Journal articles: 'Table spacing'

1

Cavers, J. K. "Optimum table spacing in predistorting amplifier linearizers." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 48, no. 5 (1999): 1699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.790551.

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Robson, Stephani K. A., Sheryl E. Kimes, Franklin D. Becker, and Gary W. Evans. "Consumers’ Responses to Table Spacing in Restaurants." Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 52, no. 3 (June 17, 2011): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965511410310.

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Hillman, G. R. "Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 1588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-211.

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Ninety hectares in a treed fen in north central Alberta were drained to improve growth of stagnant black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) stands. Installation of 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-m ditch spacings resulted in a lowering of the average water table by 79, 66, 56, and 73 cm, respectively. The results and the groundwater level criteria used (drainage norm, 40 cm; flood duration limit, 14 days) indicated that the 50-m ditch spacing was hydrologically the most appropriate one for this area. Given the relatively high hydraulic conductivity of the area, it is believed the 30-m spacing was too narrow and resulted in an excessively low average water table. The 60-m spacing was also overeffective, but in this case, overeffectiveness was attributed more to "edge effects" i.e., to site factors such as the proximity to uplands and the small size of upstream source areas, than to the distance between ditches. The results illustrate the importance, for ditch network design purposes, of taking into account hydrologic conditions both within and well beyond the boundaries of an area proposed to be drained. Peat subsidence after drainage appeared to be related to the average drop in water table level and amounted to about 5 cm•a−1.

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Belleau, Pierre, André P. Plamondon, Robert Lagacé, and Steeve Pépin. "Hydrodynamique d'une pessière noire drainée." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-141.

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The depth of the water table was measured before and after the digging of drainage ditches with 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings in a black spruce wild holly bog. The peat is mesic with the exception of the top 10 cm which is fibric. The hydraulic conductivity of the 20- to 40-cm layer is low in relation with other Quebec sites under study. The extremely low conductivity under the 40-cm depth and the impermeable mineral soil layer at the bottom of the ditches creates the horizontal profile between ditches. The mean water table depths during the 3 years of the study were 42, 29, and 22 cm, respectively, for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings. The corresponding lowering of the water table was in the order of 25, 13, and 6 cm. The water table was maintained 100, 70, and 40% of the time below the 20 cm deep root zone for the 20-, 40-, and 60-m spacings respectively, compared with 23% for the undrained situation (by simulation). The water table is significantly lowered below the 40-cm threshold for the 20-m spacing only.

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Sathar, Zeba. "Birth Spacing in Pakistan." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 2 (April 1988): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017417.

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SummaryLife table analysis is applied to data from the Pakistan Fertility Survey (1975) to examine the effects on birth spacing of a number of socioeconomic variables. Women of more modern backgrounds seem to space their families more closely, but differ little in achieved family size from the more traditional groups. Important factors are age at marriage, age at first birth, province of residence, and whether the woman had ever used contraception. Multivariate analysis taking into account interaction between variables shows that education, urban-rural residence, and province exert independent effects, and so does the cohort of the mother. But the variable with the strongest effect on length of interval, other than that from marriage to first birth, is duration of breast-feeding.

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Russell, Gerald S., and Daniel J. Levitin. "An expanded table of probability values for rao's spacing test." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 24, no. 4 (January 1995): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610919508813281.

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Chih-Hung Lin, Hsin-Hung Chen, Yung-Yi Wang, and Jiunn-Tsair Chen. "Dynamically optimum lookup-table spacing for power amplifier predistortion linearization." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 54, no. 5 (May 2006): 2118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2006.872808.

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Rahim, A., and B. Ram. "Emerging patterns of child-spacing in Canada." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 2 (April 1993): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020460.

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SummaryThis study used data from the 1984 Family History Survey conducted by Statistics Canada to examine recent trends and patterns of child-spacing among currently married women. Life table and proportional hazards estimates show that Canadian women, particularly those in younger age groups with higher education and longer work experience, start having children late, but have subsequent children rather quickly. This suggests that such women tend to complete childbearing within a compressed time period.

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Sojka, Mariusz, Michał Kozłowski, Rafał Stasik, Michał Napierała, Barbara Kęsicka, Rafał Wróżyński, Joanna Jaskuła, Daniel Liberacki, and Jerzy Bykowski. "Sustainable Water Management in Agriculture—The Impact of Drainage Water Management on Groundwater Table Dynamics and Subsurface Outflow." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154201.

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The paper presents the results of the effects of control drainage (CD) on the groundwater table and subsurface outflow in Central Poland. The hydrologic model DRAINMOD was used to simulate soil water balance with drain spacing of 7 and 14 m, different initial groundwater Table 40, 60 and 80 cm b.s.l., and dates at the beginning of control drainage of 1 March, 15 March, 1 April, and 15 April. The CD restricts flow at the drain outlet to maintain a water table during the growing season. Simulations were made for the periods from March to September for the years 2014, 2017, and 2018, which were average, wet, and dry, respectively. The simulations showed a significant influence of the initial groundwater tables and date blocking the outflow from the drainage network on the obtained results. In the conditions of central Poland, the use of CD is rational only when it is started between 1 and 15 March. In this case, the groundwater table can be increased from 10 to 33 cm (7 m spacing) and from 10 to 41 cm (14 m spacing) in relation to the conventional system (free drainage—FD). In the case of blocking the outflow on 1 March, the reduction is about 80% on average in the period from March to September. With a delay in blocking the outflow, the impact of CDs decreases and ranges from 8% to 50%. Studies have shown that the proper use of the drainage network infrastructure complies with the idea of sustainable development, as it allows efficient water management, by reduction of the outflow and, thus, nitrates from agricultural areas. Furthermore, CD solutions can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change on agriculture by reducing drought and flood risk.

