VR, os valores de atrasos registrados assumiram os menores intervalos quando o atraso foi de 2 s, concentraram-se em valores próximos ao atraso programado, quando o atraso foi de 5 s e, foram distribuídos entre os diferentes intervalos quando o atraso foi de 8 s. Resultados diferentes, porém, foram observados em dois sujeitos cujos valores de atrasos se concentraram nos valores de atrasos programados. No conjunto, os resultados de ambos os experimentos mostram que apesar das taxas de respostas semelhantes, identificam-se efeitos do atraso sob a distribuição do responder quando os sujeitos estão sob VI ou VR. Efeitos que não puderam ser observados quando a análise dos dados limitou-se à taxa de resposta, medida esta mais freqüentemente usada na investigação de relações de contingência e contigüidade.The present study comprises two experiments (experiment 1 and experiment 2) that applied delayed reinforcement [non-resentting] procedure [schedule in which the second component operates on a fixed time condition (FT)]. The main purpose was to manipulate experimentally contingencies and contiguity relations by using different reinforcement schedules (response dependent schedule, response dependent schedule with delayed reinforcement and response independent schedule). The experiments investigated the effects of delayed reinforcement imposition on the lever press response rate and distribution of frequency on time, by exposing rats to variable interval (VI) and variable ratio schedule (VR). Experiment 1 compared effects of 5 s delays imposition with response independent water presentation. Experiment 1 showed that VR schedule engendered, in baseline condition (contingency and contiguity condition), higher response rates than did VI schedule. Delayed reinforcement (contingency and reduced contiguity condition) produced lower response rates, in both groups, than that of baseline condition. The lowest rates were observed in VI group. During VT condition (no contingency, but with contiguity), the rate decrease was accentuated. The different effects of delay under VI and VR schedules were showed in detail by the distribution of response frequency on time so that the effective delay values could be identified (the interval between reinforcement presentation and the last emitted response). In VI group, the observed delay values were in general near the programmed 5 s delay, whereas the intervals effectively observed, in VR group, were lower than the programmed 5 s delay. The schedules features can explain these results. The observed delays are more likely to be near the delay programmed value in VI than in VR schedule. Experiment 2 showed the effect of imposition of different delay values 2, 5 and 8 s- on the response rate and frequency distribution, by exposing naïve rats to VI and VR schedules, with and without reinforcement delay. The experiment 2 revealed that the response rates decreased, in both groups, when different reinforcement delay values were presented (contingency and parametrically manipulated contiguity). The analysis of distribution of delay values frequency showed that the registered delay values were lower than the programmed 2 s delay, delay values were in general near the programmed 5 s delay and distributed over the different values in both groups (VI and VR). Different findings were, however, observed in two subjects whose delay values were near the programmed delay values. The results of both experiments, taken together, indicate that the analysis of distribution of delay values frequency reveals the different effects of delay on VI and VR schedule. These effects could not be observed when the data analysis took into account only response rate, a more usual measure employed in investigations on relationship between contingency and contiguity.
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Chah, Said. "Nouvelles techniques de codage d'association et de classification." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066097.
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La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée au problème de la recherche des partitions de e (ensemble à classifier) s'ajustant le mieux, au sens du critère de W. F. De la Vega, a la préordonnance p(s) induite sur e par un indice de similarité s. Dans la deuxième partie, on présente les bases d'une nouvelle théorie en classification automatique contenant la théorie classique des préordonnances comme cas particulier. Dans la troisième partie, on présente les principes de la théorie des "comparaisons par triplets" basée sur une nouvelle structure dite "triordonnance". La quatrième partie étudie un problème de structuration d'une table de contingence.
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Llanos, Carrillo Jose Luis. "Investigações sobre o efeito de diversos delineamentos amostrais sobre a distribuição assintotica da estatistica de Pearson para independencia em tabelas de contingencia." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306549.
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Orientador: Sebastião de AmorimDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Ciencia da Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T21:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LlanosCarrillo_JoseLuis_M.pdf: 2585260 bytes, checksum: 1ae45e9197e73514e6be1ba4ceb1b74d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987
Resumo: Não informado.
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Estatística
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Lee, Juyoun Slavkovic Aleksandra B. "Sampling contingency tables given sets of marginals and/or conditionals in the context of statistical disclosure limitation." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4572/index.html.
