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Journal articles on the topic 'Tables, lists'
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CLÉMENT, JULIEN, and LAURA GIAMBRUNO. "Representing prefix and border tables: results on enumeration." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 27, no. 2 (2015): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129515000146.
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For some text algorithms, the real measure for the complexity analysis is not the string itself but its structure stored in its prefix table or equivalently border table. In this paper, we define the combinatorial class of prefix lists, namely a sequence of integers together with their size, and an injection ψ from the class of prefix tables to the class of prefix lists. We call a valid prefix list the image by ψ of a prefix table. In particular, we describe algorithms converting a prefix/border table to a prefix list and inverse linear algorithms from computing from a prefix list L = ψ(P) two words respectively in a minimal size alphabet and on a maximal size alphabet with P as prefix table. We then give a new upper bound on the number of prefix tables for strings of length n (on any alphabet) which is of order (1 + ϕ)n (with $\varphi=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$ the golden mean) and also present a corresponding lower bound.
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Kliatskine, Vitaly, Eugene Shchepin, Gunnar Thorvaldsen, Konstantin Zingerman, and Valery Lazarev. "A Structured Method for the Recognition of Complex Historical Tables." History and Computing 9, no. 1-3 (1997): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hac.1997.9.1-3.58.
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In principle, printed source material should be made machine-readable with systems for Optical Character Recognition, rather than being typed once more. Offthe-shelf commercial OCR programs tend, however, to be inadequate for lists with a complex layout. The tax assessment lists that assess most nineteenth century farms in Norway, constitute one example among a series of valuable sources which can only be interpreted successfully with specially designed OCR software. This paper considers the problems involved in the recognition of material with a complex table structure, outlining a new algorithmic model based on ‘linked hierarchies’. Within the scope of this model, a variety of tables and layouts can be described and recognized. The ‘linked hierarchies’ model has been implemented in the ‘CRIPT’ OCR software system, which successfully reads tables with a complex structure from several different historical sources.
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CHEN, ENHONG, SHU WANG, and PHILLIP C. Y. SHEU. "A NOVEL APPROACH OF TABLE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR SEMANTIC ANNOTATION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 15, no. 03 (2006): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821300600276x.
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Semantic web mining is getting more attention in intelligent web applications. Many web sites, especially those dynamically generate HTML pages to display the results of user queries, present information in the form of lists or tables. It is very useful to extract concept instances from these tables for many web applications such as intelligent agent systems for on-line product recommendations. This paper describes a technique for extracting data from tables in two steps, namely table detection and table analysis. The table detection step identifies the existence of a table and extracts its contents, and the table analysis step discovers the semantic meanings embedded in the table and associates them with the concepts described in the domain ontology that are used for semantic annotation on these tables. Our algorithm has been tested based on real-life web documents and the experimental results are encouraging.
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Elmeleegy, Hazem, Jayant Madhavan, and Alon Halevy. "Harvesting relational tables from lists on the web." VLDB Journal 20, no. 2 (2011): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00778-011-0223-0.
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Cox, Nicholas J. "Speaking Stata: Tables as Lists: The Groups Command." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 17, no. 3 (2017): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1701700314.
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Tables can often be conveniently considered or produced as lists. The list command is therefore a vehicle for obtaining such tables. The groups command for tabulation is built around a call to list. It has no particular limits on the number of identifiers (row, column, or other variables defining cells). Among other features, it offers support for various kinds of frequencies, percents, and cumulations thereof; for various subsetting and ordering by frequencies, percents, and so on; for reordering of columns from the default display; and for saving tabulated data to new datasets.
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Elmeleegy, Hazem, Jayant Madhavan, and Alon Halevy. "Harvesting relational tables from lists on the web." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 2, no. 1 (2009): 1078–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/1687627.1687749.
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Pistor, P., and R. Traunmueller. "A database language for sets, lists and tables." Information Systems 11, no. 4 (1986): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(86)90012-8.
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Ledin, Per, and David Machin. "HOW LISTS, BULLET POINTS AND TABLES RECONTEXTUALIZE SOCIAL PRACTICE." Critical Discourse Studies 12, no. 4 (2015): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1039556.
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Jones, John W., and David P. Roberts. "A database of number fields." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 17, no. 1 (2014): 595–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157014000424.
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AbstractWe describe an online database of number fields which accompanies this paper. The database centers on complete lists of number fields with prescribed invariants. Our description here focuses on summarizing tables and connections to theoretical issues of current interest.
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Mueller, Kathryn. "Impairment Tutorial: Rating Peripheral Nerve Disorders of the Upper Extremity." Guides Newsletter 1, no. 1 (1996): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1996.sepoct02.
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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides) Fourth Edition, states that peripheral nerve impairments are determined by determining the percentage of the patient's motor and sensory loss. This article discusses the six steps necessary to rate a peripheral nerve impairment of the upper extremity: First, identify the nerve or nerves affected using relevant tables and figures. Second, locate the table that lists the nerve identified, and record the maximum loss attributed to that nerve for motor and sensory function. A table lists peripheral nerve charts in the AMA Guides, including nerves rated, table and page numbers, and type of rating (upper or lower extremity, foot, and so on). Third, grade the motor deficit of the nerve, and, using the appropriate table, find the percentage range and choose a number within the range that is appropriate for the patient; multiply the graded percentage by the total motor impairment found in step two. Fourth, determine the total deficit for the nerve by combining the motor and sensory deficits using the Combined Values Chart. Fifth, combine the total nerve deficit with other appropriate impairments. A table instructs raters how to convert to a whole person impairment. Sixth, grade the sensory deficit of the nerve. An example illustrates application of the six steps.
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Přichystal, Jan. "Typesetting of tables and lists and other new features in TEXonWeb." Cahiers GUTenberg, no. 56 (2011): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/cg.365.