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Djurovic, Nevenka, and Ruzica Stricevic. "Some properties of Dagan’s method for drain spacing determination in marshy - gley soil." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 48, no. 1 (2003): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0301069d.

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Dagan?s method as well as Kirkham?s one belong to the group of methods for drain spacing determination in steady state water flow conditions. Both methods are based on the assumption that drainage spacing (L) is linear function of water table depth and drainage discharge (h/q). The only difference can be distinguished in the values of coefficients. To dry out eugley type of soil, drain spacing is better determined by Dagan?s method in all treatments, as compared with Kirkham?s one. Advantage of this method is especially marked on the drainage system with narrower drain spacing.

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11

Rothwell, R. L., U. Silins, and G. R. Hillman. "The effects of drainage on substrate water content at several forested Alberta peatlands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-006.

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Hydrologic drainage criteria that describe the position of the water table between adjacent ditches are commonly used to assess the initial effectiveness of peatland drainage projects for tree growth improvement. However, these criteria do not reflect the soil conditions that regulate tree growth and performance after drainage. The effect of three drainage ditch spacings (30, 40, and 50 m) on the spatial variability of soil water conditions at three drained boreal Alberta peatlands was studied. Soil water content (0–30 cm depth) was found to be insensitive (p = 0.686) to drainage ditch spacing several years after drainage. Greater variation was observed between different sampling locations (p = 0.024) relative to the position of the ditch edge within similar ditch spacings. Spatial distribution of soil water in the unsaturated zone was found to be inversely related to the degree of water table lowering. Spatial patterns of soil water content were strongly associated with changes to substrate bulk density resulting from post-drainage peatland subsidence.

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12

M.Ghazal, Entesar. "Effect of Drain Spacing on Water Table Depth and Soil Salinity." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 20, no. 2 (April 28, 2012): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2012.47393.

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13

C. E. Carter and C. R. Camp. "Drain Spacing Effects on Water Table Control and Cane Sugar Yields." Transactions of the ASAE 37, no. 5 (1994): 1509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28234.

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14

Djurovic, Nevenka, and Ruzica Stricevic. "Some properties of Kirkham’s method for drain spacing determination in marshy - gley soil." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 48, no. 1 (2003): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0301059d.

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The aim of this work is to present some peculiarity of Kirkham?s method applied in drain spacing determination in steady state water flow in eugley soil type. The analysis was based on data obtained by measuring water discharge from drains and water table depth. Measurements was carried out on drainage field with drain spacing of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m, representing drainage treatments I, II and III, respectively. The estimation of drain spacing is moved to lower value in all treatments. The results of analysis show meaningful limitation of method, especially in the treatments with wider drain spacing as well as in the cases of deeper ground water.

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Tarricone, Luigi, Giambattista Debiase, Gianvito Masi, Giovanni Gentilesco, and Francesco Montemurro. "Cover Crops Affect Performance of Organic Scarlotta Seedless Table Grapes Under Plastic Film Covering in Southern Italy." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040550.

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In sustainable or organic vineyard systems, the introduction of cover crops could represent a powerful tool for farmers to influence, positively, the agro-ecosystem by promoting the whole soil-plant system equilibrium. Concerning table grape production, nitrogen fertilizers are medium-high; for environmental aspects, organic viticulturists are more interested in legume inter-row cover crops. Research on cover crop effects was carried out in 2015–2016, on organic table grapes (the Sugranineteen variety) in Mediterranean conditions. Three inter-row soil management techniques were compared: (TR) inter-row spacing was cultivated with subterranean clover; (V) inter-row spacing with common vetch incorporated in the soil as green manure, and (RC) inter-row spacing with common vetch flattened by the roller crimper technique, making a living mulch. No significant difference was recorded in grapevine water status among the treatments. RC vines performed the highest net photosynthesis rate from shoot growth to veràison. Cover crops did not affect cluster weight, berry weight, and juice composition; however, they influenced berry detachment force. Our research findings confirmed that legume cover crops (subterranean clover and common vetch) increased soil organic matter and could represent an economic and sustainable soil use to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied in table grape production.

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16

Carl, Jochen, Zheng Peng, and Harold Magistrale. "Seismic Performance of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Sprinkler Pipes." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 3 (August 2018): 1497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/091217eqs181m.

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A major concern about chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes is the large swing of branch lines during earthquake-induced motions. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 13 defines spacing requirements for braces and restraints, based on pipe-bending strength, but does not limit the swing. Shake table tests and numerical simulations show that the swing of CPVC branch lines can be limited to an acceptable level if the ends are braced and the spacing of restraints follows the NFPA 13 requirements for CPVC, or if restraint spacing is reduced to about half of that currently allowed in NFPA 13.

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17

Rathod, Shrimant, Sudhir Dahiwalkar, Sunil Gorantiwar, and Mukund Shinde. "Calibration of DRAINMOD for prediction of water table depths and drain discharges under waterlogged Vertisols of Maharashtra, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2142.

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An estimation of optimal design parameters of subsurface drainage system through monitoring of water table depths and drain discharges are expensive in terms of time and money. The simulation modeling is an effective tool for estimation of drainage design parameters at less cost and short time. In view to this, calibration of DRAINMOD model for prediction of water table depths and drain discharges were conducted by installing subsurface drainage system with 40 m drain spacing and 1.0 m drain depth at Agricultural Research Station, Kasbe Digraj, Dist. Sangli (Maharashtra) during 2012-13 to 2013-14. The field data on water table depth and drain discharge were used for calibration of DRAINMOD model. The input data files on climatic, soil, crop and drainage design system parameters were attached to DRAINMOD model and calibrated successfully. It is found that both observed and simulated water table depths and drain discharges showed a fluctuating trend and predicted both water table depths and drain discharges closely with the observed values during frequent rainy days and following the rainy days. The DRAINMOD model reliably predicted water table depths with a goodness of fit (R2 = 0.97), MAE (12.23 cm), RMSE (15.49 cm) and CRM (0.05); drain discharges with R2 of 0.93, MAE of 0.095 mm day-1, RMSE of 0.1876 mm day-1and CRM of 0.04. Thus, the calibrated DRAINMOD model can be used to simulate the water table depths and drain discharges in semi-arid climatic conditions of Maharashtra and in turn to estimate and evaluate drain spacing and depth.