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Carvalho, Helton Graziadei de. "Testes bayesianos para homogeneidade marginal em tabelas de contingência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-27082015-181850/.
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O problema de testar hipóteses sobre proporções marginais de uma tabela de contingência assume papel fundamental, por exemplo, na investigação da mudança de opinião e comportamento. Apesar disso, a maioria dos textos na literatura abordam procedimentos para populações independentes, como o teste de homogeneidade de proporções. Existem alguns trabalhos que exploram testes de hipóteses em caso de respostas dependentes como, por exemplo, o teste de McNemar para tabelas 2 x 2. A extensão desse teste para tabelas k x k, denominado teste de homogeneidade marginal, usualmente requer, sob a abordagem clássica, a utilização de aproximações assintóticas. Contudo, quando o tamanho amostral é pequeno ou os dados esparsos, tais métodos podem eventualmente produzir resultados imprecisos. Neste trabalho, revisamos medidas de evidência clássicas e bayesianas comumente empregadas para comparar duas proporções marginais. Além disso, desenvolvemos o Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) para testar a homogeneidade marginal em tabelas de contingência bidimensionais e multidimensionais. O FBST é baseado em uma medida de evidência, denominada e-valor, que não depende de resultados assintóticos, não viola o princípio da verossimilhança e respeita a várias propriedades lógicas esperadas para testes de hipóteses. Consequentemente, a abordagem ao problema de teste de homogeneidade marginal pelo FBST soluciona diversas limitações geralmente enfrentadas por outros procedimentos.Tests of hypotheses for marginal proportions in contingency tables play a fundamental role, for instance, in the investigation of behaviour (or opinion) change. However, most texts in the literature are concerned with tests that assume independent populations (e.g: homogeneity tests). There are some works that explore hypotheses tests for dependent proportions such as the McNemar Test for 2 x 2 contingency tables. The generalization of McNemar test for k x k contingency tables, called marginal homogeneity test, usually requires asymptotic approximations. Nevertheless, for small sample sizes or sparse tables, such methods may occasionally produce imprecise results. In this work, we review some classical and Bayesian measures of evidence commonly applied to compare two marginal proportions. We propose the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) to investigate marginal homogeneity in two-way and multidimensional contingency tables. The FBST is based on a measure of evidence, called e-value, which does not depend on asymptotic results, does not violate the likelihood principle and satisfies logical properties that are expected from hypothesis testing. Consequently, the FBST approach to test marginal homogeneity overcomes several limitations usually met by other procedures.
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Tadepalli, Sriram Satish. "Schemas of Clustering." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26261.
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Data mining techniques, such as clustering, have become a mainstay in many applications such as bioinformatics, geographic information systems, and marketing. Over the last decade, due to new demands posed by these applications, clustering techniques have been significantly adapted and extended. One such extension is the idea of finding clusters in a dataset that preserve information about some auxiliary variable. These approaches tend to guide the clustering algorithms that are traditionally unsupervised learning techniques with the background knowledge of the auxiliary variable. The auxiliary information could be some prior class label attached to the data samples or it could be the relations between data samples across different datasets. In this dissertation, we consider the latter problem of simultaneously clustering several vector valued datasets by taking into account the relationships between the data samples.
We formulate objective functions that can be used to find clusters that are local in each individual dataset and at the same time maximally similar or dissimilar with respect to clusters across datasets. We introduce diverse applications of these clustering algorithms: (1) time series segmentation (2) reconstructing temporal models from time series segmentations (3) simultaneously clustering several datasets according to database schemas using a multi-criteria optimization and (4) clustering datasets with many-many relationships between data samples.
For each of the above, we demonstrate applications, including modeling the yeast cell cycle and the yeast metabolic cycle, understanding the temporal relationships between yeast biological processes, and cross-genomic studies involving multiple organisms and multiple stresses. The key contribution is to structure the design of complex clustering algorithms over a database schema in terms of clustering algorithms over the underlying entity sets.Ph. D.
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Michaelides, Danius Takis. "Exact tests via complete enumeration : a distributed computing approach." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/250749/.