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Přichystal, Jan. "Typesetting of Tables and Lists and Other New Features in TeXonWeb." Zpravodaj Československého sdružení uživatelů TeXu 21, no. 2-4 (2011): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5300/2011-2-4/166.
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Jensen, Hans Arne. "Catalogue of late- and post-glacial macrofossils of Spermatophyta from Denmark, Schleswig, Scania, Halland, and Blekinge dated 13,000 B.P. to 1536 A.D." Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Serie A 6 (December 20, 1985): 1–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/seriea.v6.7025.
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The catalogue summarizes published finds of macrofossils from 551 taxa of Spermatophyta originating from 505 sites in Denmark, Schleswig, Scania, Halland, and Blekinge and dated to periods between 13,000 B.P. and 1536 A.D. The information is arranged in one map and three tables. The map shows the position of each find. Table 1 presents the sites by number and name, where the finds are published, their age, the dating method applied, and the media examined. Table 2 lists the finds of macrofossils in pollen assemblage zones I-IX and the periods Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Iron Age, Germanic Iron Age, Viking Age, Early Middle Ages, and Late Middle Ages. Table 3 summarizes by family the finds of macrofossils in these periods.
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SAHNI, SARTAJ, and KUN SUK KIM. "EFFICIENT DYNAMIC LOOKUP FOR BURSTY ACCESS PATTERNS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 15, no. 04 (2004): 567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054104002625.
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Internet (IP) packet forwarding is typically done by finding the longest prefix in a router table that matches the packet's destination address. Although significant effort has been devoted to the development of data structures for static and dynamic router-tables for random packet-access-patterns, considerably less effort has been expended in the development of such structures for bursty access-patterns (i.e., streams of packets in which destination addresses repeat frequently within localized windows of packets). In this paper, we first formulate a variant, ACRBT (alternative collection of red-black trees), of the CRBT (collection of red-black trees) data structure proposed earlier for dynamic router-tables. By replacing the red-black trees used in the ACRBT with splay trees, we obtain the CST (collection of splay trees) structure in which search, insert, and delete take O( log n) amortized time per operation, where n is the number of prefixes in the router table. By replacing the front end of the CST with biased skip lists, we obtain the BSLPT (biased skip lists with prefix trees) structure in which search, insert, and delete take O( log n) expected time. The CST and BSLPT structures are designed so as to perform much better when the access pattern is bursty than when it is not. Experimental results using real IPv4 routing databases and synthetically generated search sequences as well as trace sequences are presented. For extremely bursty access patterns, the CST structure is best. Otherwise, the ACRBT is recommended. Our experiments also indicate that a supernode implementation of the ACRBT usually has better search performance than does the traditional one-element-per-node implementation.
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Mill, Robert. "Biodiversity Recording at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 10 (October 31, 2012): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2012.84.
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The results of recording wildlife at the Edinburgh site of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) are presented in partial fulfilment of the Garden’s obligation to deliver the Scottish Biodiversity Duty. So far, 383 animal species (94 birds, 6 mammals, 3 amphibians, 15 butterflies, 79 moths, 48 hymenopterans, 52 hoverflies, 7 dragonflies and damselflies, 48 other insects, 5 spiders, 8 gall-forming mites, 12 rotifers, 5 cladocerans and 1 copepod) have been recorded. Tables giving lists of the various animal groups are presented. Half of the 103 vertebrates are listed in national Red Lists, the Scottish Biodiversity List or the Edinburgh Local Biodiversity Action PlanList of Notable Species.
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Luo, Jun, and Sanguthevar Rajasekaran. "FIT: A Fast Algorithm for Discovering Frequent Itemsets in Large Databases." Computing Letters 1, no. 3 (2005): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574040054861285.
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Association rules mining is an important data mining problem that has been studied extensively. In this paper, a simple but Fast algorithm for Intersecting attributes lists using hash Tables (FIT) is presented. FIT is designed for efficiently computing all the frequent itemsets in large databases. It deploys an idea similar to Eclat but has a much better computational performance than Eclat due to two reasons: 1) FIT makes fewer total number of comparisons for each intersection operation between two attributes lists, and 2) FIT significantly reduces the total number of intersection operations. Our experimental results demonstrate that the performance of FIT is much better than that of Eclat and Apriori algorithms.
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Davies, Mark. "The advantage of using relational databases for large corpora." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 3 (2005): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.3.02dav.
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Relational databases can be used to create large corpora that provide both very good search performance and a wide range of queries. This paper outlines how this approach has been used to create theCorpus del Español, which contains 100 million words of text in Spanish texts from the 1200s-1900s. The main databases are composed of n-grams tables (all unique 1, 2, 3, and 4 word sequences) and the associated frequency of all n-grams in each century (historical Spanish) and register (Modern Spanish). These tables are then joined to other tables containing part of speech, lemma, synonyms, and user-defined lists of words and lemma. There is essentially no limit to the amount of annotation that can be added in additional tables (with little or no impact on performance), and the SQL-based queries allow a wide range of searches that are not available with traditional corpora.
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Leconte, Jérémy. "Spectral binning of precomputed correlated-k coefficients." Astronomy & Astrophysics 645 (December 22, 2020): A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039040.