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18

GAHARWAR, ANJALI M., and JAYASHRI D. UGHADE. "Effect of plant spacing on marketable yield of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.)." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/8.1/51-55.

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Andrade, Mario H. M. L., Andre L. B. R. da Silva, Luis G. Pesantes, Christian T. Christensen, and Lincoln Zotarelli. "Seed Piece Spacing for Early-Maturing Table-Stock Potato Grown under Subtropical Conditions." American Journal of Potato Research 98, no. 3 (June 2021): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-021-09838-z.

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20

Soetardjo, Meitha. "PENGGUNAAN MARKING TABLE UNTUK PENGUKURAN DIMENSI MODEL UJI KAPAL TIPE V-FORM." Wave: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Maritim 7, no. 1 (November 19, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jurnalwave.v7i1.3196.

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Kapal patroli merupakan kapal cepat yang digunakan untuk tugas inspeksi, monitoring dan pengawasan. Pembuatan model uji kapal patroli tidak mudah mengingat bentuk haluan kapal yang cenderung pipih (V-form). Keakurasian pembuatan model kapal sangat penting untuk mendapatkan hasil uji model kapal yang rasional dengan tingkat validitas yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan di laboratorium hidrodinamika. Dalam tulisan ini dibahas mengenai pembuatan model kapal Patroli yang didesain dengan skala model 1:21,19 dengan bahan kayu laminasi. Pemeriksaan model kapal terdiri dari pemeriksaan permukaan dan konstruksi lambung, dengan beberapa parameter pengukuran yang perlu diperhatikan: frame spacing 1 sampai dengan frame spacing 20 station, pemeriksaan point AP (After Perpendicular) ke bagian paling belakang dan pemeriksaan point FP (Fore Perpendicular) ke bagian paling depan model kapal. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan meletakkan model kapal diatas marking table untuk melakukan pengukuran dan pemeriksaan dimensi baik pada arah x, y maupun z. Alat waterpass digunakan untuk mengetahui pelurusan posisi model kapal. Setelah itu dilakukan penandaan frame station, waterline dan draft serta nomer lambung model uji kapal. Kualitas keakurasian pengukuran sangat ditentukan oleh alat ukur dan prosedur yang digunakan.Tinggi rendahnya tingkat ketelitian hasil suatu pengukuran dapat dilihat dari harga deviasi hasil pengukuran

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Nikolskii-Gavrilov, I., V. V. Pchyolkin, C. Landeros-Sánchez, and Montero-Aguirre Saul. "Calculation of Agricultural Drain Spacing Taking into Account Regularity of Water Exchange in the Vadose Zone." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n4p109.

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Conventional analytical formulae for calculation of subsurface drain spacing for maintaining a desired water table depth in agricultural areas, such as Hooghoudt’s formula, are based on using the ratio between the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks and the groundwater recharge rate q. It is well known that selection of the q value as one of the principle drainage criterion is one of the problems of the drain spacing calculation. In this paper, it is illustrated that for steady state conditions and, in case of homogeneous soil profile, the ratio q/Ks can be substituted by an analytical function that takes into account the regularity of infiltration through the vadose zone. This function can be derived from the soil moisture content in the root zone and other well-known hydrodynamic soil parameters. An example of drain spacing calculation is presented.

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Lachowicz, S., and H. J. Pfleiderer. "Fast evaluation of nonlinear functions using FPGAs." Advances in Radio Science 6 (May 26, 2008): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-6-233-2008.

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Abstract. The paper presents a novel method of evaluating the square root function in FPGA. The method uses a linear approximation subsystem with a reduced size of a look-up table. The reduction in the size of the lookup table is twofold. Firstly, a simple linear approximation subsystem uses the lookup table only for the node points. Secondly, a concept of a variable step look-up table is introduced, where the node points are not uniformly spaced, but the spacing is determined by how close to the linear function the approximated function is. The proposed method of evaluating nonlinear function and specifically the square root function is practical for word lengths of up to 24 bits. The evaluation is performed in one clock cycle.

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Lalazissis, G. A., and C. P. Panos. "The harmonic oscillator energy level spacing for neutrons and protons in nuclei." HNPS Proceedings 3 (December 5, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2375.

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Approximate expressions of hw for neutrons and protons separately, as functions of the neutron number Ν and the proton number Ζ respectively, are derived. The dependence of hωn{hωp) on N(Z) is established using a rather recently proposed semi-phenomenological density distribution based on the separation energies of the last neutron or proton. The corresponding curves of hω show "discontinuities in the slope" at the closed shells throughout the periodic table. The difference hωn — hωΛ is also discussed

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Younes, Mohamad, Mihai Telescu, Stéphane Azou, Pascal Morel, and Noël Tanguy. "Very low-complexity filter lookup-table design with non-uniform spacing for SOA linearisation." IET Optoelectronics 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2019.0044.

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25

Zhan-fang, Huang, Xiao-hong Bai, Chao Yin, and Yong-qiang Liu. "Numerical analysis for the vertical bearing capacity of composite pile foundation system in liquefiable soil under sine wave vibration." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): e0248502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248502.