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The analysis of categorical data often leads to the analysis of a contingency table. For large samples, asymptotic approximations are sufficient when calculating p-values, but for small samples the tests can be unreliable. In these situations an exact test should be considered. This bases the test on the exact distribution of the test statistic. Sampling techniques can be used to estimate the distribution. Alternatively, the distribution can be found by complete enumeration. A new algorithm is developed that enables a model to be defined by a model matrix, and all tables that satisfy the model are found. This provides a more efficient enumeration mechanism for complex models and extends the range of models that can be tested. The technique can lead to large calculations and a distributed version of the algorithm is developed that enables a number of machines to work efficiently on the same problem.
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Galante, Helena Isabel Coutinho. "As variáveis da empregabilidade: uma análise exploratória de dados." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16821.
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Mestrado em Matemática e AplicaçõesO objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em identificar as variáveis que poderão estar relacionadas com a empregabilidade de diplomados de uma Instituição do Ensino Superior. Para isso recorreu-se à análise das respostas a um questionário efetuado a diplomados dessa Instituição. Numa primeira fase, os resultados são efetuados através de análises a tabelas de contingência, portanto uma análise essencialmente descritiva, servindo de input à fase seguinte, com o intuito de construir um modelo que permita descrever o fenómeno da empregabilidade dos diplomados da Instituição através da análise de regressão logística.
The main aim of this work is to show how variables can be related to employability through the results of a survey which was applied to the graduates of an higher education institution. First the results were analyzed using contingency tables, in a mainly descriptive analysis, and its results were the input to the next phase, in order to achieve a model that may describe the graduates employability through the logistic regression analysis.
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Whistler, James W. "ANALYSIS OF EMBRYO SCORING AND COMPARISON OF CLINIC PERFORMANCE IN IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1376.
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Clinical Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) practices seek to make improvements in embryo quality and resultant procedural success rates. There is a significant variance in live birth rates among clinics nationwide. The goal of this thesis is make comparisons of embryo quality among clinics and understand these differences. This analysis focuses on the stage between egg retrieval and embryo transfer. Because the currently accepted embryo scoring methods are not directly proportional to performance, a new scoring methodology is proposed and applied. Data provided by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) consisting of 36,836 patient cycles from 40 anonymous clinics nationwide is considered. After necessary reductions are made, the data is anatomized to link each embryo transferred to an implantation probability. A score is generated for each morphology grouping based on the average implantation rate of that group. This score is used as the basis for clinic comparisons. Top-performing clinics (in terms of live birth rates in patients agedold) are then shown to both produce embryos of higher score and achieve better results from embryos of identical morphology.
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Zeileis, Achim, David Meyer, and Kurt Hornik. "Residual-based shadings for visualizing (conditional) independence." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1122/1/document.pdf.
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Residual-based shadings for enhancing mosaic and association plots to visualize independence models for contingency tables are extended in two directions: (a) perceptually uniform HCL colors are used and (b) the result of an associated significance test is coded by the appearance of color in the visualization. For obtaining (a), a general strategy for deriving diverging palettes in the perceptually-based HCL space is suggested. As for (b), cut offs that control the appearance of color are computed in a data-driven way based on the conditional permutation distribution of maximum-type test statistics. The shadings are first established for the case of independence in 2-way tables and then extended to more general independence models for multi-way tables, including in particular conditional independence problems.Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
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Mullen, Jerry D. (Jerry Davis). "A Comparison of Some Continuity Corrections for the Chi-Squared Test in 3 x 3, 3 x 4, and 3 x 5 Tables." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331001/.
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This study was designed to determine whether chis-quared based tests for independence give reliable estimates (as compared to the exact values provided by Fisher's exact probabilities test) of the probability of a relationship between the variables in 3 X 3, 3 X 4 , and 3 X 5 contingency tables when the sample size is 10, 20, or 30. In addition to the classical (uncorrected) chi-squared test, four methods for continuity correction were compared to Fisher's exact probabilities test. The four methods were Yates' correction, two corrections attributed to Cochran, and Mantel's correction. The study was modeled after a similar comparison conducted on 2 X 2 contingency tables and published by Michael Haber.