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With the major increase in the volume of the spectroscopic line lists needed to perform accurate radiative transfer calculations, disseminating accurate radiative data has become almost as much a challenge as computing it. Considering that many planetary science applications are only looking for heating rates or mid-to-low resolution spectra, any approach enabling such computations in an accurate and flexible way at a fraction of the computing and storage costs is highly valuable. For many of these reasons, the correlated-k approach has become very popular. Its major weakness has been the lack of ways to adapt the spectral grid/resolution of precomputed k-coefficients, making it difficult to distribute a generic database suited for many different applications. Currently, most users still need to have access to a line-by-line transfer code with the relevant line lists or high-resolution cross sections to compute k-coefficient tables at the desired resolution. In this work, we demonstrate that precomputed k-coefficients can be binned to a lower spectral resolution without any additional assumptions, and show how this can be done in practice. We then show that this binning procedure does not introduce any significant loss in accuracy. Along the way, we quantify how such an approach compares very favorably with the sampled cross section approach. This opens up a new avenue to deliver accurate radiative transfer data by providing mid-resolution k-coefficient tables to users who can later tailor those tables to their needs on the fly. To help with this final step, we briefly present Exo_k, an open-access, open-source Python library designed to handle, tailor, and use many different formats of k-coefficient and cross-section tables in an easy and computationally efficient way.
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Malle, Gunter. "Hurwitz Groups and G2(q)." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 33, no. 3 (1990): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1990-059-8.
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AbstractFinite factor groups of are called Hurwitz groups. Here we prove that apart from 2G2(3), G2(2), G2(3) and G2(4), all the groups 2G2(32n+1) and G2(q), q = pn, p € P, are Hurwitz groups. For the proof, (2, 3, 7) structure constants are calculated from the character tables [2], [7], and then with the lists of maximal subgroups [8], [5], the existence of generating triples is deduced.
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Proleiev, Serhiy, and Victoria Shamrai. "Competence Approach in the Philosophy of Education: Capabilities and Problems." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 20, no. 1 (2018): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2017-20-1-196-212.
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This article analyzes the potential and problems of determining the content of education based on competencies. Were identified the main impacts of this process. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the principle of comparability in the construction of modern educational standards. Analyzed the contradictions of General competences of the project Tuning. In the two tables are integrated contradiction competence on three educational levels and general competencies two lists of project Tuning.
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Gilbert, Stephen B., and Whitman Richards. "The Classification of Representational Forms." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 2244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631530.
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Knowledge access and ease of problem-solving, using technology or not, depends upon our choice of representation. Because of our unique facility with language and pictures, these two descriptions are often used to characterize most representational forms, or their combinations, such as flow charts, tables, trees, graphs, or lists. Such a characterization suggests that language and pictures are the principal underlying cognitive dimensions for representational forms. However, we show that when similarity-based scaling methods (multidimensional scaling, hierarchical clustering, and trajectory mapping) are used to relate user tasks that are supported by different representations, then a new categorization appears, namely, tables, trees, and procedures. This new arrangement of knowledge representations may aid interface designers in choosing an appropriate representation for their users' tasks.
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South Coblin, W. "Thoughts on the Names of the Thirty(-six) Rime Table Initials." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2019): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-01002001.
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Closely associated with the Chinese rime table (Chin. děngyùntú 等韻圖) tradition is an ordered list of syllables, referred to in Chinese as the Sānshíliù zìmŭ 三十六字母. As this term indicates, there are thirty-six members in the usually cited full list. A shorter version, found in the so-called Shǒuwēn 守溫 Fragments from Dunhuang, has only thirty members (cf. Coblin 2006a). In addition to the copies of the list incorporated into the various tables themselves, several “disembodied” lists, perhaps copybook exercises of some sort, have also been found in the broader corpus of Chinese Dunhuang texts (Coblin 2006b: 146). The syllable initial classes for which the characters in the rime tables serve as names are basic componential elements in the field of traditional Chinese historical phonology and as such have been subject to intense scrutiny for nearly 1000 years. On the other hand, the actual names themselves have attracted little attention. It has been noted that each naming syllable denoted by the characters in the list embodies the particular medieval syllable initial of the sound class for which it stands in the tables. But beyond this the question of how these particular syllables, rather than all other available ones, were selected, seems to have aroused scant interest among philologists and sinolinguists. It is, accordingly, this question that will be the topic of the present paper.
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Boekelder, A., and M. Steehouder. "Selecting and switching: some advantages of diagrams over tables and lists for presenting instructions." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 41, no. 4 (1998): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/47.735365.
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Cherry, Rochelle, and Adrienne Rubinstein. "A Comparison of Two Approaches to Assessment of Speech Recognition Ability in Single Cases." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 16, no. 01 (2005): 054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.1.6.
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Single-case design with the randomization test (RT) has been proposed as an alternative to the binomial distribution (BD) tables of Thornton and Raffin (1978) to assess changes in speech recognition performance in individual subjects. The present study investigated whether data analyzed using both approaches would result in similar outcomes. Sixty-two adults with normal hearing were evaluated using phoneme scoring and a restricted alternating treatments design under two signal-to-noise conditions. Results revealed a significant correlation between the RT and a BD analysis using at least 50-word lists, although the BD analysis was a more sensitive measure. The absence of correlation between the RT with a BD analysis using 25-word lists challenges the common clinical practice of using reduced list size, and supports the use of phoneme scoring and other attempts to find clinically acceptable yet evidence-based solutions to overcome the conflict between time and accuracy.
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FLYNN, DAWN J. "Checklist of treehoppers of Panama (Hemiptera: Membracidae) with a list of checklists and keys to the Nearctic and Neotropical fauna." Zootaxa 3405, no. 1 (2012): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3405.1.2.
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A checklist of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) of Panama is provided with known province distribution data. The worldcatalogue of Membracoidea, through 1996, lists 68 genera, 162 species, and 1 subspecies from Panama (McKamey, 1998).New research in Panama has documented range extensions for 29 genera, 107 species, and 1 subspecies previously unknownfrom Panama. With these adjustments and additions, the total treehopper fauna from Panama includes 97 genera, 269 species, and 2 subspecies. Tables listing published checklists and keys for Nearctic and Neotropical treehoppers are presented.