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Composite pile foundation has been widely used in ground engineering. This composite pile foundation system has complex pile-soil interactions under seismic loading. The calculation of vertical bearing capacity of composite pile foundation is still an unsolved problem if the soil around piles is partially or completely liquefied under seismic loading. We have completed indoor shaking table model tests to measure the vertical bearing capacity in a liquefiable soil foundation under seismic loading. This paper will use a numerical approach to analyze the change of this vertical bearing capacity under seismic loading. Firstly, the Goodman contact element is improved to include the Rayleigh damping. Such an improvement can well describe the reflection and absorption of seismic waves at the interface of soil and piles. Secondly, the Biot’s dynamic consolidation theory incorporated an elastoplastic model is applied to simulate the soil deformation and the generation and accumulation of pore water pressure under seismic loading. Thirdly, after verification with our indoor shaking table test data, this approach is used to investigate the effects of pile spacing on liquefaction resistance of the composite pile foundation in liquefiable soil. The time histories of pore water pressure ratio (PPR′) are calculated for the liquefiable soil and the vertical bearing capacity in partially liquefied soil is calculated and compared with our indoor shaking table test data at the 3D, 3.5D, 4D, 5D and 6D cases (D is the pile diameter). It is found that the pile spacing has some influence on the extent of soil liquefaction between piles. The vertical bearing capacity varies with liquefaction extent of inter-pile soil. The optimization of pile spacing varies with liquefaction extent. These results may provide some reference for the design of composite pile foundation under seismic loading.

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Karlstrom, L., A. Zok, and M. Manga. "Near-surface permeability in a supraglacial drainage basin on the Llewellyn glacier, Juneau Ice Field, British Columbia." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 4, 2013): 5281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-5281-2013.

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Abstract. Supraglacial channel networks link time varying solar forcing and melt water routing on temperate glaciers. We present measurements of supraglacial channel spacing and network properties on the Juneau Icefield, subsurface water table height, and time variation of hydraulic characteristics including diurnal variability in water temperature. We combine these data with modeling of porous flow in weathered ice to infer near-surface permeability. Estimates are based on an observed phase lag between diurnal water temperature variations and discharge, and independently on measurement of water table surface elevation away from a stream. Both methods predict ice permeability on a 1–10 m scale in the range of 10–10–10–11 m2. These estimates are considerably smaller than common parameterizations of surface water flow on bare ice in the literature, as well as smaller than estimates of snowpack permeability. For supraglacial environments in which porosity/permeability creation in the subsurface is balanced by porous flow of melt water, our methods provide an estimate of microscale hydraulic properties from macroscale, remote observations of supraglacial channel spacing.

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Zhang, Xuan, and Jia Liu. "Orthogonal Optimization Experimental Study on Treating Coking Wastewater by Cyclic Electrocoagulation Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1948.

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Comparing and analyzing the traditional electrocoagulation device and the special cyclic electrocoagulation device in this experiment, based on that, screening the factors that might influence the effects of coking wastewater, adopting the intermittent test method and analyzing the orthogonal design table, as a result, the factors that have better values respectively: plate spacing 3mm, reaction time 8min, current strength 11.5A.

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Sojka, Mariusz, Michał Kozłowski, Barbara Kęsicka, Rafał Wróżyński, Rafał Stasik, Michał Napierała, Joanna Jaskuła, and Daniel Liberacki. "The Effect of Climate Change on Controlled Drainage Effectiveness in the Context of Groundwater Dynamics, Surface, and Drainage Outflows. Central-Western Poland Case Study." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050625.

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Control drainage (CD) is a common practice implemented to control the water balance of drainage fields by increasing the amount of water retained in soil. Worldwide studies suggest that climate change can reduce the effectiveness of CD solutions, but no study of CD effects has been carried out in Polish conditions yet. In this study, the DRAINMOD (Wayne Skaggs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA) computer simulation model was used to predict the effects of CD on the time horizons of 2021–2050 (near future) and 2071–2100 (far future) assuming the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 emission scenario. The effectiveness of CD solutions is presented for a drainage network with spacing of 7 or 14 m. Additionally, different dates of blocking the outflow from the drainage network (1st and 15th of March and 1st and 15th of April) and different initial groundwater table conditions (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 m) were assumed. All simulations for different variants were carried out for the same period, i.e., from 1st of March to 30th of September. The results of climate models indicated that in the area of central-western Poland in the near and far future there will be an increase in air temperatures by 1.02 and 1.97 °C, respectively, and in precipitation by 5.98% and 10.15%, respectively. In addition, there will be a change in the structure of precipitation, especially with respect to the extension of rain-free periods and an increase in the amount of extreme daily precipitation. The effect of climate change will be a decrease in the mean groundwater table in the fields equipped with drainage systems from 2 to 5 cm. In addition, the number of days on which groundwater table will be above the level of the drainage network will decrease. For the drainage network with spacing of 7 m, the time of the groundwater table above the level of the drainage network will decrease by 5 and 7 days in the near and far future, respectively, while for the drainage network with spacing of 14 m, it will decrease by 4 and 7 days. Climate change will also reduce sub-surface outflow. Subsurface outflows will be smaller than those currently recorded on average by 11% and 17% and 12% and 18% for 7 m and 14 m spacing drainage networks, in the near and far future, respectively. The increase in rainfall intensity in the near and far future will result in a fivefold increase in surface outflow in comparison to the present situation. The simulations show that the greatest effectiveness of CD solutions will be achieved by starting the blocking of outflow from the drainage network on the 1st of March. The implementation of CD solutions since April in the near and far future will allow maintaining the groundwater table at the level presently observed for the conventional network (free drainage-FD).

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Selvaperumal, A., G. Thiyagarajan, Thangamani S, Vallalkannan S, and K. Ramaswamy. "Design and performance of subirrigation system in maize (Zea mays) in Kumulur farm, Trichy district, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (May 9, 2021): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2623.

