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1

Smirni, Daniela, Pietro Smirni, Marco Carotenuto, Lucia Parisi, Giuseppe Quatrosi, and Michele Roccella. "Noli Me Tangere: Social Touch, Tactile Defensiveness, and Communication in Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Brain Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9120368.

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Tactile defensiveness is a common feature in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Since the first studies, tactile defensiveness has been described as the result of an abnormal response to sensory stimulation. Moreover, it has been studied how the tactile system is closely linked to socio-communicative development and how the interoceptive sensory system supports both a discriminating touch and an affective touch. Therefore, several neurophysiological studies have been conducted to investigate the neurobiological basis of the development and functioning of the tactile system for a better understanding of the tactile defensiveness behavior and the social touch of NDDs. Given the lack of recent literature on tactile defensiveness, the current study provides a brief overview of the original contributions on this research topic in children with NDDs focusing attention on how this behavior has been considered over the years in the clinical setting.
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2

Baranek, G. T., L. G. Foster, and G. Berkson. "Tactile Defensiveness and Stereotyped Behaviors." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.51.2.91.

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3

Baranek, Grace T., Laura G. Foster, and Gershon Berkson. "Sensory Defensiveness in Persons with Developmental Disabilities." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 17, no. 3 (July 1997): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929701700302.

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Little empirical data about the nature of tactile defensiveness and other types of sensory defensiveness are available. Clinicians speculate that these various phenomena are related as part of the more general construct of sensory defensiveness. Furthermore, although it is suspected that these behaviors are prevalent in persons with developmental disabilities, no estimates are currently available. This study used data from a 54-item survey about various kinds of stereotyped and unusual behaviors completed by a large sample of adults (n=158) and children (n=88) with developmental disabilities. Six items from the survey were selected that were thought to represent types of sensory defensiveness. Estimates of relative prevalence of these behaviors ranged from 3% to 30%. Developmental differences emerged; children in the sample displayed a higher prevalence of noise sensitivity and other, general sensitivity. Many of the items were significantly correlated with one another. An initial principle component analysis provided some evidence for a general factor of sensory defensiveness. A second principle component analysis with varimax rotation demonstrated two subtypes: “Auditory/Other Hypersensitivity” and “Tactile Defensiveness.” These findings elucidated the complexity of the structure of sensory defensiveness and have implications for occupational therapy assessment and treatment, particularly in the area of sensory integration theory.
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4

Roy, Amrita, Himadri Ghosh, and Isha Bhatt. "A Study on Tactile Defensiveness in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of National Development 31, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/31/58287.

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5

Royeen, C. B. "Domain Specifications of the Construct Tactile Defensiveness." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 39, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.39.9.596.

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6

Nimbalkar, Elizabeth. "Effect of Sensory Integration on Tactile Defensiveness." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 9, no. 2 (2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-5674.2015.00065.9.

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7

Case-Smith, J. "The Effects of Tactile Defensiveness and Tactile Discrimination on In-Hand Manipulation." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 45, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.9.811.

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8

Parush, S., H. Sohmer, A. Steinberg, and M. Kaitz. "Somatosensory function in boys with ADHD and tactile defensiveness." Physiology & Behavior 90, no. 4 (March 2007): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.11.004.

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9

Sears, Carol J. "Recognizing and coping with tactile defensiveness in young children." Infants & Young Children 6, no. 4 (April 1994): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199404000-00007.

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10

Reisman, Judith E., and Anne Yockey Gross. "Psychophysiological Measurement of Treatment Effects in an Adult with Sensory Defensiveness." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, no. 5 (December 1992): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749205900506.

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This paper reports the results of a single subject study of an adult with sensory defensiveness. Psychophysiological measurements were used to assess the subject's autonomic responsiveness to touch, visual and auditory stimulation. As treatment, the subject self-administered firm tactile input which was, according to sensory integrative principles, expected to have a calming effect. Autonomic responses measured throughout the treatment period were compared to baseline responses. Significant changes in respiration rate, hand temperature and amplitude of skin conductance responses reflected reduced autonomic arousal. The study provides support for 1) the relationship of sensory defensiveness to autonomic arousal, 2) the potential for normalization of autonomic responses following treatment and 3) the use of psychophysiological measures in efficacy studies of sensory defensiveness.
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11

Royeen, Charlotte Brasic. "Test-Retest Reliability of a Touch Scale for Tactile Defensiveness." Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 7, no. 3 (January 1988): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j006v07n03_04.

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12

Baranek, Grace T., and Gershon Berkson. "Tactile defensiveness in children with developmental disabilities: Responsiveness and habituation." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24, no. 4 (August 1994): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02172128.