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Dr. V.Vinodhini, A.Subashini, and S.Sathesh Kumar. "Auto-Time Table Automation Tool using Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.2.18.
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Time Table Computerization Tool is utilized for all educational pitch. The process includes two client features, the institution head and staff individuals. Institution head has all the rights to control and change the given information. All office accessible in the institution will be kept up through division's module. Administrator can pick any staff individual from the necessary office and can allocateto a prescribed class. During allocation the procedure followed with respective subjects in the institution for first, second, third, final year and so. Staff must be browsed with the necessary division. Administrator picks relating staff for their respective subjects and ration them. After staff dispersal, their time table will be shaped by the administrator which can be perceived by the staff individuals. Staff will have separate login framework, where they can login and can perceive their time tables. For other years same criteria will be followed in order to distribute the subjects among staff evenly. The Auto timetable schedule feature automates class, exam, and course forecast process for students, teachers, and different classrooms by taking into consideration all the possible. Furthermore, the timetable software integrates user-centric and simple-to-use tools to for educators to view, organize, and generate master and individual timetables for each teacher/ class/grade, develop personalized timetables, create and pin to-do lists, schedule substitute replacements for absent staff, manage and organize events on calendar, and much more on smartphone, tablet and computer devices.
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Degré, Thomas. "From Black-Grey-White Detention-based Lists of Flags to Black-Grey-White Casualty-based Lists of Categories of Vessels?" Journal of Navigation 61, no. 3 (2008): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463308004773.
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The Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU) establishes each year in its annual report the traditional “Black-Grey-White” lists of flags. These tables are based on processed performances of flags over a 3-year period, showing the full spectrum between quality flags and flags with a poor performance. The performance of each flag is calculated by the Paris MoU on the basis of inspected and detained ships flying the considered flag, using binomial calculus. Furthermore, black listed flags are one of the criteria, among others, used by the Paris MoU for targeting vessels for their inspections. Using the same binomial calculation method as mentioned above but considering casualties instead of detentions and a multivariate approach instead of considering the flag only, it is possible to extend the Black-Grey-White lists of flags of the Paris MoU based on detentions, to Black-Grey-White lists of categories of vessels with regard to their observed casualties for a given period.At the time when a correspondence group has been set up by the Sub-Committee on Flag State Implementation of IMO for defining “objectives, framework of mechanisms and methodology for a study on the combination of casualty and Port State Control related data”, this paper has the ambition to provide a valuable contribution to the group in discussions on the case for the necessity of combining casualty data and PSC related data with a view to complement current processing of flag State performance and the targeting criteria for ships inspections.
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Shi, Z., E. Milios, and N. Zincir-Heywood. "Post-Supervised Template Induction for Information Extraction from Lists and Tables in Dynamic Web Sources." Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 25, no. 1 (2005): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10844-005-0861-z.
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Calà, Irene, та Robert Hawley. "Transliteration versus Translation of Greek Plant Names in the Syriac Medical Writings of Sergius of Reš ʿAynā: On the Tables of Contents in BL Add. 14,661". Aramaic Studies 15, № 2 (2017): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01502004.
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This article explores some of the translational choices made by Sergius of Reš ʿAynā in translating the Greek plant names found in Books VI–VIII of Galen’s treatise On simple drugs into Syriac, and especially as found in the “tables of contents”—or pínakes—which preface these books. These latter took the form of alphabetically ordered lists of Greek phytonyms transliterated into Syriac characters, occasionally followed by a translational gloss in Syriac. After a brief introduction, we discuss the form, function and content of these pínakes, outline a typology, and suggest explanations for selected problematic features.
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Schut, Peter, Scott Smith, Walter Fraser, Xiaoyuan Geng, and David Kroetsch. "Soil Landscapes of Canada: Building a National Framework for Environmental Information." GEOMATICA 65, no. 3 (2011): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2011-045.
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The Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) is a national soil map and accompanying database of environmental information for all of Canada, produced and maintained by the Canadian Soil Information Service (CanSIS) which is a part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The SLC maps were originally published as a set of paper products for individual provinces and regions. The maps were digitized in CanSIS, using one of the first geographic information systems in the world, and linked to soil and landscape attribute tables to serve an evolving variety of spatial modelling applications. The SLCs form the lowest level of the National Ecological Framework for Canada. The latest public release of the SLC is version 3.2, which provides updated soil and landscape information for the agricultural areas of Canada. The SLC v3.2 digital coverage includes an extensive set of relational data tables. The component table lists the soil components in each agricultural polygon along with their predicted dominant slope, class, and extent. The soil component codes are also linked to soil attribute tables which define fundamental soil properties, such as classification and parent material, as well as a description of the soil horizons and key soil attributes to a depth of 100 cm. SLC v3.2 adds a new set of landform tables which identify the major landform type in each polygon and indicates the most likely soil components in the upper, mid slope, lower slope, and depressional positions. These soil and landform attributes are designed to support a wide variety of national and international environmental modelling applications, such as the prediction of soil quality change, soil carbon sequestration, and land productivity for different agricultural crops in response to agricultural policy, land management, and climate change scenarios. Future versions of the SLC are under development that will have improved spatial resolution and include soils data for areas beyond the present agricultural zone of Canada.
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Billiet, Yves. "On a shrewd use of the lists of subgroups published in the “international tables for crystallography”." Phase Transitions 32, no. 1-4 (1991): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411599108219183.
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Schwenzer, Michael. "PROSOCIAL ORIENTATION MAY SENSITIZE TO AGGRESSION-RELATED CUES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, no. 8 (2008): 1009–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.8.1009.