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Steinfeld, Uwe H. "Draftsmans displays for contingency tables using a full-screen, scrollable APL2 spreadsheet input/output editor with application to the PERSEREC database of Special Background Investigation." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37552.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.A full-screen, scrollable spreadsheet-like editor written in the APL2 language is described for inputting, examining and outputting data. Mixed numeric and character arrays can be read into or read out to formatted DOS files (ASCII) or comma delimited DOS files. Alternatively a bulk mode input facility allows for rapid direct data entry, or data can be examined and edited cell-by-cell in the usual way. Columns, rows or blocks of data can be highlighted in a chosen color, shadowed, moved or copied. In addition APL functions entered on the command line can use the blocks as input or output. A facility for coding missing values is also provided. Major-to-minor (lexicographic) sorts can be performed on selected columns, and conditional or unconditional frequency tabulations and cross-tabulations of selected columns can be performed. Output is obtained as a new spreadsheet, or equivalently, as an APL2 matrix. In particular, two-way cross-tabulations of multiple columns are laid out in the spreadsheet like draftsman plots to facilitate investigation and explanation of multivariate categorical data. No numerical coding of the data is needed.
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Ganajová, Michaela. "Aplikace korespondenční analýzy v programu MS Excel." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15778.
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The aim of the diploma thesis was to create independently an application, automating a correspondence analysis calculation using MS Excel and taking advantage of VBA programming language. The application was then used to analyse Slovak banking sector. The created application is based on macro sets which can be split up to two parts. The first part produces a contingency table and converts it into a format usable in the second part. Then there is executed the Correspondence Analysis calculation itself. Supplement Matrix is being used, that allows to discharge functions from matrix and linear algebra. The application allows to process any matrix dimension. Dialog window offers four normalization types, shortened and also full output and it is possible to display row or column variable categories, eventually both. The analysis subject was to find out which of the products are typical for considered banks and for which clients, divided into age categories, is attractive particular bank and/or product. A starting point is a product usage data matrix at a particular bank. There was made a conclusion, that it is possible to divide banks into more traditional or modern type institutions and also that each bank has a typical product.
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Bravo, Juan Martín. "Subsídios à operação de reservatórios baseada na previsão de variáveis hidrológicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26916.
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Diversas atividades humanas são fortemente dependentes do clima e da sua variabilidade, especialmente aquelas relacionadas ao uso da água. A operação integrada de reservatórios com múltiplos usos requer uma série de decisões que definem quanta água deve ser alocada, ao longo do tempo para cada um dos usos, e quais os volumes dos reservatórios a serem mantidos. O conhecimento antecipado das condições climáticas resulta de vital importância para os operadores de reservatórios, pois o insumo dos reservatórios é a vazão dos rios, que por sua vez é dependente de condições atmosféricas e hidrológicas em diferentes escalas de tempo e espaço. A pesquisa trata sobre três importantes elementos de subsídio à tomada de decisão na operação de reservatórios baseada na previsão de variáveis hidrológicas: (a) as previsões de vazão de curto prazo; (b) as previsões de precipitação de longo prazo e (c) as medidas de desempenho das previsões. O reservatório de Furnas, localizado na bacia do Rio Grande, em Minas Gerais, foi selecionado como estudo de caso devido, principalmente, à disponibilidade de previsões quantitativas de chuva e pela importância desse reservatório na região analisada. A previsão de curto prazo de vazão com base na precipitação foi estimada com um modelo empírico (rede neural artificial) e a previsão de precipitação foi obtida pelo modelo regional ETA. Uma metodologia de treinamento e validação da rede neural artificial foi desenvolvida utilizando previsões perfeitas de chuva (considerando a chuva observada como previsão) e utilizando o maior número de dados disponíveis, favorecendo a representatividade dos resultados obtidos. A metodologia empírica alcançou os desempenhos obtidos com um modelo hidrológico conceitual, mostrando-se menos sensitiva aos erros na previsão quantitativa de precipitação nessa bacia. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as previsões de vazão utilizando modelos empíricos e conceituais e incorporando previsões quantitativas de precipitação são melhores que a metodologia utilizada pelo ONS no local de estudo. A redução dos erros de previsão relativos à metodologia empregada pelo ONS foi em torno de 20% quando usadas previsões quantitativas de precipitação definidas pelo modelo regional ETA e superiores a 50% quando usadas previsões perfeitas de precipitação. Embora essas últimas previsões nunca possam ser obtidas na prática, os resultados sugerem o quanto o incremento do desempenho das previsões quantitativas de chuva melhoraria as previsões de vazão. A previsão de precipitação de longo prazo para a bacia analisada foi também estimada com um modelo empírico de redes neurais artificiais e utilizando índices climáticos como variáveis de entrada. Nesse sentido, foram estimadas previsões de precipitação acumulada no período mais chuvoso (DJF) utilizando índices climáticos associados a fenômenos climáticos, como o El Niño - Oscilação Sul e a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico, e a modos de variabilidade climática, como a Oscilação do Atlântico Norte e o Modo Anular do Hemisfério Sul. Apesar das redes neurais artificiais terem sido aplicadas em diversos problemas relacionados a hidrometeorologia, a aplicação dessas técnicas na previsão de precipitação de longo prazo é ainda rara. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho mostraram que consideráveis reduções dos erros da previsão relativos ao uso apenas da média climatológica como previsão podem ser obtidos com a metodologia utilizada. Foram obtidas reduções dos erros de, no mínimo 50%, e chegando até um valor próximo a 75% nos diferentes testes efetuados no estudo de caso. Uma medida de desempenho da previsão foi desenvolvida baseada no uso de tabelas de contingência e levando em conta a utilidade da previsão. Essa medida de desempenho foi calculada com base nos resultados do uso das previsões por um modelo de operação de reservatório, e não apenas na comparação de vazões previstas e observadas. Nos testes realizados durante essa pesquisa, ficou evidente que não existe uma relação unívoca entre qualidade das previsões e utilidade das previsões. No entanto, em função de comportamentos particulares das previsões, tendências foram encontradas, como por exemplo nos modelos cuja previsão apresenta apenas defasagem. Nesses modelos, a utilidade das previsões tende a crescer na medida que a qualidade das mesmas aumenta. Por fim, uma das grandes virtudes da medida de desempenho desenvolvida nesse trabalho foi sua capacidade de distinguir o desempenho de modelos que apresentaram a mesma qualidade.Several human activities are strongly dependent on climate and its variability, especially those related to water use. The operation of multi-purpose reservoirs systems defines how much water should be allocated and the reservoir storage volumes to be maintained, over time. Knowing in advance the weather conditions helps the decision making process, as the major inputs to reservoirs are the streamflows, which are dependent on atmospheric and hydrological conditions at different time-space scales. This research deals with three important aspects towards the decision making process of multi-purpose reservoir operation based on forecast of hydrological variables: (a) short-term streamflow forecast, (b) long-range precipitation forecast and (c) performance measures. The Furnas reservoir on the Rio Grande basin was selected as the case study, primarily because of the availability of quantitative precipitation forecasts from the Brazilian Center for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies and due to its importance in the Brazilian hydropower generation system. Short-term streamflow forecasts were estimated by an empirical model (artificial neural network – ANN) and incorporating forecast of rainfall. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs), defined by the ETA regional model, were used as inputs to the ANN models. A methodology for training and validating the ANN models was developed using perfect precipitation forecasts (i.e., using the observed precipitation as if it was a forecast) and considering the largest number of available samples, in order to increase the representativeness of the results. The empirical methodology achieved the performance obtained with a conceptual hydrological model and seemed to be less sensitive to precipitation forecast error relative to the conceptual hydrological model. Although limited to one reservoir, the results obtained show that streamflow forecasting using empirical and conceptual models and incorporating QPFs performs better than the methodology used by ONS. Reduction in the forecast errors relative to the ONS method was about 20% when using QPFs provided by ETA model, and greater than 50% when using the perfect precipitation forecast. Although the latter can never be achieved in practice, these results suggest that improving QPFs would lead to better forecasts of reservoir inflows. Long-range precipitation forecast was also estimated by an empirical model based on artificial neural networks and using climate indices as input variables. The output variable is the summer (DJF) precipitation over the Furnas watershed. It was estimated using climate indices related to climatic phenomena such as El Niño - Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and modes of climate variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode. Despite of ANN has been applied in several problems of hydrometeorological areas, the application of such technique for long-range precipitation forecast is still rare. The results obtained demonstrate how the methodology for seasonal precipitation forecast based on ANN can be particularly helpful, with the use of available time series of climate indices. Reductions in the forecast errors achieved by using only the climatological mean as forecast were considerable, being at least of 50% and reaching values close to 75% in several tests. A performance measure based on the use of contingency tables was developed taking into account the utility of the forecast. This performance measure was calculated based on the results of the use of the forecasts by a reservoir operation model, and not only by comparing streamflow observed and forecast. The performed tests show that there is no unequivocal relationship between quality and utility of the forecasts. However, when the forecast has a particular behavior, trends were found in the relationship between utility and quality of the forecast, such as models that generate streamflow forecast with lags in comparison to the observed values. In these models, the utility of the forecasts tends to enhance as the quality increases. Finally, the ability to distinguish the performance of forecast models having similar quality was one of the main merits of the performance measure developed in this research.