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Subirrigation system can furnish water to plants. The upward flux and the discharge rate must satisfy the plant’s lifesaving irrigation needs during summer. The experiment was laid out in A-block of Eastern farm, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu. Subirrigation system spacing was arrived using Moody's equation calculated as 10 m. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with three replications. Four drain spacing levels (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 m) were the main plot treatments and two levels of depth and diameter of drain pipes (75 cm, 60 cm & 75 mm, 63 mm) were the sub plot treatments. The highest volumetric water content was recorded in 7.5 m spacing + 45 cm soil depth + lower reach (S1T3T1). Capillary rise on water table management system under subirrigation mode was fixed as 33.5 cm and the average deep percolation loss was obtained in 0.3 cm/d at development stage of crop period. The highest maize yield (4.30 t/ha) was obtained in 7.5 m spacing + 60 cm drain depth + 75 mm diameter (S1D3). The highest water use efficiency of (0.86 kg/m3) was recorded in 7.5 m spacing + 60 cm drain depth + 75 mm drain diameter (S1D3). This subirrigation system could furnish water to plants due to upward flux and the same system also functioned efficiently under drainage modes and removed the waterlogging during wet periods.

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Jiang, Liqiang, and Jihong Ye. "Impact of Wall Configurations on Seismic Fragility of Steel-Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel-Framed Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2528549.

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Seismic fragility of steel-sheathed cold-formed steel-framed (CFSF) structures is scarcely investigated; thus, the information for estimation of seismic losses of the steel-sheathed CFSF buildings is insufficient. This study aims to investigate the seismic fragility of steel-sheathed CFSF buildings with different wall configurations. Analytic models for four 2-story steel-sheathed CFSF buildings are established based on shaking table tests on steel-sheathed CFS walls. Then, a group of fragility curves for these buildings are generated. The results show that the thickness of steel sheathing and the fastener spacing of the wall have significant impact on seismic fragility of steel-sheathed CFSF buildings. The seismic fragility of the CFSF building can be reduced by increasing the thickness of steel sheathing or decreasing the fastener spacing. By increasing the thickness of steel sheathing, the reduction on probability is more obvious for the CP limit. It is also found that the exceeding probability is approximately linear with fastener spacing, with a slope in the range from 0.25%/mm to 0.50%/mm.

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Speese, John. "Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Fall Peppers, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.136a.

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Abstract Peppers were transplanted on 31 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25ft long rows with 3ft between row spacing and 1ft between plant spacing. Each plot was bordered on each side by an untreated guard row and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied on the dates indicated in the table with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of hand-harvest of marketable fruit on 10 healthy, uniform-sized plants/row (.00062 acre) and GPA counts on 5 randomly picked leaves/plot on 06 Oct. Harvesting was done in this manner due to uneven stands in some plots due to the drought.

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32

Tahara, Kenichi, Yasuhito Sasaki, Yukihiro Sato, Satoshi Sasaki, and Shojiro Motoyui. "Shaking Table Test on Seismic Performance of Ceiling without Braces and Artificial Spacing to Surrounding Object." IABSE Symposium Report 104, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815815776041.

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Karlstrom, L., A. Zok, and M. Manga. "Near-surface permeability in a supraglacial drainage basin on the Llewellyn Glacier, Juneau Icefield, British Columbia." Cryosphere 8, no. 2 (March 27, 2014): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-537-2014.

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Abstract. Supraglacial channel networks link time varying melt production and meltwater routing on temperate glaciers. Such channel networks often include components of both surface transport in streams and subsurface porous flow through near-surface ice, firn or snowpack. Although subsurface transport if present will likely control network transport efficacy, it is the most poorly characterized component of the system. We present measurements of supraglacial channel spacing and network properties on the Juneau Icefield, subsurface water table height, and time variation of hydraulic characteristics including diurnal variability in water temperature. We combine these data with modeling of porous flow in weathered ice to infer near-surface permeability. Estimates are based on an observed phase lag between diurnal water temperature variations and discharge, and independently on measurement of water table surface elevation away from a stream. Both methods predict ice permeability on a 1–10 m scale in the range of 10−10–10−11 m2. These estimates are considerably smaller than common parameterizations of surface water flow on bare ice in the literature, as well as smaller than most estimates of snowpack permeability. For supraglacial environments in which porosity/permeability creation in the subsurface is balanced by porous flow of meltwater, our methods provide an estimate of microscale hydraulic properties from observations of supraglacial channel spacing.

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Varghese, Ramon, A. Boominathan, and Subhadeep Banerjee. "Seismic Response Characteristics of a Piled Raft in Clay." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 13, no. 01 (February 2019): 1950005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431119500052.

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This paper presents a study on three-dimensional seismic soil–structure interaction analysis of a piled-raft (PR) foundation in clay by the substructure approach. Two different pile modeling techniques were adopted and compared with centrifuge shaking table test results reported in the literature. The effect of pile spacing on dynamic impedances, kinematic response parameters, axial pile forces and bending moments of PRs is studied. It is found that the presence of a rigid raft on a pile group results in significant variation in vertical and horizontal dynamic stiffness after a dimensionless frequency ([Formula: see text] value of around 0.22. The influence of raft on kinematic response parameters at the top of raft is found to be significantly influenced by pile spacing beyond a dimensionless frequency ([Formula: see text] value of 0.4. The axial forces generated at the pile heads of a PR–structure system during seismic shaking are quantified using a new dimensionless factor, and are found to be significantly influenced by the pile spacing. Pile layout in the PR system is found to play an influential role in seismic response as well as pile bending moment for a structure–PR–soil system studied.