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Prosocial orientation may increase sensitivity to aggression-related cues. In the present experiment, prosocial orientation, but not aggressiveness, correlated to a cognitive bias towards violence words. Ninety-six advanced students and postgraduates, 45 male, mean age = 25.6 ± 3.5 years, completed a prosocial orientation scale and an aggressiveness scale (Fahrenberg, Hampel, & Selg, 2001). In each scale, twelve statements were answered by “correct” or “not correct”, then scores were summed. To test if there was a cognitive bias towards aggression, participants named – as quickly as possible – the color of each word of two modified Stroop tables, each table displaying three columns of 24 words with alternating colors (red, green, blue, yellow). This arrangement resembled an established Stroop test (Bäumler, 1985) but words referring to an emotion rather than a color should slow down responses (e.g., Williams, Mathew, & MacLeod, 1996). One table displayed neutral words (“fruit”, “move”, “frame”, “water”, “journey”, “umbrella”), the other table displayed violence words (“murder”, “slaps”, “threat”, “punishment”, “command”, “contempt”). In an unpublished exploration, the author identified the aggression-related and neutral words lists using a factorial analysis of ratings of whether or not words described an interpersonal conflict. The reaction time (RT) of the neutral table was subtracted from the RT of the violence table in each subject. After median splits according to the questionnaire scores, groups were compared.
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Fortini, Marco. "An Improved Fellegi-Sunter Framework for Probabilistic Record Linkage Between Large Data Sets." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 4 (2020): 803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0039.
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AbstractRecord linkage addresses the problem of identifying pairs of records coming from different sources and referred to the same unit of interest. Fellegi and Sunter propose an optimal statistical test in order to assign the match status to the candidate pairs, in which the needed parameters are obtained through EM algorithm directly applied to the set of candidate pairs, without recourse to training data. However, this procedure has a quadratic complexity as the two lists to be matched grow. In addition, a large bias of EM-estimated parameters is also produced in this case, so that the problem is tackled by reducing the set of candidate pairs through filtering methods such as blocking. Unfortunately, the probability that excluded pairs would be actually true-matches cannot be assessed through such methods.The present work proposes an efficient approach in which the comparison of records between lists are minimised while the EM estimates are modified by modelling tables with structural zeros in order to obtain unbiased estimates of the parameters. Improvement achieved by the suggested method is shown by means of simulations and an application based on real data.
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PINHEIRO, MARCIA. "Skills for Chess." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 5, no. 4 (2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol5.iss4.642.
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Following our paper on Bloom’s Taxonomy and translation assignments, and that was called Translation Techniques, and the lists of skills we presented in Interpretation and Translation, volume 1, and Your Mother Tongue Is Helping Me, we now present the skills that a chess player needs to succeed in their trade. This all connects to the research project called Teaching for Freedom, which includes the book Multilevel Method. Multilevel Method has just gotten a few good words added to its list of editorial reviews with Amazon.com. The techniques used to build these results are those that involve observation, comprehension, analysis, and synthesis, for instance. The tools used are empirical observation, informal assessment, and comparative tables, just to mention a few.
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Thanati, Foteini, Evangelos Karatzas, Fotis A. Baltoumas, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Aristides G. Eliopoulos, and Georgios A. Pavlopoulos. "FLAME: A Web Tool for Functional and Literature Enrichment Analysis of Multiple Gene Lists." Biology 10, no. 7 (2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070665.
Full textAbstract:
Functional enrichment is a widely used method for interpreting experimental results by identifying classes of proteins/genes associated with certain biological functions, pathways, diseases, or phenotypes. Despite the variety of existing tools, most of them can process a single list per time, thus making a more combinatorial analysis more complicated and prone to errors. In this article, we present FLAME, a web tool for combining multiple lists prior to enrichment analysis. Users can upload several lists and use interactive UpSet plots, as an alternative to Venn diagrams, to handle unions or intersections among the given input files. Functional and literature enrichment, along with gene conversions, are offered by g:Profiler and aGOtool applications for 197 organisms. FLAME can analyze genes/proteins for related articles, Gene Ontologies, pathways, annotations, regulatory motifs, domains, diseases, and phenotypes, and can also generate protein–protein interactions derived from STRING. We have validated FLAME by interrogating gene expression data associated with the sensitivity of the distal part of the large intestine to experimental colitis-propelled colon cancer. FLAME comes with an interactive user-friendly interface for easy list manipulation and exploration, while results can be visualized as interactive and parameterizable heatmaps, barcharts, Manhattan plots, networks, and tables.
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Witzke, V., A. I. Shapiro, M. Cernetic, et al. "MPS-ATLAS: A fast all-in-one code for synthesising stellar spectra." Astronomy & Astrophysics 653 (September 2021): A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140275.
Full textAbstract:
Context. Stellar spectral synthesis is essential for various applications, ranging from determining stellar parameters to comprehensive stellar variability calculations. New observational resources as well as advanced stellar atmosphere modelling, taking three dimensional effects from radiative magnetohydrodynamics calculations into account, require a more efficient radiative transfer. Aims. For accurate, fast and flexible calculations of opacity distribution functions (ODFs), stellar atmospheres, and stellar spectra, we developed an efficient code building on the well-established ATLAS9 code. The new code also paves the way for easy and fast access to different elemental compositions in stellar calculations. Methods. For the generation of ODF tables, we further developed the well-established DFSYNTHE code by implementing additional functionality and a speed-up by employing a parallel computation scheme. In addition, the line lists used can be changed from Kurucz’s recent lists. In particular, we implemented the VALD3 line list. Results. A new code, the Merged Parallelised Simplified ATLAS, is presented. It combines the efficient generation of ODF, atmosphere modelling, and spectral synthesis in local thermodynamic equilibrium, therefore being an all-in-one code. This all-in-one code provides more numerical functionality and is substantially faster compared to other available codes. The fully portable MPS-ATLAS code is validated against previous ATLAS9 calculations, the PHOENIX code calculations, and high-quality observations.