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Pemmanaboina, Rajashekar. "Assessing Crash Occurrence On Urban Freeways Using Static And Dynamic Factors By Applying A System Of Interrelated Equations." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2617.
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Traffic crashes have been identified as one of the main causes of death in the US, making road safety a high priority issue that needs urgent attention. Recognizing the fact that more and effective research has to be done in this area, this thesis aims mainly at developing different statistical models related to the road safety. The thesis includes three main sections: 1) overall crash frequency analysis using negative binomial models, 2) seemingly unrelated negative binomial (SUNB) models for different categories of crashes divided based on type of crash, or condition in which they occur, 3) safety models to determine the probability of crash occurrence, including a rainfall index that has been estimated using a logistic regression model. The study corridor is a 36.25 mile stretch of Interstate 4 in Central Florida. For the first two sections, crash cases from 1999 through 2002 were considered. Conventionally most of the crash frequency analysis model all crashes, instead of dividing them based on type of crash, peaking conditions, availability of light, severity, or pavement condition, etc. Also researchers traditionally used AADT to represent traffic volumes in their models. These two cases are examples of macroscopic crash frequency modeling. To investigate the microscopic models, and to identify the significant factors related to crash occurrence, a preliminary study (first analysis) explored the use of microscopic traffic volumes related to crash occurrence by comparing AADT/VMT with five to twenty minute volumes immediately preceding the crash. It was found that the volumes just before the time of crash occurrence proved to be a better predictor of crash frequency than AADT. The results also showed that road curvature, median type, number of lanes, pavement surface type and presence of on/off-ramps are among the significant factors that contribute to crash occurrence. In the second analysis various possible crash categories were prepared to exactly identify the factors related to them, using various roadway, geometric, and microscopic traffic variables. Five different categories are prepared based on a common platform, e.g. type of crash. They are: 1) Multiple and Single vehicle crashes, 2) Peak and Off-peak crashes, 3) Dry and Wet pavement crashes, 4) Daytime and Dark hour crashes, and 5) Property Damage Only (PDO) and Injury crashes. Each of the above mentioned models in each category are estimated separately. To account for the correlation between the disturbance terms arising from omitted variables between any two models in a category, seemingly unrelated negative binomial (SUNB) regression was used, and then the models in each category were estimated simultaneously. SUNB estimation proved to be advantageous for two categories: Category 1, and Category 4. Road curvature and presence of On-ramps/Off-ramps were found to be the important factors, which can be related to every crash category. AADT was also found to be significant in all the models except for the single vehicle crash model. Median type and pavement surface type were among the other important factors causing crashes. It can be stated that the group of factors found in the model considering all crashes is a superset of the factors that were found in individual crash categories. The third analysis dealt with the development of a logistic regression model to obtain the weather condition at a given time and location on I-4 in Central Florida so that this information can be used in traffic safety analyses, because of the lack of weather monitoring stations in the study area. To prove the worthiness of the weather information obtained form the analysis, the same weather information was used in a safety model developed by Abdel-Aty et al., 2004. It was also proved that the inclusion of weather information actually improved the safety model with better prediction accuracy.M.S.C.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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Denimal, Jean-Jacques. "Définition et analyse des interactions entre K partitions de l’ensemble d’un tableau K,I,J : applications à la classification, à la discrimination et à l’analyse d’un tableau de contingence à trois entrées." Paris 9, 1993. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1993PA090049.