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Soylu, M. E., E. Istanbulluoglu, J. D. Lenters, and T. Wang. "Quantifying the impact of groundwater depth on evapotranspiration in a semi-arid grassland region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 6887–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-6887-2010.

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Abstract. The interactions between shallow groundwater and land surface processes, mediated by capillary rise processes from groundwater, may play an important role in the ecohydrology of riparian zones in both humid and semi-arid ecosystems. Some recent land surface models (LSM) incorporate the contribution of groundwater to land surface processes with varying levels of complexity. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of evapotranspiration at the land surface to the depth of groundwater using three models with different levels of complexity, two widely used representative soil hydraulic parameter sets, and four soil textures. The selected models are Hydrus-1D, which solves the Richards equation, the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), which uses a multi-bucket approach with interactions between buckets, and a single-bucket model coupled with a classic simple capillary rise flux approximation. These models are first corroborated with field observations of soil moisture and groundwater elevation data from a site located in south-central Nebraska, USA. We then examine the sensitivity of the Richards equation to node spacing, as well as the relationship between groundwater depth and the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (ET) for various soil textures and water table depths. The results show that selecting one representative soil parameter set over another may result in up to a 70% difference in actual ET (relative to the potential ET) when the depth to water table is in 0–5 m depending on the soil type. Moreover, solution type of the Richards equation and node spacing have also effect on surface ET up to 50% and 30% respectively depending on the depth-to-groundwater and node spacing. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the sensitivities of land surface and atmospheric models to the existence of saturated layers, including studies with more field validation in regions with different climates and land cover types.

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Tóth, József, and Don Gillard. "Experimental design and evaluation of a peatland drainage system for forestry by optimization of synthetic hydrographs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-053.

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A ditch system was designed, constructed, and evaluated on a 1-km2 experimental plot in peat-covered wetland in Slave Lake Forest, Alberta, Canada, during 1981–1985. The purpose of the experiment was the development of techniques and procedures for the design of drainage systems for water-table control in large tracts of forested peatlands of northern Alberta, in order to enhance tree growth. The technical objective of the envisaged drainage systems is to prevent the water table from rising above a specified depth, or drainage norm νm, below the land surface, for a continuous time interval longer than a specified flood duration limit λm, during the growing season. The position of the water table and the rate and amplitude of its fluctuations in a ditched area depend on the environmental parameters (K, hydraulic conductivity; S*, field coefficient of water-table response to precipitation; z, depth to the first effectively impermeable stratum; P, pattern of daily rainfall) the design parameters (L, ditch spacing; u, ditch depth), and at later stages of drainage, the effect of the tree stand. The objective of the design is, therefore, to determine appropriate values of L and u as functions of the environmental parameters to be used in the construction of operational drainage systems. The central component of the design procedure is the optimization of synthetic hydrographs. The synthetic hydrograph is a graphical representation of calculated time series of the water table's fluctuations reflecting the effect of discrete rainfall events under specified drainage conditions. Synthetic hydrographs were calculated with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation drain spacing formula adapted here for daily rainfall events and ranges of estimated environmental and assumed design parameters. An experimental drainage system was constructed with preliminary design parameters that were expected to satisfy the criteria νm and λm. In addition, 14 water-table observation wells and a rain gauge were installed and operated for two summers. Synthetic hydrographs were then computed using the actually implemented design parameters, the actual rainfall pattern and a fixed z value, leaving K and S* as the only unknown variables. Those K and S* values giving the best approximation of calculated to observed hydrographs were considered to represent the effective field values and were used in turn to calculate the final design parameters, again by hydrograph matching. Final values for K and S* for two subregions of the experimental plot were found to be K1 = 0.37 m/d, S1* = 0.13; and K2 = 0.26 m/d, S2* = 0.11. For subregion No. 2 a ditch spacing L = 25 m and ditch depth u = 0.9 m satisfy the stipulated drainage norm νm = 0.4 m and flood duration limit λm = 14 days, using P1962, which was the wettest year for the last 28 years in the region.

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Bertie, John E., R. Norman Jones, and Yoram Apelblat. "Compact Table for the Publication of Infrared Spectra That are Quantitative on Both Intensity and Wavenumber Axes." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 12 (December 1993): 1989–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066497.

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A Compact Table format is presented for the publication of infrared spectra that are quantitative on both intensity and wavenumber axes. The format is illustrated with a molar absorption coefficient spectrum, Em(ν˜) vs. ν˜, and with infrared real and imaginary refractive index spectra, n(ν˜) vs. ν˜ and k(ν˜) vs. ν˜, respectively. The algorithm consists of two steps: first, the number of spectral points is reduced by using larger wavenumber spacings than appear in the original spectrum; second, the resulting spectral points are presented in a compressed table format. The Compact Table is about one tenth the size required for the original spectrum to be presented in a conventional XY table. The essential criterion for increasing the wavenumber spacing is that it must be possible to recover the original spectrum by interpolation to an accuracy better than that of the original spectrum. Nearly all the recovered imaginary refractive index and molar absorption coefficient values are within 1% of the original values, and for each quantity the average of the magnitudes of the accuracies of recovery is 0.2%. The real refractive index spectrum is most accurately recovered by Kramers-Kronig transformation of the recovered imaginary refractive index spectrum. Nearly all the recovered real refractive index values are within 0.02% of the original values, and the average of the magnitudes of the accuracies of recovery is 0.005%. The real and imaginary infrared dielectric constant spectra, ɛ′(ν˜) vs. ν˜ and ɛ″(ν˜) vs. ν˜, can be calculated from the recovered data with an accuracy in ɛ′ that is about one half of that of the real refractive index and an accuracy in ɛ″ that is approximately that of the imaginary refractive index. The detailed method is outlined and is applied to infrared intensities of chlorobenzene. Computer programs are presented for the construction of the Compact Table and for the recovery of the full spectrum from the tabulated information.