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Melssen, Maria C. "Sources: The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases." Reference & User Services Quarterly 54, no. 4 (2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.54n4.79b.
Full textAbstract:
Jenniefer L. Hellier's The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases fulfills its purpose as a single, comprehensive resource that covers all aspects of the brain, nervous system, and the diseases effecting these organ systems. The text is easy to navigate: entries are listed alphabetically and by topic. A detailed index is also provided at the end of volume 3. The 333 entries vary in length from several paragraphs to multiple pages and include "see also" references and lists of further readings. Images, tables, charts, and graphs are provided when available. A list of recommended resources at the end of the encyclopedia provides only eight resources; however, each entry's own list of further readings makes up for the brevity of this list.
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McNeely, Roger. "Geological Survey of Canada Soil Database." Radiocarbon 38, no. 2 (1996): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200017641.
Full textAbstract:
The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) has developed, over the past decade, a user-oriented database, Date Locator File, of Canadian samples dated by the 14C technique. This database presently contains >3500 soil and soil-related dates. The primary category in this suite of dates is peat, as a large portion of the Canadian landscape is covered with this type of organic soil. The data is available gratis to all researchers in a large variety of formats from simple lists to complex tables for inclusion in publications. The site localities can also be plotted on base maps suitable for publication. The database is actively augmented on an ongoing basis, but to continue to be relevant, it depends largely on the altruism of the scientific community.
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Kvíderová, Jana. "Sample database of the Centre for Polar Ecology - Database design and data management." Czech Polar Reports 4, no. 2 (2014): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2014-2-14.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing number of observations and samples led to development of systems for data storage and management. In this paper, design and experience with data manage-ment of the Sample database (SampleDTB) used in the Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, is presented. The SampleDTB was designed for microbiological, phycological or hydro-biological data. The SampleDTB consists of data tables including defined lists of cli-matic zones, habitats, communities and taxons, specific queries for datasets determina-tion and searches, forms for filling in samples and reports. The data tables contain detailed information on site, its environment, types of habitats and communities, in-cluding data on taxonomic diversity. The queries provide source data for reports or serve for searches for specific taxon, sample etc. Forms are used primarily for data entry or modifications. The reports provide summaries and charts for export, either for whole data set or for specific datasets. Data management resulted in system of sample numbering, site specification, and system for photographs storage. Possible future development will be focused on on-line data access, biovolume and diversity indices calculation, laboratory sample processing, and connection to culture collection database.
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Thomas, Roger E. "Optimising Seniors’ Metabolism of Medications and Avoiding Adverse Drug Events Using Data on How Metabolism by Their P450 Enzymes Varies with Ancestry and Drug–Drug and Drug–Drug–Gene Interactions." Journal of Personalized Medicine 10, no. 3 (2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030084.
Full textAbstract:
Many individuals ≥65 have multiple illnesses and polypharmacy. Primary care physicians prescribe >70% of their medications and renew specialists’ prescriptions. Seventy-five percent of all medications are metabolised by P450 cytochrome enzymes. This article provides unique detailed tables how to avoid adverse drug events and optimise prescribing based on two key databases. DrugBank is a detailed database of 13,000 medications and both the P450 and other complex pathways that metabolise them. The Flockhart Tables are detailed lists of the P450 enzymes and also include all the medications which inhibit or induce metabolism by P450 cytochrome enzymes, which can result in undertreatment, overtreatment, or potentially toxic levels. Humans have used medications for a few decades and these enzymes have not been subject to evolutionary pressure. Thus, there is enormous variation in enzymatic functioning and by ancestry. Differences for ancestry groups in genetic metabolism based on a worldwide meta-analysis are discussed and this article provides advice how to prescribe for individuals of different ancestry. Prescribing advice from two key organisations, the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium is summarised. Currently, detailed pharmacogenomic advice is only available in some specialist clinics in major hospitals. However, this article provides detailed pharmacogenomic advice for primary care and other physicians and also physicians working in rural and remote areas worldwide. Physicians could quickly search the tables for the medications they intend to prescribe.
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Cooper, Alix. "Placing plants on paper: Lists, herbaria, and tables as experiments with territorial inventory at the mid-seventeenth-century Gotha court." History of Science 56, no. 3 (2018): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275318776515.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past several decades, historians of science have come increasingly to focus on the role of so-called “paper technologies,” reorganizing and transforming information through the use of paper and pen, in the emergence of modern science. Taking as a case study an effort by administrators in the seventeenth-century German princely state of Saxe-Gotha to enlist foresters and herb-women to catalog the medicinal plants of the territory, this article analyzes the varied forms of paperwork produced in the process, including an extremely unusual table, and argues that the table represented an effort to produce a synoptic visualization, akin to but not identical to a map, of the location of the territory’s herbs. While this table may not have ultimately succeeded as a viable paper technology, due to problems of incommensurability, it demonstrates the role of administrative practices and state actors in experimenting with information about the natural world during the early modern period.
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Cheong, Jadeera Phaik Geok, Selina Khoo, and Rizal Razman. "Spotlight on Athletes with a Disability: Malaysian Newspaper Coverage of the 2012 London Paralympic Games." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2016): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2015-0021.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzed newspaper coverage of the 2012 London Paralympic Games by 8 Malaysian newspapers. Articles and photographs from 4 English-language and 4 Malay-language newspapers were examined from August 28 (1 day before the Games) to September 10, 2012 (1 day after the Games closing). Tables, graphs, letters, fact boxes, and lists of events were excluded from analysis. A total of 132 articles and 131 photographs were analyzed. Content analysis of the newspaper articles revealed that most (62.8%) of the articles contained positive reference to the athletes with a disability. There were equal numbers (39.1%) of action and static shots of athletes. More articles and photographs of Malaysian (58%) than non-Malaysian (42%) athletes with a disability were identified. Only 14.9% of the articles and photographs were related to female athletes with a disability.