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Dans le cadre de l'analyse factorielle en référence à un modèle, un tableau note kr#i#j, soumis à l'analyse des correspondances, permet d'analyser l'écart entre un tableau de contingence initial K,I,J et un tableau modèle m#i#j; ce dernier étant construit à partir de k variables qualitatives définies sur i et concomitantes au tableau K,I,J. A partir de l'étude de K,I,J: 1) une nouvelle décomposition de l'inertie de K,I,J est alors obtenue, permettant de mettre en œuvre de nouvelles méthodes en classification automatique et en analyse discriminante linéaire; 2) une nouvelle classe de tableaux, contenant le tableau disjonctif complet classique est élaborée permettant d'une part de généraliser l'ensemble des propriétés et théorèmes de l'analyse des correspondances multiples et d'autre part de définir une nouvelle méthode d'analyse d'un tableau de contingence à 3 entrées; 3) 3 logiciels sont proposés: un logiciel de classification sous contraintes et 2 logiciels de construction de tableaux permettant de mettre en œuvre divers types d'analyses; 4) des exemples d'application en biologie seront fournis
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Šulc, Zdeněk. "Metody analýzy vícerozměrných kontingenčních tabulek." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114292.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis occupies with a relationship of two significant methods of analyzing multivariate contingency tables, namely correspondence analysis and loglinear models. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first one is dedicated to basic terms of categorical data analysis, mainly to contingency tables and their distributions. Primarily, the emphasis is placed on their multidimensional form. The second part presents tools and techniques of both methods in a scope needed for their practical use and interpretation of their results. A practical application of both methods is included in the third part which is presented on the data from a market research. This part describes settings for both analyses in a statistical software SPSS and the subsequent interpretation of their outputs. A comparison of analyzed methods in terms of their use can be found in the conclusion.
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Cafourková, Magdalena. "Zkoumání závislosti materiální deprivace domácností ČR na vybraných faktorech." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165094.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the material deprivation of the households with regard to the selected indicators, i.e. the costs that the household spends on housing, a region where the household is located, the number of the members and the dependent children in the household, age and sex of a head of the household, and economic activity and education level of the members of the household. The thesis aims not only to prove the dependence among the selected indicators but also to quantify this dependence by using the odds ratio. The individual effect of all variables was proven except of the one related to the number of the dependent children. It was also demonstrated that the factors constituting a threat for the households by a material deprivation rate vary by the different age groups. However, it can be concluded that across all the age groups, the material deprivation rate is determined by the sex of a head of the household, education level of the members of the household, and the costs that the household spends on housing.
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Kraus, Katrin. "On the Measurement of Model Fit for Sparse Categorical Data." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-173768.
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This thesis consists of four papers that deal with several aspects of the measurement of model fit for categorical data. In all papers, special attention is paid to situations with sparse data. The first paper concerns the computational burden of calculating Pearson's goodness-of-fit statistic for situations where many response patterns have observed frequencies that equal zero. A simple solution is presented that allows for the computation of the total value of Pearson's goodness-of-fit statistic when the expected frequencies of response patterns with observed frequencies of zero are unknown. In the second paper, a new fit statistic is presented that is a modification of Pearson's statistic but that is not adversely affected by response patterns with very small expected frequencies. It is shown that the new statistic is asymptotically equivalent to Pearson's goodness-of-fit statistic and hence, asymptotically chi-square distributed. In the third paper, comprehensive simulation studies are conducted that compare seven asymptotically equivalent fit statistics, including the new statistic. Situations that are considered concern both multinomial sampling and factor analysis. Tests for the goodness-of-fit are conducted by means of the asymptotic and the bootstrap approach both under the null hypothesis and when there is a certain degree of misfit in the data. Results indicate that recommendations on the use of a fit statistic can be dependent on the investigated situation and on the purpose of the model test. Power varies substantially between the fit statistics and the cause of the misfit of the model. Findings indicate further that the new statistic proposed in this thesis shows rather stable results and compared to the other fit statistics, no disadvantageous characteristics of the fit statistic are found. Finally, in the fourth paper, the potential necessity of determining the goodness-of-fit by two sided model testing is adverted. A simulation study is conducted that investigates differences between the one sided and the two sided approach of model testing. Situations are identified for which two sided model testing has advantages over the one sided approach.
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Ma, Baofu. "Analyzing the Combination of Polymorphisms Associating with Antidepressant Response by Exact Conditional Test." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/2.
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Genetic factors have been shown to be involved in etiology of a poor response to the antidepressant treatment with sufficient dosage and duration. Our goal was to identify the role of polymorphisms in the poor response to the treatment. To this end, 5 functional polymorphisms in 109 patients diagnosed with unipolar, major depressive disorder are analyzed. Due to the small sample size, exact conditional tests are utilized to analyze the contingency table. The data analysis involves: (1) Exact test for conditional independence in a high dimensional contingency table; (2) Marginal independence test; (3) Exact test for three-way interactions. The efficiency of program always limits the application of exact test. The appropriate methods for enumerating exact tables are the key to improve the efficiency of programs. The algorithm of enumerating the exact tables is also introduced.