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13

Moore, Colleen F., Lisa L. Gajewski, Nellie K. Laughlin, Melissa L. Luck, Julie A. Larson, and Mary L. Schneider. "Developmental Lead Exposure Induces Tactile Defensiveness in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)." Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 10 (October 2008): 1322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11203.

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14

Stephens, Cynthia Lee, and Charlotte Brasic Royeen. "Investigation of tactile defensiveness and self-esteem in typically developing children." Occupational Therapy International 5, no. 4 (November 1998): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.81.

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15

Ghanizadeh, Ahmad. "Tactile Sensory Dysfunction in Children with ADHD." Behavioural Neurology 20, no. 3-4 (2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/786905.

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Objectives:While a group of children with ADHD may have normal behavioral responses to sensory stimuli, another group may be hyperreactive. The aim of this survey was studying association of tactile sensory responsivity with co-morbidity of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, subtypes of ADHD, and gender in children with ADHD.Methods:The subjects were 81 children with ADHD from a child psychiatry clinic. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Tactile dysfunction Checklist was used to assess the three types of tactile sensory dysfunction including Hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and poor tactile perception and discrimination (PTPD).Results:Their mean age was 8.4 (SD = 1.9) years. None of the gender, number of symptoms of ODD co-morbidity, and ADHD subtypes was as a predictor of scores of Hyposensitivity and PTPD subscales. Tactile defensiveness was not different between genders and different subtypes of ADHD.Conclusions:Number of ODD symptoms in children with ADHD is a predictor in association with hypersensitivity score of tactile sensory function. Girls are no more than the boys impaired in Hypersensitivity aspect. Different subtypes of ADHD are not distinct disorders regarding to tactile sensory function.
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16

Royeen, C. B. "The Development of a Touch Scale for Measuring Tactile Defensiveness in Children." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.40.6.414.

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17

Bröring, Tinka, Nanda Rommelse, Joseph Sergeant, and Erik Scherder. "Sex differences in tactile defensiveness in children with ADHD and their siblings." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50, no. 2 (February 2008): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.02024.x.

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18

Rais, Maham, Devin K. Binder, Khaleel A. Razak, and Iryna M. Ethell. "Sensory Processing Phenotypes in Fragile X Syndrome." ASN Neuro 10 (January 2018): 175909141880109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759091418801092.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes intellectual disability. It is a leading known genetic cause of autism. In addition to cognitive, social, and communication deficits, humans with FXS demonstrate abnormal sensory processing including sensory hypersensitivity. Sensory hypersensitivity commonly manifests as auditory, tactile, or visual defensiveness or avoidance. Clinical, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies consistently show auditory hypersensitivity, impaired habituation to repeated sounds, and reduced auditory attention in humans with FXS. Children with FXS also exhibit significant visuospatial impairments. Studies in infants and toddlers with FXS have documented impairments in processing texture-defined motion stimuli, temporal flicker, perceiving ordinal numerical sequence, and the ability to maintain the identity of dynamic object information during occlusion. Consistent with the observations in humans with FXS, fragile X mental retardation 1 ( Fmr1) gene knockout (KO) rodent models of FXS also show seizures, abnormal visual-evoked responses, auditory hypersensitivity, and abnormal processing at multiple levels of the auditory system, including altered acoustic startle responses. Among other sensory symptoms, individuals with FXS exhibit tactile defensiveness. Fmr1 KO mice also show impaired encoding of tactile stimulation frequency and larger size of receptive fields in the somatosensory cortex. Since sensory deficits are relatively more tractable from circuit mechanisms and developmental perspectives than more complex social behaviors, the focus of this review is on clinical, functional, and structural studies that outline the auditory, visual, and somatosensory processing deficits in FXS. The similarities in sensory phenotypes between humans with FXS and animal models suggest a likely conservation of basic sensory processing circuits across species and may provide a translational platform to not just develop biomarkers but also to understand underlying mechanisms. We argue that preclinical studies in animal models of FXS can facilitate the ongoing search for new therapeutic approaches in FXS by understanding mechanisms of basic sensory processing circuits and behaviors that are conserved across species.
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19

Parush, Shula, Yehudit Dauber Doryon, and Noomi Katz. "A comparison of self-report and informant report of tactile defensiveness amongst children in Israel." Occupational Therapy International 3, no. 4 (November 1996): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.41.

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20

Goldsmith, H. H., C. A. Van Hulle, C. L. Arneson, J. E. Schreiber, and M. A. Gernsbacher. "A Population-Based Twin Study of Parentally Reported Tactile and Auditory Defensiveness in Young Children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34, no. 3 (April 29, 2006): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9024-0.

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21

Williams, Kathryn, John Sideris, and Grace Baranek. "Evidence for Stimulus Control-Based Factors of Tactile Defensiveness in an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Sample." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 74, no. 4_Supplement_1 (August 1, 2020): 7411500073p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.74s1-po8800.