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Kuzmenko, O., T. Dotsenko, and V. Koibichuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL ECONOMIC AGENTS FINANCIAL MONITORING." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 3, no. 38 (2021): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v3i38.237448.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The article presents the results of developing the structure of databases of internal financial monitoring of economic agents in the form of a data scheme taking into account the entities, their attributes, key fields, and relationships, as well as the structure of units of regulatory information required for basic monitoring procedures based on internal and external sources. The block diagram of the financial monitoring databases, formed in the modern BPMN 2.0 notation using the Bizagi Studio software product on the basis of internal normative and reference documents, consists of tables containing information on: the client's financial monitoring questionnaire; list of risky clients according to the system of economic agent; the list of clients for which there are court rulings and financial transactions which may contain signs of risk; list of PEP clients of the economic agent; list of clients for which there is a share of state ownership (PSP); list of prohibited industries; reference books (type of financial transactions; features of financial transactions of mandatory financial monitoring; features of financial transactions of internal financial monitoring; identity document; type of subject of primary financial monitoring; type of notification; legal status of transaction participant; type of person who related to the financial transaction; the presence of permission to provide information; signs of financial transaction; regions of Ukraine); directory of risk criteria; clients with FATCA status.
 The scheme of the structure of databases of internal financial monitoring of economic agents using normative and reference information on the basis of external sources is presented by tables containing information on: legal entities, natural persons-entrepreneurs, public formations, public associations, notaries, lawyers of Ukraine; the list of persons related to terrorism and international sanctions, formed by the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine; list of public figures and members of their families; sanctions lists (National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine; Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine; OFAC SDN List — US sanctions list; worldwide sanctions lists; EU sanctions lists); lists of high-risk countries (aggressor state, countries with strategic shortcomings, countries with hostilities, list of the European Commission for countries with weak APC / FT regime, countries with high levels of corruption, self-proclaimed countries, countries with high risk of FT, offshore countries); The First All-Ukrainian Bureau of Credit Histories, which describes the credit history, credit risks of individuals and legal entities in Ukraine (PVBKI); International Bureau of Credit Histories, which describes the credit history of individuals and legal entities of clients of Ukrainian economic agents (MBKI); list of dual-use goods; list of persons with OSH; AntiFraud HUB — information about fraudsters; register of bankruptcies; register of debtors; register of court decisions; database of invalid documents; list of persons hiding from the authorities; register of EP payers; registers of encumbrances on movable and immovable property; data on securities; lustration register; register of arbitration trustees; corruption register; bases of Ukrainian organizations; information on foreign companies. Integrated use of the developed databases based on the proposed schemes will improve the procedures for financial monitoring by economic agents and solve several current problems.
 Keywords: economic agents, financial monitoring, structural scheme of the database, normative and reference information of internal securement, normative and reference information of external securement.
 JEL Classification E44, D53, G21, G28, G32
 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 12.
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Henige, David. "One-Eyed Men in the Kingdom of the Blind." History in Africa 28 (2001): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172224.
Full textAbstract:
Like most kids of my age and time, I was a pack rat in my youth, collecting toy cars, trucks, and tanks; comic books; baseball cards; postage stamps, and … chronological tables. Unfortunately for my later financial well-being, I kept—and kept up with—only the last. I remember little specific about the primal urge to collect these lists, but I remember enough to recall that I was entirely naive at the beginning. I wanted exotic names, exotic places, and exotic dates. Most of all I wanted dates. It did not disturb me in the least when I found out that Arakan was founded in 2666 BC, and that a complete list of its rulers until 1784 A.D. had been preserved for my edification. A strictly successive treatment of the thirty dynasties of pharaonic Egypt was infinitely preferable to new-fangled efforts to reduce this chronology by over 2000 years by shortening reigns and insisting that more than one dynasty ruled at a time. It seemed only natural to me that scores of European bishoprics were able to trace their episcopal lines right back to immediately post-New Testament times. I must have seen historical time as an infinitely replicable vacuum that needed to be filledThis idyll did not last very long—a sea change was all too soon in arriving. It probably was not an epiphany, but a gradual realization that I was encountering other lists of the same offices that were replete with gaps, disagreements, and question marks rather than dates.
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McGovern, Patrick N., Yulia A. Kuzovkina, and Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally. "Short Communication: IPC Salix Cultivar Database Proof-of-Concept." Forests 12, no. 5 (2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050631.
Full textAbstract:
A variety of Salix L. (Willow) tree and shrub cultivars provide resources for significant commercial markets such as bioenergy, environmental applications, basket manufacturing, and ornamental selections. The International Poplar Commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization (IPC FAO) has maintained the Checklist for Cultivars of Salix L. (Willow) since 2015 and now lists 968 epithet records in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet format. This Proof-of-Concept (POC) investigates using an SQL database to store existing IPC Salix cultivar information and provide users with a format to compare and submit new Salix cultivar entries. The original IPC data were divided into three separate tables: Epithet, Species, and Family. Then, the data were viewed from three different model perspectives: the original Salix IPC spreadsheet data, the Canadian (PWCC), and the Open4st database. Requirements for this process need to balance database integrity rules with the ease of adding new Salix cultivar entries. An integrated approach from all three models proposed three tables: Epithet, Family, and Pedigree. The Epithet and Family tables also included Species data with a reference to a website link for accepted species names and details. The integrated process provides a more robust method to store and report data, but would require dedicated IT personnel to implement and maintain long-term. A potential use case scenario could involve users submitting their Checklist entries to the Salix administrator for review; the entries are then entered into a test environment by IT resources for final review and promotion to a production online environment. Perhaps the most beneficial outcome of this study is the investigation of various strategies and standards for Epithet and Family recording processes, which may benefit the entire Populus and Salix communities.