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38

Akbar, Junaid, Naveed Ahmad, and Bashir Alam. "SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON HAUNCH RETROFITTED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES." NED University Journal of Research 3, Special Issue on First SACEE'19 (December 12, 2019): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-stmech-2019-0034.

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Shaking table tests were performed on five one-third reduced scale two storey reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames having construction defects (using low strength concrete without confining ties in beam-column joints, larger tie spacing, and reduced longitudinal and transverse reinforcements). The deficient frames were observed to have severe joint damageability, resulting in joint panel cover spalling and core concrete crushing. Haunch retrofitting technique was adopted to upgrade the seismic behaviour of deficient RC frames. Additional four deficient RC frames were built and retrofitted with steel haunch; both axially stiffer and deformable with energy dissipation, fixed to the beam-column connections to reduce shear demand on joint panels. The as-built and retrofitted frame seismic response modification factor (R) was calculated and compared to evaluate the viability of the haunch retrofitting technique. The haunch retrofitting technique increased the lateral stiffness and strength of the structure, resulting in the increase of structure overstrength. The retrofitting increased R factor by sixty percent to one hundred percent. The presented results indicate that the technique can significantly enhance the seismic performance of deficient RC frames, particularly against the frequent and rare earthquake events.

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Jiang, Xueliang, Feifei Wang, Hui Yang, Guangchen Sun, and Jiayong Niu. "Dynamic Response of Shallow-Buried Small Spacing Tunnel with Asymmetrical Pressure: Shaking Table Testing and Numerical Simulation." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 36, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 2037–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0444-0.

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40

Niu, Jiayong, Xueliang Jiang, Hui Yang, and Feifei Wang. "Seismic Response Characteristics of a Rock Slope with Small Spacing Tunnel Using a Large-Scale Shaking Table." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 36, no. 4 (February 8, 2018): 2707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0493-z.

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41

OHYA, Yousuke, Eiji KOHAMA, Takahiro SUGANO, Masayuki IMAI, Kunio HIGASHINAKA, and Yoshitaka SAEKI. "SHAKE TABLE TEST ON DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTIC OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT ABOVE GRID-TYPE IMPROVEMENT WITH WIDE GRID SPACING." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering ^|^ Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 70, no. 4 (2014): I_227—I_241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.70.i_227.

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42

Mridha, Mohammad Abid Hossain, and Syed Hafizur Rahman. "Prediction of groundwater trends for irrigation in Northern Bangladesh." Water Supply 21, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2596–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.076.

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Abstract Groundwater trends affect the domestic, agricultural, and industrial prospects of a region. The study area is Bogura, a northern region of Bangladesh, located on the Pleistocene terrace of the Bengal Basin. The aquifer consists of medium-to-coarse sand, located at a depth of 4.66–42.68 m; groundwater is scarce during dry seasons. The water table (WT) time-series data for 2007–2019 were used for forecasting and characterizing present and future groundwater conditions using existing numerical simulations. The annual groundwater budget for discharge and storage was 2,772 and 2,442 Mm3, respectively. Thus, the annual scarcity of groundwater was 330.4 Mm3 (13.5%), excluding the surface water contribution of 10 Mm3 (0.4%). The present spacing of deep tube wells (DTWs) and shallow tube wells (STWs) was 744 and 372 m, respectively. Currently, the DTW spacing ranged 744–800 m; however, the STW spacing of 250–372 m is higher than the set distance. Hence, further installations of STWs were strictly disallowed for irrigation. WT declined by 1.0 m in the last 13 years, i.e., 0.07 m or 1.2% decline rate per annum, causing water scarcity in the region during the peak period in the dry season (June–February), thus affecting irrigation and limiting agricultural production.

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43

Demarque, P., and D. B. Guenther. "Internal constitution and oscillation spectrum of Procyon." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 123 (1988): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900158255.

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In a previous paper on Procyon A, we analyzed the best available observational data (summarized here in Table 1), discussed its evolutionary status in terms of theoretical evolutionary tracks, and evaluated on the basis of these models its expected characteristic p-mode frequency spacing (Demarque and Guenther 1986). We reached the following conclusions: (1)that the published astrometric mass of Procyon A is inconsistent with stellar models and seems too large by about 15 per cent.(2)that evolutionary models have too high effective temperatures unless convective overshoot at the edge of the convective core, of the order of a tenth of a pressure scale height, is taken into account.(3)that the p-mode characteristic frequency spacing for Procyon A should be in the range 25–30 μHz.The aim of this paper is to explore theoretically the potential ability of the p-mode and g-mode non-radial oscillation spectrum to throw light on two fundamental problems raised by our first study: Procyon A's evolutionary status, and its mass-luminosity relation.

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44

Aigle, P., F. Desnouvaux, and J. P. Prost. "Les éperons drainants dans les talus en déblai–présentation d'abaques de dimensionnement sur critères hydrauliques et mécaniques." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-073.

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The object of this article is to present design charts that facilitate the design of a series of parallel drainage spurs in association with a drainage ditch used in cut slopes. The hypotheses, the operating instructions, and the field of utilization are fully detailed.The two needed dimensions are the depth and spacing of the drainage spurs.The design charts are of two main types:–simple dimensioning charts: providing information on possible combinations of depth and spacing that give the quantitative effect wished by the designer, such as lowering the level of the water table or increasing the safety factor;–optimization charts: proposing an estimation of the solution that minimizes the depth of the spurs per linear metre of slope, and subsequently the volume of the draining material.This article results from theoretical and experimental research carried out over several years. We have been using a composite analog model that allows the simulation of free-surface three-dimensional flows. Key words: drainage, cut slopes, slope stability, drainage spur, analog model, three-dimensional.