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22

Hotz, Susan Dawn, and Charlotte Brasic Royeen. "Perception of behaviours associated with tactile defensiveness: an exploration of the differences between mothers and their children." Occupational Therapy International 5, no. 4 (November 1998): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.82.

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23

He, Cynthia X., Daniel A. Cantu, Shilpa S. Mantri, William A. Zeiger, Anubhuti Goel, and Carlos Portera-Cailliau. "Tactile Defensiveness and Impaired Adaptation of Neuronal Activity in the Fmr1 Knock-Out Mouse Model of Autism." Journal of Neuroscience 37, no. 27 (June 12, 2017): 6475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0651-17.2017.

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24

Jimenez, Bree Ann, and Carol Stanger. "Math Manipulatives for Students with Severe Intellectual Disability: A Survey of Special Education Teachers." Physical Disabilities: Education and Related Services 36, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/pders.v36i1.22172.

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A survey was conducted with 86 teachers across 10 states regarding their students’ ease of use of physical manipulatives incorporated with implementing evidence-based early numeracy instruction. The majority of respondents indicated significant student accessibility barriers. Specifically, 75% of respondents had students with tactile defensiveness or lack of gross motor skills; 85% had students with weak to no fine motor skills; and 83% had students who lost track of the math objectives while manipulating materials, making the use of manipulatives difficult or impossible. Ninety-four percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the use of manipulatives are valuable for students to gain early numeracy concepts; however almost half indicated difficulty using them within math instruction. Finally, respondents overwhelmingly noted their student’s engaged with technology (e.g., iPad, Smart Board) to support learning. Overall survey results and need for future research, including the use of virtual manipulatives are discussed.
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25

Royeen, Charlotte, and Keli Mu. "Stability of tactile defensiveness across cultures: European and American children's responses to the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE)." Occupational Therapy International 10, no. 3 (August 2003): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.183.

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26

Soper, Gill, and Cathy R. Thorley. "Effectiveness of an Occupational Therapy Programme Based on Sensory Integration Theory for Adults with Severe Learning Disabilities." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, no. 10 (October 1996): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269605901007.

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The purpose of this 2-year research project was to seek an effective intervention to address the needs of adults with severe learning disabilities. The authors, funded by the North Thames Regional Health Authority, drew on sensory integrative (SI) theory and practice to carry out this work. This article details the first year of research. A pre-test, post-test two-group experimental design was used. Thirty subjects aged from 23 to 50 years were assigned to an experimental or a control group (that is, 15 subjects in each group). The subjects lived in an institutional setting, were without speech, had minimal attention and concentration and presented with tactile defensiveness and/or aversive response to movement. Members of the experimental group received a weekly SI-based treatment session and members of the control group received weekly sensory stimulation. Sessions varied from a few minutes to one hour and generally lengthened with the subjects' increasing adjustment to the new environment. Three types of checklist were used for assessment at the pre-test and post-test stages. Analysis of data from the 28 subjects who completed the study showed a statistically significant improvement in both groups, a statistically significant greater improvement in the experimental than in the control group in some areas only, and no negative correlation between age and improvement in either group. The research indicates that SI-based treatment can benefit this client group.
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27

Gillespie, Alex. "Disruption, Self-Presentation, and Defensive Tactics at the Threshold of Learning." Review of General Psychology 24, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089268020914258.

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Disruptive experiences are opportunities for learning, yet, people often resist them. This tendency is evident in individual experience, organizational behavior, and denialist discourses. Research has been hampered by conceptualizing this defensiveness in terms of unconscious defense mechanisms or underlying cognitive processes. In contrast, I conceptualize defensiveness in terms of observable defensive tactics, namely, the actions and utterances that are used to resist disruptive meanings. I introduce the analogy of the semantic immune system to conceptualize three layers of defensive tactics: avoiding, delegitimizing, and limiting the impact of disruptive meanings. Defensive tactics are cultural–historical creations that, like the immune system, have adapted over time to neutralize disruptive meanings. I use this tripartite conceptualization to review the fragmented literature on defensive tactics. The observability of these tactics gives centrality to the audience who either calls out or does not call out the use of defensive tactics—questioning or implicitly supporting the legitimacy of the defended views. The vigilance of the audience pushes the tactics toward increasingly subtle forms that seek to pass undetected. Reconceptualizing defensiveness in terms of observable tactics reveals the importance of the audience and opens these tactics up to empirical research, calling upon researchers to identify the increasingly subtle ways in which learning through dialogue is inhibited.
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Luo, Ming, and Su Liu. "Study on Defensiveness of Ancient Dwellings in High-Chair Village of Huitong County of Hunan Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 3002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3002.