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Hardie, Andrew. "CQPweb — combining power, flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 17, no. 3 (2012): 380–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.3.04har.
Full textAbstract:
CQPweb is a new web-based corpus analysis system, intended to address the conflicting requirements for usability and power in corpus analysis software. To do this, its user interface emulates the BNCweb system. Like BNCweb, CQPweb is built on two separate query technologies: the IMS Open Corpus Workbench and the MySQL relational database. CQPweb’s main innovative feature is its flexibility; its more generalised data model makes it compatible with any corpus. The analysis options available in CQPweb include: concordancing; collocations; distribution tables and charts; frequency lists; and keywords or key tags. An evaluation of CQPweb against criteria earlier laid down for a future web-based corpus analysis tool suggests that it fulfils many, but not all, of the requirements foreseen for such a piece of software. Despite some limitations, in making a sophisticated query system accessible to untrained users, CQPweb combines ease of use, power and flexibility to a very high degree.
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Buechi, Rahel, Livia Faes, Lucas M. Bachmann, et al. "Evidence assessing the diagnostic performance of medical smartphone apps: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (2017): e018280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018280.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveThe number of mobile applications addressing health topics is increasing. Whether these apps underwent scientific evaluation is unclear. We comprehensively assessed papers investigating the diagnostic value of available diagnostic health applications using inbuilt smartphone sensors.MethodsSystematic Review—MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science inclusive Medical Informatics and Business Source Premier (by citation of reference) were searched from inception until 15 December 2016. Checking of reference lists of review articles and of included articles complemented electronic searches. We included all studies investigating a health application that used inbuilt sensors of a smartphone for diagnosis of disease. The methodological quality of 11 studies used in an exploratory meta-analysis was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool and the reporting quality with the ’STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy studies' (STARD) statement. Sensitivity and specificity of studies reporting two-by-two tables were calculated and summarised.ResultsWe screened 3296 references for eligibility. Eleven studies, most of them assessing melanoma screening apps, reported 17 two-by-two tables. Quality assessment revealed high risk of bias in all studies. Included papers studied 1048 subjects (758 with the target conditions and 290 healthy volunteers). Overall, the summary estimate for sensitivity was 0.82 (95 % CI 0.56 to 0.94) and 0.89 (95 %CI 0.70 to 0.97) for specificity.ConclusionsThe diagnostic evidence of available health apps on Apple’s and Google’s app stores is scarce. Consumers and healthcare professionals should be aware of this when using or recommending them.PROSPERO registration number42016033049.
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Arutyunov, Valery, and Nataliya Grishina. "Clustering the performance efficiency of Russian scientists in the natural sciences." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2018-9-76-91.
Full textAbstract:
The authors prove, on the basis of the analysis, that no one full-scale study of scientific performance of the organizations and researchers in the natural science has been conducted in the Russia. They propose to project the study of the publication flow in about 30 disciplines within the natural sciences based on the data of the Russian Science Citation Index to analyze the performance of Russian scientists and to obtain new knowledge on leading regional scientific clusters, organizations and personalia. The findings of the study, based on the Hirsch index and other citation indicators would enable to evaluate the Russia’s contribution into the disciplines in the form of the demanded and cited study results. The data for three disciplines are presented, namely: informatics, cybernetics, and computer engineering, supplemented with the ranking lists of Russian organizations with maximum values of citation and Hirsch indexes. The article is complemented with the tables. The article is prepared through the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 18-07-00036.
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Hajek, André, Benedikt Kretzler, and Hans-Helmut König. "Prevalence Of, and Factors Associated with, Obesity among the Oldest Old. A Study Protocol for a Systematic Review." Healthcare 8, no. 3 (2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030319.
Full textAbstract:
Some empirical studies have identified the prevalence of, and factors associated with, obesity among the oldest old. However, there is a lack of a systematic review synthesizing the existing evidence. Therefore, the purpose of our upcoming systematic review is to provide an overview of the evidence provided by observational studies. The current paper presents the protocol for this systematic review. We will search four electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library). Furthermore, we will perform a manual search (searching reference lists of included studies). Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies identifying the prevalence and preferably the factors associated with obesity among the oldest old (80 years and over) will be included. Data extraction will concentrate on study design, assessment of obesity and its associated factors, statistical analysis, sample characteristics, and key findings. We will evaluate the quality of the included studies. Two individuals will perform study selection, data extraction, and evaluation of study quality. We will present the results in figures, summary tables and narrative summaries. If data permits, a meta-analysis will be conducted.
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Udías, S.J., Agustín. "Athanasius Kircher and Terrestrial Magnetism: The Magnetic Map." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 2 (2020): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00702002.
Full textAbstract:
Athanasius Kircher paid special attention to magnetism, more specifically terrestrial one, in his work Magnes sive de arte magnetica. Other Jesuits of his time, such as Garzoni and Cabeo, also wrote on this subject. Kircher studied in particular magnetic declination and its possible use to determine geographical longitudes. At his time, this was an important subject for long sea journeys. First, he collected a large number of observations of magnetic declination from different sources in three tables and two lists with a total of 518 values, among them forty-three made by Jesuits. Kircher proposed that a magnetic map could be made based on these observations, but he did not do it. From Kircher’s observations a map of magnetic declination has been drawn and it is presented here. Kircher discussed the causes of declination and presented a model for the origin of the magnetic field of the Earth, which differed from that proposed by Gilbert. Kircher finally considered magnetism as a cosmic force with its origin in God.