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45

Taylor, James A., John-Paul Praat, and A. Frank Bollen. "Spatial Variability of Kiwifruit Quality in Orchards and Its Implications for Sampling and Mapping." HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.246.

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Published statistics on the spatial variation of fruit quality observed in orchards has been rudimentary to date. Dry matter and fruit weight data were collected spatially within 11 kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’) orchards in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, to characterize the variability in fruit quality in terms of nonspatial and spatial statistics. Fruit weight was statistically more variable and exhibited a stronger spatial structure than the dry matter data. Individual variograms were derived for each orchard and then all the data were collated into average variograms for both quality attributes. The average variogram parameters were used to determine the optimum spacing for grid sampling to achieve a desired level of confidence when interpolating the data. A grid spacing of 28 m appears suitable for mapping fruit quality, provided sufficient area exists to collect enough points to perform block kriging. Plots of individual orchard and average variograms, and a table of nonspatial and variogram statistics are presented as a reference for future work in this area.

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Paudel, Ishwari Sharma, and Rabin Gautam. "Effects of Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services on Child Spacing: A Study from Eastern Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 10, no. 4 (July 31, 2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v10i4.12973.

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Objective: This study was conducted to explore the effect of utilization of Antenatal Care Service on subsequent birth interval.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 517 women giving birth during five years period preceding survey. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze birth interval as a multivariate life table model.Results: ANC utilization was higher among mothers living in mountain, Indo-Aryan high caste and mothers having more than 10 years of schooling. Regression analysis showed that being Tibeto-Mongoloid caste, mothers with female index child and mother with dead index child had higher risk of having next birth.Conclusion: There is a strong positive relationship between the utilization of ANC service and less risk of child bearing. (RR=1.873, p = 0.008)JCMS Nepal 2014; 10(4):22-25

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Pool, I., J. E. Sceats, A. Hooper, J. Huntsman, E. Plummer, and I. Prior. "Social change, migration and pregnancy intervals." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016576.

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SummaryMaternity histories from residents of a Pacific Island society, Tokelau, and migrants to New Zealand, are analysed using life table techniques. Inter-cohort differentials in patterns of family formation were found in the total Tokelau-origin population. The process of accelerated timing and spacing of pregnancies was more pronounced among migrants who tended to marry later, be pregnant at marriage, have shorter inter-pregnancy intervals at lower parities and to show evidence of family limitation occurring at higher parities. These results point to the significance of changing patterns of social control on strategies of family building.

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Du, Jingna, and Fei Ye. "The Influence of Hydraulic Conditions on the Stability of Dual Circular Tunnels in Unsaturated Soils." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8503490.

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The performance of geotechnical structures in unsaturated soils is affected significantly by the hydraulic conditions. In the present paper, a unified computational upper bound limit analysis method is applied to study the stability of dual circular tunnels located in unsaturated soils. The linings are substituted by an equivalent uniform pressure exerted on the periphery of the tunnel. The main focus is put on the effect of ground water table and surface water infiltration on the required supporting pressure and collapse mechanisms of dual tunnels. The critical center-to-center spacing above which the interaction of the tunnels disappears is also discussed.

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Sližytė, Danutė. "ESTIMATION OF AXIALLY-LOADED BORED PILES INTERACTION IN THE DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION/CENTRIŠKAI APKRAUTŲ GRĘŽTINIŲ POLIŲ TARPUSAVIO SĄVEIKOS ĮVERTINIMAS PROJEKTUOJANT POLINIUS PAMATUS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2001): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531725.

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In Lithuania and many foreign countries traditional approach of replacing the pile group by equivalent raft foundation in order to estimate settlements is used. But now we have another method. H. Poulos [3] described the influence between piles in a pile foundation with the coefficient of interaction, that indicate the pile influence on the neighbouring piles settlement increasing neighbouring pile acted by axial load. General characteristics of Toyoura sand was shown in the table. With this data and two methods of calculation settlement of 5×5 pile foundation was founded (Fig 1) and results are shown in Fig 3. Also Fig 5 shows the effects of non-linearity on the axial load distribution between a piles of 5×5 group embedded in non-cohesive soil. The load distribution is expressed in terms of the ratio of load on pile to the average pile load in the group (N/Nav), and is plotted against the average pile load. The same figure shows how differ results when the normalised pile spacing 3D, 4,5D and 6D. In the case when the normalised pile spacing r/D=3 and pile foundation work in elastic phase the corner piles take 19,5% larger load as the average pile load and central pile take 20,0% smaller load as the average pile load. But after increasing of the average load this difference decreases. This difference also decreases when the normalised pile spacing increases.

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Zeng, Xubin, and Mark Decker. "Improving the Numerical Solution of Soil Moisture–Based Richards Equation for Land Models with a Deep or Shallow Water Table." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1011.1.

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Abstract The soil moisture–based Richards equation is widely used in land models for weather and climate studies, but its numerical solution using the mass-conservative scheme in the Community Land Model is found to be deficient when the water table is within the model domain. Furthermore, these deficiencies cannot be reduced by using a smaller grid spacing. The numerical errors are much smaller when the water table is below the model domain. These deficiencies were overlooked in the past, most likely because of the more dominant influence of the free drainage bottom boundary condition used by many land models. They are fixed here by explicitly subtracting the hydrostatic equilibrium soil moisture distribution from the Richards equation. This equilibrium distribution can be derived at each time step from a constant hydraulic (i.e., capillary plus gravitational) potential above the water table, representing a steady-state solution of the Richards equation. Furthermore, because the free drainage condition has serious deficiencies, a new bottom boundary condition based on the equilibrium soil moisture distribution at each time step is proposed that also provides an effective and direct coupling between groundwater and surface water.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Table spacing'

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