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High-Chair Village is located in the south of the Wuling Mountain with a complicated living environment. But it has never undergone any wars, fire and other major damage since Ming dynasty. It is a large-sized and relatively intact residential building of architectural complex of Ming and Qing dynasties. Defensiveness plays an important role in traditional residences. This paper analyses its defensive tactics and techniques full of geographical characteristics from three aspects, namely village location, architectural form and spatial organization in order to learn the essence of creation from the ancient people.
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29

Gabarda, Amanda, and Susan W. Butterworth. "Using Best Practices to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Case for the Motivational Interviewing Approach." Health Promotion Practice 22, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15248399211016463.

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Future control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is dependent on the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Many factors have swayed the public’s perception of this coronavirus and the new vaccinations, including misinformation, heightened emotions, and the divisive and tumultuous partisan climate. As such, vaccine hesitancy may be more prevalent for the COVID-19 vaccine than others. Healthcare workers are trusted sources of information and have the opportunity to influence an individual’s choice to take the vaccine. For those who initially present as unwilling to be vaccinated, trying to persuade them with facts and scare tactics may cause more resistance. By using the communication approach of motivational interviewing, practitioners can support autonomy to reduce defensiveness, use a guiding style to elicit ambivalence and provide information, address personal agency to ensure that their patients understand that their efforts can reduce risk, and evoke a person’s own argument for vaccination to decrease vaccine hesitancy.
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30

Kyriacou, Chrysovalanto, Rachel Forrester-Jones, and Paraskevi Triantafyllopoulou. "Clothes, Sensory Experiences and Autism: Is Wearing the Right Fabric Important?" Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, July 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05140-3.

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AbstractTactile defensiveness in autistic individuals is the least investigated sensory modality. The current multi-component, explorative study aimed to understand the experiences of ten autistic adults regarding tactile defensiveness and fabrics, using semi-structured, one-to-one interviews. Participants were asked to discuss the effects of seven provided samples of fabrics and were also asked to bring their ‘favourite’ fabric (s) and express their thoughts about their choices. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Content Analysis, the findings showed that some fabrics can impact individuals’ reported wellbeing. Participants’ experiences with several stimuli appeared to have helped them implement coping strategies. By understanding tactile defensiveness, society could move towards increasing autism-friendly approaches with appropriate fabrics. Recommendations for future research, policy and practice are also discussed.
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31

Srivastava, Aditi. "Neuroscience Basis for Tactile Defensiveness and Tactile Discrimination among Children with Sensory Integrative Disorder." Open access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery 1, no. 5 (November 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/oajnn.2016.01.555573.

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32

Osório, Joana Maria Almeida, Borja Rodríguez-Herreros, David Romascano, Vincent Junod, Aline Habegger, Aurélie Pain, Sonia Richetin, et al. "Touch and olfaction/taste differentiate children carrying a 16p11.2 deletion from children with ASD." Molecular Autism 12, no. 1 (February 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00410-w.

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Abstract Background Sensory processing atypicalities are frequent in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Different domains of sensory processing appear to be differentially altered in these disorders. In this study, we explored the sensory profile of two clinical cohorts, in comparison with a sample of typically developing children. Methods Behavioral responses to sensory stimuli were assessed using the Sensory Processing Measure (parent-report questionnaire). We included 121 ASD children, 17 carriers of the 16p11.2 deletion (Del 16p11.2) and 45 typically developing (TD) children. All participants were aged between 2 and 12 years. Additional measures included the Tactile Defensiveness and Discrimination Test-Revised, Wechsler Intelligence Scales and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2). Statistical analyses included MANCOVA and regression analyses. Results ASD children score significantly higher on all SPM subscales compared to TD. Del16p11.2 also scored higher than TD on all subscales except for tactile and olfactory/taste processing, in which they score similarly to TD. When assessing sensory modulation patterns (hyper-, hypo-responsiveness and seeking), ASD did not significantly differ from del16p11.2. Both groups had significantly higher scores across all patterns than the TD group. There was no significant association between the SPM Touch subscale and the TDDT-R. Limitations Sensory processing was assessed using a parent-report questionnaire. Even though it captures observable behavior, a questionnaire does not assess sensory processing in all its complexity. The sample size of the genetic cohort and the small subset of ASD children with TDDT-R data render some of our results exploratory. Divergence between SPM Touch and TDDT-R raises important questions about the nature of the process that is assessed. Conclusions Touch and olfaction/taste seem to be particularly affected in ASD children compared to del16p11.2. These results indicate that parent report measures can provide a useful perspective on behavioral expression. Sensory phenotyping, when combined with neurobiological and psychophysical methods, might have the potential to provide a better understanding of the sensory processing in ASD and in other NDD.
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33

"41 THE EFFECT OF SENSORY PLAY ON TACTLE DEFENSIVENESS." Pediatric Physical Therapy 12, no. 4 (2000): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-200001240-00055.

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