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Kocáb, Jan. "Statistické usuzování v analýze kategoriálních dat." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76171.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis introduces statistical methods for categorical data. These methods are especially used in social sciences such as sociology, psychology and political science, but their importance has increased also in medical and technical sciences. In the first part there is mentioned statistical inference for a proportion. Here is written about classical, exact and Bayesian methods for estimating and hypothesis testing. If we have a large sample then we can approximate exact distribution by normal distribution but if we have a small sample cannot use this approximation and it is necessary to use discrete distribution which makes inference more complicated. The second part deals with two categorical variables analysis in contingency tables. Here are explained measures of association for 2 x 2 contingency tables such as difference of proportion and odds ratio and also presented how we can test independence in the case of large sample and small one. If we have small sample we are not allowed to use classical chi-squared tests and it is necessary to use alternative methods. This part contains variety of exact tests of independence and Bayesian approach for the 2 x 2 table too. In the end of this part there is written about a table for two dependent samples and we are interested whether two variables give identical results which occurs when marginal proportions are equal. In the last part there are methods used on data and discussed results.
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Židanavičiūtė, Jurgita. "Kategorinių požymių priklausomybių struktūros statistinė analizė ir jos taikymas genetikoje." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100303_113252-41877.
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Disertacijoje nagrinėjami kai kurie kategorinių požymių statistinės analizės
uždaviniai – ryšių struktūros bei modelio parinkimo ir jo parametrų įvertinimo
uždaviniai. Disertacijos tikslas – pasiūlyti ryšių struktūros tarp kategorinių
požymių įvertinimo metodą tuo atveju, kai turime didelės dimensijos
duomenų rinkinius ir išsklaidytas dažnių lenteles, t. y. kai daugumoje dažnių
lentelės ląstelių yra mažas stebinių skaičius arba jos yra tuščios. Ši situacija
iliustruojama DNR genetinių sekų statistine analize.
Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, trys pagrindiniai skyriai, išvados, naudotos literatūros
ir autoriaus publikacijų sąrašai.
Įvadiniame skyriuje pristatoma tiriamoji problema ir jos aktualumas, aprašomas
tyrimų objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, aptariamas
darbo mokslinis naujumas bei ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje pateikiami
autoriaus pranešimai konferencijose disertacijos tema.
Pirmame skyriuje pateikta kategorinių požymių statistinėje analizėje taikomų
matematinių modelių apžvalga, šių modelių ryšys su Markovo laukų
teorija ir Gibso skirstiniu.
Antrame skyriuje atlikta statistinė analizė kai kurioms realioms DNR sekoms
Markovo eilės jose įvertinimui bei pirminių ir antrinių DNR grandinių
vijų palyginimui: pasiūlyta kategorinių duomenų statistinės analizės metodika,
pagrįsta specialia stebimų duomenų forma, apibendrintu logit modeliu bei
savirankos testais.
Trečiame skyriuje išsklaidytų dažnių lentelės problemai spręsti pasiūlytas
semiparametrinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The dissertation considers some problems in the statistical analysis of categorical variables – the dependence structure between categorical variables and the problems of selecting and assessing the models for this structure. The aim of this dissertation is to propose the method to estimate dependence structure between multivariate categorical variables in case of sparse frequency tables and to apply the proposed method in the statistical analysis of genetic sequences. The thesis layout consists of introduction chapter, three main chapters, conclusions, list of authors’s publications and bibliography chapter. The introduction reveals the investigated problem, importance of the thesis and the object of research and describes the purpose and tasks of the dissertation, research methodology, scientific novelty, the practical significance and defended statements. The introduction end in presenting the author’s publications on the subject of the defended dissertation. In the first chapter of the dissertation various models available for describing the nature of the association between categorical variables are introduced and their link with Markov field theory and Gibbs distribution. In the second chapter the basic notions of DNA sequences and a special structure of genetic data is introduced. The logit models and Markov field theory are applied to assess the dependence structure (interactions) between DNA nucleotides and to test hypothesis about Markov order of these dependencies... [to full text]